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Gof}kfg]÷e'jgxl/ l;Ub]n÷k|Nxfb kf]v/]nd'v'08f] le/]sf] dfG5] dl0f/fh l;+xtLg uhn slkn c1ftcJoQm kL8f /fdljqmd yfkfa'4 xfd|f] x'g] 5}g lzjxl/ 1jfnLkm"nh:tf gfgLx¿ sdn/fh s];LwtL{sf] c;Gt'li6 ;Ltf sf]O/fnfTof] lbg slxn] cfpF5 < 5lj 1jfnL;gsflbx¿ ljho ;fu/sljtf, ;kgf clg ltd|f] ;Demgf dgf]h 9sfn/fi6« d]/f] 9's9'sL UfËf clenfifLuLt k|sfz /D3fnLkljqtf b]j]Gb| /fh zfSoUfhn Gf]sL wg]Gb|Ufhn 8f=lg/h e§/fO{Ufhn c~h" :dfl/sfUfhn cg'kdf s/f/f …ljazÚ

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pQ/ cfw'lgstfsf] ;Ldf eTsfPsf syfx¿ j+zL >]i7k"j{sf Hof]ltnfO{ rDsfpg] u|Gy / /f]rs–3f]rs …5'6]sf] 5ftfÚ 5lj/d0f l;njfnUfhndf efiffsf] ô'hg …;donfO{ ;nfdÚ Dffwj l3ld/]af¿bsf w"jfFleqsf s[i0f kxf/L l8NnL/fh cof{n

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lr7L–rk]6f dfwj sfˆn]÷OGb|s'df/ >]i7xfd|f] s'/f ÷ ljs[t /fhgLlt, ;Í6df /fi6« /f]rs l3ld/];j]{If0f lxhf]cfh zlz zfx

sf ljlzi6 ;b:ogj/fh ;'j]bL, /fd]5fk÷hubLz l3ld/], /fd]5fk÷afa'/fd kf}8]n, /fd]5fk÷gu]Gb|/fh zdf{, sf7df8f}+÷sfzLgfy a/fn,

lj/f6gu/÷8f= w|'jrGb| uf}td, sf7df8f}+÷r"8fdl0f uf}td, sf7df8f}+÷ /d]z uf]vf{nL, aL/u~h÷;fdgfy kf}8]n, nlntk'/÷ k/z' k|wfg, sf7df8f}+÷ Clif/fd l3ld/], x]6f}+8f÷zª\s/ljqmd zfx, sf7df8f}+÷xl/z slNkt sf7df8f}+÷8f= pk]Gb| uf}td, sf7df8f}+÷?Sdgfy kf}8]n, nlntk'/÷P;\=aL= zfx, 6Lsfk'/÷df]xg b'jfn, ag]kf÷ljgf]b bLlIft, sf7df8f}+÷/Tg>L >]i7, sf7df8f}+÷pbok|sfz rfkfufO{+, sf7df8f}+÷sflt{s]o l3ld/], ;nf{xL÷8f= pk]Gb| dxtf], xfn d:sf], ¿;÷8f= eLid cfrfo{, xfn d:sf], ¿;÷8f= dl0f/fh kf]v/]n, xfn d:sf], ¿;÷hLjf nfld5fg], xfn d:sf], ¿;÷ v]d/fh nfld5fg], xfn d:sf], ¿;÷8f= ljlGbtf nfld5fg], xfn d:sf], ¿;÷bLks e08f/L, sf7df8f}+÷;'zLnf/fgL /f0ff, nlntk'/÷8f= /fdbofn /fs]z, ;nf{xL÷ONof e§/fO{, sf7df8f}+÷afa's[i0f lji6, sf7df8f}+÷g[k]Gb|k'?if oflb, nlntk'/÷gu]Gb|/fh Gof}kfg], uf]/vf÷uf]ljGb lul/ k|]/0ff, xfn cd]l/sf÷sdnf ;¿k, xfn cd]l/sf÷ljZj/fh af:tf]nf,





kf]v/f÷8f= gj/fh rfln;], sf7df8f}+÷ lbnLks'df/ rfkfufO{+, df]/ª÷dfof 7s'/L, nlntk'/÷ s[i0f ahufO{+, xfn a]NhLod÷ge/fh l3ld/], sf7df8f}+÷g/]Gb|/fh kf}8]n, sf7df8f}+÷lji0f'axfb'/ l;+x,sf7df8f}+÷uf]ljGbk|;fb >]i7, sf7df8f}+÷an/fd cof{n, sf7df8f}+÷8f=;'ifdf cfrfo{, nlntk'/÷/df zdf{, sf7df8f}+÷5lj/d0f l;njfn, sfe|]÷kLtfDa/f pkfWofo kLo"if, sf7df8f}+÷8f=d's]z rfln;], nlntk'/÷hn]Zj/L >]i7, sf7df8f}+÷ ljef]/ a/fn, sf7df8f}+÷;ËLtf bfxfn, sf7df8f}+÷ ;xb]j uf}td, sf7df8f}+÷rGb|snf g]jf/, sf7df8f}+÷nIdL pk|]tL, sf7df8f}+÷j;Gt l/hfn, sf7df8f}+÷pGglt af]x/f… lznfÚ, sf7df8f}+÷?s' sfsL{, sf7df8f}+÷zld{nf v8\sf -bfxfn_, O6x/L÷ljhoWjh yfkf -nLnfWjh yfkfsf 5f]/f_, sf7df8f}+÷bfdf]b/ k'8f;}gL lszf]/, sf7df8f}+÷7fs'/ zdf{, u'NdL÷bof/fd bfxfn, sf7df8f}+÷dx]Gb| u'?ª\, sf7df8f}+÷3gZofd /fhsl0f{sf/, sf7df8f}+÷cdL/ yfkf, sf7df8f}+÷;GbLk e§/fO{, xfn c:6«]lnof÷ cgGt jfUn], sf7df8f}+÷ ljgob]j n'OF6]n -df= jf;'b]j n'OF6]nsf gflt, 8f= ljBfb]j zdf{ n'OF6]nsf 5f]/f_, sf7df8f}+ .

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h'g s'/fsf] d}n] slxNo} sNkgf u/]sf] lyOFg, cflv/ ToxL s'/f eof] .jfNofj:yfdf Snf;df k9fpFbf k9fpFb} PSsfl; df:6/ ;fa xfdLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg k'Ug'eof]–7"nf]

ePkl5 ltdLx¿sf] s] aGg] rfxgf 5 <o:tf] k|Zg ;'Gg] lalQs} sIffsf ;Dk"0f{ s]6fx¿ z'¿df rlst x'g k'u] . xfdLx¿ eljiodf

s] aGg] < o;af/]df t xfdLn] slxNo} ;f]r]s} lyPgf}+ . xfdLx¿ ;f]Rg] ub{Yof}+ of] xfd|f] lrGtfsf] ljifo xf]Og cleefjsx¿sf] xf] . To; o'udf o:t} rng lyof] . :s"ndf uP/ /fd|f];Fu k9\g] clg :s"nsf] k/LIffdf kf; x'g] / To;kl5 s;}n] hflu/ vfg] of s'g} jfl0fHo Joj;fo ug]{ . cyjf cfˆg} k}t[s ;DklQaf6 x'g] df]6f] cfDbfgLsf] an a'tfdf a;L–a;L df]h d:tL ub}{ cf/fdsf] lhGbuL latfpg] . o:t} ul/GYof] .

xfd|f] sIffsf] ;jeGbf ;f]emf] / ;Hhg s]6f] lyof] cgflb . cgflb ;/n ePklg wgf9\o 3/sf] s]6f] lyof] . p;sf] 3/ b]Vg]x¿ cfZro{n] rlst x'g k'Uy] . snsQf dxfgu/sf] aLrdf aUf}+rfn] ;'zf]let To:tf] 3/ ;fwf/0ftM b]lv+b}gYof] . o:tf] j}ejzfnL ejg Ps lj3f hdLg cf]u6]/ v8f ePsf] lyof] . ejg tLgtn] lyof] . ;j} ldnfpFbf ejgdf nueu rfnL;–krf;j6f hlt sf]7f lyP . t/ ToxfF a:g]x¿sf] ;+Vof eg] s]jn tLgdfq lyof] . cgflb, p;sf lktf clg cfdf===. cgflbsf lktf sfnLz d'vhL{ dxfzo To; ;dosf hldGbf/ j+zsf Psdfq jfl/; lyP . k"j{ a+ufndf pgsf] s/f]8f}+ ;DklQ lyof] . t/ sfnLz afa' cwj}+z] pd]/d} snsQf cfPsf lyP . snsQf cfPkl5 pgn] kmnfdsf] sf/f]af/ ;'? ug{ yfNf]sf lyP . /, To; sf/f]af/af6 pgn] cyfx ;DklQ sdfP . a}+ssf] vftfdf pgsf] slt ?lkofF lyof] ;s] pgnfO{ klg yfxf lyPg . s;}nfO{ yfxf lyof] eg] ltgLx¿ lyP–d]g]h/, jsLn, c6gL{ / a}l/i6/===. pgLx¿ sfnLz afa'nfO{ h;/L ?lkofFsf] ljlgof]u / vr{ ug{ ;Nnfx lbGy], pgL ToxL cg';f/ ub{y] .

olt w]/} ;DklQ eP/ klg sfnLz afa" cToGt eb|, lzlIft Pj+ ljgoL JolQm lyP . cfkb\–ljkb\ k/]sf a]nf s'g}klg b'MvL dfG5] pgsf] 3/af6 vfnL xft kms{b}gy] . sfnLz afa"sf] 3/leq} lyof] xfdLx¿s]f km'6an v]Ng] d}bfg . 3/sf] k5fl8 ljzfn d}bfg lyof] . clg lyof] Pp6f :jLldª\k'n klg . Tof] :jLldª\ k'n 6gf6g kfgLn] el/Psf] x'GYof] / To;nfO{ emg\ cfsif{s kf/]sf lyP rf/}lt/sf /]lnª\x¿n] . OR5f nfu] kfgLdf 8'a'NsL df/] eof] Û t]n, ;fj'g, uD5f, tf}lnof–;Dk"0f{ j:t'x¿ dhfn] ;hfP/ /flvPsf x'Gy] . sfnLz afa" j[4 e};Sbfklg k|To]s lbg





:jLldª\ k'ndf g'xfpy] clg kf}8Lsf] cEof; ub{y] . o;n] ubf{ lhGbuLel/ pgsf] :jf:Yo cfsif{s /xg k'Uof] .

clg pgL;Fu Pp6f 7"nf] uf8L lyof] . To; hdfgfsf] rng cg';f/ clt cfsif{s / dxËf] a]nfotL uf8L .

xfdLx¿ hf] cgflb;Fu Pp6} sIffdf k9\Yof}+, To; :jLldª\ k'ndf 306f}+ g'xfpg], kf}8L v]Ng] uYof}+{ . clg, Tolt dfq geP/ pgsf] uf8Ldf a:Yof}+ klg . xfdLx¿sf nflu s'g} /f]s–6f]s Pj+ lgif]w lyPg . hlt;'s} pw'd dRrfPtfklg sfnLz afa" l/;fPsf] slxNo} yfxf ePg . g slxNo} xfdLx¿nfO{ ufnL g} u/] .

dfq Pp6f s'/f pgL k6s–k6s xfdLx¿nfO{ eGg] ub{y]–afa" xf] Û ltdLx¿ v'a dg nufP/ k9\g] u/ . /fd|f] k9fO{–n]vfO{ lagf ltdLx¿ c;n dfG5] aGg ;Sb}gf}, a'‰of} <

xfdL klg sfnLz afa"sf] k/fdz{ Wofg lbP/ ;'GbYof}+ . cgflb klg cfˆgf lktfhLsf] s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'GbYof] . cgflbsf] k9fO{sf nflu slt k|fOe]6 6\o'6/ /flvPsf lyP . cnu–cnu ljifosf nflu cnu cnu 6\o'6/===. cgflb k9fO{df v'j t]h xf];\ gÙ o:tf] s'/f rflx+ lyPg . pm k9fO{df cf};t bhf{sf] lyof] clg k|To]s jif{ h]gt]g k/LIffdf rflx+ kf; e} 6f]kNYof] .

cfgGbn] eg]sf] lyof]–d 7"nf] ePkl5 OlGhlgo/ aGg]5', ;/ ÛDfbgn] eg]sf] lyof]–d 7"nf] ePkl5 8fS6/ aGg]5', ;/ Ûsflt{ssf] hjfkm lyof]–d j}l/i6/ aGg]5', ;/ Ûk|To]s ljBfyL{ Pskl5 csf]{n] p7\t} eg]sf lyP k9]kl5 s] aGg] eGg] s'/f ÛcGTodf d]/f] klg kfnf] cfof] . p7]/ df:6/ ;fa;Fu eg]+–d n]vs aGg]5', ;/ Ûd]/f] hjfkm ;'g]/ ;a}n] cf]7 nf]Kk|\ofP . t/ s;}n] d'v vf]n]/ s]xL eg]gg\ .;aeGbf kl5 cgflbsf] klg kfnf] cfof] . clg c¿sf] h:t} df:6/;fan] p;nfO{ klg

;f]Wg'eof]–7"nf] ePkl5 ltdL s] aG5f} cgflb <cgflbn] hjfkm lbof]–d klg n]vs aG5', ;/ Û;dosf] olt nfdf] cGt/fnkl5 cfh ;f]Rb}5' ls xfo /] dg'iosf] ;fwgf -OR5f_ clg xfo /]

dg'iosf] ljwftfk'?ifsf] ljwfg Û OR5f clg ;fWotf enf slxNo} logsf] ;fd~h:o x'g ;s]sf] 5 / <

To;}n] t z'?df g} d}n] eg]sf] x'F–h'g s'/fsf] d}n] sNkgf klg u/]sf] lyOFg cflv/ ToxL s'/f eP/} 5f]8\of] . t/ s:tf] kl/0flt xf] Û

cgflbsf] 3/df p;sf lktfhL;Fu cgluGtL lstfasf] rfª\ lyof] . sfnLz afa"nfO{ lstfa k9\g] ;gs r9]sf] lyof] . cgflb cfˆg]f kf7\o–k':ts afx]s lktfhLsf lstfax¿ g} w]/} k9\g] ub{Yof] . ltg} lstfasf ;fy ;fy dfgf}+ pgL ;f/f ;G;f/ kl/qmddf ul/xGy] . slxn] k|m]Gr qmflGtsf] Oltxf;, slxn] cd]l/sL :jfwLgtf ;+u|fdsf] ;o jif]{ syf, slxn] g]kf]lnog af]gfkf6{åf/f ?; cfqmd0fsf] ufyf, slxn] P8j8{ lujgåf/f lnlvt …l8SnfOg P08 kmn ckm /f]dg PDkfP/Ú clg slxn] yf]d; PNjf Pl8;gsf] clj:d/0fLo cfljisf/sf syf===.

Df klg cgflbsf] 3/ uP/ tL lstfax¿ k9\g] ub{y]+ .cgflb eGg] ub{Yof]–yfxf 5 ljdn, k[YjLsf ;j} n]vsx¿sf lstfa gkl9sg n]vs

aGg ;lsGg . c;n n]vs aGgsf nflu c;n kf7s aGg' clgjfo{ 5 .





d klg p;sf s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{y]+ . slxn]sfxL+ ;f]Wg] klg ub{y]+–oL ;a} s'/f s;n] l;sfpF5 ltdLnfO{ <

cgflbsf] dgdf slxNo} s'g} klg lsl;dsf] 3d08 ePsf] b]lvPg . pm hf] olt wgLdfgL JolQmsf] 5f]/f] lyof], dfgf}+ o; s'/fsf] p;nfO{ hfgsf/L g} lyPg . pm dfq olt hfGbYof] ls pgLx¿nfO{ slxNo} k};fsf] s'g} cefj kb}{g . o;n] ubf{ p;nfO{ ?lkofF sdfpg slxNo} hflu/ vfg'kg]{ 5}g .

clg p;sf lktfhLsf] sf/f]af/ <hj sfnLz afa" o; b'lgofFdf /xg] 5}gg\, To; ;do To; sf/f]af/sf] /]vb]v s;n] unf{ < d ;f]Wg] ub{y]+–olb ltdL n]vs aGof} eg] ltd|f lktfhLsf] kmnfdsf] sf/f]af/ s;n] rnfpg]

5 < ltd|f t s'g} efO alxgLx¿ klg 5}gg\ . ltdL PSn}n] ;j} ;DffNg' kg]{ x'G5 .cgflb eGg] ub{Yof]–clg ltdL < ltdL s;/L n]vs aG5f} t <d eGy]+– d lbpF;f] s'g} gf]s/L u5'{ / afFsL ;do n]vg sfo{ ug]{5' .cgflb eGYof]– hflu/] ePkl5 /fd|f] n]Vg ;lsG5 / < clg, km]l/ h'g lsl;dsf l;h{gf

hflu/ vfFbf vfFb} c¿ /Rg] ub{5g\, To:t} lsl;dsf] /rgf ltdL klg ug{ rfxG5f} Û o;n] ubf{ x'g;S5 rf/ lbgsf nflu ltd|f] gfd klg rNg ;S5, To;kl5 km]l/ Pslbg ;j}n] ltd|f] gfd la;{+b} hfg]5g\ . o; lsl;dsf xhf/f}+–xhf/ n]vs klxn] klg lyP, lsGt' cfh ltgLx¿ 5g\ t <

cgflbsf s'/f dnfO{ ;'Gg dg gnfu]klg d r"k g} /xg] ub{y]+ .cgflb eGg] ub{Yof]–To; k|sf/sf n]vs aGg'sf] ;f6f] n]vs gaGg'g} pQd x'g]5 .cgflbsf s'/f d tLtf] cf}iflwh:t} lglnlbg] ub{y]+ . d s'g} lsl;dsf] k|ltlqmof lb+b}gy]+ .cgflb eGYof]–n]vg sfo{ s'g} Jofkf/ xf]Og ldq Û n]vg sfo{sf nflu t ltdLn] cfˆgf]

;j{:j clk{t ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . olb ;Dej eof]eg] cfkm}+nfO{ klg ;dlk{t ug{ ;Sg' kg]{5 . dftf ;/:jtL ;dIf hLjg g} pT;u{ ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .

d eGy]+–;a}sf lktf ltd|f] lktfhL h:t} wgLdfgL dfG5] t x'g] ub}{gg\ . ltd|f] nflu h'g ;Dej x'g] ub{5 ToxL xfdLx¿sf] nflu c;Dej x'g] ub{5 . xfdL u/Lj dfG5] xf}+ . n]vgsf nflu xfdL cfˆgf] hLjg Gof}5fj/ ug{ c;dy{ 5f}+ . n]vgsf] nflu xfdL jfUb]jLsf] r/0fdf cfkm"nfO{ ;dlk{t ug{ klg ;Sg]5}gf}+ .

cgflb eGYof]–To;f] eP n]vs ag]/ s]xL kmfObf 5}g . s]jn klqsfx¿df gfd 5flkg] ljlQs} cyjf Ps–b'O{ lstfj k|sflzt x'Fb}df sf]xL n]vs aGg ;Sb}g . o:tf] dxTjfsf+IfL n]vs ag]/ enf dfgj hfltsf] s:tf] lsl;dsf] pksf/ xf]nf / <

t, o:t} lyof] xfdLx¿sf] cgflb . cgflb d'vhL{ . lj:tf/} lj:tf/} xfdLx¿ ;j} :s"n ;s]/ sn]hdf egf{ eof}+ . To;kl5 xdL o'lgel;{6L uof}+ . clg Pslbg o'lgel;{6Laf6 klg alx/ cfpg' k¥of] . xfdLx¿sf ;xkf7Lx¿df sf] sf] pl5l§P/ sxfF sxfF k'u] To;sf] vj/ rf;f] /fVg klg ;Dej x'g ;s]g . cfgGb klg OGhLlgo/ aGg ;Sof] ls ;s]g, dbg 8fS6/ aGg kfof] ls kfPg, sflt{s j}l/i6/ aGof] ls ag]g o;sf] s'g}klg hfgsf/L d}n] kfpg ;lsg . o;sf] sf/0f of] klg x'g ;S5 d cfkm}+ klg x'/Ldf u'F8'lNsPsf] ;'s]sf] kfth:t} uf]tf vfP/ sxfF sxfF atfl;g k'u]+ . h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] af/]df ;f]Rg ;d]t d}n] km';{b kfO+g .

;j}sf] lhGbuL o:t} g} x'G5 Sof/ Û ;s] lhGbuLsf] o:t} g} x'g] ub{5 lgod .





hflu/ vfg] qmddf d ;f/f ef/t 3'ld/x]sf] lyPF . slxn] /fh:yfg, slxn] db|f;, slxn] dxf/fi6« slxn] dWo k|b]z t slxn] ljxf/=====. ;f/f k|b]zx¿ g} dfgf}+ d]/f cfˆg} e};s]sf lyP . ;j} 7fpFsf dflg;x¿ g} dfgf}+ d]/f :jhg x'g k'lu;s]sf lyP .

aLrdf Psk6s crfgs cgflbsf] af/]df va/ cfof] . pm e|d0fsf nflu ef/tjif{ aflx/ cs}{ b]zdf uP5 .

clg pgLx¿sf] Tof] eJo xj]nL <cgflbsf dftf–lktf Tolta]nf;Dd k/nf]s k'lu;s]sf lyP . ltgLx¿sf] ejgnfO{ Ps

Jofkf/Ln] lsg]5 . p;n] 7"nf–7"nf uugr'DaL lalN8ª\ agfP/ To; /d0fLo :yfgnfO{ sª\lqm6sf] hËndf kl/0ft u/]kl5 sfnLz afa"sf] k'/fgf] gfd–lgzfgf d]6fOlbP5 .

To;kl5 d}n] lgZro u/]+ ls d cfˆgf] ofofj/ j[lQaf6 cdn]v x'g]5' . cj st} l:y/ eP/ /xg]5' . cj c¿ alxd'{vL x}g ls cGt/d'vL aGg]5' . clg o;}qmddf s'g} t/xn] lbg–dlxgf, jif{ lat], /ft clg lbg Psfsf/ x'g k'u], pd]/sf] uf8L l3;|+b} l3;|+b} d[To'sf] glhs k'Ug yfNof] o;sf] 5]p–6'Kkfsf] e]p g} d}Nf] kfpg ;lsg . slt xhf/ kfgfnfO{ d}n] pHofnf] /ËfPF, slt xhf/ kfgf d}n] Roft]+, slt lstfj 5flkP, slt lstfj s'g s'g efiffdf cg'jfb eP o;sf] n]vfhf]vf /fVg ;d]t km';{b kfOFg . s'g k|sfzsn] k};f lbPgg\ cyjf s'g k|sfzsn] w]/} k};f lbP o;sf] lx;fj d}n] /fVg} ;lsg . oltdfq x}g d]/f] gfddf slt gSsnL lstfj ahf/df cfP, slt hgfn] dnfO{ ufnL–a]OHhtL u/], slt hgfn] d]/f] k|z+;f u/], slt hgfn] dnfO{ cflzjf{b lbP o;sf] n]vfhf]vf /fVg' klg d]/f] nflu ;Dej ePg .

7Ls o;} ;dodf d]/f] hLjgdf Pp6f 36gf 36\g k'Uof] .x7ft\ Ps l;g]df sDkgLsf] rSs/df km:g k'u]+ d . aDa}sf] lxGbL l;g]df agfpg] sDkgLn]

d]/f] syfdf cfwfl/t Pp6f rnlrq agfpg] lgZro u/]5 . t/ ltgLx¿ rnlrqsf] k6syf n]Vfgsf nflu d;Fu ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ul//x]sf lyP .

k6syfsf] /rgf dfq geP/ pgLx¿sf kl5 nfu]/ d}n] nf]s]zgdf klg hfg'k¥of] . dWo k|b]zsf] Pp6f ufpFdf . ToxfF ds/ ;+qmflGtsf] cj;/df 5QL;u9L dflg;x¿sf] Pp6f lj/f6 d]nf nfUg] ub{5 . 5QL;u9sf oL lgjf;Lx¿ ;f/} g} l;wf–;fbf / Odfgbf/ 5g\ .

of] 36gf ToxL+ 36]sf] lyof] .l6N8f /]Nj] :6]zgdf em/]kl5 xfdLx¿ sbds'jfF gfd ul/Psf] ufpFdf uof}+ . ToxfF Pp6f

gbL /x]5 . To;sf] gfd lyof] –cf8kf . k|To]s lbg c;+Vo dflg;x¿ gbLsf] jfl/kfl/ cfjt hfjt ubf{ /x]5g\ To;sf] s'g} lx;fj g} lyPg . gbLkfl/ rnlrq sDkgLsf rf}sf rFb'jf ufl8Psf lyP . s]xL dflg; rf}sf rFb'jf leq} a;]sf lyP . clg xfdLx¿ s]xL dfG5] Pp6f :s"nsf] ejgdf a:of}+ . gbL jl/kl/ ds/ ;+qmflGtsf] eJo d]nf nflu/x]sf] lyof] . z'l6ª\sf lgldQ xfdLx¿ klg 8'Ëf r9]/ gbL kfl/ hfg'kb{Yof] . xfd|f] o'lg6sf dfG5] klg sd lyPgg\ . gbLsf] ;tx km}lnPsf] lyof], clg kfgL klg kof{Kt b]lvGYof] .

xfdLx¿ h'g :s"ndf a;]sf lyof}+ Tof] lyof] lgk6 b]xftL :s"n . sbds'jf+sf 5QL;u9L s]6fs]6Lx¿ ToxfF k9\g cfpg] ubf{/x]5g\ . ds/ ;+qmflGt k/]sf] x'Fbf :s"n 5'§L ul/Psf] /x]5 . o;n] ubf{ lzIfs klg km';{bL b]lvGy] .

d;Fu km';{b g} km';{b lyof] . To;}n] d dfi6/ ;fx]a;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ yfn]+ .d}n] dfi6/ ;fx]a;Fu ;f]w]+–lhGbuLel/ o; lgk6 b]xftdf a:tf b'Mv nfu]g <





dfi6/sf] gfd lyof] /fdfjtf/ zdf{ . pxfFn] eGg'eof]–b'Mv lsg nfUg' < cflv/ s]xL jfnsnfO{ t ;xL af6f] b]vfpg ;s]sf] 5' .

Tof] t xf] . sxfF Tof] aDaO{ clg sxfF snsQf Û To;sf] t'ngfdf of] sbds'jfF====Û oxfF ljh'nLsf] pHofnf] 5}g, clg /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg klg gx'g] g} eof] . clg ;dfrf/kqsf] ;jfn p7fpg} Joy{ nfU5 . k/fnn] 5fPsf lgDg :t/Lo emf]k8L a:tL clg sRrL af6f] . a:tL glhs} 3g3f]/ hËn . o:tf] cgs06f/ h+undf af3, efn' jf hËnL aFb]n gx'g] s'/} lyPg . o:tf] ufpFdf lar/f lzlIft /fdfjtf/ zdf{ s;/L u'h|fg ul//x]sf xf]nfg\ <

/fdfjtf/ zdf{Ho"n] d;Fu eGg'eof]–tkfOFnfO{ kSs} cgf}7f] nflu/x]sf] xf]nf t/ d oxfF dhf;Fu lbg sfl6/x]sf] 5' . cflv/ s]xL ug{ g;s]klg s]xL dflg;nfO{ c;n gful/s t agfpg ;s]sf] 5' . o;} s'/fn] k/d ;Gtf]if ldln/x]sf] 5 dnfO{ .

To;kl5 pxfFn] eGg'eof]–Pp6f syf ;'Gg'x'G5 ldqhL <Df}n] eg]+–lgZro g} Û ;'gfpg';\ g ÛZfdf{Ho"n] dnfO{ To; lbg h'g syf ;'gfpg'eof], Tof] Psbd} cb\e't lsl;dsf] lyof] . To;

lbg Tof] syf ;'g]kl5 dfgf}+ ;j} k|Zgx¿sf] Psd'i6 pQ/ kfPF .of] syf ?;sf dxfg n]vs 6fN;6fosf] hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] .?;L n]vs 6fN;6fosf /rgf;Fu d]/f] kl/ro klxn]b]lvg} lyof] . pgsf slt lstfa d}n]

bf]xf]¥ofO{–t]x]¥ofO{ k9]sf] 5', o;sf] lx;fj g} 5}g . tL dxfg\ ;|i6fsf] gfd o; sbds'jfFsf] :s"n dfi6/ /fdfjtf/ zdf{Ho"sf] d'vaf6 ;'Gbf d rlst x'g k'u]+ . tL ljZj–ljVoft n]vssf] gfd 5QL;u9\sf] o; cVoft ufpFsf] jLrdf ;'Gg kfpF5', o;sf] d}n] sNkgf klg u/]sf] lyOFg .

Zfdf{Ho"n] eGg'eof]–x]g'{;\ ldqHo", d klg aNosfnb]lv g} tkfOFh:t} ;kmn n]vs aGg] ;kgf dgel/ ;hfP/ lx8\by]+ . t/ 6fN;6fosf] hLjgsf] Pp6f 36gf ;'g]kl5 eg] cfˆgf] pj{/ ;kgfnfO{ ltnf~hln lb+b} d o; 5QL;u9sf] lk5l8Psf] ufpFdf :s"n dfi6/ ag]sf] x'F .

Df}n] eg]+–s[kof To; 36gfsf af/]df t s]xL elglbg';\ ÛZfdf{Ho" ToxL syf ;'gfpg nfUg'eof] . pxfF cfˆgf] sf]7fdf a;]/ eft klg ksfpFb} syf

klg eGb} hfg'eof] .x'g t of] k'/fg' syf xf] . ;g\ !()( O{=sf] . ?;L /fi6«sf] Pp6f aRrfn] cfˆgf cfdf–

afa'nfO{ s]xL gegL 9f]sf aGb u/]/ Pp6f lr7L n]Vg yfn]5 . w]/} kfgf lauf/]/ n]lvPsf] lr7L h]gt]g p;n] k"/f u¥of] .

Tof] aRrfsf] pd]/ lyof] dfq cf7 jif{ .cf7 jif{sf] Pp6f aRrfn] klg o:tf] lr7L n]Vg ;S5 eg]/ sf]xLklg ljZjf; ug{ tof/

b]lv+b}gy] . lxHh]sf] wHhL p8fOPsf], afFsL nfOgx¿ klg afª\uf–l6Ëf clg d}nf] g d}nf] kmf6]sf] sfuh===. o:t} lyof] Tof] lr7L . cf7jif]{ To; cjf]w afnsn]] Ps lbg ;j}sf] cfFvf 5Nb} r'krfk Tof] lr7L x'nfssf] n]6/ aS;df nu]/ v;fNof] .

clg To;kl5 < To;kl5 Tof] lr7Lsf] k|To'Q/ p;sxfF cfPg . p;n] h'g lr7L n]v]sf] lyof], of] s'/f klg p;n] s]xL lbgkl5 lal;{of] . kqdf lr/:d/0fLo s'g} s'/f pNn]v x'g g;Sg'n] klg ;f] ePsf] x'g;S5 . p;n] ;Dem] cg';f/ lr7Ldf oltdfq n]lvPsf] lyof]–l8o/ sfp06 6N;6fo, d]/f] jGbgf :jLsf/ ug'{xf]nf . o; ;+;f/df d]/f] ;jeGbf >4]o JolQm tkfOF x'g'x'G5 .





7"nf] ePkl5 tkfOFh:t} n]vs aGg] d]/f] k|jn OR5f 5 . o;sf] nflu d tkfOF;Fu cfzLjf{b rfxG5' . Olt===.

lr7L g} 5f]6f] lyof] . h;sxfF sof}+ dfG5]sf xHhf/f}+ lr7L lbgk|ltlbg k'Uby], pgn] Pp6f dfd'nL cf7jif]{ afnssf] xl/sËfn lr7Lsf] pQ/ s;/L lbg;Sy] < pgL;Fu olt km';{bsf] ;do kf] sxfF lyof] / < pgnfO{ t c¿ klg 7"n7"nf ;d:of;Fu nfKkf v]Ng' kb{Yof] .

cF xF, x}g, Pslbg ;fFlRrs} 6fN;6fosf] pQ/ cfOk'Uof] .To; afnssf dftflktf b'j} afb{nLdf al;/x]sf lyP . To;} ;dodf x'nfsLn] ToxL

afnssf] afa'sf] xftdf Pp6f lr7L lbP/ uof] . ;'?df pgn] ;f]r]sf lyP lr7L cfˆg} xf]nf eg]/ . t/ xf]Og . k|fkssf] :yfgdf ToxL cf7jif]{ afnssf] gfd / 7]ufgf n]lvPsf] lyof] .

cfZro{sf] s'/f Û cf7jif]{ pd]/ ePsf] s]6fnfO{ s;n] n]Vof] xf]nf lr7L <em6k6 pgn] vfd Roft]/ lr7L lgsfn] . k|]ifssf] gfd k9]kl5 pgL 5fFufaf6 v;]h:t} x'g

k'u] . lr7L c¿ s;}n] geP/ :jo+ ljZjljVoft ;flxlTos ;|i6f 6fN;6fon] g} n]v]sf lyP . 6fN;6fon] lr7Ldf n]v]sf lyPM–

Seryonja yermolviskySnegovaya st.No.7 Flat No.1,VillinusYasanaya Polyana

March 25, 1909Your wish to become a writer is a wicked wish. For it means that you want worldly

fame for yourself. It is just wicked vanity. One should have only one desire to be a kind, not offend, not to censure and not to hate anyone, but to love everybody.

Lev Tolstoylr7Lsf] efjfy{ o:tf] lyof]–ltd|f] n]vs aGg] OR5f Ps b'i6tfk"0f{ OR5f xf] . o;sf] dtnj

of] xf] ls–ltdL cfˆg} nflu ;f+;fl/s Voflt rfxFb}5f} . of] Pp6f bDe l;jfo c¿yf]s s]xL xf]Og, s;}k|lt lg7'/L gaGg', s;}nfO{ 3[0ff gug'{ clg ;a}nfO{ dfof ug'{, oxL g} dflg;sf] k|yd clg k|wfg sfdgf x'g'k5{ . Olt===.

syf ;'gfpFbf ;'gfpFb} PSsfl; /fdfjtf/ zdf{ /f]lsg'eof] .Df}n] ;f]w]+–To;kl5 </fdjtf/ zdf{Ho" eGg yfNg'eof]–lr7L k9]kl5 klg Tof] cf7jif]{ afnsn] s]xL a'‰g ;s]g .

lr7Ldf 6fN;6fon] h'g s'/f n]Vg'ePsf] lyof] Tof] a'‰g] pd]/ To;sf] ePs} lyPg . t/ s]6fsf] dgdf Pp6f ;d:of hGdg k'Uof] . s] n]vs aGg' kfk xf] <

clg cfZro{ of] 5 ls b'lgofFsf ;j} dflg;x¿ cy{, oz / k|lti7f k|fKt ug{ ;+w} nfnflot x'g] ub{5g\ .

o; s'/fn] To; afnsnfO{ af/Daf/ xNnfO/x]sf] lyof] .t/ To; afnssf cfdf–afa'sf] v'zLsf 7]ufg g} lyPg . pgLx¿ t dfgf}+ s[tfy{ e}/x]sf

lyP . cfˆgf] 5f]/fnfO{ 6fN;6fo h:tf ljZjk|l;4 n]vsn] lr7L n]v]sf lyP . To;eGbf v'zL c¿ s] x'Gf ;S5 / <

/ftf–/ft Tof] km'Rr] To; ufpFdf k|lz4 x'gk'Uof] . af6fdf lx+8\bf klg dflg; p;nfO{ cf}+nfn] b]vfpFb} eGg] ub{y]–x]/ t, ToxL s]6f] xf] h;nfO{ dxfg n]vs 6fN;6fon] lr7L n]v]sf lyP .





lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} To; s]6fsf] 3/df dfG5]x¿sf] eL8 nfUg yfNof] . 6f9f–6f9faf6 dflg;x¿ Tof] s]6f] / 6fN;6foåf/f n]lvPsf] lr7L x]g{sf nflu cfpg yfn] . ;f/f ;+;f/sf dflg;x¿ h'g dxfg n]vssf] bz{g ug{ nfnflot x'g]ub{5g\, pg} n]vsn] To; cf7jif]{ afnsnfO{ lr7L n]v]sf lyP . pgn] cfˆg} xftn] Tof] lr7L n]v]sf lyP . oxL g} ;jeGbf cfZro{sf] s'/f aGg k'Uof] .

To;kl5 csf]{ Pp6f dhfsf] sf08 x'gk'Uof] .To; ufpFsf k|To]s 3/af6 km]l/ 6fN;6fosf] gfddf lr7Lx¿ n]lvg yflnP . 6fN;6fon]

lr7L n]v'g\ eGg] ;j}sf] rfxgf lyof] . s'g} pgsf] Ps lstfj rfxGy], s'g} cfzLjf{b kfpF eg]/ lr7L n]Vby] . cyjf s'g} lr7L n]v]/ e]6\g] OR5f /fVby] . s'g} c6f]u|fkmo'Qm kmf]6f] k7fOlbg k|fy{gf ub{y] . ;j}sf o:t}vfn] s'/f e}/xGy] . /fd|f] ;kmf sfuhdf z'4 5fkfsf h:t} cIf/ kf/]/ n]Vg yfn]–>4]o 6fN;6fo dxf]bo, 7"nf] ePkl5 d n]vs aGg rfxG5' . s[kof cfzLjf{b lbg'xf];\ .

t/ uhksf] s'/f s] k¥of] eg] To; ufpFdf s'g}klg s]6fx¿n] cfˆgf] lr7Lsf] hjfkm 6fN;6fosf] tkm{af6 kfpg ;s]gg\ . tL ;j} lr7Lx¿ k'u] ls k'u]gg\, s;nfO{ yfxf < tb'k/fGt @) cS6'a/ !(!) O{+ df 6fN;6fosf] cjzfg eof] .

d}n] ;f]w]+–To;kl5 ./fdfjtf/ zdf{Ho"n] eGg'eof]–To;kl5 c¿ s] x'GYof] / < afNofj:yfb]lv g} d]/f] dgdf

c¿sf] h:t} n]vs of ;flxlTos aGg] ;kgf lyof] . t/ 6fN;6fosf] To; lr7Ljfnf 36gfsf] hfgsf/L kfPkl5 d]/f] hLjgdf gofF df]8 cfof] . dnfO{ o:tf] nfUg yfNof] ls d]/f] n]vs aGg] wf/0ff s]jn cx+sf/sf] b+z dfq xf], cfˆg} cfTdk|rf/sf] t[i0ffdfq xf] / gLrtfsf] k|tLs xf] . dflg;sf] cGt/fTdfdf c;n sfdgf x'g'kb{5, k/fO{x¿nfO{ cfˆg} agfpg ;Sg] kljq efjgf / Ifdtf x'g'kb{5 . cfk;L d]n / ;b\efjsf] efjgf x'g'kb{5 . To;}n] ubf{ d}n] n]vs aGg] ;kgf kl/Tofu ul/lbPF . n]Vg 5f8]/ d}n] o;} lgk6 b]xftdf u|fdL0f 5QL;u9L afn–aflnsfx¿nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] ;fwgf ;'? ug{ yfn]+ .

To;kl5 Psl5g cl8P/ zdf{Ho"n] ;f]Wg'ef]–of] h'g rnlrq kf6L{ aDaO{af6 z'l6ª\ ug{sf nflu oxfF cfPsf] 5 To; rnlrqsf] syf n]vs tkfOF g} xf] ls Sof xf] <

Df}n] eg]+–syf n]vs / ;Djfb n]vs b'j} d g} x'F . t/ tkfOFn] clxn] 6fN;6fosf] h'g syf ;'gfpg'eof] Tof] tkfOFn] s'g lstfjdf k9\g' ePsf] xf] < olb o;f] xf] eg] s[kf u/]/ c¿ olQ klg elglbg';\ g Û Tof] lstfjsf] gfd s] xf] / Tof] sxfF kfOG5 <

Zfdf{Ho"n] eGg'eof]–Tof] 36gf t d}n] dfemLbfOsf] d'vaf6 ;'g]sf] x'F . cfheGbf sl/j bz–af/x jif{ klxn]===. Tof] 36gf ;'g]kl5 d}n] ;xif{ :s"n dfi6/sf] of] hflu/ :jLsf/]sf] x'F .

Df}n] ;f]w]+–dfemL bfO{ Û of] dfemL bfO eg]sf] sf] xf] </fdfjtf/ zdf{Ho" eGg yfNg'eof]–pg}, h;n] tkfO{+x¿nfO{ 8'Ëfaf6 gbL tfl/lbPsf lyP .

kfl/kl§ t tkfO{+x¿ df3] ;+qmflGtsf] d]nfdf z'l6ª\ ug{ hfg'ePsf] lyof] . Tof] d]nf eg{sf] nflu xhf/f}+ dflg;x¿ gbL t/]/ kfl/ hfG5g\ . dfemLbfO cfˆg} 8'Ëfdf r9fP/ ;j}nfO{ gbL tfl/lbg'x'G5 lgMz'Ns . tkfOFx¿n] klg t dfemL bfOnfO{ b]Vg'ePsf] xf]nf Û

Df}n] ;f]w]+–s] ToxL dfG5], h;n] cfˆgf] 6fpsf]df 7"nf] km]6f afFw]sf] 5 </fdfjtf/ zdf{Ho"n] eGg'eof]–xf], pg} xdLx¿sf dfemLbfO x'g\ . of] :s"n pxfFåf/f

lbOPsf] ?lkofFaf6 agfOPsf] xf] . of] :s"n dfq geP/ oxfFsf 5QL;u9L afn–aflnsfx¿sf] nfuL





dfemL bfOn] Pp6f nfOa|]/L klg agfOlbg'ePsf] 5 . dfemLbfOn] h'g c:ktfn agfOlbg'ePsf] 5 To;af6 w]/}n] lgs} ;'ljwf kfO/x]sf 5g\ . dfemLbfOn] s]jn lgMz'Ns cf}iflw ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf dfq gu/]/ la/fdLx¿nfO{ kYosf] plrt Joj:yf klg ul/lbg'ePsf] 5 . pkrf/fy{ cfpg] la/fdLx¿ lgMz'Ns ;fa'bfgf, afnL{ lng] ub{5g\ . o;} :s"ndf k9]sf slt ljBfyL{x¿ gfuk'/df uP/ 8fS6/L kf; u/L kms]{sf klg 5g\ . ltgLx¿ dWo] clwsf+z cfh o;} c:ktfndf 8fS6/ 5g\ .

/fdfjtf/ zdf{Ho"sf] d'vaf6 dfemLbfOsf] syf ;'Gbf–;'Gb} /ft l5lKk+b} u};s]sf] lyof] . sbds'jfF ufpF ljns'n zfGt clg gL/j aGb} u}/x]sf] lyof] . xfdLx¿sf] o'lg6sf cGo dflg;x¿ glhs}sf] sf]7faf6 ;+ejtM /]l8of] vf]n]/ ……ljljw ef/tLÚÚ ld6/af6 uLt ;'lg/x]sf lyP . tL uLtsf w'g s'g} s'g} If0f sfgdf 7f]lSs+b} 5l/+b} lyP .

Rff/}lt/ leQfdf 6fFl;Psf b/fhx¿df 6Gg lstfjx¿ ;hfOPsf lyP .Df}n] ;f]w]+–oL lstfjx¿ s;sf x'g\ < olt w]/} lstfj s;n] k9\g] ub{5 <Zfdf{Ho"n] eGg'eof]–oL ;Dk"0f{ k':tsx¿ dfemLbfOsf x'g\ . pxfFnfO{ klg n]vs aGg] gzf

/x]5 . t/ 6fN;6fosf] To; lr7Ljfnf 36gf k9]kl5 pxfFn] n]Vg 5f]l8lbg'eof] . clg oxfF cfP/ dfemL aGg'eof]–pxfF oxfF cfpg'ePsf] klg aL; jif{ eGbf a];L e};s]sf] 5 .

To;kl5 em:s+b} pxfFn] eGg'eof]–ptf x]g'{;\ t Û dfemLbfO{ klg oxfF cfOk'Ug'eof] Ûpg} dfemLbfO 9f]sfleq l5/]sf] d}n] bv]+ . pgsf] 6fpsf]df nfdf] km]6fsf] kmGsf] lyof] .

z/L/df uf]n uGhL, 3'F8f;Ddsf] s5f8 clg lyP v'§fdf dfd'nL b]xftL h'Qf . pgn] xfdLx¿nfO{ cf8kf gbL tf/]/ kfl/ kl§ k'¥ofOlbPsf] d}n] emNofF:; ;Dem]+ .

klxn] t d}n] pgnfO{ 7Ls;Fu lrGg klg ;lsg . t/ pgn] hj km]6f km'sfn] d cfsfzaf6 v:g k'u]+ .

pgsf] c;nL :j¿k b]Vg] lalQs} d cfZro{n] tLg 5s k/]+ . d}n] eg]+–cf] xf], ltdL cgflb t xf]Ogf} <

cfgflbn] klg dnfO{ lrlg;s]sf] /x]5 . p;n] eGof]–cf]xf] ltdL, ljdn <To; ;do cgflbnfO{ cfˆgf] cufl8 b]v]kl5 dfgf}+ d}n] cfkm+}+nfO{ la;]+{ . d}n] eg]+–cgflb

ltdLn] xfdL ;j}nfO{ x/fOlbof} efO ÛeGbf eGb} d p7]/ p;nfO{ 9f]Ug k'u]+ t/ Tof]eGbf klxn] g} cgflbn] tfGb} cÍdfn u¥of] /

eGof]–l5 M l5 M l5 M M ltdL dnfO{ 9f]Ug rfxG5f} Û lsg enf eg t < xfdLx¿ t ;j} ;dfg g} xf}+ x}g / < g s'g} 7"nf, g s'g} ;fgf . ;j} ;dfg 5f}+===.

p;sf s'/f ;'lg;s]kl5 dl/hfpF d}n] cfkm"nfO{ ;DffNg} ;lsg . d]/f b'j} cfFvfaf6 clj>fGt jiff{ u8u8fpg yfNf] .

To; ;do d oxL ;f]lr/x]sf] lyPF ls cfh d eGbf nueu kRrL; ;o jif{ klxn] Pp6f o'j/fh af6f]df cfof] clg a'4b]j aGof] . clg o; o'udf csf]{ Pp6f cfZro{hgs 36gf 36of] . Ps s/f]8klt afa'sf] PSnf] 5f]/f] cgflb d'vhL{ s;}n] n]v]sf] Pp6f yf]q] n]v k9]/ cnf}lss hfb"–dGqsf] k|efjn] dfemL aGg k'Uof] Û

syfk6fIf]k





ljho ;fksf]6f

6fpsf] 5'l§Psf] luF8 vf]N;fsf] b]a|] cf8df c8]; nufOPsf] 5Ù 6fpsf] s]xL tn ôfFlsPsf] 5 . ;+efjgf o:tf] x'g;S5 ltgLx¿n] af6f]df lxF8\bflxF8|b} …cleo'QmÚnfO{ vf]N;flt/ ws]n] / pm leQfsf] a'6\ofg ;dfP/ p7\g gkfpFb} 5KsfP cf/fdn] vzL 5KsfPem}+ . x'g;S5, 5'l§Psf] 6fpsf]nfO{ nfQ]es'08f] xfg] . of] k'li6 x'g;Sg] Pp6f cfwf/ s] lyof] eg] luF8b]lv 6fpsf]sf] b"/L;Dd /ut ntkltPsf] lyof] .

bf]xf]/f] dfG5] lxF8\g gx'g] ;fF3'/f] uf]/]6f]el/ dfG5]x¿ sf]o/ nfu]/ plePsf 5g\ . oltn] klg gk'u]/ kfvfsf a'6\ofg ;dft]/ tL cK7\of/f];Fu a'6Øfg h;}u/L plePsf 5g\ . vf]N;fsf] kNnf] leQfdf pm plePsf] 5 . d[To' cem eg'F of] xTof p;sf] ;demeGbf aflx/ lyof] . of] olt aLeT; lyof] ls ;fdfGo ;+j]u ePsfnfO{ ;d]t o;n] tTsfn} ljrlnt agfOlbg ;SYof] . t}klg p;nfO{ eg] To;n] k6Ss} 5f]Psf] lyPg . ;'?df t Tof] aLeT;tf b]Vbf p;sf] dfgl;stf klg ljrlnt gePsf] xf]Og . pm cEo:t eO;s]sf] lyof] / v;L sf6]sf] ;d]t x]g{ g;Sg] p;sf] cGt:r]t nfzsf b'O{ efudf a/f]a/ o;/L cfFvf grfO/x]Yof] dfgf}+ sf]xL dfG5]sf] nfz geP/ Pp6f lghL{j j:t' xf] .

eL8df r"k a:g'sf] cy{ /ldt] aGg' xf] . pm o:t} /ldt] ag]sf] lyof], s;};Fu af]n]sf] ;Dd klg lyPg . eL8 ;fpg] vx/] em}+ pln{/x]sf] lyof] . rsf]{ sNofªdNofªsf] aLrdf pleP/ pm x/]s pkl:ytx¿k|lt cfˆgf] b[li6 k|If]k0f ul//x]sf] lyof] . eL8df sf]xL lknlknfO/x]sf lyP . sf]xL 6f]nfO/x]sf lyP . s;}sf] cg'xf/df cftÍsf] gLnf] 5fk :ki6} b]lvGYof] . ltgLx¿ ;s];Dd sd af]ln/x]sf lyP . t/ Tof] df}gtfn] klg s]xL g s]xL eg] hgfO{ g} /x]sf] lyof] . tLghgf t k/lt/ a]xfz g} eP/ n8] /] eGg] ufOFu'OF ;'lgFb} lyof] . t/ of] eL8df pm eL8eGbf aflx/ lyof] . cyf{t\, pm dflysf s'g}klg lqmofsnfk ul//x]sf] lyPgÙ kmut /ldt] alg/x]sf] lyof] .

p;nfO{ cgf}7f] nfu]sf] lyof]–d[To';Fu dfG5]sf] ck|Tofl;t k/fho b]v]/ . oBlk of] :jfefljs d[To' lyPg t}klg pm bfz{lgs ¿kn] dfG5]sf] ;Ldfa4tfsf] cÍg ul//x]sf] lyof] . s7} Û, gf/fg Û, lzj Û, ljr/f Û cflb cfjfhx¿n] sf]nfxn;Fu} gL/jtf 5l//x]sf lyP . oL ;a} lsl;dsf cfjfhaf6 ar]/ pm eg] 3l/ nfzsf] /Qmd'R5]n 6fpsf] x]Yof]{ 3l/ leQfsf] cf8 lnP/ k;fl/O/x]sf] 3fF6L d'lGt/sf] luF8 x]Yof]{ .

d[ts ufpFsf] …;j{dfGo g]tfÚ lyof] . klxn] pm ;j{3f]lift hgdfGo lyof] kl5 :j3f]lift eof] . ;j{3f]liftb]lv :j3f]lift ;Ddsf] pFwf]ofqfdf p;n] w]/} k'0onfe ul/;s]sf] lyof] . ‰jf§ ljrf/ ubf{ hg3f]liftaf6 :j3f]liftdf k'Ug' JolQmTjsf] IfoLs/0f b]lvg klg ;S5 . t/ p;sf] ;Gbe{df of] unt ;fljt x'g cfpFYof] . hltv]/ pm hg3f]lift lyof] zlQmzfnL lyPg, u/La lyof] . To;}n] pm cfkm"eGbf dflysf g]tfx¿em}+ :j3f]lift aGg rfxGYof] . oxL bfpdf p;n] ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts cfo' vr{ u¥of] / cfly{s ¿kn] k"0f{ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 3f]if0ffsf] tof/Ldf nfUof] ls pm sf] xf] <





p;n] kf6L{df cfkm"n] u/]sf] nufgLsf] lx;fa lstfa lgsfNof] / cfkm" / kf6L{aLr gª\df;'sf] ;DaGw ePsf] efj'stf cf]sn]/ cfˆgf] kx'Fr / ;f+;b dGqL aGg];Ddsf] ;kgf atfPkl5 pm ;j{dfGo aGof] . ;dy{g leq lyPg / lj/f]w klg lyPg . lsgls /fhgLlt k[ys ¿kdf ug'{lyof] p hlts} ;DkGg aGg'lyof] . cf]xf]bfdf gk'uL k|hftflGqs Joj:yf ;DkGg aGg] s'g} cfwf/} lyPg . To;}n] df}g a:g'df sNof0f b]lvof] .

/, Tof] ;j{DffGo x'g'sf] kL8fsf] ;a}eGbf efuLbf/ pm aGof] . g]tfn] p;sf] gfddf k':tf}gL hUufnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;flat u¥of] . o;sf] a'tfn] EofP;Dd hf]8bf/ lj/f]w hgfpsf kl/0ffd:j¿k afp / afh]sf] efu;d]tsf] sfnf]df];f] p;nfO{ blnof] / tfnL ahfP/ To;sf] :jfut ul/of] . d'2f n8\g hfg] p;sf] x'tL lyPg . ljr/f] ;f]emf] lyof] p;dfly lkt[eQm . dg]{ a]nfdf afpn] eg]sf lyP–…afa' Û cfˆgf] ;f]emf] u/]/ vfg', d'2fdfldnfdf e'n]/klg gkm;];\ .

lkt[eQmeGbf klg 7"nf] s'/f c1fgtf / lgD5/f]kgn] ubf{ p;n] cfkm"n] ef]urng ul/cfPsf] hUufnfO{ r"krfk ;fj{hlgsLs/0f u¥of] / ;j{dfGosf] g]t[Tjdf ToxfF kf6L{ sfof{no agfpg] / j[If/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ ;';DkGg eof] . kl5 ufpFdf 8f]h/ cfpg] eof] . ;+of]un] xf] jf s]n] af6f]sf] gSzf p;s} v]tsf] 5]paf6 to eof] . km]l/ hUuf ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ 8/n] af7L kTgLsf] ;Nnfxn] Ps ;fFem pm g]tfsxfF uof] / af6f]sf] …Ol:6d]6Ú cGt}af6 ug{ cfu|x| u¥of] . t/ 7/f{n] dTy' ePsf] ;j{dfGo p;sf] s'/f ;'Gg] xfntd} lyPg . cGTodf /f]Os/fO u/]/ kfp klS8g] sfd ;d]t eO;s]kl5 p;n] udbf/L kf/fn] aL; xhf/ ?lkofF kfP s'/f] ldnfOlbg] jrg lbof] . w]/} hUuf u'dfPsf] a'ªuf] x'g'eGbf t zt{ dfGg'g} pko'Qm lyof] . To;}n] p;n] 5f]/Lsf] lax]nfO{ eg]/ hf]uf8 u/L /fv]sf] aL; xhf/ 6qm\ofof] / k|lts[of:j¿k s;}nfO{ yfxf lbPdf g/fd|f] x'g] r]tfjgL;lxt pm 3/ kmls{of] .

k|hftGqdf cfly{s x}l;otsf] lgd'vf]kg lhpgsf nflu cToGt} xflgsf/s / si6k|b x'g] oyfy{nfO{ em]Nb} tdfd cx+x¿ dgsf] s'g} s'gfdf yGSofOlbP/ afFRg] oTgdf lyof] pm . o;/L afFRbfafFRb} klg qmdzM pQL; xNs]em}+ a9\b} uPsL 5f]/Lsf] yfldg;Sg' hjfgLn] p;nfO{ lgb|fdf ;d]t P]+7g u/fpFYof] . o;af6 d'Qm x'g p;n] 5f]/Lsf] lax] ug]{ k|oTg t u/]Yof] t/ b'lgofFdf ;a} s]6fx¿ 5f]/Lsf] ;fydf bfOhf] gfpFsf] o:tf] j:t' dfUby] h;nfO{ lbg] ;fdYo{ p;n] slxNo} /fv]g . of] k/fhon] ;w}+ u|l;t p;nfO{ 5f]/Lsf] xNsFbf] z/L/sf] ef/n] dgd'6';Dd} lylr/x]sf] lyof] / uf}+8f / df]8 9'Sg]x¿sf bh{gf}+ lu4sf h:tf cfFvfn] 5f]/Lsf ;f6f] cfkm}+ nv]l6P/ pd]/ gk'Ub} a'l9Psf] lyof] . ptf 5f]/Lsf] hf]jg eg] afpsf] kL8fnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L b|'tt/ ultdf pFef] nfUb} lyof] .

x'Fbfx'Fbf o:tf] lbgklg cfof] ls 5f]/L w]/} ;do 3/aflx/} x'g yfnL–d]nfkft of o:t} s]xL axfgfdf . 3/aflx/ 5f]/L lg:sg] a]nfdf pm cfˆgf cfFvfnfO{ va/bf/L u/fpg 5f]/Lsf] lgwf/d} 6fF;]/ k7fpFYof] t}klg s;f]s;f] df]8x¿df jf uN5]8fx¿df 5f]/Lsf cfFvfnfO{ p;n] va/bf/L ug{ ;s]g . 5f]/L 3/df sd / aflx/ w]/} af]Ng], xfF:g] nufotsf lqmofsnfk ug{ yfnL . 3/df cfFugsf] l8ndf a;]/ lsg xf] PSn} 6f]nfpg], PSn} xfF:g], nfdf] ;f; km]g]{ o:t} o:t}





lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{ yfnL–z[Ëfl/s sfJosL ljk|nDef gflosfn] h:t} . clg t o:tf] l:ylt cfof] ls afa'rflx+ 306f}+ s/fO/fVg] / 5f]/Lrflx+ df}g ;'lg/fVg] .

Pslbg 5f]/Ln] …jfSsÚ u/]/ afa' rflxg]sf ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbO{xfnL . cfdfrflx+ 8fFsf] 5f]8]/ ?g yfnL, pm rflx+ 6fpsf] lyr]/ a:of] . l/; pl7/x]sf] lyof] . p;n] s;]/ 5f]/LnfO{ b'O{ yKk8 nufOlbof] t/ p;n] r"krfk krfO{ .

Kfl/jf/sf ;fd' b'O{ ljsNk lyP–5f]/Lsf] cfTdxTof jf bfg . bfg ug{nfO{ k|]dLsf] gfd yfxf x'g' h?/L lyof] . t/ 5f]/Ln] o:tf] kfqsf] gfd lnOlbO{ hf]O{kf]O{ b'j}n] 6fpsf] ;dft]/ ;':s]/f xfNg'afx]s csf]{ pkfo lyPg . ;f] k'?if c¿ sf]xL geP/ ;j{dfGos} nfosL k'q lyof] .

;j{dfGosxfF of] s'/fsf] ;'g'jfO{ x'g] ;f}efUo t ;f]lrPsf] lyPg . t}klg pm hfg} kYof]{, uof], hfx]/ u¥of], cfu|x cg'gosf ;do k|rlnt x/]s efjd'b|fx¿sf] s'zntfk"j{s k|bz{g klg u¥of] . hjfkmdf ;j{dfGo xfF:of] / eGof]–…x]/, ?vdf kfs]sf] kmn d]/f] 5f]/fn] l6k]/ vfOlbof], pNNf] gl6Kof eP s'x]/ emYof]{ . o;}df v'zL xf] ÛÚ

Hfjfg 5f]/Lsf] afpn] ;xg g;Sg] s'/f lyof] of] . p;n] klg ;s]g . t/ ;d:of of] lyof] ls ;j{dfGosf] 5f]/frflx+ ljb]z k'lu;s]sf] lyof] Kn]g r9]/ . pm bfaL klg ug{ ;Sb}gYof] t}klg l/;n] bfx|f ls6]/ s/fof]–…ul/ksf] lg OHht x'G5====ÛÚ

…gflkof]===ÛÚ ;j{dfGon] cg'xf/ g} cZnLn agfP/ eGof]–…bzhgf;Fu ;Ns]sL t]/L 5f]/Ln] tF tLg gfª\u]sf] OHht t k]6Lsf]6leq 5f]lk;s]sL 5]===ÛÚ

…af]Ng kfPF eGb}df w]/} gaf]n===ÛÚ p;sf] af]nLeGbf cfF;' l56f] emg{ nflu/x]sf] lyof] .

…d ;dfhsf cufl8 af]N5', lhNnfF l/kf]6 u5'{===ÛÚ

…hf hf Û h] h] gfk] klg x'G5 ÛÚ

hLjgdf klxnf]k6s cfqmf]lzt eP/ u'gf;f] k]Vg pm ljkIfL g]tfsxfF uof] h;nfO{ cl3Nnf] r'gfjdf p;n] ef]6 lbPsf] lyof] . Tof] gftfn] klg p;nfO{ cf8 kfpg] cfzf lyof] . t/ e/f];f gfpFsf] Tof] lrh p;n] ToxfF klg kfPg . ljkIfL g]tfn] p;nfO{ 5f]/L s;}nfO{ le/fP/ k7fpg] ;Nnfx lbof] .

cg'go ljgosf] rf}+;¶Lj6} snf k|bz{g ubf{ klg xft nfuL z"Go ePkl5 pm /GylgP/ 3/lt/ cfof] . :jf:gL 5f]/f5f]/L ;a} zf]s;efsf] d'b|fdf al;/x]sf lyP . pm ;/f;/L 5f]/Lsf cl3lNt/ k'Uof] / p;sf] skfn e'TNofP/ hldgdf uf8\b} eGof]–…/08L===Û dfb]{ xfDnfO{ lg===ÛÚ 9f]sfsf] uhaf/sf] z:qf:q k|of]u ug]{ på]ng al9/x]sf] lyof] t/ ?Fb} :jf:gLn] /f]sL .

…dg{ lsg ;lSbg;\ P /08L Û of] kfksf] cg'xf/ afs]/ lsg afFlr/xG5];\ < xfd|f cufl8 <Ú





cfFvfaf6 alnGb|wf/f cfF;' emf/]/ v'§f ahfb}{ pm cfˆgf] cf]5\ofgdf uP/ 3'l;|of] . 5f]/Lrflx+ cfˆgf] hLjgdf klxnf]k6s cf1fsf/L b]lvO{ cyf{t\ rf/ kfFr 306f klg gx'Fb} afa'sf] egfOnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L .

5f]/L t d/]/ uO{ / ;Fu;Fu} Pp6f pkxf/ klg 5f]8]/ uO{ . lrnfpg]sf] ¿vdf em'l08Psf] p;sf] nfzsf] dxfg\ /ldt] ag]sf] ;j{dfGon] pmlt/ s6fIf u/]/ lkRr y'Sb} eGof]–…s'nª\3fgL{ s;sf] kfk af]s]/ d/L <Ú ;j{dfGosf] of] dxfgjf0fL ;Fu;Fu} /ldt]x¿sf] …s7}Ú sf] ;xefj If0fe/d} 3[0ffdf kl/0ft eof] . s]xL af]Ng ;s]sf] lyPg pm . a? ;j{dfGon] wGojfb lbg'kg]{ l:ylt kf] b]lvof]–wGg, cfTdxTofnfO{ xTof agfP/ p;nfO{ xTof/f] ;flat ul/lbPg p;n] .

clxn] emnSs ;lDemG5 pm dfG5]x¿ o;}u/L g} sf]o/ nfu]sf lyP . oBlk ?g] w'g] lqmofsnfk p;sf :jf:gL 5f]/f5f]/L]n] dfq} u/]sf lyP . ;a} sf}t"xnk"j{s 5f]/Lsf] nfznfO{ x]/]/ cg]sf}+ lsl;dsf nv sf6\g cu|;/ lyP .===/ of]===o;sf s'l6n cfFvf pmlt/ x]/]/ d';'d';' xfF;]sf lyP .

p;sf] lhp PSsfl; tft]/ cfof] . yfDgnfO{ p;n] s6s6 bfFt ls6\of] .

…P cfttfoL xf] Û lsg df¥of} lg lgxTyf dfG5]nfO{ < kfkLx¿ Û ufpFsf] ;]js, ufpFs} aQL lgefOlbof} xf]Og <Ú b'O{ kxf8sf] aLrdf 7f]lSsP/ cfPsf] of] cfjfhn] p;sf] Wofg cflsif{t u¥of] . p;n] lh1f;fn] cfjfh cfPlt/ x]¥of]–ljkIfL g]tf e'OFdf nl8a'8L v]Nb} lyof] / ;s];Dd a9L cfF;' emfg]{ k|oTgdf lyof] . of] dfG5] ToxL lyof] h;n] aQLnfO{ cfkm}+ lgefpg vf]h]sf] lyof] . kf]xf]/sf] r'gfjdf pm v's'/L af]s]/ ;j{dfGosf cufl8 Pp6f of]4fsf] ¿kdf plePsf lyof] .

3[0ffn] kmgSs 6fpsf] kmsf{of] p;n] . cfFvf km]l/ ToxL nfzdfly uP/ /f]lsP .

p;nfO{ tyfgfd eGg] tL cf]7} ufoj lyP /utn] k'l/P/ . s'l6ntfn] x]g]{ cfFvf cgf}7f];Fu RofltPsf lyP qf;n] . x]bf{x]b}{ p;nfO{ xfF;f]klg p7\of]–l;+xh:t} uh{g] Tof] dfG5] cfh c¿åf/f dfl/P/ k;fl/Psf] 5 .

…kfksf] kmn ÛÚ nfzlt/ x]b}{ 3[0ffn] lkRr y'Sof] p;n] . km]l/ Toltn] klg lrQ a'em]g . x]/L g} /Xof] p;n] .

…o;nfO{ t d}n] g} plxNo} dfg'{kg]{ .Ú sxfFsxfFaf6 of] ljrf/ p;sf] dgdf cfof] . p;n] n'q'Ss k/]sf] To;sf] luF8nfO{ x]/]/ ;f]Rof]–…xf], e"n eP5 of] ck/fwLnfO{ t d}n] kf] dfg'{kg]{ .Ú

p;nfO{ cfkm"n] of] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ g;s]sf]df kZrfQfk nfu]/ cfof] . o;nfO{ s:tf] kf] dfG5]n] df¥of] xf]nf < p;n] sNkgf ul/x]¥of] . sNkgfd} To;nfO{ dfg]{k|lt p;df cfx|L;] efjgf hfUof] / cfˆgf] clwsf/ xgg ePsf]df qm'4 eP/ b'O{ kfOnf cufl8 ;f¥of] / To;sf] pl5l§Psf] 6fpsf]lg/ pleof] . 3fF6Ldf df;' / gnL b]lvGy] . k|s[lt x]bf{ tLg rf/k6s xfgL l5gflnPsf]





b]lvGYof] . p;n] ufpFsf] cDa/]n] v;L l5gfPsf] ;lDemof] . clg===p;n] cfkm}++n] To;sf] uw{gdfly v's'/Ln] 5KsfPsf] ;lDemof] .

Df}n] g} o;nfO{ cDa/]n] v;L l5gfn] em}+ l5gfNg kfPsf] eP Û sNkgfd} pm /f]dfl~rt eof] / Psk6s …v'SsÚ u/]/ xfF:of] . zf]ssf] ;fgf]ltgf] vf]N;L g} au]sf] a]nf lgl:sPsf] of] adf};dL xfF;f]n] ;a}sf cfFvf pmlt/ z+sf:kb b[li6n] km}lnP . t/ p;nfO{ eg] s;}k|lt klg jf:tf lyPg .

pm e'OFdf 6';'Ss rfs gc8\ofO{ a:of] / lgx'l/P/ nfzsf] 3fF6L x]g{ yfNof]–…stfaf6 sf6\of] xf]nf===cufl8af6 ls k5fl8af6 ls===ÛÚ PSsfl; p;nfO{ 6fpsf]df k5fl8sf] efu x]g{ dg nfUof] / p;sf xft cgfof;} Totflt/ a9] .…P, g5f]pm===ÛÚ…P, 5'g gb]pm ToxfF===ÛÚ…Tof] dfG5]nfO{ ToxfFaf6 x6fpm ÛÚ

p;n] cfˆgf] oTgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFbf a9fpFb} cfrf/;+lxtf p;sf cufl8 km'q'Ss em/] . p;nfO{ t emg\ l/; kf] p7\of] . cfkm"n] ug'{kg]{ sfd c¿ s;}n] ul/lbP/ p;sf] clwsf/ xgg ul/lbPsf] 5====Tolt eP/ klg ca x]g{ ;d]t aGb]h < hLjgdf ;a}eGbf a9L cfqmf]lzt eof] pm . p;nfO{ ;a} dfG5]nfO{ v's'/Ln] 5k5k sf6]/ ;a}sf 6fpsfsf] nfQ] es'08f] v]n'F em}+ nfUof] . pm h'd'{/fP/ p7\of] / l/;sf] em6f/f]n] eL8nfO{ xfgL k7fof] . eL8sf cfFvf p;nfO{ 6'n'6'n' x]l//x]sf lyP . p;nfO{ eg] tL ;f/f cfFvfn] cfˆgf] gfdbL{kgnfO{ luHofO/x]em}+ nfUof] .

l/;sf] kf/f] emg\ emg\ dfly r9\of] . z/L/el/ tftf] ;Nanfof] . gzfx¿df /ut 5fn p7fpFb} k|jflxt ePsf] p;nfO{ dxz'; eof] . d'6' hf]8n] 9's9's ug{yfNof] . eL8sf dfG5]x¿ sldnfsf 5l/Psf lsl/ª\ldl/ª em}+ b]lvg yfn] . p;n] ca cfFvf b]Vg 5f8\of] . vfln cfFvf cl3lNt/ Pp6} s'l6n cg'xf/ dfq cfO/Xof] . PSsfl; p;n] s;]/ Psnft 6fpsf]dfly ahf¥of], 6fpsf] pl5l§P/ sfGnf tn em¥of] .

…P===;dft\ To;nfO{===Ú dfG5]x¿ PSsfl; lsg ax'nfPem}+ lrRofP p;n] kQf] kfPg . t/ ha s;}n] s7fnf] RofKk ;dfTof] p ctflng k'Uof] . ;a} p;nfO{ 5f]Kb} s'b] . Gjf/fgb]lvsf] an nufP/ pm hah{:tL ;a}nfO{ 3r]6\b} s'b\of] . pm cGwfw'Gb s'Bf] s;}nfO{ gx]l/sg . p;sf] d'6' vnfFtL h:t} eO/x]sf] lyof] . z/L/sf] tftf] vnvNtL au]sf] kl;gfdf ldl;P/ pm cfkm}+nfO{ x'TofP/ n}hfnf em}+ eO/x]sf] lyof] . t}klg pm s'b\of] .

eL/kfvf ;a} p;sf] kl5kl5 p;nfO{ nv]6\b} cfO/x]sf lyP . dfG5]x¿sf] cgf}7f] lrRofx6n] p;nfO{ 5'Fnf5'Fnf em}+ u/]/ nv]l6/x]sf] lyof] .

cGTodf, pm yfs]/ n8\of] . s;}n] p;sf] xft ;dfTof] . p;nfO{ s'g} ux|f}+ rLhn] lyr]em}+ eof] . crfgs p;df 7"nf] zlQm pTkGg eof] / Tof] dfG5]nfO{ hf]8n] 3Fr]l6lbP/ pm cfFvf lrlDnFb}





Tof] 8/nfUbf] kxf/faf6 xfdkmfNof] . p;nfO{ cfˆgf] kl5kl5 kx/f] klg xfd kmfn]em}+ nfUof] . To;kl5 s] eof] p;n] yfxf kfPg cyf{t\ yfxf kfpg' g} k/]g .

/ofn], sfe|] lanvaGb

;'zLn /fhf]kfWofo

…uf]dtL a]kQf eOg\ ÛÚ ufpFel/ xNnf rNof] . ufpFn]x¿df cfZro{sf] Hj/f] a9\g yfNof] . Pp6L s]6L x/fO eg] ;fdfGotM kf]On uPsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . t/ s;};Fu xfF;f] 7§f;Dd gug]{ gfjflnu s]6L x/fPsL 5], cfZro{ nfUg' :jfefljs} xf] . gfgf yl/ nv sf6\b} lyP ;a} . …s] eljtJo cfOnfUof] ÛÚ uf]dtLsL cfdf nl5dL sfsL lanf}gf ub}{ lyOg\, …Ps ef/L 3fF; lnP/ cfpF5' eg]/ lxhf] lbpF;} lx+8]sL s]6Lsf] olta]nf;Dd cQf]kQf] 5}g .Ú cfFugdf eL8 emgemg\ a9\g yfNof] .

…Odfgl;+x sfsf====ÛÚ Pp6f xf]rf] dfG5] k/}af6 lrRofFpFb} eL8 ghLs bf}l8+b} cfof] . eL8sf] Wofg To; dfG5]tkm{ cfslif{t eof] / eL8af6 Pp6fsf] cfjfh cfof] . …P eª\u]/] Û s] eGg cfO;\ <Ú To;f] t Gjf/gdf h'/]sf] gfd k'?iff]Qd lyof] p;sf] . t}klg pd]/;Fu} ga9]sf] z/L/sf] afGsLn] ubf{ ;a} p;nfO{ eË]/] eGg] ub{y] . eË]/]n] eGof], …kNnf ufpFsf] ef]n]sfG5f] klg lxh} lbpF;}b]lv 3/ cfPsf] 5}g /] ÛÚ eL8df ldl;P/ eª\u]/]n] uf]dtLsf afa' Odfgl;+x yfkfsf ;fd' cfkm';Fu ePsf] tfhf hfgsf/L k]z u¥of] . ef]n]sfG5f]Ù kNnf] ufpFsf] kl08tsf] 5f]/f] xf] . sfd–Ond s]xL gu/]/ a/flnP/ lx+8\g] Pp6f cgfy s]6f] . …d eGb} lyPF lg rfOg] hf] s]/]== cg'xf/ x]/]/ s;}sf] ljZjf; ug'{ x'Fb}g eg]/ ÛÚ ufpFsf l8¶f afn] d'v kmf]/] . …Pp6f s]6f] / Pp6L s]6L Ps} ;dodf x/fP====Û ca s]xL /Xof] / < xn]bf] eg]kl5 sf]6\ofpg' kb}{g Sof/] Û nf} hfcf}+ ÛÚ eGb} l8¶f af lx+8] . eL8df s'/f w]/} x'g yfn] . ;j}n] uf]dtL ef]n] sfG5f];Fu} kf]On uPsL eGg] 7DofP . eL8 kftln+b} uO{ ;'g;fg eof] . Odfgl;+x sfsf / nl5dL sfsL cfFugsf] b'O ;'/df emf]qmfO/x]sf b]lvGy] .

lrGtfn] cfs'nJofs'n ePsf Odfg l;+x sfsf a]nfa]nfdf ef]n] sfG5fsf] 3/ k'U5g\ / ef]6] tfNrf em'08\ofOPsf] 9f]sf x]/]/ lg/fz x'Fb} kms{G5g\ . w]/} ;do;Dd rNof] pgsf] of] qmd . w]/} 7fpFsf] ;f]wvf]h kl5 ef]n] sfG5f] zx/sf Pshgf ;fx'sf] 3/df gf]s/L u/]/ a;]sf] eGg] ;Dd kQf] nufP pgn] . t/ zx/sf] eL8df p;nfO{ vf]Hg] kf] s;f]u/L <

8]9 jif{hlt kl5 ufpFdf km]l/ v}nfj}nf z'¿ eof]Ù kNnf] ufpFsf] ef]n] sfG5f] kmls{of] eg]/ . xNnf ;'Ggf;fy plTgv]/} s]xL ufpFn] ;lxt Odfgl;+x sfsf / nl5dL sfsL ef]n] sfG5fsf] 3/lt/ nlDsP . lk+9Ldf a;]/ lIflthnfO{ lgofNb} u/]sf] ef]n] sfG5f]nfO{ ;a}n] k/af6} k|i6};Fu lrg] . sfnf] j0f{, Vofp6] cg'xf/ / d/~Rof;] z/L/ . Odfgl;+x sfsf dgdg} sxfln+b} lyP–…o:tf;Fu klg s;/L dg ldn]sf] xf]nf xfd|L slnnL uf]dtLsf] <Ú …afa' Û 3/} kmls{g'ef] w]/} /fd|f] ef] ÛÚ Odfgl;+x sfsfn] ef]n] sfG5fnfO{ glhs} uP/ eGf] . cfˆgf] afpm ;/xsf] pd]/sf] JolQmsf] cfTdLotfsf] To:tf] Gofgf] ;Daf]wgn] ef]n] sfG5f] klg eSsflgg yfNof] . …d]/f] 7"nf] uNtL ef] Û d}n] To;/L n';'Ss ufpFg} 5f8]/ zx/ k:g eg] x'Fb}gYof] Û dlt lalu|Pkl5 gx'g] s'/f] x'Fbf] /}5, s] ug'{ <Ú ef]n] sfG5f]sf] lgZrn s'/f] ;'g]/ Odfgl;+xsf cfFvf klg /;fpg yfn]sf lyP . …uNtL dfG5]af6} x'G5 afa' Û uNtL :jLsf/ u/]kl5 emg\ dxfg kf] x'G5 t dfG5] Û ca k'/fgf s'/f la;{g'k5{, o;f] gofF sfdsf] vf]hL ug'{k5{ Û uf]dtLn] klg ;3fOxfN5] Û x'gt p;n] klg s] g} hfg]sL 5] / < afa'n] s]xL ghfg]s}





a]nf uf]dtLnfO{ lnP/ zx/ hfg' ef] ÛÚ Odfgl;+xsf] o:tf] s'/f ;'g]/ ef]n] sfG5f] cSs g aSssf] xfpefpdf b]vfkb}{ eGg yfNof]–…x}g tkfO{+ s] eGb} x'g'x'G5 < sf] uf]dtL < d}n] s'g} uf]dtLnfO{ zx/ nu]sf] 5}g ÛÚ p;sf] o:tf] s'/f] ;'g]/ ufpFn] d'd'{l/g yfn] . Odfgl;+x sfsf klg ltlNdnfP . t}klg dfOtLkl§sfn] em'Sg}k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf kIfkftL Odfgl;+x sfsf cg'gosf] efiff af]Ngyfn]–…n e}uf] h] x'g' e}xfNof], cflv/ 5f]/Lsf] hft Ps g Ps lbg hxfF ePklg lbg}kYof]{ Û 5f]/Ln] dg k/fPsLnfO{ xfdL klg :jLsf5f}{ . xfdL;Fu 8/ gdfg] x'G5 . a? Ps arg xfdLnfO{ klg yfxf lbPsf] eP s] km/s kYof]{ / < xfdL klg cfˆgf] uR5] cg';f/ s]xL g s]xL t ul/xfNYof}+ lg cfˆgL PSnL 5f]/LnfO{===ÛÚ Odfgl;+x sfsfsf] s'/f aLr}df sf6]/ ef]n] sfG5f]] eGgyfNof], …tkfO{+ s] eGg'x'G5 o:tf]f < d wd{ efs]/ eG5' tkfO{+sL 5f]/L d}n] nu]sf] 5}g ÛÚ ufpFdf ljKnj dlRrof] .

…PO{ Û sxfF k'¥ofO;\ uf]dtLnfO{ t}+n] xF <Ú k|x/L xjnbf/ s8\ls+b} lyP, …eg\ sltdf a]r]/ cfO;\ p;nfO{ P bnfn <Ú ;'lGgPsf] cg'xf/ lnP/ ef]n] sfG5f]n] eGof], …d km]l/klg eG5' d}n] s'g} uf]dtLnfO{ zx/ nu]sf] 5}g a]Rg] t s] s'/f < ufpFdf s]xL ug{ g;s]/ afFRgsf nflu zx/ k;]sf] lyPFÙ ToxfF klg ;fx'n] jif{lbgsf] kfs]sf] tnj glbP/ pN6} rf]/Lsf] bf]if nfP/ 3f]qm]7\ofs nufP Û cg]s x08/ vfP/ cfˆg} ufpF kms{+bf klg o:tf cgu{n cf/f]k cfOnfUof] Û d}n] s]xL klg la/fPsf] 5}g xjnbf/ ;fk ÛÚ xjNbf/ /x:odo :j/df af]Ng yfNof]–…P Û p;f]eP rf]/L klg u/]sf] /}5;\ x}g <Ú xjnbf/sf cfFvf rlDsg yfn] .

Eff]n] sfG5f] r]nLa]6L a]rljvgsf] cleof]udf cbfntaf6 bf]ifL ;fljt eof] / p;n] ;hfo jfkt\ s}b e'Qmfg ug{yfNof] . ufpFn]x¿ ck/fwLn] ;hfo kfPsf]df v'zL b]lvGy] eg] xjnbf/sf] sfFwdf klg Pp6f km'nL ylkg] kSsfkSsL eof] .

Odfgl;+x sfsf / nl5dL sfsL xftsf] r/f e'?Ë p8]sf] dgl:ylt lnP/ 3/ kms]{ . s]xL lbgkl5 lk+9Ldf Pp6L bogLo cj:yfsL aflnsf ;'FSs ;'FSs ub}{ ?Fb} lyO{ . ghLs k'u]/ x]bf{ cfdfafa'sf] dg eSsflgof] . …uf]dtL Û sxfF uPsL lyof} d]/L afaf <Ú nl5dL sfsLsf] 5ftL uf]dtLsf] cfFz'n] kvflng yfNof] . …cfdf ÛÚ uf]dtL klg eSsflg+b} ?g yfnL . …Tof] c;tLn] dnfO{ kmf]x/ sfd u/fpg] 7fpFdf k'¥ofof] ÛÚ Odfgl;+x uf]dtLnfO{ y'dy'DofpFb} eGg yfn], …ck/fwLn] b08 kfO;Sof] 5f]/L Û h] x'g' e}xfNof] ca ;a} s'/f lal;{b] ÛÚ uf]dtL RofFl¶O{, …sxfF To;n] b08 kfpg' < Tof] kfkL t kmfk/]sf] e§L 5]pdf dflQP/ a;]sf] 5 cem} .Ú b'j}hgf cjfs\ eP/ uf]dtLsf] cg'xf/lt/ lgofNb} lyP . uf]dtLsf cg'xf/df agfj6Lkgf st} b]lvPg . Odfgl;+xn] cfˆgf] d'6' b¥xf] kfb}{ uf]dtL;Fu ;f]w], …5f]/L Û sf] xf] Tof] kftsL < uf]dtLsf] d'vaf6 dfgf}+ Hjfnfd'vL km'6Øf], … ToxL c;QL eË]/] ÛÚ

9f]sf6f]n !(, sf7df8f}+

b'O{ n3'syfk'is//fh e§

ju{ kIfw/tfs'g} Ps 7"nf] kf6L{sf] k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd lyof] . 7"nf g]tf k|lzIf0f lbO/x]sf lyP .

æxfdLn] ;fdflhs hLjgdf, Jojxf/df juL{o b[li6sf]0f cFufn]/ sfd ug'{kb{5 . ljifo uDeL/ / lzIffk|b lyof] .





s]xL ;dokl5 ltg} g]tfhL dGqL aGg k'u] . dGqLdf k'u]kl5 pgn] klxnf] sfd u/], ljleGg kf6L{df nfu]sf cfkm\gf gftfuf]tfnfO{ /f]huf/sf] cj;/ l;h{gf, h;df hglj/f]wL cg'xf/ k|z:t lyP .

dflg;x¿n] pgsf] juL{o b[li6sf]0f tyf kIfw/tfaf/] kof{Kt 1fg kfP . Pshgf sfo{stf{n] elgxfn], æcfkmGt kf]:g] kIfw/tfn] g]tfsf] cg'xf/ 5n{ª\u} b]lvof] .Æ

bl/b|;dfnf]rs ;do–;dodf ljleGg n]vsx¿sf ;dfnf]rgf ug]{ ub{y] . ;flxlTos sfo{qmd x'Fbf

efif0f u/]/ / c¿a]nf sndaf6 cfkm\gf ljrf/x¿ k|s6 ub{y] . k|ultjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf] If]qdf pgsf] gfd k|Voft g} lyof] .

……k|ltlqmofjfbL kmfF6sf] ljs[ltsf] jfxs ;flxTosf/Æ pgn] Pshgf u}/jfdkGyL n]vsnfO{ laNnf le/fOlbP .

laNnf le/]sf] ;flxTosf/ ;dfnf]rs ;+nUg /x]sf] kf6L{df k|j]z u¥of] . ;flxTosf/n] cfˆgf] k':ts ljdf]rg sfo{qmddf af]Ng ;dfnf]rs dxf]bonfO{ af]nfof] .

;dfnf]rsn] p;nfO{ gof“ laNnf le/fof], æk|ultzLn kmf“6sf ;dsfnLg o'usf dxfg ;flxTosf/Æ

;flxTosf/sf] n]vg Pjd\ lrGtgdf s'g} cGt/ cfPsf] lyPg . b]lvPsf] lyof] t ;dfnf]rssf] af}l4s bl/b|tf / ;ª\sL0f{tf .

Pshgf n]vssf] l6Kk0fL lyof] , æ;dfnf]rs af}nfxf eP5 .Æ [email protected], s}nfnL

Nf3'syfk'/:sf/

afn d's'Gb sfsL{

k':tsfsf/ s[lt agfpg} k¥of] . km'6s/ /rgf k|sfzg t PSsfb'Ssf klqsfdf k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ . s]xL ;flxlTos ;fyLx¿n] lrGg yfn]sf 5g\ . rlr{t klqsfsf ;Dkfbs;Dd kx'Fr a9fO;s]sf 5g\ . cj a'9];sfndf /x/ knfof] . k};fn] klg b'Mv 5}g, cj ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] cjsfz klg kfPsf] w]/} ;do lat]sf] 5}g . aL; jif]{ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /xFbf 3'dlkm/ u/]sf ;+:d/0f 6Gg} 5g\ . ;]jfsfndf hgtfaf6 kfPsf pkxf/ klg 5g\ . k};f klg sdfOPsf] 5 .

……hflu/] ;do k};f / sfof{no hfg] cfpg] sfddf hLjg laTof] . ;dfhdf s] s:tf] rfnrng 5 yfxf 5}g . gfkL zfvfdf hflu/ x'Fbf hUuf hdLg klg k|z:t hf]l8Ps} x'g\ . 5/l5d]sdf klxnf lsrnf] eP/ s] ef] t < cj t ;fdflhs aGg} k¥of] . pd]/n] klg lgx'F vf]Hg] a]nf eO;Sof] . o:t} sNkgfdf /fdk|;fb 8'a]sf] lyof] . ToxL ;dodf Pp6f a'9f] slj p;sf] glhs k'U5 / eGb5–…s] sljtf km'/fpFb}5f} <Ú /fdk|;fb b'j} xft hf]8\b} eG5–…gd:sf/ bfO, s] x'g' lg Û hLjg / hutsf] af/]df ;f]Rb}5'Ú …lsg ;f]Rg'k¥of] ca a'jf / cfdfsf] gfddf Pp6f k'/:sf/





u'7L vf]Ng'k5{, k};f 5Fb}5 . wdfwd 7"nf ;flxTosf/x¿nfO{ ;dfpFb} ;Ddfg / k'/:sf/ /fzL r9fpg'k5{, jl/i7 ;dfh;]jL, jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ cfkm}+ algG5, s] sf] 6]G;g <Ú sljhLsf] s'/fn] /fdk|;fnfO{ lrQ a'emfof] . tL a'9f sljhLsf] cg'/f]wdf kfFrtf/] xf]6ndf 7"n} ef]hsf ;fy jl/i7 kqsf/ / ;flxTosf/nfO{ af]nfO{ pgLx¿sf] lrQ a'‰g] u/L ef]h nufOof] . kqsf/x¿ v'zL eO afFl8Psf] k|]; lj1lKt lnO{ kms]{, ;dfnf]rs sljx¿ klg v'zL b]lvGy] . a]n'sf 6]lnlehgsf kbf{df /fdk|;fb dVv b]lvGy] eg] ef]lnkN6sf b}lgs klqsfdf p;n] ljt/0f u/]sf] 7"nf] /flzsf] k'/:sf/sf] ;dfrf/ cfpg] cfzfdf p e';'Ss lgbfpF5 . ptf a"9f sljn] 7"n} /flzsf] k'/:sf/ cfˆgf] xftdf kfg{ kfpFbf v'zLn] eOdf v'§f 6]s]sf 5}gg\ .

rGb| lgufxfk'/–!, /f}tx6, (*$!#&)!%!

tNnf3/] l5d]sLnLnfl;+x sdf{

cfˆg} :j/, zAb / z}nL tyf ;+:sf/af6 uf}/jk"0f{ ePsf] ;dfh, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fnfO{ 5f8]/ d uPsf] 5' . o; JoflKtnfO{ cem ;';+:s[t, ;Eo / :yfoL agfpg' k|To]s lk+9Lsf] st{Jo xf], c;n ;dfh, pj{/fe"ld, ;'Gb/ ufpF–j]zL / :jR5 lxdlzv/ xfd|f] ;fFwsf] ljz]iftf xf] . xfd|f k'vf{n] kfOtfnfsf] ;ftkq 5fnf lvofP/ cfh]{sf] of] e"ld :jo+df kljq 5 . lxdz}n d'lg 3/, 3/d'lg af/L, af/Ld'lg v]t ePsf] of] df6f] jf:tjdf xfd|f] /ut, kl;gf / ddtfn] l;l~rt 5 .

cfdbfgL eGbf a9L vr{, cfjZos eGbf a9L wg ;~ro ug]{ k+|j[lQ / csf]{nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{sf] ;f6f] cK7\of/fdf kf/L zf]if0f ug]{ ljs[ltn] xfd|f] kl/jf/ kLl8t 5 . xfd|f] kl/ro cfˆgf] rl/qaf6 k|blz{t / k|ltli7t x'g'sf] ;f6f] kb / cGofok"0f{ tl/sfaf6 ;+slnt wgaf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . of] cGof]nsf] l:yltaf6 klg xfd|f] k/Dk/fut zf}o{df wAaf nfuL;s]sf] 5 . oBlk kb / ;DklQaf6 dbdQ cfFvfn] of] b]Vg ;s]sf 5}gg\ / b]v]klg gb]v]em}+ ug{ :jo+ afWo 5g\ .

:jtGq JolQmTj, :jtGq lg0f{o lng] zlQm / ;'Gb/ Åboaf6 xfd|f] Voflt ePsf] xf] . jf:tjdf k/tGqtf xfd|f] Oltxf;df slxNo} :yflkt ePg, xfdL u/Lj ePklg xfdL;Fu /x]sf] :jfledfg / :jfwLgtf clg zflGt / ;lxi0f'tf tyf dfgjtf :jod\df sNof0fsf/L / ax'hg lxtfo ePklg ;aeGbf glhssf] l5d]sL tNnf3/] cdn]v]nfO{ dg k/]g . o;f] eg]/ xfdLn] cfˆg} uf}/jdo k/Dk/f / ;+:sf/nfO{ TofUg] s'/fklg ePg .

cfhsf lk+9LnfO{ ljz]if pNn]Vo s] 5 eg]–tNnf3/]sf] 3/ 7"nf] 5 . xfdLeGbf ;d'Ggt / ;DkGg 5 . t/ Tof] uf}/jdo eg] 5}g . p k':tf}+;Dd cfˆg} 3/df bf; lyof] . Ps k':tf cufl8 dfq p cdn]v ePsf] xf] . cdn]v x'Fbf p;sf] dflnsn] /fd|f] 3/, ;DkGg 9's'6L, pj{/f e"ld tyf ;zQm k|ljlw klg 5f]8]/ uof] . To;sf/0f p …7"nf3/]Ú eGgklg ;'xfpFbf]df ulgof] . t/ bf;Tjaf6 cdn]v ePklg p;sf] :jtGq b[li6sf]0f aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . Psk|sf/n] 9'Ëfaf6 lylrP/ kx]+lnPsf] b'af]sf] l:yltdf 5 . 9'Ëf ldlNsP klg p;df kx]+nf]kgf uP/ xl/of]kgf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}sf/0f p cfkm"eGbf alnof];Fu eoeLt eP/ v'§fdf 5fFb xfN5 / cfkm"eGbf lgwf]





{nfO{ emD6g vf]H5 . p;sf] of] rl/qaf6 p;s} hxfg leqklg 7fs–7's kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . nfU5–ToxfFklg dfgj Åbo ePsf dflg;x¿ x'g yfln;s]sf 5g\ .

;dfg jftfj/0fsf] :yfg / ;fFw ePsf] sf/0f p;sf s]6f]s6L dfq x}g hfGg]–a'‰g]klg xfd|f] v]t u¥xfdf cfP/ 3fF; sf6\g], uf]7 /fVg], afnLgfnL VjfOlbg] u5{ . hfgfhfg ;fFwsf] l8nklg sf6\5 clg p;nfO{ clnslt jfwf kg{ nfUof] eg] afFw afFw]/ kfgLsf] lgsfz aGb u/L xfd|f] ;fFwdf cxfn agfOlbG5 . hals xfd|} s/];faf6 au]sf] dlnnf] kfgLn] p;sf] ;Dk"0f{ v]tLkftL pAhfp ePsf] 5 . s[t£gsf nflu s] sf] pksf/ < csf{sf] enf] grfxg] p;sf] bf;Œj dgf]j[lQaf6 xfdLdfq x}g p;sf ;j} l5d]sL;Fu kf}+7fhf]/L rln/x]sf] 5 . p;sf] ldrfxf s[ofsnfkaf6 ;a} q:t 5g\ . t/klg p cfkm"nfO{ dfgjtfjfbL x'F eGb} s'ln{/xG5 .

xfd|} an];L / cfFugaf6 au]sf] kfgLn] p dlnnf] eP/ /fFlsPsf] 5 t/ klg Tof] ;a} u'0fnfe la;]{/ s[t£g x'g] ub{5 . xfd|f] kFw]/f, r/g / lgsfz aGb u/]/ xfdLnfO{ ;GwL ;k{gdf kfl//x]sf] 5 . jg–kft, d]nf / cfOgf]–;fOgf]sf] 8u/ aGb u/]/ cfjt–hfjtdf klg tuf/f] nufO/x]sf] 5 . t}klg p cfkm"nfO{ cfbz{jfg eGffpg vf]H5, cfkm" v+F'8f lnP/ eSs'sf] /fFuf] h:tf] eP/ df8Ld}bfg ug{ e}/jg[To u5{eg] csf]{ l5d]sLn] ;fgf] sb{ agfpFbfklg eoeLt eP/ 9fn yfKb} sxflnG5 klg . of] :jfefljs xf] . cfh …d'lvofÚ ePklg lxhf]sf] …afFwfÚ hLjgaf6 o:tf] x'G5 g} / eof]klg . dfgl;s xLgefjgfaf6 u|:t hLjg af]s]sfx¿ ljutsf] 36gfaf6 :jtGq ePklg Åbo :jtGq x'g ;St}g eGg] of] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] .

sLnf]df afFlwPsf] af5f] km's]kl5 To;n] pkb|f] dRrfpF5 / s'b\g] u/]/ p;n] cfˆg} d'6'nfO{ kL8f u/fpF5 . t/ o;sf] lgbfg uf]7fnfn] k'gM sLn}df afFw]kl5 x'G5 . p;sf] hLjgnfO{ :jtGqttf eGbf aGwgsf] a9L cfjZostf kb{5 . hLjgsf] ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg] :jtGqtf clezfk g} x'G5 . To;/L g} xfd|f] l5d]sL :jtGq ePsf] 5 . pk|mL pk|mL s'b\5 To;}n] xfd|f nflu dgdf klg lng gx'g] s'/fnfO{ zAb lbP/ d'vaf6 cf]sN5 . of] c;Xo 36gfnfO{ klg xfdLn] ;lxi0f'tfk"j{s krfpg' 5 . xfd|f] k|frLg ;+:sf/ / j}lbs gLltn] xfdLnfO{ o;sf nflu of]Uo / ;Ifd agfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] dg, jrg / sd{df dT:oGofo x'g ;Sb}g eGg] cf:yf / ljZjf; g} xfd|f] 3/sf] cfwf/ xf] .

xfd|f k'vf{n] tNnf3/]n] 3fRr3'Rr b'Mvlbg], 5]8–5f8 ug]{ / kfgL–r/gdf af/–a]/ ug]{ If'b|tf b]vfpg ;S5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;+s]t u/]/ uPsf x'g\ . t/ olQ lgs6sf] l5d]sLn] o:tf] ck/fw klg unf{ eGg] dgsf] s'g}klg s'gfdf z+sf pAh]g . zflGt, ;lxi0f'tf, dfgjtf / sQ{Joaf6 cf]tk|f]t k|frLg ;+:s[lt, dfGotf / d"No ePsf] xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f Tolt ;+sL0f{ gx'g' :jfefljs xf] . To;df klg tNnf3/]sf w]/}sf] xfd|} 3/af6 hLljsf rNYof] . xfd|f 3/sf] d]nf–kj{df v]tfnf eP/ cfpFbf / xnLuf]7fnf eP/ a:tfa:t} s]xL t xfd|} c+lzof/ klg x'Fb} uP . /xFbfa:bf dflns klg aGg vfh]em}+ u5{g\ . k':tf}+ csf{sf] bf; eP/ a:bf–a:bf cdn]v ePsf] tNnf3/] Tof] bf;TjnfO{ la;{g csf{nfO{ …bf;Ú agfP/ :jfbkm]g{ rfxG5 . t/ p;n] o;sf nflu 5fg]sf] 3/ p;sf] cg's"n ePg / o;af6 p;n] /fd|} uf]tfklg vfg'kg]{5 . oBlk of] kl/jf/df p;sf s]xL lxt}ifL klg x'g;S5g\ .

jf:tjdf tNnf3/]sf] 3/–uf]7 / kl/jf/ 7"nf] ePsf]n] ufpFdf …7"nf3/]Ú klg elgG5 . t/ cfsf/–k|sf/n] 7"nf] ePklg To;} cg'¿ksf] cf:yf / ljZjf; rflx+ cfh{g ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . p;sxfF eO/xg] /ftf]lbgsf] s6fIf / df/–lk6n] ufpFg} l3gfO;s]sf] 5 . hf]/L–kf/Lsf cufl8 p k|ltli7t 5}g t/klg cfkm}+ …dkfO{+Ú aGb} cfˆg} If'b|tf bzf{pF5 . cfh p;sf] k|lti7f …af]Ng]sf] lk7f]





laS5Ú h:tf] 5 . t}klg xfd|f nflu Pslbg ;Tosf] pbo t xf]nf g} Û …s'nsf] gfgL / d"nsf] kfgLÚ eG5g\ . h:tf] sl7g kl/l:yltdf klg xfdLn] cfˆgf] s'nsf] dfg–dof{bf /fVg}k5{ . o;sf nflu Hofgsf] klg n]vf] ug'{ x'Fb}g . of] g} xfd|f] s'n–k/Dk/f klg xf] .

ef}uf]lns / ef}lts cfsf/–k|sf/ 7"nf] xfdL;Fu 5}g . t/ cf:yf, ljZjf;, zflGt ;lxi0f'tf, dfgjtf / k|frLg ;+:s[ltaf6 ;DkGg 5f}+ . Oi6 ldqklg kf]n]/ vfPsf 5}gf}+ . dfYnf3/] ;Fusf] xfd|f] ;DaGw / ;Dks{ klg xfd|f] 3/–kl/jf/ hlQs} k'/fgf] xf] . p;n] xfdLnfO{ slxNo} lxofPg . oBlk cfsf/, k|sf/ / k|lti7f tyf s'n3/fgf tNnf3/]sf] eGbf w]/}u'gf 7"nf] 5 . p;n] xfd|f] ;fFw ldRg] t k/} hfj;\ To:tf] ljrf/ klg lnPg . …7"nf 3/sf] 7"n} rfnfÚ eg]em}+ b'Mvsf a]nfdf xfdLnfO{ ;b}j ;3fp k'¥ofO/Xof] . …hf] xf]rf] p;sf] d'vdf 3f]rf]Úsf] ljrf/ slxNo} lnPg .

o; kljq wtL{sf lglDt xfdL uj{ ub{5f}+ . jf:tjdf o;sf nflu kljq sQ{Jo ug{ kl5 ;b}{gf}+ oBlk clxn];Dd o;f] ul//x]sf 5}gf}+ / afWotf klg k/]sf] 5}g . of] 3/–38]/Lsf] hf]/hfd, Joj:yf / cfjfbL k'vf{af6} eof] . o;sf] cfbz{ / p2]Zo clg kmn k|flKtdf klg xfd|f] >d Tolt k/]g . To;sf/0f o;sf] dlxdf / ul/dfsf nflu xfdLn] s]xL ug}{ k/]g . To;}n] o;sf] dxTj / cfjZostfsf] klg jf]w cy{k"0f{ tl/sf;Fu ePg . hj;Dd cfˆgf] wtL{sf nflu Hofg lb+b}gf}+ tj;Dd To;k|ltsf] nufj pTs[i6 ¿kaf6 x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] tNnf3/]n] kfgL–kFw]/f], 8u/–r/gdf 5]saf/ ug{ vf]Hbf klg xfdLnfO{ Tolt pQ]lht kf/]g . t/ ;fFw / xsnflu xfdLn] ca dg{ / dfg{ 8/fpg'x'Gg . …cGofo ug]{eGbf cGofo ;xg] cGofoL x'G5Ú eGg] pvfg xfd|f nflu ky k|bz{s x'g ;S5 .

k'vf{n] cfh]{sf] of] wtL{ ;'Gb/, zfGt / ;Dj[4 ¿kdf 5 . o;sf] hu]gf{ ug'{ cfhsf] kL9L+sf] bfloTj xf] . cfˆgf] xssf lglDt d/Ld]6\g] xfd|f] afgL l6:6f / sfFu8faf6 klg :ki6 x'G5 . tNnf3/] / xfd|f] wd{, ;+:s[lt / hLjg Pp6} ePklg /xg;xg, sfo{z}nL / Jojxf/ut b[li6 leGg 5 . xfd|f] afFRg] / xfF:g]–af]Ng] z}nLdf sfo{ut pRrtf 5 . tNnf3/] 5/–l5d]sLsf hxfgleq snx u/fP/ ;Gtf]if x'G5 eg] xfdL ;j}hgf d]nhf]n u/]/ a;'g\ / cfˆgf] k|ult u?g\ eGg] rfxG5f}+ . p;sf] / xfd|f aLrsf] of] leGgtf g} hLjgsf cd"No cfwf/ x'g\ . of] leGgtf sfod /fVg ;j}af6 ;t\k|of; x'g'kb{5 . lsgeg] of] g} xfd|f] df}lns ;+:sf/ / k'Vof}{nL k/Dk/f xf] .

k}n]–k}n] tNnf3/] l/;fpnf eg]/ eoeLt xf]OGYof] . clgi6 x'g] cfz+sf x'g] ub{Yof] . t/ ca l/;fO;s]sf] 5 . l/;fpnf ls eGg] kf] 8/, l/;fO;s]kl5 s] sf] 8/ < gl/;fpg' l/;fOxfNof] . cgfxsdf egfeg u¥of] . cfkm}+ tn em¥of] . xfdLn] t s]xL sl7gfO{df k/]klg cfˆgf] c6n cf:yf / ljZjf;n] of] cK7\of/f] cj:yfnfO{ cfˆg} cg's"n agfof}+ . oBlk p xfd|f] Pstfdf c6n kl/jf/df snxsf] aLp /f]Kg e/ dUb'/ k|of; ub}{5 . t/ of] p;}sf nflu dxFuf] kg]{ tYo xfdLn] k|bz{g u¥of}+ / eljiodf klg ug]{ g} 5f}+ . hf]/L–kf/Lsf cufl8 xfdL tNnf3/]sf] h:tf] xfF;f] x'g ;St}gf}+ . b'Olha|] eP/ s;}nfO{ em'Sofpg ;ls+b}g klg .

tNnf3/]sf] s[t£gtf / 8u/–af6f] aGb u/]af6 kfgL, r/g / 3fF;–kft ug{ gkfP/ xfdLnfO{ kg'{ lk/ k/]sf] 5 . t/ To;nfO{ cfˆgf] :jfledfgL / pTs[i6 k'vf}{nL afgLn] ;fdgf ul//x]5f}+ / hlt;Dd o; lsl;dsf] jftfj/0f /lx/xG5 To;af6 :jtM k|]/0ff k|fKt ug]{ k|of; ul//xg] 5f}+ . :jefjtM xfdL em'Sg'eGbf efFlRrg rfxG5f}+ . bf;TjeGbf d[To' cFufN5f}+, cfF;' x}g /ut aufpF5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ s;}sf] eo 5}g / eoeLt x'g'kg]{ sf/0f klg 5}g . xfd|f] Oltxf;sf] ul/dfnfO{ s;}af6 klg vt/f 5}g / x'g ;Sb}g . t/ 3/sf s'/f aflx/ k'¥ofP/ e]p lbg]





ljeLif0fsf] rl/q af]s]sf cfˆg} kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] u[x3ftL sfo{af6rflx+ ;ts{ x'g'kb{5 . u0fgfdf To; lsl;dsf ;+Vof gu0o 5 . t/ Pp6f s'lxPsf] cfn'n] cfn'sf] y'k|f]d} ljs[lt Nofpg] tYonfO{ eg] ;+Demg' k5{ . To;sf/0f To:tf s[t£gnfO{ a]n}df 3/–kl/jf/af6 lgb{otfk"j{s d'G6ofpg' /fd|f] xf] .

l5d]sL ;dfh / O:6ldq rflxg] xfd|f] ;+:s[lt xf] . tNnf3/]n] a]OdfgL u¥of] eGb}df xfdLn] cflQg'kg]{ s]xL 5}g . clg o;sf] k|ltzf]wdf s;}sf] dfofk|LtL 5'6fpg' klg 5}g / 3/af; p7fpg' klg 5}g . xfdL w}o{zLn / cg'zfl;t eP/ ;s[otfsf;fy k|tLIff u/f}+ ;Tosf] ljho x'g]5 / k|sfzsf] ls/0f b]lvg]5 .

-n]vsn] cfˆgf] hLjgsfndf g} k|sfzgfy{ k7fpg'ePsf] of] lgaGw …/rgfÚ sf] kmfOndf e]l6Psf]n] k|sflzt u/]sf xf}+–;Dkfbs_





Ef}/j cof{nsf] klxnf] sljtf / lgjGwlji0f' k|eft

g]kfnL ;flxTosf cg]sf}+ k|ltefdWo] Ps x'g\–e}/j cof{n . pgnfO{ w]/}n] xf:oJoª\Uosf/sf ¿kdf g} lrGb5g\ . oBlk e}/j cof{n Ps s'zn slj klg x'g\ . e}/jsf] ;flxToofqfsf] yfngL g} sljtf n]vgaf6 ePsf] xf] . pgsf] of] cf/Deaf/]df w]/} ;dfnf]rsx¿ ;xdt g} 5g\ . ;a}n] e}/j cof{nsf] sljTj–snfnfO{ x]g{]tkm{ eGbf pgsf lgjGwx¿tkm{ g} cf–cfˆgf] Wofg nufP . To;}sf] kmn:j¿k g/xl/ cfrfo{sf] lgb]{zsŒjdf ePsf] …;flxTosf/ e}/j cof{nsf] hLjgL / JolQmTjsf] cWoogÚ zLif{sdf ;DkGg Hof]lt kf08]sf] zf]wkqb]lv k~rk|;fb, ;fu/dl0f x'Fb} y'k|} kf7\ok':ts n]vsx¿ / lqlj s]Gb|Lo g]kfnL ljefusf k|fWofksx¿ ;Ddn] klg oyf]lrt tYo lg¿k0f tkm{ Wofg k'¥ofpg g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . Hof]lt kf08] -xfn v8\sf_n] u/]sf] zf]wkqdf ;dfj]z ePsf] e"nnfO{ g} ;j}n] bf]xf]¥ofpg] ug'{sf] kmn:j¿k e}/j cof{nsf] klxnf] k|sflzt /rgf @)!# ;fnsf] …gj lgdf{0fÚ klqsfdf k|sflzt …gjlgdf{0fÚ zLif{ss} sljtfnfO{ af/Daf/ pNn]v ug]{, k9\g] k9fpg] sfd x'g k'Uof] . hjls ;f] ljj/0f unt xf] . @)#^ df ;DkGg pQm zf]wsfo{sf] qmddf k':tssf] gfd ;d]t 7Ls 7Ls pNn]v x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . Hof]lt kf08]sf] zf]wkqn] …bz cf}tf/Ú k':tsnfO{ …bzfjtf/Ú eg]sf] 5 eg] …km"n / d[To'Ú gfds sfJonfO{ To;sf kfq …ch / OGb 'Ú sf] gfd lbP/ pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .! e}/j cof{n cfkm}+n] eg]sf] tYo–ljZn]if0f Pj+ zf]wvf]h klg /fd|};Fu gx'Fbf @))( ;fndf …k|ltefÚ klqsfdf 5flkPsf] pgsf] klxnf] sljtf …gofF hLjgÚ nfdf] ;do;Dd cfem]ndf k¥of] .@ ;dfnf]rs vu]Gb| n'OF6]nn] klg pQm e"nnfO{ g} bf]xf]¥ofPsf] b]lvG5, ha ls pgn]–…e}/j eG5g\Ú eGg] 6]k ptf/ ul/Psf] k':ts k9]sf] / To;af6 p4/0f lnPsf] ePklg o; tYotkm{ Wofg k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g .# c¿sf] s] s'/f ug'{ v} Û e}/jsf cgGo ldq Pj+ cg]sf}+ 36gfsf ;xofqL /x]sf /f]rs l3ld/] klg To; e"ne"n}ofsf] af9Ldf au], / pgn] klg …e}/jsf] ;j{k|yd cfˆg} gfddf k|sflzt /rgfrflx+ …gjlgdf{0fÚ zLif{ssf] sljtf xf], h'g jf;' zzLåf/f ;Dkflbt …gj lgdf{0fÚ gfds} klqsfdf @)!# ;fndf 5flkPsf] xf]Ú egL n]Vg k'u] .$ k/Gt' tYox¿sf cfnf]sdf g} ;To :yflkt x'G5 eGg] dfGotf cg';f/ cj Tof] e"n ;Rofpg] k|fdfl0fs cfwf/ -tYo_ xfd|f aLrdf k|fKt 5 / @))( ;fn kmfNu'0fdf k|sflzt …k|ltefÚ klqsf, To;df 5flkPsf] e}/jsf] …gofF hLjgÚ gfds sljtf / To;sf ;|i6f e}/j k|;fb zdf{ cHof{n -uf]s0f{_ elgPsf] JolQm :jo+ xf:oJoª\Uosf/ e}/j cof{n /x]sf] tYo 5n{Ë ePsf] 5 . -x]gf]{;\ M o;} n]vsf] k'5f/df lbOPsf] pQm sljtf h:tfsf] t:t}_ e}/j cof{nn] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] clGtd ;dolt/ cyf{t\ @)#@ df3df jf;'b]j n'OF6]nsf 3/df lbPsf] cGt/jftf{df klxnf] sljtf s'GtLb]jLsf] ;Dkfbgdf lg:s]sf] dlxnf ;+3sf] klqsf …k|ltefÚdf Pp6f sljtf 5flkPsf] s'/f k|i6;Fu atfPsf 5g\ . sljtfsf] zLif{s ;Demg g;s]klg o;nfO{ ab|Lgfy cfrfo{n] ;RofO{lbPsf] x'Fbf cfˆgf] df}lns

!= Hof]lt kf08], ;flxTosf/ e}/j cof{nsf] hLjgL / JolQmTjsf] cWoog -@)#^_ kl/lzi6–@, k[=^, lqlj g]kfnL s]lGb|o ljefu sLlt{k'/ k[=^@= e}/j k|;fb zdf{ cHof{n -uf]s0f{_ k|ltef -;Dkf=s'GtLb]jL e§/fO{, sf7M cg]d ;+3, s], sf, jif{ ! cÍ & kmfNu'0f @))( ;fn_ k[=*#= vu]Gb| k|;fb n'OF6]n, …e}/j cof{n M lgjGwofqf / k|j[lQÚ s'l~hgL -;flxlTos ;dfnf]rgf ljz]iffÍ @)%$_ sLlt{k'/ M ;flxTos'~h g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu lqlj, k[=#% $= /f]rs l3ld/], ;Demgfdf kmlqmPsf y'Ëfx¿ -@)%^_ nk'–;femf k|sfzg, k[=%





/rgf gdfg]sf] s'/f atfPsf 5g\ .% t/ s;}sf] l;h{gfnfO{ s;}n] ;fdfGo eflifs z'WofOF ul/lbPsf] cyf{t\ …s/]S;gÚ ul/lbPs} e/df cdf}lns x'g] jf n]vssf] /rgf g} gdfGg] eGg] s'/f x'Fb}g . To;sf/0f e}/jsf] klxnf] k|sflzt sljtf …gofF hLjgÚ g} xf] . o;df cj s'g} ;Gb]x lng' kb}{g .

…gofF hLjgÚ 5Gbf]a4 sljtf xf] . ;ft ;fnsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} g]kfnL ;dfhdf gf/L ;dtfsf] kIfdf x's{+b} u/]sf] r]tgf, gf/L lzIff–cfGbf]ngsf] k|ltljDa / lzNksnf l;s]/ cfTdlge{/ aGg] ;Gb]zo'Qm ;f] sljtfn] afnlaafx, a[4 ljjfx / cgd]n ljjfxsf] lj/f]w ub{5 . To;k|sf/sf] cGw k/Dk/fsf lj?4 ;'wf/sf] cfXjfg ub{5 . e}/j cof{nn] k|ultzLn 1fg wf/faf6 k|efljt eP/ g} pQm sljtf n]v]sf] 5gs cg]d;+3sf] k|sfzgdf 5flkg'n] klg lbG5 . ctM …gofF hLjgÚ sljtfn] l;Ëf] d'n'ssf] j}ifDo cGTo ug]{ sfdgf /fv]sf] 5 / c¿ sljn] em}+ j;Gtsf] 56f j0f{g gu/L …z/b dlxdfÚ ufPsf] 5 .

e}/j cof{nsf] klxnf] xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGwaf/]df klg sljtfs} If]qdf em}+ e|fGt wf/0ff km}lnPsf] 5 . e|dsf] ;|f]t pxL g/xl/ cfrfo{sf] lgb]{zsTjdf ePsf] Hof]lt kf08]sf] zf]w /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm zf]wdf Hof]ltn] ……vf]nfkf/Lsf k'/]tafh]Ú eGg] pgsf] klxnf] xf:oJoª\UofTds lgaGw /rgf lnP/ @)!#–)!$ ;fnlt/ xfnva/df b]vf k/]sf x'g\ .Ú eg]/ pNn]v u/]sL l5g\ .^

cg'dfgsf e/df pNn]v gu/]sf] eP !# / !$ ;fn hgfP/ n]Vg'sf] abnf s'g ldltdf 5flkPsf] s] /rgf xf] eGg] s'/f 5\ofª\ª} b]lvg] u/]/ hgfpg ;lsGYof] Û t/ To;f] ePg / zf]w lgb]{zssf] klg To:tf] cNdnk"0f{ cleJolQm k|lt cfjZos Wofg k'Ug ;s]g . kmn:j¿k e"nsf] >[ª\vnf k|jflxt eof] / To;n] lqljsf k|fWofks, ;flxTo cGj]ifs tyf ;dfnf]rsx¿df ;d]t e|fGt wf/0ff lgdf{0f x'g k'Uof] .& oBlk o;sf] tYo s] lyof] eg] e}/j cof{nn] xfnva/df …vf]nfkf/Lsf] k'/]tafh]Ú eGg] lgjGw /rgf n]v]sf] geP/ …;/sf/n] b'nf] vf]Hg'knf{ ÛÚ eGg] xf:oJoª\UofTds lgaGw /rgf–…k'/]t afÚ -vf]nfkf/L_ eg]/ n]v]sf lyP .* o;af/]df e}/jn] cfˆgf] cGtjf{tf{df klg af]n]sf 5g\ / pQm 6]k ptf/sf] k':tsdf e}/j eG5g\–…vf]nfkf/Lsf] k'/]tafh] eg]/ n]Vof y]+, k'/]t ;+3 agfP/ dfg] uf]bfgsf] efpm a9fpg' k¥of] eg]/ n]Vofy]+Ú .( pgn] ;f] 6]kjftf{df /rgfsf] zLif{s atfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ / k'/f]lxt;+3sf] gfd klg k|i6 ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . oBlk ;f] /rgf pxL ……;/sf/n] b'nf] vf]Hg'knf{ ÛÚÚ eGg] lyof] / k'/]t af -vf]nfkf/L_, k|r08 k'/f]lxt kl/ifbsf …k|rf/ dGqLÚ sf] bHof{gL ;fy pQm /rgfdf b]vf k/]sf lyP . To; cl3 pgn] …;DkfbsnfO{ lr¶LÚ n]lv;s]sf lyP, t/ Tof] xf:oJoª\Uo lyPg . …xfF:g'x'G5 eg]Ú gfds :tDedf n]v]sf s]xL /rgfx¿ oxL gfdn] / k|r08 k'/f]lxt kl/ifbsf gfdn] klg / s]xL ljgfgfd klg k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . sljtfx¿ eg] k|foM asdkm'; zdf{sf] gfdaf6 n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . cGQ/jftf{df e}/jn] atfPsf] ljifo–uf]bfgsf] efpm a9fpg' k¥of] eGg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] ;f] /rgfdf b]Vg kfOG5 . To; cfwf/df e}/jsf] klxnf] xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGw …;/sf/n] b'nf] vf]Hg' knf{Ú eGg] g} xf] /x]5 eGg] lgisif{df xfdL k'U5f}+ . -x]g'{xf];\ M k'5f/df lbPsf] pQm lgaGw h:tfsf] t:t}_

%= xf]d ;'j]bL -;Dkf=_ e}/j eG5g\ -@_ bftf/fd jf;'b]j / ljBfb]j ;'G5g\ -@)#$_ k[=% ^ = Hof]lt kf08] k"j{jt zf]wkq k[=!@&= vu]Gb| k|;fb n'OF6]n, k"j{jt\ k[=#%*= xfnva/, @)!$ j}zfv @% ut] d+unaf/ k[=# / $ (= e}/j eG5g\, ;Dkf,–xf]d ;'j]bL k"j{jt\ k[=$!





e}/jsf] pQm klxnf] xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGwdf g} pgsf] lgaGwsfl/tf km:6fPsf] ljz]if z}nLsf] emns kfOG5 . ljifodf j}k/LToaf]w, gfddf lj¿kLs/0f, gjLg zAbsf] ljGof;, pvfg / pkdfsf] k|of]u, em/f]{ efiffdf d[b'xf:o;Fu} s6' Joª\Uo k|xf/ ug]{ h:tf s'/fx¿ o;df b]vf kb{5g\ . u'Gb|'s k|;fb u'/fufO{+, k+=alnb]pm k/fh'nL, b|JobQ, e]6Lgfy, g}j]Bfrfo{, 6k/LsfGt g]pkfg] h:tf k|of]u ;Fu} Joª\Uo efiffsf] lgdf{0f u/L 8asfjfb, b'gfjfb, af]Qnjfb / bxLjfb h:tf kbfjnL k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+:s[t ;"lQm, g]kfnL plQm / cª\u|]hL tfOg ld;fP/ em/f]{ af]nLdf s/f]{ bgs k|:t't ub{5g\ / …dfS;{jfbn] ;dfGtjfbsf] h/f] pv]n]em}+Ú eGb} cfˆgf] j}rfl/s–5gs klg lbG5g\ .

g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+kmf]g M $$#)#@^

gofF hLjgn]vs–e}/j k|;fb zdf{ cHof{n -uf]s0f{_

kG5fo]/ zg} M zg} M d'n'ssf] j}ifDosf] Tof] 36f5b}{ g"tg r]tgf rxlsnf] cfof] z/bsf] 56f ..

cfFvf vf]n, p7L h'?Ss cj Nof} To} dfu{ xf] ;fwgh:n] aG5 ;'sLlt{k"0f{ /l;nf] ltd|f] gofF hLjg ..!..

hf]/L xft xh"/ xflh/ d 5" eGb} em'sfO{ lz/wDsL uh{g–th{gf››lb ;xFb} ;f/f bafO{ lz/ ..

csf{sf] 3/df s8f sx/df efG;] / s]6L lsg <cfkm}+ lzNksnf lzs]/ 3/df cfbz{ gf/L ag ..@..

Kf}n] g} uxgf / ufhn r'/f OToflbsf hfndfem'd|fsf] k'tnL ;dfg c¿n] cNemfpFbf Vofndf ..

cNem]gf} / k9\of} eg] avtdf >4f a9fO{sgs]xL sfnkl5 x'g]5 hl;nf] ltd|f] gofF hLjg ..#..

sf]xL afnljjfxsf] hxl/nf] Tof] ut{df kb{5f}sf]xL j[4ljjfxsf] cgndf 7f8} hnL db{5f} ..

lzIff 5}g, ljrf/ 5}g, c¿n] hf] hf] eGof] ;f] u/:jfyL{ t'R5 ;dfhsf] gh/df s] efp ltd|f] 5/ < ..$..

nfO{ kfz unfdxfF slt d/], w]/} hgf ;]l/o]xfDkmfn]/ auL d/], hx/sf] 3'8\sf] zof}+n] lkP ..

cfuf]df slt lklN;P, a'em ltdL o:df 5 s] sf/0f <ug}{ k5{ ;dfhaf6 To;sf] pR5]b af df/0f ..%..

hf] xf] afnljjfx cflb glgsf] cGwf] k|yf Tof] ;aldNsfo]/ ;'wf/sf] 3/3/} zNsfpFb} uf}/j .

lzIff Bf} ;'rl/qsf] ;'u'0fsf] ;f/f s'df/L sgTo:n] aG5 ;dfhsf] ljifodf cs}{ gofF hLjg ..^..

gofF hLjg, jif{ !, @))( ;fn kmfNu'0f -!(%# dfr{_





xfF:g'x'G5 eg];/sf/n] b'nf] vf]Hg'knf{

Uft Ho]i7 !.. ut] /fx'jf/ k"=! Gf+= afUdtLsf] lsgf/df …k|r08–k'/f]lxt kl/ifbÚ sf] of}6f a}7s u'Gb|'s k|;fb u'/fuf`Lsf] ;efkltTjdf a;]sf] lyof], pQm a}7sdf ;j{k|yd a}7ssf] sf/0fk|lt kl/ro lb+b} k+= anLb]p k/fh'nLn] eGg'ef], …cfhsf] ;/sf/sf] dGqL /vfO a8f] cw'/f] 5, eP gePsf ljefu / dGqLx¿ ePkl5 xfd|f] wd{sf] Vofn /flvlbg] wd{ ljefu / wd{ dGqL /fVg] sbd ;/sf/n] lsg p7fPg < cfh g]kfndf wd{sf] s'g ult e}/x]sf] 5, hgtfn] w]/}h;f] sfh]{ ug}{ 5fl8;s], ul/xfn] t eg] klg k'/]tsf] b:t'/ !& k};fsf] !& k};f 5Fb}5 . cfhsf] cfly{s kl/l:yltdf !& k};fsf] uf]bfg lnP/ k'/]tx¿n] s;/L x'Ssf 6fg]{ < ctM …;ª\3] zlQm M snf} o'u],Ú eGg] efujtsf] plQm cg';f/ xfdLn] klg cfˆgf] /f]6L / /f]hLsf] lglDt z'/f] lnP/ n8\g}k5{, of] k|:tfjnfO{ ;dy{g ub}{ dxfkl08t >L b|JobQ vltj8fn] eGg'ef], …7Ls xf], Psk6s xfdL ;f/f ;+ul7t eP/ Kfx]+nf] em08f kmx/fpFb} sdnkf]v/Llt/ b]vfk¥of}+ eg] ;s] l;Ë} / plt geP Pp6f dGqL t st} ghf .Ú

;xL nfpb} k+= e]6Lgfy g}a]Bfrfo{n] eGg'ef], …clg b]lvPnf oL cw{–Oª\ln; ldi6/x¿sf] tfOg ÛÛÛÚ

o;kl5 k'/f]lxt k|j/ >L >f4b]j kfWof b}eftfrfo{n] s8lsb} eGg'ef],======…s;/L ;xg] t P af]Qnjfbsf] of] tfgfzfxL < bxLafb klg t Pp6f l;4fGt xf] Vj} o;sf] ;+dfg <Ú

…Sof xf] Sof xf] dfS;{jfbn] ;fdGtjfbsf] h/f] pv]n] em}+ of] b'u{GwL 8asfjfbn] kljq b'gfjfbsf] ljgfz ug{ klg s] a]/ ÛÚ eGb} >L jQmJofrfo{ vgfnn] >f4b]jsf] k|df0fnfO{ k'li6 ug'{ef] .

Kf+= ¿l9a'9L k|;fbn] eP gePsf P]ltxfl;s k|df0fx¿ ahfb}{ /ftf] d'v nfP/ s8lsg'ef], …s'lktfljk|f d';nfblk glaEolGtÚ dtf{ Sof g stf{ eg] em}+ xfd|f] d'v df]l;Pkl5 a]gsf] /fHodf qmflGt u/]em}+ qmflGt===.Ú

Af}7s rls{g nfu]sf] b]v]/ dfggLo ;efkltn] 8f]sf] 76fpFb} sG6«f]n ug'{ef] / cflv/ a}7sn] lg0f{o u¥of] …;/sf/n] xfd|f] dsf{k|lt ljrf/ u/L plrt sf/jfxL ub}{g eg] ef]ln b]lv k|=k'=k=n] tdfd z'/f] / df]6s x8tfn ug]{5,

o;kl5 cfˆgf] PsfgAa] ;"qLo df+u lnP/ k+= 6k/LsfGt g]pkfg] zf]if0fzf:qLsf] g]t[Tjdf of}6f k|ltlglw d08n s[i0f kfp/f]6L e08f/af6 pFef] nfu]sf] 5 .

–k'/]t af -vf]nfkf/L_Kf|rf/s

Kf|r08–k'/f]lxt–kl/ifb–xfnva/ b}lgs @)!$ ;fn a}zfv @% ut] dËnaf/

Df]/f] n]vg ofqf8f=/fdbofn /fs]z





Df h'g kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf] 5'Ù To;nfO{ x]bf{ d s;/L n]vs ePF < o;nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ dnfO{ g} cfZro{ nfUb5 . d]/f] kl/jf/ ;fIf/ cjZo lyof] t/ lzlIft xf]Og . d]/f lktf>L klg ;fIf/ x'g'\x'GYof]Ù t/ dftf>L eg] xf]Og . d]/f tLghgf bfh'x¿ lzlIft g} x'g'x'G5 . Pshgf bfh' t d ;Fu} ldl8n :s"n ->L j]0fL ldl8n :s"n, u8}tf ahf/, ;nf{xL clxn] >L j]0fL ef]nf xfO{:s"ndf kl/0ft ePsf] 5_ af6 ;ft sIff pQL0f{ u/]/ cf7 sIffdf gfdfÍgsf nflu >L aneb| pRrfª\Un ljBfno, aegufef, ljxf/df lj1fg ljifo k9\gsf nflu hfg'ePsf] lyof] . xfd|f] gfdfÍg klg ePsf] lyof] t/ Tof] 7fpF / xfO{:s"n xfd|f] kfos gkg]{ / 3/af6 w]/} 6f9f klg ePsf]n] xfdLnfO{ cK7\of/f] dx;"; x'gyfNof] . d ?Gy]+ . d]/f bfh' klg ?g yfNg'x'GYof] . xfdLnfO{ ToxfF k9\g dg nfUf]g . xfdL afWo eP/ Tof] :s"n 5f8]/ cfˆgf] 3/af6 kfos kg]{ / glhs ljxf/ /fHosf] ;f]gj;f{ ufpFl:yt >L gGbLkt lht" xfO{:s"ndf gf} sIffdf Ps}rf]l6 gfdfÍg u/fP/ k9\g yfNof}+ . xfdL snf ljifo lnP/ k9\g yfNof}+ . t/ cf7 sIffdf k9\bf lj1fg ljifo lnP/ k9\Yof}+ . g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] :t/ To;avt pRr lyof] . cyf{t\ xfd|f] cFu|]hL efiffsf] 1fg klg gf} sIffsf] ;dsIf dflgof] / xfdLnfO{ gf} sIffdf gfdfÍg ul/of] . o;/L cf7 sIffdf xfdLn] k9\g kfPgf}+ .

Df]/f] bfh'n] gf} sIffdf k9\bf k9\b} 3/fo;L sf/0fn] k9fO{ 5f]8\g' k¥of] . pxfFsf] lax]sf] s'/f] rNg yfNof] . ;f]gjiff{sf] ;LdfjtL{ ufpF a|Dxk'/L -;nf{xL_ df Pp6f kl/jf/df s]6L x]g{ xfd|f cleefjs / ufpFsf k|ltli7t s]xL dflg; uP . s]6L x]g'{ dw]zL ;d'bfosf] ljjfxsf] klxnf] zt{ x'GYof] / clxn] klg 5 . d]/f] bfh'sf lgldQ h'g s]6L x]l/of] ltgL] kftnL / cUnL lyOg\ . t/ pd]/ sd lyof] . To;} kl/jf/df bfh' kg]{sL 5f]/L ux"Fuf]/L lyOg\ t/ xf]rf] sbsL . To;avt n¶Ln] s]6f / s]6Lsf] nDafO{ gfKg] rng lyof] . ctM a'h|'sx¿n] s] lg0f{o ug'{eof] eg] xf]rL s]6L;Fu d]/f] lax] ug]{ / cUnL s]6L;Fu d]/f bfh'sf] . ljjfx x'g'kg]{ d]/f bfh'sf] t/ d]/f] ljjfxsf] klg rfFhf]kfFhf] ldNg yfNof] . cGTodf s] lg0f{o ul/of] eg] b'j}hgfsf] ljjfx b'j} s]6Lx¿;Fu ug]{ . pxfFx¿ ;f] lg0f{o u/]/ 3/ kms{g'eof] . ca dnfO{ ljjfx ug{sf nflu bafa kg{ yfNof] . d ljjfx gug]{ c8fg lnP/ a;]+ . To; avt afnljjfx k|yf lgs} k|rngdf lyof] . afnljjfxsf] s] a]kmfObf x'G5 eGg] s'/f dnfO{ yfxf lyPg To;avt . t/ klg d}n] eoÍ/ lj/f]]w u/]+ . lsgeg] dnfO{ k9\g' lyof] . k9\gdf d]/f] cle?lr;Fu d]/f cleefjsx¿ klg kl/lrt x'g'x'GYof] . t;y{ dnfO{ nnfO{ kmsfO{ lax] ug]{ s'/f] klg rNg yfNof] . d}n] lj/f]w hgfpFbf hgfpFbf klg d]/f] ljjfx hah{:tL ug]{ lgwf] ul/of] . d k9\g] ld8n :s"naf6 hah{:tL dnfO{ 3/df NofP/ ltns klg bfh';Fu} ul/of] . ltns eg]sf] ljjfx x'g' cl3sf] n]gb]g, bfgbx]hsf] j}jflxs ljwfg xf] . of] eGbf k"j{ …kmnbfgÚ sf] /Lltl/jfh klg k"/f ul/of] . d k9\g] :s"n d]/f] ;;'/fnL ufpFaf6 tLg lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f lyof] t/ km/s s] lyof] eg] :s"n ef/tsf] ;Ldfdf / d]/f] ;;'/fnLrflxF g]kfnsf] ;Ldfdf . To;avt g]kfn / ef/tsf] b]zLo ;Ldf cyjf To:tf] lje]bsf] efjgf klg Go"g lyof] . cj ;;'/fnLaf6 d]/f nflu b"waf6 ag]sf cg]s kl/sf/ k7fpg yflnof] . dnfO{ ;Ddf]lxt ug{sf nflu of] hfnem]n z'? ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ drflx+ tL kl/sf/ ;fyLx¿nfO{ vfg lbGy]+ / cfkm"rflx+ vfGgy]+ . dnfO{ ljjfxl;t ljt[i0ff ePsf] lyof] . d]/f] hah{:tL ljjfx ul/Psf]n] To;sf] lj/f]w:j¿k d ;;'/fnLaf6 cfPsf vfg]s'/f s]xL klg vfGgy]+ . x'gt To:tf] b"wåf/f lgld{t kl/sf/ To;avt 5kGg ef]ueGbf klg ld7f x'Gy] . t/ klg d]/f] lh2Lsf cufl8 To:sf] s'g} dxŒj lyPg . clxn] ;f]R5' Tof] d}n] u/]sf] lg0f{o /fd|f] lyPg . lsgeg] To;avt vfhfdf ljBfyL{x¿ ;'s]sf] lrp/f





vfGy] . bxL eP ;a}eGbf ld7f] kl/sf/ dflgGYof] . t/ cfˆgf] efUodf ToxL ;'Vvf lrp/f / lrgL cyjf g"g n]lvPsf] lyof] . d}n] s] unt lg0f{o lnPF eg] ljjfx t eO;s]sf] lyof] t/ ca kf}li6s vfg]s'/fsf] alxisf/ ug'{ jflxoft lyof] . cfh d ;Demf}tfjfbL ePsf] 5' t/ To;avt d}n] ;Demf}tf u/]sf] eP d]/f] :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'GYof] . lsgeg] w]/} kf}li6s kbfy{ vfgaf6 d jl~rt ePsf] lyPF . To;nfO{ d gfbfgLg} u/]sf] lg0f{o eGg ?rfpF5' .

ljjfxf]k/fGt bf]+uf cyjf uf}gf ug]{ Pp6f j}jflxs ljlwljwfg 5 dw]zL ;d'bfodf . o;df b'nxf rflx+ cfˆgf] cleefjs / s]xL k|ltli7t dflg;x¿sf ;fydf b'nxLnfO{ cgdfpg hfg] ub{5g\ . of] klg Pp6f :ofgf] ljjfx g} xf] . o;df klg d]/f] / d]/f bfh'sf] ;Fu} uf}gf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . uf}gf ;DkGg ePkl5 b'nfxf / b'nxL ;Fu} ;'Tg] k|rng 5 . of] klg d]/f] OR5f ljk/Lt ePsf]n] d ;Fu} ;'t]klg ;+ef]udf ;xefuL x'g ;lsg / ef]lnkN6 laxfg} p7]/ :s"ndf k'luxfn]+ . ;fyLx¿n] yfxf gkfpg\ eGg] ;f]r]sf] lyPF t/ ;'gsf] l;qmL lgsfn]/ 3/df /fVg la;]{sf]n] ;xkf7Lx¿n] l;qmL d]/f] unfdf b]v]kl5 nv sf6\g yfn] . dnfO{ luHofpg yfn] . d]/f] cufl8 s'g} ljsNk lyPg . d}n] ;'g]sf] s] lyPF eg] ;dfhjfbL g]tf hok|sfz gf/fo0f cfˆg} hLjg;+lugL;Fu ;'Tbf jLrdf t/af/ /fv]/ ;'Tg] ub{y] . d}n] klg >LdtLnfO{ ;f] s'/f ;'gfP/ lg/fz kfl/;s]sf] lyPF .

d k9fO{df rgfvf] s]6f] lyPF . ld8n :s"ndf klg k|yd x'g] s]6f] lyPF . t/ kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/ / jftfj/0fn] bf];|f] :yfgdf ;Lldt x'Gy]+ . xfO{:s"ndf klg To:t} Jojxf/ / jftfj/0f lyof] . cf7 sIffb]lv k|yd x'g] ljBfyL{nfO{ d gf} sIffdf s;/L k/f:t ug{ ;Qmy]+ Û cyf{t\ k/Dk/fnfO d tf]8\g ;lQmgy]+ / lzIfsx¿ klg k/Dk/f tf]8\g] kIfdf lyPgg\ . cfyf{t\ klxnfb]lv k|yd x'g] ljBfYfL{nfO{ bf];|f] :yfgdf :yfgRo't ug{] pgLx¿sf] dg;fo lyPg . t/ Dofl6«ssf] clGtd hfFrdf rflx+ Ps cÍn] ePklg d}n] k|yd x'g] ljBfyL{nfO{ dft ul/;s]sf] k|df0fkq clxn];Dd d;Fu 5 .

xfO{:s"ndf k9\bf lzIffsf] dfWod lxGbLefiff lyof] / lxGbLdf lnlvt sljx¿sf sljtf k9\g' kb{Yof] . cof]Wof l;+x pkfWofosf] …lk|ok|jf;Ú dxfsfJosf] k|f/lDes sljtf / hoz+s/ k|;fbsf] …lxdflb| t'Ë >[Ë ;]Ú cflb sljtf k9\bf dnfO{ klg sljtf /Rg] k|]/0ff k|fKt x'GYof] / d a]n'sL kv :s"nsf] glhssf] km"naf/Ldf uP/ sljtf /Rg] k|of; ub{y]+ . t/ ;f] sljtf s:tf] eof] s;}nfO{ ;f]Wg] cfF6 cfpFb}gYof] . lsgeg] To:tf] jftfj/0f g} lyPg . g sf]xL sljtf n]Vg] lzIfs lyP g ljBfyL{g} . sljtfsf] dfxf}n t k6Ss} lyPg . t;y{ Tof] k|of; lgikmng} uof] . cfkm}+ 306f}+ PsfGtdf sljtf /r]/ klg To;sf] s'g} ;fy{stf lyPg . t/ d]/f] ?lr ;flxTodf a9\g yfNof] . of] ?lr sn]hdf k9\bf cWoogdf dfq ;Lldt eof] . ;[hgzLn /rgf /Rg] cEof; g} ul/Pg . sn]hdf sf];{ a's k9\bf k9\b} ;dosf] cefj x'g] / ;[hgzLntflt/ s;}sf] cle?lr gx'g] x'Fbf dnfO{ klg To:tf] afgL a:g ;s]g . t/ d]/f] cle?lrsf] rflx+ cGTo ePg . d}n] cfO{=P= kf; ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ sn]haf6 gf}hgf låtLo >]0fLdf pQL0f{ ePsf lyP . h;df d klg Pshgf lyPF . cfO{=P=kf; u/]kl5 d aL=P=cg;{df k9\g sf7df8f}+ cfPF xjfO hxfh r9]/ l;d/faf6 . t/ oxfF cfPkl5 s'g} sn]hdf cg;{sf] k9fO{ gePsf]n] d km]l/ oxfFaf6 kmls{g afWo ePF . xjfOhxfhaf6 cfPsf] dflg; yfgsf]6af6 k}bn lx8]/ kmls{g' k¥of] . lsgeg] jiff{ Ct'n] ubf{ afO/f]8 klg aGb lyof] xjfOdfu{sf] s] s'/f < kmls{bf cdn]vu~hb]lv aL/u~hsf] /]nofqfdf b'3{6gf klg eof] . t/ s;}nfO{ s]xL klg ePg .





d}n] ;L=Pd= sn]h b/e+ufdf uP/ aL=P= Oª\ln; cg;{df gfdfÍg u/fPF . t/ ToxfFsf] jftfj/0f klg d]/f] dgdflkms lyPg / 3/af6 klg w]/} 6f9f . d]/f bfh' Onfhsf] l;nl;nfdf Pshgf ;fyL;Fu b/e+uf hfg'ePsf] lyof] . Onfhkl5 pxfF;Fu} d klg kms]{+ / cfO{=P= kf; u/]sf] sn]h ;Ltfd9Ldf klg To;} jif{b]lv OFlUn; cg;{sf] sIff z'¿ ePsf]n] ToxL+ k9\g yfn]+ . aL=P=t pQL0f{ ePF t/ cg;{ k|fKt x'g ;s]g / bz{g zf:qsf] k/LIffdf Pp6f kq hfFr lbg 5'6\of] . t/ klg b'O{kqdf cÍ pQL0f{ cÍeGbf a9L ePsf]n] c;kmn x'gaf6 jl~rt ePF . oxfF;Dd d]/f] n]vgofqfsf] z'¿jft ePsf] lyPg . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf Pd=P=c+u|]hL ;flxTodf gfdfÍg u/fPF . t/ z}lIfs ljbfdf 3/ uPkl5 k]6 v/fa ePsf] axfgfdf Psjif{ k9fO{g} 5f]8\g'k¥of] / d}n] k9]s} xfO:s"ndf lzIfs ePF . csf]{jif{ Pp6f xfO:s'nsf] k|wfgfWofks ePF / Pd=P=lxGbL ;flxTodf pQL0f{ u/]+ . d]/f] cle?lr ta;Dd lxGbL / c+u|]hLdf /lrt ;flxTo / ;fxTosf/x¿lt/ a9\g uof] / Pd=P=kf; u/]kl5 dfq d}n] ;flxlTos /rgf /Rg yfn]+ . d]/f] klxnf] /rgf uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf …hub hggL hfgsLsf] hGde"ld hgsk'/Ú k|sflzt eof] .





Dfxfsljx¿df k/f]Iflk|otf <Dfbgdl0f bLlIft

>L nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] g]kfnL ;flxlTos dxTj k|i6 tj/df 7Dofpg] tyf sfJofTds tyf pRr:t/Lo sfJofTds ;dfnf]rgfsf] lglDt 7fpF lbg] jxfFsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ n]vg s]Gb| zs'Gtnf pkfVofg cfwfl/t ;+jt\ @))@ df k|sflzt …zfs'Gtn dxfsfJoÚ tyf dxfsljsf] ;+jt\ @)!^ df cj;fg x'g]eGbf s]xL jif{ klxn] ldlt gxfn]sf] c+u|]hL efiffdf n]lvPsf] t/ km]a|'c/L ;g\ !((! Df k|sflzt …EPIC SHAKUNTALAÚ xf] .

Kflxn] g]kfnLdf 5Gbf]a4 sljtfsf] ¿kdf k|sflzt zfs'Gtn dxfsfJo tyf sof}+ jif{kl5 n]vsn] cfkm' of] ;+;f/df /xFbf g} n]Vg' ePsf] c+u|]hL efiffsf] d'Qm 5Gbsf] dxfsfJon] ef/tdf e/tj+zsf ;+:yfks b'ioGtk'q e/t, ltgsL dftf zs'Gtnf, zs'GtnfsL dftf cK;/f d]gsf kms]{/ uPkl5 zs'Gtx¿n] gjhft lzz'nfO{ x]/rfx nfng–kfng u/L x'sf{P/ CUj]bsf k|frLgtd dGqb|i6fx¿ dWo]sf s0jClifsf] cf>dddf a'emfPsf j[QfGt k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . syfgs o;/L cl3 a9\5–cf>ddf a9\b} o'jtL ePsL zs'GtnfnfO{ /fhf b'ioGtn] s0j cf>ddf jgdf b]v]/ sfd df]lxteO uef{bfg u/fP/ cfˆgf] /fHodf kmls{Pkl5 zs'GtnfnfO{ k'qnfe eof] . s]xL ;dokl5 Clif s0jn] zs'GtnfnfO{ k'q;lxt b'ioGt 5]p k7fP . t/ /fhf b'ioGtn] zs'GtnfnfO{ lrGg / e/tnfO{ cfˆgf] 5f]/f] elg :jLsf/ ug{ dfg]gg\ . kl5 uP/ b'ioGtsf] a'l4 lkm¥of] / kTgL / 5f]/fl;t ltgsf] ldnfk eof] .

Dfxfslj nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6fn] n]Vg'ePsf] g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL efiffsf b'O{ cf]6f dxfsfJosf d"nsyf dfly atfOP cg';f/ 5g\ . To; dfg]df b]jsf]6fn] g]kfnL dxfsfJonfO{ c+u|]hL efiffdf cg'jfb ug'{ePh:tf] efg kg{ uPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ cfkm"df efiff cg'jfb ug]{ zlQm b]vfpg jxfFn] cª\u|]hL efiffdf zfs'Gtn dxfsfJo tof/ kfg'{ePsf] xf]Og . ljifoj:t' Pp6} /xFbf /xFb} klg d}n] x]bf{ b'O{ dxfsfJo aLr efiffsf] å}wtf dfq xf]Og g]kfnL / cª\u]|hL b'Oj6f k[ys efiffsf cfˆgf kl/j]z, k[i7e"ld, z}nL, /:faf]w, nflnTo cflb ofjt\ s'/fdf ljzfn kfy{So 5g\ .

Dffly elgPsf] s'/fnfO{ oh'{j]bsf] sf0j zfvfsf] afh;g]]oL a|fDx0f cGtu{tsf] a[xbf/0os pklgifbn] cfˆgf] rf}yf] cWofosf] låtLo a|fDx0fdf ldlynfsf /fhf hgsnfO{ Clif of1aNSon] cfTd1fg lb+bf dGq @ sf] cGTodf eg]sf …k/f]Iflk|of Oj lx b]jf k|ToIfb'ifÚ -b]jtfx¿ k/f]If syfnfO{ lk|o 7fGb5g\ / k|ToIf s'/fnfO{ 3[0ff ub{5g\_ n] b]jsf]6fdf j}lbs jfª\doaf/] s] s:tf] 1fg lyof] jf 5b} lyPg eGg]jf/] s]xL eGg ;Sg] l:yltdf d cfh;dd /lxg .

Df]/f] egfO{ j}lbs jfª\dodf zs'Gtnfaf/] hxfF h]hlt elgP, dxfef/tdf cflbkj{df zs'Gtnf]kfVofg jf/] h] elgof] tL ;a}df h'g sfJo z}nL k|ToIf ¿kdf k|s6 ul/of] tL ;a}nfO ;d]6]/ ;+jt\ @))@ ;fndf dxfsljn] zs'Gtnf dxfsfJodf k|ToIf ¿kdf cg';/0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . sfJowf/fsf] ¿kdf eg] jxfFsf] clGtd s[lt c+u|]hL efiffsf] …Plks zfs'GtnÚn] k/f]If lk|o x'Fb} c+u|]hL efiffdf dfq xf]Og la|l6; sfJo wf/fnfO{ u|x0f u/]sf] b]vf k/]sf] 5 .

Df]/f] of] syg cy{k"0f{ t/ uDeL/ ljjfbsf] ljifo 7xl/g ;Sg] x'Fbf oL b'O{ sfJo–s[ltsf t'ngfsf cfwf/df cfwf/e"t zf]wsfo{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fnfO{ dxfsljsf] pkfwL k|bfg ul/+bf jxfFn] of] lxdfnL pkdxfb]zsf] sfJowf/fdf pTs[i6tf k|fKt ug'{ePsf] dfq xf]Og ls k6gfdf :gfts cWoog ug'{x'Fbfsf] c+u|]hL efiffsf] sfJowf/f ;d]tdf





g]kfnsf sljx¿ dWo] ;jf]{Ts[i6tf k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] eGg] ljzfn xfFs cfh g]kfnL zf]wstf{x¿ ;fd'Gg] pkl:yt 5 . d}n] cfo{3f6df dxfsljsf] cjzfg x'g'eGbf s]xL 306f klxn] clGtd tl:j/x¿ Sofd]/fdf ptf/]sf] lyPF . clxn] …b]jtfx¿ k/f]Iflk|o x'G5g\ eGg] pklgifb plQmnfO{ k|:t't ub}{ pkglifbsf b]jtfx¿n] em}+ …zfs'Gtn PlksÚ df b]jtf eP/ sljn] k/f]IftfnfO{ cFufNg' ePsf] xf] ls eGg]af/] cg';Gwfg ug{ d}n] cfu|x u/sf] x'F . cGTodf O{zf]klgifbsf] cf7f} + dGqsf] clGtd k+lQmn] slj{dgLifL kl/e" M :joDe"of{yftYoof] ›yf{GJobwfR5fZjtLEo M ;efEo M eg]/ sljnfO{ ;j{JofkL :joDe"l;t ;dfgtfsf] sNkgf u/]s} lyof] .

sflnsf:yfg, sf7df8f}+kmf]g M $$!(#^(

;ft ;fnsf] qmflGt M P]ltxfl;s emns8f=dLgf cf]emf

Oltxf; :jo+ P]ltxfl;s 36gfx¿sf] ;Fufnf] xf] . Oltxf;sf k|d'v kfqdWo] dfgjhut\ g} ;j]{;jf{ ju{ xf] . xhf/f}+ jif{sf] dfgj Oltxf; zf]if0fsf lj?4 d'lQm, kIfkftsf lj?4 Gofo / c;dfgtfsf lj?4 ;dfgtfsf] n8fOFsf] Oltxf; xf] . k/fwLg jf bf;tfsf] h+hL/ hlt;'s} alnof] lsg gxf];\ tL dfgj d'lQmsf s7f]/ k|oTg / ;zQm hgansf ;fd' k/flht x'G5g\ . dfgj :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf] ofqf /f]ls+b}g / xfb}{g . ljZjsf] Oltxf;n] s] k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 eg] /fli6«otf, :jtGqtf / k|hftGqsf nflu dl/d]6\g] b]zeQmx¿sf] sdL x'Fb}g . Hofg;Dd ;dk{0f ug]{ qmflGtsf/Lx¿s} Tofu, tk:ofaf6 :j]R5frf/L ;/sf/ 9N5 clwgfosjfbL Joj:yf klN6G5 . cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df lj=;+=@))& sf] hgqmflGt dxTjk"0f{ 36gfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ztfAbLof}+ nfdf] /f0ffzfxL lj?4 hghfu/0f ;[hgf u/]/ hgtfnfO{ hfu[t u/fpg] sfddf g]kfnLx¿s} dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . ljz]ift M PsLs/0f kl5 g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf b]vf k/]sf cl:y/tfx¿ b]z / hgtfsf nflu clezfk l;4 eP . …h;sf] t/af/ p;sf] b/af/Ú gf/fn] k|f]T;fxg kfpFb} hËaxfb'/sf] pbo eof] . ef/bf/x¿sf] cfk;L dgd'6fj tyf /fhg}lts cl:y/tfn] hgcfsf+Iff s'l07t eP eg] /fi6«lgdf{0f aflwt x'g k'Uof] . oL 36gfx¿n] hËaxfb'/sf] pbo u/fof] / ztfAbLof}+ nfdf] /f0ffzfxLn] lg/Gt/tf kfof] .

Gf]kfndf /f0ffzfxLsf] pbo, p;sf l5d]sL /fHox¿sf] cj:yf tyf cGt/f{li6«o 36gfqmd ljZjo'4x¿ cflb Psftkm{ lyP eg] csf{tkm{ g]kfnL hgtfx¿ dfly lbgk/lbg cTofrf/, zf]if0f / ;fdGtL ;+:sf/sf] af]em a9\b} lyof] . o; kl/l:yltdf /f0ff ;sf{/ tyf p;sf s]xL ;dy{sx¿sf] ljnf;L hLjgz}nLn] g]kfnLx¿sf] r]tgfdf qmdzM kl/jt{g Nofof] . o:t} hËaxfb'/sf] o'/f]k ofqfkl5 g]kfnleq} s]jn b/afl/ofsf nflu dfq cª\u|]hL lzIff lbg] sfd k|f/De eof] . csf{tkm{ a|fXd0fsf nflu klg ;+:s[t lzIff / lqrGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf;Fu} g]kfnleq} pRrlzIff lbg] sfo{ e};Sbf klg cfd g]kfnLx¿ lzIffaf6 jl~rt g} /xg'kg]{ cj:yf lyof] . o:tf] l:yltnfO{ g]kfnLx¿n] ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg yfn] . csf{tkm{ sof}+ sf/0fjz ef/tdf a:g afWo g]kfnLx¿n] ef/tLo hgtfsf] qmflGtdf k|ToIf ;xeflutf ;d]t hgfO;s]sf lyP . sf/0fjz g]kfn–ef/t cfjthfjt ug]{ g]kfnLx¿ b'j} 7fpFsf] lqmofsnfk t'ngf u/]/ x]y]{ . Hofb} uf]Ko / ;Lldt ¿kdf b]zleq /f0ff lj/f]wL ultljlwx¿ e}/xGy] . cfd g]kfnL dWoo'uLg ;fdGtL ;+:sf/df





afFRg ljjz lyP . o; kl/l:yltaf6 g]kfnLx¿nfO{ d'lQm lbg] / g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs ljsf; u/fpg] p2]Zon] hghfu/0f cleofg :j:km"t{ ¿kdf ;~rfng eof] . o; cGtu{t /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wld{s, ;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs, s"6g}lts cflb ;ª\3if{ hgtfn] e"ldut ¿kdf 5]8] . csf{tkm{ ljZjo'4x¿df efu lnP/ kms]{sf hjfgx¿sf qmflGtsf/L lqmofsnfk Hofb} ;lqmo ePsf lyP . o:t} /f0ff kl/jf/sf] ju{ ljefhgn] klg hghfu/0f cleofgdf s]xL d2t k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .

Nfvg yfkf sf08, dfwj/fh hf]zL sf08, ;Tofr/0f dnfdL u'7L, ds}sf] v]tL, uf]vf{nL, uf]/vf ;+;f/ klqsf k|sfzg, k|r08 uf]/vf sf08 cflb 36gfn] g]kfnLx¿nfO{ qmflGt ug]{ k|]/0ff k|fKt eof] . /f0ff ;/sf/sf] kfl/jfl/s if8oGqn] p;sf] kl/jf/leq} c;Gt'i6 ju{sf] hGd eof] . ef/tLo :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] k|ult b'|tt/ 9Ën] x'Fb} uO/x]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfnleq hghfu[ltsf nx/ ;[hgf x'g' :jfefljs} b]lvG5 . ljz]iftM rGb| zdz]/sf] zf;gsfndf :jb]z / :jhflt k|]dsf] h'g efjgf cª\s'l/t eof] Tof] qmdzM a9\b} uof] . pgsf] zf;gsfn ;+If]kdf cWoog u/]sf] v08df tTsfnLg cj:yfaf/] lj:t[t hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . pgL kl5sf /f0ff k|wfgdGqLx¿n] s6' cfnf]rgf/lxt PstGqLo zf;g pkef]u ug{ kfPgg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu tTsfnLg if8oGqd"ns kl/l:ylt / afWotfsf sf/0f b]j zdz]/sf] b]zlgsfnf, h'4 zdz]/ / kß zdz]/sf] /fHoTofu cflbnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . kfl/jfl/s 36gfn] /f0ff kl/jf/leq if8oGqsf] aLhf/f]k0f u/fof] . c;Gt'i6 /f0ff kl/jf/sf] kfl/jfl/s snx Psftkm{ lyof] eg] csf]{tkm{ g]kfnL hgtf klg /f0ff lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo ¿kn] nfUg yfn] . aflx/L b'lgofFaf6 cnu cGwsf/do g]kfnleq hghfu/0fsf ultljlwsf] hfgsf/L ;Lldt JolQmnfO{ dfq x'GYof] . Hofb} g} uf]Ko ¿kdf cfGbf]ngsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'Gy] . t}klg o:tf ;dfrf/ /f0ff ;/sf/;dIf k'luxfNy] . o; kl/lyltdf sof}+ g]kfnL ;k"tx¿n] Hofg u'dfPsfÙ ;j{:j ;lxt b]z lgsfnf / hfltRo't ul/Psf 36gfx¿ Oltxf;df clÍt g} 5g\ .

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;x k|f= kf6g a=SofDk;(*)#*$&*))

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wgs'6f, slr8], kmf]gM )@^–%@)#$!

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:ofnefsfdf ;xdltsf uLt gufOo"g\ [email protected]

;xdlt Û ;d:ofk"lt{

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t]hf]do pmhf{zLn efjgfsf] l;Gw'af6k|0fosf] Hof]lt agL lgl:sPsf ltd|f cfFvf .

♦g aGw' lk|o g nf]slk|o g k|e' lk|og x'F s;}sf] lk|o d ltd|f] lk|o x'g kfP .

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nfuf];\ hlt x':;" s'O/f] 5fcf];\ hlt afbnb]v"F lhGbuL lk|o :jo+df Ps} h"g 5fP .

♦

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e/tk'/–!@, lrtjg

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k'ln;;“u v]Ng] 5 ef]sf] kf+}7]hf]/Lp/fNg] 5 zflGtsf] gf/f .

;+;f/df b'Mv 5, pm ef]lu/x]5b'Mvsf sf/0f 5g\, pm cgful/s;dfwfgsf af6f, cGwsf/ 5g\ci6fª\lus dfu{, cJofaxfl/s /kmf];|f] cfbz{ p;sf nflu

kNnf] ufp“sf] /fd] / s[i0f]em}+

Pp6f ef]6 Jofª\ssf] ef]6 36fp“b}d'Unfg l5g]{5c¿ a'4sf] nfO{gdf Ps ylkg] 5





Tof] cefuL tf/f km]l/ a'4 eP/ hlGdg] 5 .

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d'UnfgL lj1fgsf] k|of]uzfnfdf k|Tof/f]k0f ug]{5 cfOG:6fOgsf] dl:tis

Ao"“emfpg] 5 8flj{gsf] Snf]gp;sf] a'4Tj@@ cf}+ ztfAbL eP/ oxL df6f]df hlGdg] 5t/ ck;f]r,Tof] cgful/s Tolt~h]n s;}sf]df gful/s sxlng] 5 .

[email protected]

km"nh:tf gfgLx¿sdn/fh s];L

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km"nh:tf gfgLx¿ .s] ljZjf; ltgLx¿dWo]af6} klg lg:sg ;S5g\ dxfg snfsf/dxfg ;flxTosf/dxfg o'ub|i6fdxfg a'4 k'?ifdxfg /fhgLlt1dxfg bfz{lgs/ dxfg ;dfh;]jLxf], To;}n] ;Dxfn ltgLx¿nfO{;+/If0f u/ tL km"nnfO{ Pp6f ;Rrf dfnL eP/emg{ gb]p sf]lknfd}Dfnhn u/ ltgLx¿nfO{9sdSs km'Ng]5g\ tL sf]lknf s'g} lbg/ rf/}lt/ km}nfpg] 5g\bof,Dffof,Kf|]d,zflGt/ e|ft[Tjsf] ;'jf; .

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cf8Da/sf] t'R5 kgn]dft[e"ldsf]:jfwLgtf gb]vL





b]lv/x]5g\s';L{sf] ;'ljwf .n]lv/x]5g\ljsf;sf gfddfsfuhL of]hgfsf lkm/fb Û

cfˆg} ;Gtfgsf3[l0ft lqmofsnfkn]c;Gt'li6 5b}{cfsfz u8\u8fP/cltj[li6 ub}{wtL{–slxn] kxf8 v;fP/ tslxn] t/fO{ 8'afP/cfqmf]z JoQm u5{gbL ;d'b| ag]/ .

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5lj 1jfnL

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;gsflbx¿Hf;nfO{ ;+;f/sf] åGån] 5'Fb}g;gsflbx¿ hf]Dfg, jrg / sd{n]Kfljq x'G5g\ .

t/ 7Ls ljk/Ltxfd|f ;gsflbx¿df/kL6 u5{g\ufpFsf ufpF n'6\5g\3/jf/ ljxLg u/fO lbG5g\ .

xfd|f ;gsflbx¿dft]/ ;Gs]/xft uf]8f sfl6lbG5g\uf]nL 7f]S5g\cftÍ 5fpF5g\;+;f/sf lgs[i6td Jojxf/df;lhn} plqG5g\ .

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Ef}/xjf

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sljtf, ;kgf clg ltd|f] ;Demgf dgf]h 9sfn

lbgdf /ft eP//ftdf lbg eP/aNn sljtfd':s'/fpFb} 5 a:tLx¿df .

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;kgf b]VgnfO{ t lgbfof}F xfdLglgbfPsf] eP s;/L b]VYof}F / ;kgf <cfh ToxL ;kgf;Fu n'sfdf/L ub}{5f}F;kgfsf] lhGbuL oyfy{df e]l6/x]5f}F qmdzM .

;kgf gb]Vb} Ao'FlemP/ bf}8g]Ps x"n dfG5]x¿ clNem/x]5g\bf]af6f]df cndNn k/]/ .

ltdLn] ptf/]sf dbgsf ;kgfx¿ot} df6f]df e]l6Fbf /x]5g\d'gfsf /x/x¿ ot}af6f]df 5l/Psf /x]5g\ .

;kgfn] 8f]¥ofof] xfdLnfO{;kgf;Fu k|Lt 5 dL7f]gftf 5 a]hf]8sf] p:t}/x/} /x/df lhGbuLsf] cy{ e]6\gsljtf pdf/]/ d?e"lddfkm'nfP/ r§fgx¿dfkf/ u/]/ ;d'b|x¿lIflth glhs} 5f}F xfdL .

æolb k'gh{Gd ;Dej 5 eg]ÆltdLn] sf]/]sf] o'u e]6fOlbG5' ltdLnfO{xfdL lxF8]sf af6fx¿ b]vfOlbG5' ltdLnfO{





ltdLn] /f]k]sf km"nx¿ b]vfOlbG5' ltdLnfO{ [email protected]

/fi6« d]/f] 9's9'sLUfËf clenfifL

of] b]z d]/f] d'6'sf] 9's9'sLltd|f] klg xf] d'6'sf] 9's9'sLzflGt bLk k|Hjlntb]z g]kfndfdfof / ddtfsf] km"nkm'nfpg' 5 ljsf;sf] wf/f aufpg' 5 .

of] b]z d]/f] d'6'sf] 9's9'sLltd|f] klg xf] d'6'sf] 9's9'sLclx+;fsf k'hf/Luf}td a'4hlGdPsf] b]ze|ft[Tjsf] uLt ufpFb}o;nfO{ l;+ufg'{ 5 .

of] b]z d]/f] d'6'sf] 9's9'sLltd|f] klg xf] d'6'sf] 9's9'sLn]s a];L t/fO{sfkmfF6x¿df nfzsf] ;f]Q/ xf]O{gpj{/f zlQm a9fO{hGde"ld g]kfndf;'g kmnfpg' 5 .of] b]z d]/f] d'6'sf] 9's9'sLltd|f] klg xf] d'6'sf] 9's9'sL

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cfh ot} lbg laTof] /ft klg 9N5 ls ttft]kl5 cu]gf]df lr;f] bfp/f aN5 ls t .





h"g cf]n{g] af6f] y]g, klv{Psf lyof}+ xfdLsfnf] cf}+;L v;]kl5 tl;{Psf lyof}+ xfdLh] t knf{ v8]/Ldf km"n /f]Kbf ;5{ ls ttft] kl5 cu]gf]df lr;f] bfp/f aN5 ls t .

htg u/L /fv]sf] y]+, ;Gb'; leq a}+; klgw]/} /fv] leq–leq} uNb} hfFbf] /}5 klg;fy kfOof] st} eg], hLjg klg rN5 ls tTfft]kl5 cu]gf]df lr;f] bfp/f aN5 ls t .

sf7df8f}+, kmf]g M $@&$$#)

kljqtfb]j]Gb| /fh zfSo

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ld7f–ld7f s'/fdf e'nfP/ dfG5]nfO{k}zfn] 9f8 ;]Sg]sf] kfp dlng] 5}g

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;Ldf–(, :ofkL, hfh/sf]6 (*$*)@*$&#

Ufhn8f=lg/h e§/fO{

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s]xL lxhf]sf 36gf, s]xL ef]lnsf of]hgfx]/ uf]hL uf]hLdf 8fo/L h:tf dfG5]x¿

cln–cln ofb cfPem}+ cln cln e'lnP em}+





oL laxfgLkvsf ;kgL h:tf dfG5]x¿

;do /x'~h]n c;/bf/, To;kl5 j]sf/xfdLnfO{ agfOof] cf}ifwL h:tf dfG5]x¿

s;}sf 5f]/f h:tf 5g\ s;}sf 5f]/L h:tf 5g\cfkm" h:t} 5}gg\ gf}6ÍL h:tf dfG5]x¿

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[email protected] , Aflb{of,

Ufhncg'kdf s/f/f …ljazÚ

pgn] dnfO{ u'nfa;Fu t'ngf u5{g\:jflbi6 Tof] safj;Fu t'ngf u5{g\

dnfO{ k6Ss} dg kb}{g ;w}+6'l6hfg] …VjfaÚ;Fu t'ngf u5{g\

Kof/ dL7f] efjgf xf], d ;f]R5'pgL /fhf gjfa ;Fu t'ngf u5{g\

zf]ifs / cTofrf/Lx¿;Fu 8/fpFb}gg\dnfO{ d'6'sf] bafj;Fu t'ngf u5{g\

d ;To af]N5' pgnfO{ kRb}gTo;}n] 9'Ëfsf] bafj;Fu t'ngf u5{g\

x]l//xFbf s:tf] gzf nfU5 /] ÛcfFvfnfO{ d]/f] z/fa;Fu t'ngf u5{g\ ÛÛ





[email protected] alb{of, xfn sf]xnk'/

pQ/ cfw'lgstfsf] ;Ldf eTsfPsf syfx¿j+zL >]i7

klZrdL b]zx¿ / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf hGd]/–x's]{/ rn]sf] pQ/ cfw'lgstf w]/} jif{kl5 g]kfndf Pshgf ko{6s jf cfofltt 6]lnlehg cyjf df]afOn kmf]g h;/L lelqof], ko{6snfO{ ky k|bz{sn] cfkm"n] hfg]–a'em];/L 3'dfof]–b]vfof] clg cy{ / JofVof lbof], egf}+ 6]lnlehg, sDKo'6/ jf df]afOnnfO{ klg cfˆg} ;'ljwf, cfjZostf clg 1fgn] k|of]u u/], lsGt' tL d'n'sx¿sf] cfly{s, cf}Bf]lus, ;fdflhs, hLjg:t/sf] t'ngf xfd|f] ;dfh;Fu ug{ ;lsG5–;lsGg Tof] Psflt/ klG5of] . o; afx]s ljlgdf{0fsf] rsf]{ xf]xNnfn] zfGt–jftfj/0f vnalnof], clg cg]s k|of]ujfbL cg's/0fjfbL, cfofltt–ljrf/ / l;4fGtsf] k|efj g]kfnL ;flxTo n]vgdf 5\ofk5\ofKtL k9\g kfOof] . Ps k|sf/n] of] /dfOnf] / dgf]/~hgfTds b[Zo /fd|f] nfUof], lsgeg] lrgLsf] u'lnof] gePklg ;v/v08sf] u'lnof]df lrof vfg kfOof], v'zLsf] ljifo / jftfj/0f eof] .

o:t} jftfj/0f clg kl/k|]Ifdf y'k|} gjLg syf–n]vx¿ k9\g kfOof], o; ;Gbe{df Pp6f syf ;ª\u|x …syf ljljwÚ ;Fu ;Dks{ eof], k9\g dg nfUof], kl9of] .

pQm ;ª\u|xsf n]vs 8f=b]jL k|;fb ;'j]bL x'g\Ù pgsf] klxnf] syf ;ª\u||x …l;kfxL / h'n';Ú klg k9\g kfOPs} lyof], t;y{ syfx¿sf] agf]6, k[i7e"ld, k|:t'lt, rl/qx¿sf] rog clg k|:t'lt syfsf/sf] ;f]rfO, p2]Zo / tfTko{ cflbjf/] s]xL ;do ljrf/–ljdz{ cfkm}+df eO/Xof] . cGo syfx¿dflysf] pQ/ cfw'lgstfsf] ;Gbe{ clg pgsf syfx¿ ljifodf cfkm}+leq cg]s ts{–ts{gfx¿ eO/x], o;af/] s]xL n]Vg dg klg nfUof] .

k|f/Des} pQ/ cfw'lgstfsf] rrf{df pQ/–cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf cj:yfn] clg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ;DkGg / ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] af}l4s–z}lIfs, cfly{s–;fdflhs hLjg:t/df cPsf kl/jt{gx¿ clg ljlgdf{0fjfbsf] gfddf cfPsf vf; u/]/–l;g]df hutdf b]lvPsf kl/jlt{t ;dfGt/ syf /rgf (Meta-cult and presentation) / k|:t'ltsf rrf{ tyf k|ljlw / lj1fgsf] ljsf;n] s]Gb|sf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf tyf kf7sf] ax'cy{ clg kf7s–;fk]If cy{df cfPsf j}rfl/s kIfx¿sf] rrf{ o; n]vsf] 3]/f aflx/ kg]{ ePsf]n] ;+If]kdf g]kfnL ;flxTodf vnjn dRrfpg] pQ/ cfw'lgstfs} 5f]6f] rrf{ ug{ dg nfU5 . xfdLsxfF b]lvPsf] / rlr{t pQ/–cfw'lgstfdf s]xL kl/jt{g÷ ;dfGt/÷ cg's/0ffTds, dgf]/~hgfTds, ;dsIfL÷ ;dfGt/Lo n]vx¿ / syfx¿ k9\g kfOof], lsGt' xfd|f] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, cf}Bf]lus, hLjg:t/ tL b]zx¿sf] ;dsIfLdf b]lvPg, o;df klg ;p:;/sf] jx'–cy{ jf kf7s–;fk]If cy{sf] rrf{ cflwSo ¿kdf b]lvof], k/Gt' xfd|f] ;dfh / kf7ssf] k[i7e"ld g]kYodf /flvof] . o; rrf{sf] ;Gbe{df ca 8f=b]jL k|;fb ;'j]bLsf …syf ljljwÚ ;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf] rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

pQm ;ª\u|xdf pgsf P3f/ syfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\, zfob ;a} syfx¿ k"j{–k|sflzt x'g\, klxn]g} k9]sf h:tf 5g\ lsGt' ;+u|xsf] ¿kdf cfPsfn] rrf{ ug{ dg nfu]sf] 5 . …cfˆgf] syfsfl/tf M cfˆg} b[li6dfÚ df syfsf/ n]V5g\–……sltko d]/f syfx¿ tTsfn cg'e"t Pj+ b[i6 36gf / kfqsf tfTsflns pkh ag]sf 5g\ eg] sltko syfx¿ k"j{ cg'e"t / nfdf] ;dob]lv





dgsf] cGt:tndf /x]sf kfq / 36gfsf k|:t'lt /x]sf 5g\ .ÚÚ o; cy{df syfsf ljifo, syf;f/, 36gfx¿, rl/qx¿ syfsf/sf] vf]hL–rf;f]–rogdf e/k5{ clg k|:t'lt, efiffz}nL pgsf] lghL cg'ej / kl/kSjtfdf cfwfl/t /xG5 .

o; ;+u|xsf] klxnf] syf …Tof] tl:j/Ú ofqfsf] qmddf e]6]sf Pshgf csf{ ofqLsf] cg'ejsf] syf xf]Ù h;df ef/tsf] e'hdf uPsf] 7"nf] e"sDkdf cfˆgf ;fdflhs sfo{sf] cg'ejaf6 cfˆgf] ;}lgs hLjgsf 36gfx¿sf] t'ngf u/L dfgjLo hLjg / ;dfhsf] cy{ vf]tNg k'U5g\–syfsf rl/q TfL] o'js clg syfsf/ cfkm}+ . To; cf7 /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDksf] Pp6f b[Zosf] tl:j/ klqsfdf 5flkPsf] cfdfsf] :tgkfg ug{ nfu]sf] afnssf] /x]5, b[Zo lgZro g} k|efjf]Tkfbs, pQ]hs 5, lsGt' 36gfn] JolQmsf] dg vnanfO lbG5, ljrf/df kl/jt{g / ;f]rfOdf uxg kl/kSjtf NofpF5 . To; syfsf o'js eG5g\–……=====lxhf]cfh aGb's p7fpg] OR5f g} x'Fb}gÚÚ Pshgf ;}lgssf] dgdf cfPsf] j}rfl/s på]ng . syfsf/ n]V5g\–……ltgLx¿ -/fhg}lts Joj;fosf g]tflu/Lx¿_ kLl8t dflg;x¿nfO{ cfZjf;g afF8\b} kms{Gy] -k[–^_, ……=====tL If0fx¿df pTkGg ;Dj]bgf s'g} /fhg}lts ;Ldfdf cfj4 lyPgÚÚ-k[=$_, ……=====tl:j/ a'‰gsf] nflu dfq s'g} efiff a'‰g' cfjZos x'Fb}g, tl:j/s} efiff a'em] k'U5 -k[=(_ . To; cf7 /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDksf] af/]df lel8of] k|:t'lt / OlGhlgol/+u k|ltj]bg d}n] x]g{ / ;'Gg kfPsf] 5', h; cg';f/ e'h e"efusf] Tof] If]q dflg;n] ôfs]/ k'l/Psf df6f] / ;d'Gb|L lsgf/sf] anf}6] If]q ePsf]n] 7"nf] ljgf; ePsf] sf/0f k|dfl0ft u/]sf] lyof] .

csf]{ syfsf] zLif{s 5–…?Gr] ;fsL{Ú . o; syfdf cfheGbf sl/a krf; jif{ klxn]sf] g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs, kfl/jfl/s l:ylt clg afn dgsf] ;/n k|:t'lt 5 . ;fsL{sf] Joj;fo / cfly{s l:yltsf] bogLo cj:yf;Fu} afns cfˆgf] dgsf ts{ / ljrf/ k|:t't u5{g\ syfsf/ eP/ . syfdf g]kfndf cfPsf] ;fdflhs, Jofj;flos, z}lIfs, j}rfl/s kl/jt{gx¿ x/kmx¿sf aLraf6 k|:t't u5{g\ syfsf/ . ;fsL{ cfˆgf] Joj;fodf kl5 kb}{ hfG5g\ . pgsf] ;Lk, s'zntfdf sdhf]/L b]vf k5{g\ . Joj;fo ;DaGwL 1fgsf] sdL, k|lzIf0fsf] cefjn] ubf{ clg ahf/df cfoftsf ;fdu|Ln] ubf{ ;fsL{sf] kfl/jfl/s / cfly{s l:ylt v:sG5, syfsf] afnkfq o'js aGb} z}lIfs If]qdf zx/ nfU5, ;dosf] cGt/fndf ;fsL{sf] d[To' x'G5, t/ Tof] kfq / 36gfn] syfsf/sf] dgdf k|efj /fvL/xG5 . syfsf] ljifo, syfgs, rl/q, k[i7e"ld cfˆg} ufpF 3/sf 5g\ . ;fdfGo ljifoj:t' x'g\ t/ ;dfh / rl/qx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;/n clg k|efjsf/L ¿kdf u/]sf 5g\ . syfsf/ n]V5g\–……dflg;sf] >d / ljj]s eGbf 7"nf] c¿ S]xL 5}gÚÚ -k[=!*_ . ……;f]s];leq /flvPsf tL ;fgf Pshf]/ h'Qfn] d]/f] afNohLjgnfO{ ;DemfpF5g\ÚÚ -k[=@!_ .

t];|f] syf …;j{e"t]if' dft[¿k]0f ;+l:ytfÚ r08L b'uf{ ;KtztLsf] kfFrf}+ cWofoaf6 lnOPsf] o; jfSof+zsf] zLif{s syfdf ufpFsf zlQmzfnL JolQm ljqmd a:g]taf6 7luPsL gf/L uf}/Lsf] dfgl;s Joyfsf] dgf]j}1flgs k|:t'lt 5, uf}/L ljjflxt x'g\ t/ ;Gtfg 5}gg\ dft[Tj pd|g ;s]g, o;}n] Pp6f kf7f] sfn];Fu hLjgsf lbg latfpFl5g\, clg ;]tLaf6 hlGdPsf] sfn]df cfˆgf] h}ljs (Biological) c+z b]lV5g\, p;sf] ;'/Iff, ddTj / kfngdf hLjg latfpFl5g\ . t/ sfn]sf] hLjg ;+s6df kbf{ ltgL -uf}/L_ cfˆgf] df[t¿ksf] :jfledfg hufpFl5g\ clg ljqmdsf] cx+sf/ / ;fdflhs k|lti7fdf cfqmd0f ug{ k'lU5g\ . syfdf gf/L ;fdflhs t/ cjx]lnt, nf]Ug]af6 kl/ToQm cj:yfsf] lrq0f 5, gf/Lsf] dgsf] lrq0f 5, cfˆgL kfqnfO{ syfsf/ eGg nufpF5g\–……====;+;f/df ;aeGbf





7"nL cfdf x'g\ eg] Tof] dft[Tjsf] xTof ug]{ ck/fw klg ;+;f/sf c¿ y'k|} ck/fwx¿ eGbf 7"nf] xf]Og <ÚÚ

…df+;nÚ syfsL k|d'v gf/Lkfq ;'hftfsf] k|:t'lt dflysf] syfsL kfq uf}/Lsf] ljk/Lt 5, Ps gf/L clg b'O k'?ifsf] lqsf]0ffTds ;DjGw syf;f/df /lrt of] syfdf ljk/Lt dgl:yltsf gf/L dg / ;f]rfOsf] /fd|f] t/ ;/n j0f{g 5 . cfˆgf] klt ¿kss} ;fyL a|h]z;Fu knfog ePsL cw{–cfw'lgs clg cg's/0fjfbL, ;'ljwf vf]Hg], clg ……/ftf/ft ;x/L ;DkGg ju{sf] ;b:odf ;xefuL aGg cfOk'u]sf] ufpFn] hgk|ltlglw k"j{dGqLsL 5f]/L ;'hftfsf]ÚÚ df+;n ;'vsf] /fd|f] t/ ltvf] Joª\UofTds syf xf] of] . syfsf/ n]V5g\–……=====p;n] -;'hftfn]_ lgb|fj:yfsf] ¿ksnfO{ x]/L . ¿k t 5 t/ stf stf s] s] gk'u]h:tf], s]xL lzlyn, s]xL ultxLgÚ -k[=#^_ . klt kTgLsf] s'/fsfgLaf6 ;'hftfsf] dfgl;s c;Gt'i6, df+;n–k|]d, cw{–cfw'lgs, kfl/jfl/s clg ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] lrq0f lbPsf 5g\ eg] csf]{lt/ ;/n gf/L dgsf jGbgfsf] k|:t'lt clt Go"g ¿kdf 5, o; syfn] kf/Dkl/s kl/jf/ / cw{–cfw'lgs JolQmdf cfPsf] km/s cj:yf b]vfpF5, cfkm"nfO{ cfw'lgs k|bz{g ug]{ gf/Ldf ;fdflhs kof{j/0fLo 1fgsf] cefj /x]sf] ;+s]t 5 .

syfsf/ ;'j]bLsf syfx¿nfO{ ;fwf/0f ¿kn] rf/ ljifout ¿kdf ljefhg u/L cWoog ubf{ ;/ntf cfpg ;S5–jfn–dg ljifodf …?Gr] ;fsL{, …lr/ k|tLIffdf ;/;f]tLÚ, …ljh]tfÚ . gf/L dg ljifodf …;j{ e"t]if' dft[¿k]0f ;+l:ytfÚ, …df+;nÚ clg …klxnf] cfuGt'sÚ ;;fdlos ;d:of ljifodf …Tof] t:jL/Ú, …cFWof/f] pHofnf] / ;8sÚ clg k'/f0f cfwfl/t …k|]o;Lsf] OR5f / Clifs'df/sf] ufx{:Yo k|j]zÚ .

…lr/ k|tLIffdf ;/;f]tLÚ afn–gf/Lsf] dgf]j}1flgs / ;dfhk/s syf xf] . ufpFsf 5§' tyf km6fxfn] ;f]emf] ;/n JolQmnfO{ s;/L 7U5g\ clg dft[ljxLg aflnsf dft[–ddTjsf] k|tLIffdf al:5g\ . o; syfdf gf}n] bdfO{n] ;/n dgsf l8Nn]nfO{ :jf:gL ldnfOlbg] nf]edf kf/]/ 7u]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ kIfdf ;/;f]tL ;f}t]gL cfdfsf] k|tLIffdf al:5g\ . ljifo / sYo ;fwf/0f xf] t/ ;d:of Ps k|sf/n] ljZjhgLg xf], 3/–Jojxf/sf] nflu gf/Lsf] cfjZostf / afn–aflnsfsf] nflu ;f}t]gL cfdfs} ddTj klg cy{k"0f{ x'G5 . ;/;f]tLsf] ;d:ofn] kf7ssf] dg 5'G5, pmk|lt ;xfg'e'lt hfG5, Ps k|sf/n] syfsf] s'ts'tL clg ;/;f]tLsf] cfzfdf kf7s cfkm}+ ;f]Rg afWo aG5g\ . csf]{ syf …ljh]tfÚ df k|yd k'?if …dÚ sf] a;ofqfdf afnssf] a:g] 7fpFsf] cefjdf afn–dgsf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f 5, lsGt' k|yd k'?ifsf] ¿kdf syfsf/n] afnsnfO{ a:g] 7fpF lbPkl5 p;sf] cg'xf/df cfPsf] ljhosf] rds clg afn–dgsf] v'zL k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ eg] w]/} ;Gtfg x'g] t/ cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf gf/L dgsf] jfWotf klg k|bz{g u/]sf 5g\, ofqfdf 36]sf 36gfnfO{ syfsf] ¿kdf NofP/ klg rl/q clg k|f}9 dg / afn dgsf] ljj/0f / k|:t'lt rfvnfUbf] 5 .

Gff/L dg / gf/L ;d:ofsf] t];|f] syf xf]–…klxnf] cfuGt'sÚ . o; syfdf ;'ifdfsf] lax]df bfOhf] lbPsf] 6]lnlehgnfO{ ufpFdf cfPsf] klxnf] cfuGt'ssf] ;+1f lbOPsf] 5, cyf{t\ o;cl3 To; ufpFdf 6]lnlehg cfPsf] lyPg . t/ of] 6]lnlehgn] ;'ifdf / ltgsf] kl/jf/df cgfjZos, cjf~5gLo, bf]ifk"0f{ ;d:of leœofof] . 6]lnlehg x]g{ cfpg] o'js / zld{nfsf] jLrsf] uf]Ko ;DjGwn] zld{nf ue{jtL ePsf] bf]if ;'ifdf / To; 6]lnlehgdf yf]kl/of] . zld{nfsf afa'sf] x's'd rnfpg] k|j[lQsf] lrq0f ;/n 5, zld{nfsf] cljsl;t dg dl:tissf] k|:t'lt /dfOnf] 5 eg] ;'ifdfsf] ;d:ofd"ns dgf]lj1fgsf] j0f{g /x/nfUbf] 5 . 36gf kl/jf/ / hLjg ;fk]If 5 . ;d;fdlos syfx¿df -!_ cFWof/f]–pHofnf] -@_ ;8s zLif{ssf syfx¿df jt{dfg g]kfnsf]





cljsl;t cj:yf, ufpF–zx/sf] hLjgsf] a]d]n l:ylt, ufpFsf] cfly{s b'/j:yfsf] k|:t'lt 5 . /fhg}lts rl/qx¿sf gf/f clg b]zsf] ;d:of sfo{kqx¿df, k|ltj]bgx¿df dfq ljsl;t ePsf]df g/d t/ tLvf] Joª\Uo 5, ……g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f If]qsf] ljsf;sf ;+efjgfx¿ÚÚ Pp6f sfo{kq xf], lsGt' ljsf;sf ;+efjgfx¿ clxn];Dd klg ;+efjgfx¿s} ¿kdf 5g\, Jojxf/ / sfo{df cfpg ;s]gg\ o;}n] ;x/ pHofnf] 5 lsGt' ufpF cFWof/f]d} 5 . o;} cGtu{tsf] csf]{ syf …;8sÚ df ;j{xf/f ju{sf jf ;'s'djf;L:t/sf /]zd, /dg, ltns / j'w]sf rl/qx¿ / ;d:ofx¿ j0f{g ul/Psf 5g\ . /dg / /]zd a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿ x'g\ . ;8sdf ;'T5g\, ;8sdf sfo{ u5{g\, ;8sd} lbg–/ft latfpF5g\ . b]zsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g / /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf g]tf / sfo{stf{x¿sf] 5f]6f] t/ ltSv/ k|:t'lt cy{k"0f{ / Joª\Uoljgf]bdo 5– o; syfdf k/]sf jfSof+zx¿–…xfd|f] rf]l/Psf] Aofg/h:tf] 5, k|ltudgsf Ph]G6 kf] x'g\, ljZjsf dhb'/x¿ Ps, g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{Ú n] ;r]t, ;Dj]bgzLn af}l4s JolQmx¿nfO{ a/Daf/ ;f]Rg 3r3RofpF5 . pQm jfSof+zx¿ g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf slxn];Dd x}sd hdfP/ a:5g\ < /fhgLlt lj/f]w / k|bz{g clg 3]/fpsf] qmddf ;8s cfpg]–hfg] / ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] yk / rSsfhfddf cfd -;fj{hlgs_ hgtfsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] /f]s / xgg\ slxn];Dd /xG5 < o:t} k|Zg / ;d:ofx¿df of] syfn] ;f]Rg afWo u5{ . csf]{lt/ k'ln;sf hjfgx¿sf] c1fgtf / jfWotfk|ltsf] Joª\Uo / xfF;f] tYok"0f{ / /dfOnf] 5 . /fhgLlt eg]sf] /fhgLlt / g]tfx¿sf] :jfy{k"lt{sf] nflu dfq xf], b]zsf] ;d:of, bl/b|tf, cljsl;t–cfly{s jf ;fdflhs l:ylt ;'wfg{ xf]Og < g]tfx¿ sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ zf]if0f ub}{5g\ eGg] efjgfsf] hfu/0f sfo{stf{df slxn] knfpF5 < o:t} ljifo / k|Zgx¿ cb[Zo jf k/f]If ¿kdf p7fPsf 5g\ syfsf/n] o; syfdf .

clGtd b'O syfx¿–…k|]o;Lsf] OR5f / Clif s'df/sf] ufx{:Yo k|j]zÚ k'/f0fdf cfwfl/t jf ldysLo ljifosf x'g\ . w]/} klxn] ;+:s[t efiffdf k9]sf oL syfx¿n] dnfO{ klg k|rLgtflt/ tfGof], lsGt' clxn] g]kfnL efiffdf k9\g kfpFbf /dfOnf] klg nfUof] . klxnf] syf …k|]o;Lsf] OR5fÚ df Clif cu:Ton] /fhs'df/L nf]kfd'b|f;Fu ljjfx u/]sf] ljifo 5 . Clif Ps ;Dklt TofuL aG5g\ t/ nf]kfd'b|f /fh ;'vsf] ljrf/jfbL l5g\ . o;}n] ;Gtfg k|flKtsf] nflu Ct'bfg ug{ cu:Ton] uef{wfgsf] rrf{ p7fpFbf nf]kfd'b|fn] ;'jfl;t / pTs[i6 egf}+ /fhb/af/sf] h:tf] zog sIfdf dfq uef{wfgsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] OR5f JoQm ubf{ Clif cu:To cfZro{df k/] clg ltgnfO{ ue{jtL agfpg pRr ;'jfl;t ;'ljwf;DkGg sIf sf];Fu dfUg] t Û eg]/ cu:Ton] ljrf/ u/] . t/ o;sf] ljk/Lt kIfdf bf];|f] syf 5 . cyf{t\ cË/fHosf /fhf nf]kfbsL 5f]/L zfGtfsf] ljjfx Clif ljef08s k'q Cioz[Ë ;Fu x'g] k|;Ëdf syf /rgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] nflu cfˆgf] /fHodf b]vf k/]sf] v8]/Lsf] rsf]{ cj:yfsf] a]nf Clif s'df/ Cioz[Ëaf6 o1 u/fpg] clek|fon] Clif s'df/nfO{ cfˆgf] b/af/df Nofpg] /f]rs ljj/0fsf] k|:t'lt 5, o; sfo{sf] nflu tTsfnLg gu/jw' jf ul0fsfn] cfˆgL 5f]/L s~rgdfnfsf] ;xof]udf Cioz[ËnfO{ b/af/df NofpFl5g\ . ;Gbe{ / rl/q, ;do–cj:yf km/s ePklg ljifo dfgjLo–zfZjt 5, cyf{t\ g/–gf/Lsf] cfB / hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt k|]d, ljjfx clg ;Gtfg k|flKtsf] .

ca ;+If]kdf rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5–syfsf/ ;'j]bLsf syfx¿ ;do clg ;dfh cj:yf ;fk]Ifsf 5g\, rl/qx¿ ;fwf/0f kl/jf/sf 5g\, ;fdfGo 5g\, ljifoj:t' ;fwf/0f hLjg / Jojxf/df 36]sf 5g\ . syfsf/n] clwsf+z ¿kdf kfqx¿sf] hLjg–36gfsf] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\–……Tof]





tl:j/, ?Gr] ;fsL{, df+;n, ;8s, cFWof/f]–pHofnf]ÚÚsf syf;f/ / kfqx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . ……;j{e"t]if' dft[¿k]0f ;+l:ytf, lr/ k|tLIffdf ;/;f]tL, klxnf] cfuGt'sdf gf/L dg, kfl/jfl/s ;d:of, ;fdflhs–cj:yfsf 36gfqmdsf j0f{g 5g\ . ……k|]o;Lsf] OR5f / Clifs'df/sf] ufx{:Yo k|j]zÚÚdf g/–gf/Lsf] lr/–ljifo k|]d, hLjg, ljjfx, ;Gtfg k|flKtsf zfZjt ljifo 5g\ . kfqx¿sf] hLjgsf ;fwf/0f 36gf / j0f{g 5g\, ;fdfGo–ljifosf 5g\, lsGt' ;j{;fwf/0f jf cfd dflg;sf hLjgdf 36\g] 36gfqmdx¿ x'g\ oL . syfsf/sf] syf–n]vg, kfqx¿sf] rog / k|:t'lt ;fdfGo hLjg / ;dfh;fk]If 5g\ . pgsf sltko syfx¿nfO{ /fhg}lts jfb–jfbLo ;}4flGts ljrf/sf kgkIfLo b[li6n] cWoog u/] pgnfO{ k|ultzLn n]vs jf hgjfbLo /rgfsf/sf ¿kdf klg JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 lsGt' n]vs slj jf ;|i6fnfO{ ljrf/sf] aGbLu[xdf /fVg] d]/f] clek|fo 5}g . o; cy{df ljifo–syfgssf] k[i7e"ld, syf jf rl/qx¿sf] ;Gbe{ / k[i7efu, n]vssf] syf–n]vgsf] clek|fo, 36gf / kfqx¿sf] k|:t'lt cflb h:tf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cWoog ug{ ;s] syf k7gkf7gsf] /f]rs :jfb / cfgGb k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] clek|fo d]/f] 5 . kf7sn] vf]h]sf] jf rfx]sf] cg'dflgt cy{, cfˆg} ts{gf jf kl/sNkgf, cy{ clg jfb–jfbLo l;4fGtsf] w/ftnaf6 syf cWoog u/] /rgf–;|i6f k|lt cGofo x'ghfG5, o:tf] wf/0ff d df 5}g klg .

syfdf k|of]u ePsf s]xL pkdf / jfSof+zaf6 syfsf/sf] efiff–n]vg lzNksf] nflu s]xL p4/0f ug{ rfxG5' M–-!_ o'jssf] cg'xf/ nfnLu'/fF;em}+ kmlqmof] / pgsf cfFvfx¿ ToxL u'/fF;sf] t/]nLdf v]ln/xg] zLtsf yf]kfx¿ em}+=====-k[i7 #_-@_ =====d}n] ?Gr]sf] d'hfd'hf kl/;s]sf] ufnfdf laxfgsf] slnnf] 3fdsf] /d0fLo :kz{ b]v]+, -k[i7 !(_-#_ =====xfF; 9Ns]em}+ 9Ns]sf 6«s–6«ofS6/ cfpFbf -k[i7 %&_-$_ =====sl/8f]/df a;]sf] afnsnfO{ anft\ ;dft]/ ck/fwLnfO{ cbfntL s73/fdf pEofP em}+=====-k[i7 &@_-%_ cfh cu:Ton] nf]kfd'b|fnfO{ v/fgLaf6 lg:s]sf] t]lhnf] clUg:km'lnËsf ¿kdf b]v] . -k[i7 &&_;f/f+;df eGg ;lsG5–

…Tof] t:jL/Ú syfn] kf7ssf] ;xfg'e"lt / s?0ff hufpF5, 36gf Åboljbf/s 5, ;do–;fk]If / l;kfxLsf] hLjgsf hLjGt If0fx¿ 5g\, …;j{e"t]if' dft[¿k]0f ;+l:ytfÚ df zf]if0f / ;Qf b'¿kof]u 5, uf}/Lk|lt kf7ssf] ;xfg'e"lt hfG5, dfgjLo k|]d, 3[0ff, s?0ff, jfT;No, gf/L–dgsf ;Gbe{x¿ 5g\, …cFWof/f]–pHofnf]dfÚ ;fdflhs cfly{s leGgtf / ljk/Lt cj:yfsf j0f{g 5 . …;8sÚdf cGofo, /fhgLltsf] unt cy{–cYof{O, zf]if0f, u/LaLsf] k|ToIf j0f{g 5g\ . …k|]o;Lsf] OR5fÚ / …Clif s'df/sf] ufx{:Yo k|j]zÚ df k|]d, ;Gtfgk|flKtsf] cfzf, OR5f, dgf]sfdgf, t[i0ff, ckx/0fsf j0f{g 5g\ . k|To]s syfsf rrf{df s]xL g s]xL ;fdflhs, dfgjLo, ;do–;fk]If, rl/q–kfqsf 36gf pNn]vgLo 5g\ .

ca cGtdf, k|f/Ded} zLif{s /fv]sf] pQ/–cfw'lgstfsf] ;ldf eTsfPsf syfx¿af/] 5f]6f] rrf{, klZrdL b]zx¿df pQ/–cf}Bf]uLs/0f, clws–kF'hL (Surplus-money), oflGqsLs/0f–hLjgk4lt, j}1flgs / k|fljlws pGglt, pklgj]zjfbsf] ktg, s]Gb|Lotfsf] ¥xf; jf s]Gb|sf] vf]hL, Jofkf/Ls/0f, ;fdflhs kIfsf] cg'kl:ylt, j}1flgs jf oflGqs syfgs / rl/qx¿ (Science





fiction and robots, computer games, manequins)n] NofPsf kl/jt{g, df}lns kIfsf] ¥xf;n] lrqsnf, l;g]df hut, pBf]u–Jofkf/ clg ;dfh–kIf tyf ljrf/kIfdf 7"nf] k|efj kf¥of] . ;dfGt/ syf n]vg l;g]df lgdf{0f (Casablanca–cult) lrqsnfdf oflGqstf / k|ljlwsf] 7"nf] k|efj k¥of] . o:tf syf–n]vg, l;g]df–syf, lrqx¿ cflbdf jt{dfg jf ;d;fdlos tŒjx¿sf] cg'kl:ylt x'G5, hLjGt dfgjLo kfqx¿sf] k|:t'lt x'Gg . pbfx/0fsf] nflu lj1fg syf, sDKo'6/–v]nsf /f]rs kfq / jftfj/0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . dfgjLo / hLjgsf zfZjt tŒj / kIfx¿sf] k|:t'lt / k|ltlglwTj x'Gg . hLjGt kfqx¿sf] cfFz'–xfF;f], k|]d–hLjg, ljjfx, kl/jf/sf ;d:of clg dfgjLo pNnf; cfgGb, j]bgf–s?0ff, kL8f–Joyf, b'Mv–;'v / 3[0ff, ;Dj]bgf, /fu–cg'/fu, lj5f]8–Joyf tyf JolQm–kl/jf/sf] dfof–df]xsf] ;DaGwsf rrf{–j0f{g jf k|:t'lt x'Gg, k|f0fL jf dfgjLo hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt ef]s–Kof;, ef}lts jf zfZjt t[i0ff jf k|]d, efj–efjgfTds–;+j]u–cfj]u, 7u–7uL–wf]vf / ;xof]usf j0f{g–rrf{–k|:t'lt kfOb}g . o;sf] ljk/Lt–l;4fGt, j}rfl/s jfb ljrf/, j}olQms ts{–ts{gf, sNkgf–kl/sNkgf, j}olQms, JofVof–kl/efiff cflwSo ¿kdf x'G5g\ . hLjg, kl/jf/, ;dfh, dfgj–kfqx¿sf zfZjt, cfWoflTds kIfx¿sf] rrf{–k|:t'lt x'Gg . ljZjhgLg jf a|Dxf08Lo ;To, hLjg / ;dfhsf 3l6t ;Totfx¿ x'b}g, o; cy{df 8f=b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bLsf syfx¿ pQ/–cfw'lgstfsf kl/efiff / JofVofdf kb}{gg\, pgsf syfx¿df hLjGt–kfqx¿ 5g\, kl/jf/ / ;dfhsf 36gf 5g\, dfgjLo jf ljZjhgLg k|]d, /fu–å]if, xif{–pNnf;, kL8f–Joyf, ;xfg'e"lt–s?0ff, cfFz'–xfF;f], 7u–7uL, Joyf–j]bgf, ;xfg'e"lt–;Dj]bgsf j0f{g / k|:t'lt 5g\ h'g tŒjx¿ pQ/–cfw'lgstfsf ;Ldfleq kb}{gg\ . o; ;Gbe{ / cy{df pQ/–cfw'lgstfsf] ;Ldf eTsfPsf syfx¿ egL rrf{ ul/Psf] xf] .

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;flxlTos kqsfl/tf klg xf] . ;flxlTos kqsfl/tfsf] Oltxf; vf]tNg] xf] eg] cf}+nfdf uGg ;lsg] yf]/} dfq JolQmx¿ e]6\g ;lsG5 . x'gt u5'{ eGg]x¿ y'k|} /x]klg lg/Gt/tf lbg eg] ;a}n] ;s]sf 5}gg\ . /fHoaf6 nueu cg'Tkflbt If]q 7fGg] k|j[lQn] klg of] If]q pk]Iffdf k/]sf] 5 . efiff ;flxTo / ;flxlTos kqsfl/tfdf lg/Gt/ nflu/xg] JolQm x'g\ r"8fdl0f /]UdL . g]kfnsf] k"jL{ l;dfgfdf /x]/ oL sfo{ ug'{ rfgr'g] s'/f eg] xf]Og . g]kfnL ;flxlTos kqsfl/tfsf If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofO;s]sf /]UdLsf af/]df ljleGg JolQmn] n]v]sf s'/fnfO{ ;d]6]/ k':tssf] ¿kdf k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . em/\/f] g]kfnL efiffsf cu|0fL /]UdL ax'k|ltef ePsf JolQm x'g\ . ;w}+ ;sf/fTds ;f]r af]Sg], cfˆgf] If]qdf lg/Gt/ nflu/xg] ePsfn] cfˆgf] p2]Zodf ;kmn ePsf x'g\ . afn–aflnsfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg, o'jfnfO{ cj;/, dlxnfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf ePsf JolQm x'g\ /]UdL . o:tf k|ltefzfnL JolQmsf af/]df n]lvPsf c;+Vo n]vx¿sf] ;+ufnf] …





r"8fdl0f /]UdL clegGbgu|GyÚ ;a}sf nflu dfu{lgb]{zs aGg ;S5 . o; k':ts leq /x]sf s]xL s'/fx¿nfO{ p7fpg] hdsf]{ ub}{5' .

;+:d/0f, JolQmTj rrf{, syfx¿sf] ;dLIff, sfJo ;dLIff, lgjGw ;dLIff, ;flxlTos kqsfl/tf / ;dfnf]rgfTds k|j[lQ ;dLIff, xf:o Joª\Uosf/ r"8fdl0f, s]xL ;+lIfKt /rgfx¿, sljtf uLt / z'esfdgfdf r"8fdl0f, g]kfnL efiff / k|:tfljt j0f{ ljGof;, cGtjf{tf{, ljljw / lr6\7L kqx¿ zLif{sdf sl/j !*% ;h{sx¿n] /]UdLsf af/]df cfˆgf wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . @)!@ ;fnaf6 ;flxTo ofqfdf nfu] klg /]UdLn] k':ts eg] @)%) ;fndf dfq k|sfzg u/] . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] cfˆgf] k':ts eGbf klg ;+u7gsf ¿kdf lgs} alnof b]lvG5g\ . ;d"xut ¿kdf cufl8 nDsg'k5{ eGg] ;f]r af]s]sf /]UdLsf ljljw kf6fx¿nfO{ o; u|Gy dfkm{t\ k9\g ;lsG5 .

…cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTosf lgjGw, ;dfnf]rgf, syf, xf:oJoª\Uo, efiff Jofs/0f h:tf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] ljsf;df gofF k|of]ux¿ ub}{ clg ;+:yfut ¿kaf6} ;flxlTos hfu/0fdf ;lqmo /xFb} cfPsf r"8fdl0f /]UdLsf ax'kIfLo of]ubfgx¿af/] xfd|f ;flxlTos Oltxf;sf/x¿af6 ;d'lrt d"Nofª\sg x'gg;s]sf] b]lvG5 / o; cy{df jxfFk|lt s]xL cGofo g} x'guPsf] 5 . ljutdf o;sf h] sf/0fx¿ ePklg ca eg] jxfFsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f d"Nofª\sg ug]{ a]nf cfO;s]sf] 5 . >L /]UdLn] cem;Dd b]zsf cg]sf}+ gofF k'/fgf k|ltefx¿sf] ;Ddfg ub}{ cfP, ca xfdLn] klg pgsf] ;Ddfg u/]/ cfˆgf] bfloTj jxg ug'{kb{5 .Ú …r"8fdl0f /]UdL clegGbgu|GyÚ leq jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ uf]ljGb e§n] JoQm ug'{ePsf zAbx¿ d}n] oxfF ;fk6lnPsf] x'F . ax'd'vL k|ltef ePsf /]UdL oyfy{jfbL ;flxTodf ljZjf; /fVb5g\ . o; u|Gydf /]UdLsf ;a} kIfx¿nfO{ ljleGg ljåfgx¿åf/f Ps Ps u/]/ s]nfOPsf] 5 . ;a}sf gh/df /fd|f 7xl/Psf /]UdL g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf w/f]x/ g} x'g\ ;a}sf] oxL cledt /x]sf] 5 o; u|Gydf . ;flxTosf/x¿n] ljleGg ;dodf /]UdLnfO{ n]v]sf lr7\7Lkq klg o; u|Gydf k9\g ;lsG5 . jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ sdndl0f bLlIftn] n]Vg' ePsf] Pp6f lr7\7L x]/f}+ M–…r"8fdl0f /]UdLn] ug{ nfu]sf] sfddf z'esfdgfx¿ k7fO 6f]kNg' eg]sf] lbpF;f] kfg;df aQL afNg' h:t} xf] eGg] nfU5 dnfO{ . Pshgf JolQmn], Pp6f …lg/Lx k|f0fLÚn] sqf] sfd ul//x]5 Tof] cfFSg] xf] eg] o;/L z'esfdgf dfq k7fP/ x'Fb}g . ;Sg] eP ;xof]u ug'{k5{, g;Sg] eP cg';/0f ug'{k5{ . z'esfdgf dfq k7fP/ sfd 6fg'{ x'Fb}g . gn]Vg] dfG5]nfO{ n]Vg l;sfP/, n]Vg]x¿nfO{ 5kfP/, x'6x'6L nufP/, s[lt hGdfP/ yfs]sfx¿nfO{ xf}:ofP/, clegGbg u/]/, ljz]iffª\s lgsfn]/ r"8fdl0f …u'?Ún] h]] ug'{ePsf] 5, h] ub}{ x'g'x'G5 To;sf] xfdLn] klg cg';/0f ug'{k5{, pxfFsf] klg clegGbg ug'{k5{ . cg';/0f / clegGbg g} xf] pxfFnfO{ z'esfdgf eg]sf] . k"j{sf] Hof]lt xf] r"8fdl0f /]UdL . To; Hof]ltsf] pHofnfdf xfdL klg s]xL u/f}+ .Ú

xf], ;fFRr} g} sdndl0fHo"n] eg] h:t} k"j{sf Hof]lt g} x'g\ /]UdL . xfdLn] ToxL Hof]ltnfO{ cg';/0f ub}{ cfˆgf] dfu{ cufl8 a9fpg' kb{5 . o:tf u|Gysf] w]/} g} dxTj x'g] ub{5 . Pp6f ;fwgf/t JolQmsf] ;fFrf] clegGbg oxL g} xf] . ;Ktsf]zL ;fKtflxs, O6x/Ln] k|sfzgdf NofPsf] o; u|Gysf] lgs} pkof]lutf /xg] 5 . ;Ktsf]zL ;fKtflxssf k|wfg ;Dkfbs s[i0fk|;fb cl3sf/L / ;xof]uLx¿sf] of] k|of; ;fy{s /x]sf] 5 . 5'6]sf] 5ftf





xf:oJoª\ofTds lgjGw n]vgsf If]qdf cfˆgf] pRrtf agfO;s]sf JolQmTj x'g\ g/]Gb|/fh kf}8]n . o; ljwfdf cfˆgf] pRrtf sfod} /fv]klg ;flxTosf ljljw ljwfdf pgsf] snd plQs} rn]sf] b]lvG5 . ;flxTo n]vgsf] If]qdf sljtfaf6 g} k|j]z u/]sf kf}8]nn] xfn klg ;flxTosf ljljw ljwfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . @)#( ;fndf klxnf] sljtf s[lt 5l/Psf 6'qmfx¿ k|sfzg ePsf] lyof] . k':ts k|sfzgs} qmddf sljtf–@, xf:oJoª\Uo–%, ;dLIff–!, lgofqf–@, syf–% ul/ hDdf kGw|j6f k':tsx¿ k|sflzt e};s]sf 5g\ kf}8]nsf .

@)#$ ;fndf g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgåf/f cfof]lht sljtf dxf]T;jdf k|yd ePsf kf}8]nsf] kl5Nnf] s[lt …5'6]sf] 5ftfÚ xf:oJoª\Uo lgjGw;ª\u|x k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . d}n] k|;ª\u hf]8\g vf]h]sf] klg oxL ;ª\u|xsf] xf] . ;flxTodf :jflbnf] r6gLsf] ¿kdf o; ljwfnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . kf}8]nn] xf:o ldl>t Joª\UofTds lgjGwx¿;Fu v]Nb} ;dfhsf ofjt oyfy{nfO{ vf]tln/x]sf 5g\ . l;w} eGbf cln vNnf] nfUg] ePsf]n] klg 3'dfp/f] tl/sfaf6 cleJoQm ePsf kf}8]nsf oL lgjGw cToGt k|efjzfnL /x]sf 5g\ .

…5'6]sf] 5ftfÚ k':ts leq @% cf]6f lgjGw /x]sf 5g\ . o; s[lt leq k|j]z ubf{ oxL ;dfhleq /x]sf k[ys\ 36gfqmdx¿, dfgjLo hLjgdf 36\g] b}lgs lqmofsnfkx¿ h:tf k|d'v ljifoj:t' g} d"n ¿kdf e]l6G5g\ . …5'6]sf] 5ftfÚ k':tssf] klxnf] lgjGw xf] o;}sf] zLif{saf6 k':tssf] gfd /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf ljljw If]qdf /x]sf ljs[lt / lj;ª\ultx¿n] xfdLnfO{ cfqmfGt kfl//x]sf 5g\ . To;df klg dfG5]sf g}lts sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ dfG5] cfkm}+ ktgsf sf/s tTj ag]sf s}of}+ pbfx/0f xfdL dfFem hfHjNo eP/ /x]sf 5g\, oL g} ljifoj:t'x¿sf] oyfy{ lrq0f ul/Psf kf}8]nsf oL lgjGwx¿ ;fFRr} pTs[i6 /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL dfgl;stfsf ljljw cfofdx¿ pgsf lgjGwx¿df e]l6G5g\ . nfU5 of] k':ts k9\bf k|To]s g]kfnLsf cfd ef]ufO{ 5n{Ë x'G5g\ . n]vs cfkm}+ kfq ag]/ n]lvPsf oL lgjGwn] ;dfhsf ljs[ltx¿sf] pl5Qf] sf9]sf klg 5g\ . o;} ;ª\u|xleq /x]sf] …5'6]sf] 5ftfÚ zLif{ssf] lgjGwdf, l;Ëfk'/ e|d0fdf uPsf jvt\ a]8s k|x/L yfgfsL dlxnf P;\=kL=n] pkxf/ lbPsf] 5ftf n]vsn] cfˆgf] b]zdf x/fP . of] n]vssf] oyfy{ ef]ufO{ xf] . ;fgf] ;fgf] s'/fdf nf]e ug]{ g]kfnL dfgl;stfsf] gd"gfdfq xf] of] . n]vsn] klg oxL ;dfhdf kf}+7fhf]/L v]ln/x]sf 5g\, ofjt ef]ufOx¿nfO{ ef]lu/x]sf 5g\, ltg} ef]ufOnfO{ Joª\UofTds z}nLdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\, …5'6]sf] 5ftfÚk':ts dfkm{t\ .

pgL Pp6f sljsf] ;kgfsf] s'/f u5{g\, k':tsx¿df n]lvg] e"ldsfsf] af/]df e}/x]sf] ljs[ltsf] af/]df k|xf/ u5{g\ . b]v] klg gb]v] h:t} u/]/ s';L{df 6fFl;O/xg] g]tfx¿sf] af/]df n]V5g\ . ;/sf/L of]hgfdf /dfO/x]sf sd{rf/L / ef]s /f]un] ql;t hgtfsf ef]ufO{x¿sf] s'/f u5{g\ . jt{dfg kl/j]z;Fu} df}nfPsf /fhgLlts ljs[ltx¿sf] bf]xf]nf] sf9\5g\ . ;w}+ ;fF9] ag]/ a;]sf] l;+xb/jf/ leqsf] rfnrng b]lv lbSs 5g\ . x]/f}+ Ps c+zM– …ToxfF cfpg], a:g], 6]lan 7f]Sg] ;a} 7"nfa8f dfq x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ dxf/fh rGb|zdz]/n] ef/bf/L ;efsf nflu agfPsf] 3/ g} w/f]x/ aGg k'u]sf] 5 . ;o jif{ lalt;Stf klg To;n] y]lulbg' k¥of5 . k~r–ck~rb]lv u0ftGq;Ddsf gfosx¿ s;}n] csf]{ agfpg] lxDdt u/]g . s;}n] cfjZos b]v]g . v'n:t eGbf lzjeSt ;fF9]x¿ ;+xf/df ljZjf; u5{g\ . s'g} s'/f agfpg of ;kfg{ xf]Og laufg{ dfq hfGb5g\ . 8'qmg] / vf]l;|g] clwsf/ kfPsf ;fF9]x¿sf] l;h{gf wd{ xf]Og Sof/] . efªe'ª, 8fª8'ª /0fgLlt xf] eg] etfe'Ë, nyflnË pgLx¿sf] sfo{gLlt xf] h:tf] nfU5 . hf] clxn] kof{Kt dfqfdf b]Vg ;lsG5 .Ú





…5'6]sf] 5ftfÚleq o:t} /f]rs, 3f]rs t/ oyfy{k/s ljifo j:t' ePsf /rgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . dglrGt] efF8f]sf] ¿kdf df]jfOn kmf]gnfO{ lnG5g\ . of] lngsf] nflu nfu]sf] nfOg b]v]/ rlst ePsf n]vs o;}nfO{ ljifoa:t' agfP/ n]V5g\ . x'gt xfdLn] xfd|f] ;dfhdf /x]sf sltko g/fd|f s'/fnfO{ 5f]8\b} hfg' kg]{ xf] . xfdLn] To;f] ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . h] ePklg xf] df xf] ldnfP/ nfU5f}+ . xfdL r]tgzLn eP/ klg r]tgf u'dfO/x]sf 5f}+ To;sf/0f xfdL kl5 k/]sf xf}+ . Pp6f ljrf/sf] /fhgLlt eGbf klg cxd\tfdf ljZjf; ul//x]sf 5f}+ . cfˆgf] ljrf/ nfb]/ csf{sf] ljrf/nfO{ ;'Gg ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . x/fpFb} uPsf] ljj]sk|lt n]vssf] klg oxL lrGtf xf] . ;flxTosf ljljw ljwfdfkm{t\ k|:t't ePsf kf}8]nsf /rgf lgs} ;fy{s / ;do;fk]If /x]sf 5g\ . pgsf lgjGw k9\bf xfdLn] ef]u]sf s'/fg} d"n ¿kdf b]vf kb{5g\ . b}lgs ¿kdf ef]luPsf ;"Id s'/fx¿nfO{ s]nfPsf 5g\ . ToxfF k'Ug ;fwf/0f cfFvfn] b]Vb}g . Pp6f n]vsn] oL ;a} s'/f b]lv/x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] n]vs ;a}nfO{ dfu{lgb]{zg ug{;S5 . ljleGg klqsfx¿df k|sflzt e};s]sf / 5l/Psf /rgfnfO{ l;Ëf] k':tssf ¿kdf …5'6]sf] 5ftfÚleq k9\g ;lsG5 . /Tgk':ts e08f/n] k|sflzt u/]sf] …5'6]sf] 5ftfÚ k':ts ;a}sf nflu k7gLo /x]sf] 5 .

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Ufhndf efiffsf] ô'hg–…;donfO{ ;nfdÚDffwj l3ld/]

Gf]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;nfO{ kms]{/ x]bf{ uhn ljwf dfWolds sfnsf] ljlzi6 k|flKt xf] . o;sf] >]o df]tL/fd e§nfO{ lbOG5 . of] cToGt ;fGble{s / :jfefljs 36gf xf] . …uhnÚ d"n ¿kdf pb"{ efiff ;flxTosf] dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw xf] . lsgls o;sf lgodx¿ ;a} pb"{ efiffdf g} clÍt 5g\Ù To;}u/L h;/L g]kfnL efiffsf 5Gbf]a4 kB sljtf ;+:s[t efiff ;flxTosf …5GbÚ lgoddf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . tyflk jt{dfg ;Gbe{df pb"{ afx]s w]/} efiffdf …uhnÚ n]lvPsf 5g\, eljiodf klg of] qmddf lg/Gt/tf eO/xg] 5 .

Gf]kfnL efiffdf e]/} ;|i6fx¿n] …uhnÚ n]v]sf 5g\ . of] qmd w]/} nfdf] x'g;S5 . o;} >[ª\vnfdf wL/]Gb| k|]difL{ klg cfpF5g\ . ljj]Ro s[lt …;donfO{ ;nfdÚ Pp6f uhn ;+u|x xf] . /fi6«slj dfwjk|;fb l3ld/]n] …k|]difL{sf] dft[efiff d}lynL xf] . pgL d}lynLdf uLt klg n]V5g\ / d}lynLdf ;kgf klg b]V5g\ . g]kfnL efiffdf ;kgf b]V5g\–b]Vb}gg\, pg} hfg'g, t/ uLt rflx+ g]kfnLdf klg n]V5g\Ú eg]em}+ g]kfnLdf Joª\Uo sljtf n]vg / jfrgaf6 g]kfnL kf7s ;fd' kl/lrt ePsf wL/Gb| /fd|f] pb\3f]if ug]{ JolQmTj klg x'g\ . …l;:g'kfgLÚ ;d"xaf6 nf]slk|otfsf] lzv/df k'Ug ;kmn wL/]Gb|sf sljtf, uLt, uhnsf] d"n k|j[lQ Joª\UofTds …r]tÚ g} xf] . o;}sf] emNsf] k|:t't uhnx¿df emlNsg' c:jfefljs xf]Og . …lxh} h:tf] km]l/Ú df–……lxh}h:tf] km]l/ hfnem]n rNg yfNof]v'§f tfGg] k'/fg} Tof] v]n rNg yfNof] X X X

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JoQm ePsf oL uhnx¿af6 pQm s'/fsf] k'li6 x'G5 . t/klg oxfF ;ª\u|lxt uhnx¿df k|]d, k|0fo, cefj, c;Gtf]if, cfzf, kL8f h:tf efjx¿ klg cToGt ;xh, ;/n / snfTds z}nLdf JoQm ePsf 5g\ .

uhn ;ª\u||xsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf]–eflifs ;+of]hg, g]kfnL / d}lynL efiffsf 7]6 zAbx¿sf] ;+of]hg clt /fd|f];Fu ePsf] 5Ù h'g dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . s]xL gd"gf x]/f}+–em'n 6fFuL x'Gg ca, nfdv'§] wkfpgsl;Ë/ y'kf/]/ em§} 3"/ afNg' k¥of]X X XDff6f]df g} dlGb/ b]Vg] …rlnQ/Ú n] klg caAfln lbg] …uxa/Ú df /], ;f9];ftL s6]kl5X X XEffjgfsf] r'gf;Fu} zAb–;"lt{ df8Ls:tf] :jfb cfpFYof], a'Gbf uhnsf] /f8LX X X

o;/L b'O{ efiffsf] ;+of]hgdfq geP/ ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fsf] d]n ePsf 5g\ oL uhnx¿ . …lxGbLÚ efiffsf uhnx¿df pb'{ zAbsf] k|efj / efjn] uhnsf] ljlzi6tf emlNsP em}+ oxfFklg d}lynL zAbn] pxL sfd u/]sf] 5 eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf . g]kfnL uhnsf kf/vLx¿n] d}lynL ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f a'‰g ca …3"/Ú …uxa/Ú nfO{ a'‰g} kg]{ x'G5, gq uhnsf] cf:jfb s;/L kfOG5 .

ljleGg zLif{sdf ;d]l6Psf ^^ uhnx¿ a]Unfa]Un} efjx¿ cleJoQm ug{ ;Ifd 5g\ . P;=;L=;'dgsf] lrqfÍgn] uhnnfO{ cem hLjGt / ;'Gb/ agfPsf] 5 . k|To]s uhndf clÍt lrqn] efjnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbPsf] 5 . /fi6«slj dfwj k|;fb l3ld/], 8f=s[i0fxl/ a/fn, b]jL g]kfn, bLks v8\sf, P;=;L=;'dg / :jo+ uhnsf/ wL/]Gb| k|d]ifL{sf cleJolQmx¿af6 ;ª\u|x leqsf uhnx¿ jf/] lgs} dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L kf7sn] kfpg] x'gfn] ;fGble{s / :jfefljs 5 .

cfj/0f k[i7, 5kfO, cflb ;a}s'/f pTs[i6 5g\ . o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ s[lt hg;dIf NofOlbg] jfª\do;]jL k|sfzs hLjf nfld5fg]nfO{ hlt wGojfb lbPklg k'Ub}g

;xk|fWofks, lqrGb| SofDk;, sf7df8f}+kmf]g M $$#!%#&

af¿bsf w"jfFleqsf s[i0f kxf/Ll8NnL/fh cof{n

gf/Lsf] af]nL,gf/L;Fusf] af]nL,cyjf gf/L;Fusf] s'/fsfgL eGg] a'lemg] uhn c/aL zAb xf] .

uhnsf] cnu cnu cy{af6 of] zAb ag]s]f b]lvG5 . sf]dntf, k|]dk/stf / /l;stf g} o;sf d"n dd{ b]lvG5g\ . /l;stf / sf]dntfs} sf/0faf6 x'g'k5{ uhnn] z[Ëf/ kIfnfO{ cFufn]sf] b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|rng c/aLaf6 ePsf] eP klg kmf/;L,pb"{ ,lxGbL x'Fb} o;n] g]kfnL efiffdf ;d]t /fd}| 7fpF agfPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf uhn ufogsf] k|rng ef/tsf] d'un /fHosfns} ;]/f]km]/f]lt/af6 ePsf] kfOP klg n]vg k/Dk/feg] df]tL/fd e§sf] ;dolt/af6 z'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . pb"{ uhnsf] k|f/De /f]bsLaf6 ePsf] / cdL/ v';/f],z]v zfbL cflbaf6 o;n] pGglt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lxGbL ;flxTodf ef/t]Gb'





xl/ZrGb|,d}lynLz/0f u'Kt, hozÍ/ k|;fb h:tf ljlzi6 ;flxTosf/x¿n] ;d]t uhn n]vgdf of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ .

ef/tdf d'un ;fd|fHosf] pbo;Fu} pgLx¿sf] dgf]/~hgfy{ uhn ufogsf] k/Dk/f al;;s]sf] eP klg g]kfndf 8anLdf lyP6/ x]g]{,uLt–uhn ;'Gg] k|rng /f0ffsfns} xf/fxf/L b]lv k|rlnt ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ;Dks{,;+;u{n] ef/tLo k/Dk/fsf] k|efjaf6 g]kfndf klg uhn ufogsf] z'?jft ePsf] b]lvG5 . ufog k/Dk/fsf] ;do ls6fg ug{ cK7]/f] eP klg n]vg k/Dk/f eg] df]tL/fds} ;do b]lv z'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . agf/;df k9\g a;]sf df]tL/fd e6\6, ltgsf ldqx¿sf] d08nL df]tL d08nL / ltgsf k|efjdf k/]sf ;|i6fx¿n] uhn n]vgsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ cl3 a9fP . Toltj]nfb]lv uf]kLgfy nf]xgL, ldq;]g, nIdLbQ kGt, /Tgnfn,g/b]j h:tf uhnsf/x¿ o; sfo{df h'6] . zDe'k|;fb 9'Ë]n, eLdlglw ltjf/L,n]vgfy kf}8\ofn cflbsf ;d]t uhn / uhn k|s[ltsf sljtf g]kfnL efiffdf k|z:t} kfOg' To;s} kl/0flt xf] eGg ;lsG5 .

;dfhsf] kl/jt{gl;t} z'?df k|Llto'Qm jftf{nfk cyjf z[Ëf/d"ns cleJolQmsf ¿kdf lrlgPsf] uhn k/Dk/f oltj]nf Psbd} af?b, aGb's / adsf cleJolQm;Dd tflgO;s]sf] 5 . snf snfs} nflu xf] eGg] egfOaf6 hLjgsf nflu xf] eGg] egfOlt/ cu|tf kfO/x]sf] cfhsf] oyfy{ uhndf klg nfu" x'G5 .cfhsf] uhnn] s'g} Pp6f dfGotf jf k/Dk/fut ljifoj:t'df dfq cfˆgf] pkl:ylt b]vfPsf] 5}g . of] t gofF gofF / km/s km/s ljifoj:t'df pkl:ylt b]vfpFb} o'jfju{sf] d'6'sf] 9's9'sL ag]/ /x]sf] 5 . kf]v/fyf]s kfNkfsf ;|i6f s[i0f kxf/Lsf uhnx¿n] oxL gofF k/Dk/f ;d]tnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf 5g\ .

k]zfn] :jf:Yo / ;~rf/sdL{ /x]sf kxf/L s]zj/fh kxf/L tyf lji0f' s'df/L kxf/Lsf k'qsf ¿kdf kf]v/fyf]s @ kfNkfdf hGd]sf x'g\ . ;/ntf / ;fbfkgdf /Dg] kxf/Lsf] uhn ;+u|x …af?bsf w"jfFx¿Ú g]kfnL ;flxTo dlGb/df ylkPsf] Pp6f kfsf] OF6f xf] .

of] uhn ;+u|xnfO{ ;/;tL{ x]bf{ &) j6f uhnl;t &) k[i7d} ;+u|x ePsf] b]lvG5 . z'?sf !( k[i7 ;Dd cfˆgf Pj+ ;+3 ;+:yf jf JolQmsf tkm{af6 ;+u|xsfaf/]df cfˆgf wf/0ff;lxt ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . cfsif{s cfj/0f ;lxtsf] of] k':tsleq x]bf{ kxf/Lsf] ljrf/,efjgf / z}nLsf] ;du|tf a'‰g ;lsG5 . clwsf+z g]kfnLsf 3/df u/LaL, ef]s,/f]u b]v]sf kxf/Lsf uhndf To;sf] /fd|f] k|:t'lt x'g' cgf}7f] geP/ :jfefljs} x'G5 . To;sf] k"0f{ cg'e"lt pgsf uhndf b]lvG5—k]6el/ vfg 5}g cfkm}+nfO{ a]Rbf klg ;j{xf/f g]kfnLn] vf]h]sf] 5 dfd xh'/

To;}u/L cfˆgf] rfxgfsf] cleJolQmsf qmddf pgL n]V5g\—sfF9fx¿ kG5fP/ ltd}| uf]/]6f]df ;f}Gbo{sf] km"n l6kL 5g{ kfP x'GYof]

k|0fo k|]dsf s'/f t uhnsf] d"n r'/f] g} dflgG5 / Tof] o'jfx¿sf] cGt/df n's]/ a:g' :jfefljs} xf] . To;sf] k|s6Ls/0f klg pgsf sndaf6 ePsf 5g\ . k|]ldsfsf] ¿k/flzaf6 df]lxt ePsf] gfossf] efj pgsf] uhndf o;/L k|s6 x'G5—gfuj]nL r'N7f] clg ltd|f] ¿k b]VbfaGwgdf ltdLnfO{ a]¿F h:tf] nfU5 .





kxf/Lsf dgdf nf]stflGqs o'¢sf] ;f]r 5 t/ Tof] o'¢ dfG5] df/]/ ul/g] o'¢sf ¿kdf xf]Og eGg] ;+s]t u5{g\ . gofF k':tfsf] ;f]r / pT;fx pgL l5kfpGgg\ a? To;nfO{ uhnsf dfWodaf6 JoQm u5{g\ .nf]stGq axfnLsf] gf/f 3GsfpFb} ufpF ufpF ca krf{ 5g{ hfpmF lx8 .dfg'{ x'Gg bfh'efO hlt eg] klgaGb'sdf tftf] uf]nL eg]{nfO{ ;nfd .

o;/L kxf/Lsf uhndf b]lvg] ljifout ljljwtf, nofTdstf, u]o u'0f, o'¢, zflGt, dfof, k|]d, Jojxf/ tyf ;dfhsf rrf{ kl/rrf{ cflbn] of] ;+u|xnfO{ uxlsnf] agfPsf 5g\ . cfh o; k|sf/sf] rrf{n] b]z 3Gs]sf] 5 / b]zel/ p7]sf o:t} rrf{df uhn dfkm{t\ uhnsf/ af]n]sf 5g\ .

o;leq $ b]lv & z]/ ;Ddsf uhn ;+slnt 5g\ h;dWo] & z]/sf] !, ^ z]/sf %, % z]/sf !$ / afFsL ;a} ^ z]/sf /x]sf 5g\ . lahf]8f %.&.(z]/ x'g] / k|]dk/s x'g] k/Dk/f eGbf leGg oyfy{k/s, ljb|f]xfTds, / zflGtlk|o efj af]s]sf uhn ;dflji6 5g\ . uhnn] kmf/;L :j¿keGbf leGg g]kfnL :j¿k wf/0f u/]sf] 5 .

efj ;+k|]if0fLotfnfO{ g} d"n¿kdf x]l/g] x'gfn] /rgfsf] d"NofÍg klg To;s} cfwf/df ul/g] k/Dk/f 5 . eflifs ;Gt'ng, o'u;fk]If ljifoj:t' / ;dsfnLg ;Gbe{sf] hnkn] ;+u|xnfO{ ;hfpg] k|of; /fd|f] u/L ul/Psf] 5 .

h;/L dfG5]sf] z/L/sf],;Lksf],afgL / Jojxf/sf],Pj+ k|ltefsf] ;'Gb/tf km/s–km/s sf]0faf6 x]/]/ 7DofOG5 To;}u/L ;flxTosf] ;'Gb/tf klg km/s–km/s b[li6sf]0faf6 x]/]/ 7Dofpg ;lsG5 .

;du|df eGg'kbf{ o; ;+u|xleqsf uhnx¿ 5Gb -ax/_ zf:qLo cfwf/df gePklg nofTdstfdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . /bLkm ;lxtsf / /lxtsf, tvNn'; k|of]u ul/Psf / gul/Psf, sflkmof b'?:t /x]sf / g/x]sf klg 5g\ . vf;u/L df}lnstf, cg'e"ltsf] tLa|tf uhnk|ltsf] ;dk{0f efj / df]x kxf/Ldf b]lvG5 . ;kmntfsf] dfu{df a9\g cfjZos w]/} tTjx¿+ b]lvPsfn] pgsf] uhnsfl/tfn] ;kmntfsf] cfsfz 5'g] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 . cGtdf — …ljwjfsf] l;Gb"/df j}+z k'l5P/ r'/fx¿ cnkq ylGsPsf] b]v]FÚ To;}n] …9'Ëf d"9f rSsfhfd ug{ x'Gg ca cgfxsdf g]kfnL xf] dg{ x'Gg caÚ eGg] uhnnfO{ p¢[t ub}{ k':ts k|sfzgsf lglDt xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg;lxt n]vgk|j[lQsf] pGglt / lg/Gt/tfsf] sfdgf ub{5' .

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gf}nf] kfOnf]lzj /]UdL





Afgf/;af6 k|sflzt s]xL kqklqsfdWo] …gf}nf] kfOnf]Ú ;flxlTos klqsf Ps Oltxf; af]s]sf] klqsf ePsf] 5 . cfhklg o;sf] a]nf–a]nfdf rrf{ kl/rrf{ e}/xg', o;n] v]n]sf] ;lqmo e"ldsfsf] pbfx/0f g} xf] . hg–;f+:s[lts ;efsf] tLg dlxg] d'vkq, ……em/f]{ g]kfnL s'/f, ;+:s[lt / ;flxTosf] gd"gfÚÚsf] ¿kdf lgSn]sf] of] klqsf em/f]{jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] cu'jf klg xf] . …gf}nf] kfOnf]Ú k|sfzgsf] krf; jif{ k"/f ePsf] ;Gbe{df …gf}nf] kfOnf]Ú :j0ff{Í -@)^# df3_ k|sfzg tyf em/f]{ g]kfnLsf ;DaGwdf uf]i7L tyf ljljw sfo{qmd ;d]t cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . …gf}nf] kfOnf]Ú sf] :j0f{ cÍdf em08} c9fO{ bh{g jl/i7 ;flxTosf/x¿sf o; ;DaGwL ;+:d/0f / Oltxf; k|sflzt 5g\ .

Jf}zfv @)!# df k|wfg ;Dkfbs afns[i0f kf]v/]n …¿kfjf;LÚ tyf tf/fgfy zdf{, sf]z/fh /]UdL, ?b|gfy zdf{ / aNnedl0f bfxfnsf] ;Dkfbs d08ndf hg;fF:s[lts ;efsf] k|sfzgdf klxnf] cÍ k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . o;/L klxnf] jif{sf] rf/ cÍ jf/f0f;Laf6 lgSn]kl5 …cjb]lv o;sf] k|sfzg g]kfnleqaf6} x'g]5Ú eg]/ lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ otf ……sf=d]=c=ÚÚaf6 of] bf];|f] jif{ ePtfklg klxnf] jif{ cGtsf] x'gfn] xfd|f] bf];|f]jif{ n]Vg] cf1f lbg ;sgf}+ elgPsf]n] kqsf] kL7df klxnf] jif{ n]lvPsf] 5 tfklg ;xL lgb]{zg / P]ltxfl;s hLjgL kqsf] leqL d'vkqdf n]lvP adf]lhd 5ÚÚ eg]/ …k|sfzssf] sndaf6Ú df pNn]v 5 . …gf}nf] kfOnf]Ú kfFr cÍ k|sfzgdf cfPkl5 aGb eof] . t/ @)@) ;fndf afns[i0f kf]v/]nn]–……gf}nf] kfOnf]ÚÚ sf] t'lxPsf] cÍ cyf{t\ 5}6f}+ k"0ff{Í rGb| lk|lG6Ë k|];, la/f6gu/sf] aDa]df km]nf k¥of] . ufF;uF'; ubf{ 5flkPhlt kqx¿ e]nf eP . x'nfsaf6 k7fpFbf x/fpnf eGg] 8/n] cfkm" cfpFbf ;fy} Nofpg] ePFÚÚ egL …¿kf6f/sf] lr7LÚ-g]kfnL, k"0ff{Í !*, @)@) df3–kmfu'g / r}t cÍdf k|sflzt 5 . a? x'G5eg] sdn bLlIftHo"n] o;df k/]sf ;fdu|Lx¿ kl/ro;lxt …dk'k'Úsf] kfgfdf k|sflzt ul/lbg'eP lh1f;'sf] lh1f;f zfGt x'GYof] .

…gf}nf] kfOnf]Úsf kfFr cÍdf @@ hgf syfsf/sf @& syf k|sflzt 5g\ eg] !& hgf lgaGwsf/sf @^ n]v–lgaGw k|sflzt 5g\ . s]xL pNn]vgLo syfx¿df 8L=kL=clwsf/Lsf] …dfp;'nLÚ, eLdlglw ltjf/Lsf] …ef]hÚ, uf]kfnrGb| uf}tdsf] …;fgLÚ, jL/]Gb| v'Fh]nLsf] …sfG5Ld'lvgLÚ, r"8fdl0f /]UdLsf] …lhpgLÚ, dfwj e08f/Lsf] …pHofnf] / cFWof/f]Ú, afns[i0f ;dsf] …n3'syfÚ, s]s]dg'sof] kf]v/]nsf] …;f]wfO{ / hjfkmÚ, hok|;fb 9sfnsf] …sGg]bfgÚ, kf;fª\ uf]kdf{sf] …8]/fsf] vf]hdfÚ b]jdl0f 9sfnsf] …;dfwfgÚ cflb k5{g\ . o;}u/L n]v–lgaGw–;dfnf]rgfdf–Zofdk|;fb zdf{sf] …sf]6 / h'QfÚ, sdn bLlIftsf] …!(%) ;fnb]lvÚ, uËfk|;fb pk|]tLsf] …v's'/Lsf] gfnLa]nLÚ, tf/fgfy zdf{sf] …cfuf] / kfgL–Ps 3f]TNofO{+Ú, vu]Gb|gfy zdf{sf] …gf/L P]ltxfl;s ;dLIffÚ, ljlkgsf]–…cf;fdsf g]kfnLx¿sf] ¿k/]vfÚ, sf]if/fh /]UdLsf] …cfzfsf] y'+uf]Ú, ;Gtf]if s'df/ /fO{sf] …zxLb ;fyLsf] k|]tfTdfÚ cflb …gf}nf] kfOnf]Ú sf k|ltlglw /rgfx¿ x'g\ . …gf}nf] kfOnf]Ú eGgf;fy xfdL dfly pNn]lvt syf / lgaGwx¿ emnSs ;Demg k'U5f}+ .

……Hfg;f+:s[lts ;efÚsf] p2]Zo g]kfnL ;+:s[lt, ;flxTo, snf / lzIffsf] pTyfg ug]{ ePsf]n] clg g]kfnsf] km:6fO{df log} rf/ s'/fsf] ljz]if xft x'gfn] xfdL gf}nf] kfOnf] rfln/x]sf 5f}+, o;sf/0f ls g]kfnn] cfkmgf dxfdfgjx¿sf] la8f] yfDg ;sf];\ . /fi6«sf] pTyfgdf ;+:s[ltsf] 7"nf] xft 5 . xfdL kfFrhgfsf] 6]jfdf km:6]sf] ;fdGtL ;+:s[ltsf] ;§fdf kGrfgAa] hgfsf] :t/ prfNg] gf}nf] ;+:s[lt rfxG5f}+ .========;fdGtL ;dfhsf] ;§fdf hgjfbL ;dfh tjdfq cfpg ;S5 . oxL





s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ xfdL gf}nf] kfOnf rfNb}5f}+ÚÚ eGg] ;DkfbsLo lnP/ yflnPsf] …gf}nf] kfOnf]Ú cfˆgf] sbddf ;kmn g} /Xof] .

…gf}nf] kfOnf]Ú sf] klxnf] kfOnf] rn]kl5 / cl3klg o;nfO{ Toltv]/ tf]q/fh kf08] -sfzL lxGb' ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks_, cfgGbl;+x yfkf -;Dkfbs hfu|t uf]vf{_, Zofdk|;fb zdf{ -e"tk"j{ ;Dkfbs–;]jf_ tyf s0f{gfy /]UdL -jfgf_ af6 z'esfdgfx¿ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . …gf}nf] kfOnf]Ú bf];|f] kfOnf a9fPkl5 o;sf] cWoog kZrft\ afns[i0f ;d tyf ejfgL leIf'sf z'esfdgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ .

…gf}nf] kfOnf]Ú cÍ @ df ab|LrGb|, ;LtfkfOnfsf] …bfn–eftÚ–sljtf cfh klg plQs} ;fGble{s nfU5 .

……;+;f/df oxL b]v]+ ;f/ bfn–eft–t/sf/L crf/ ÛcfˆgL cfdf, dft[e"ld, Kof/L kTgL 5f]8Ltf]t] af]Ng] cfˆgf Kof/f 5f]/f5f]/L 5f]8LefOaGw' O:6ldq la;L{ ;a}nfO {slt hfG5g\ 8fF8f sf6L ;DemL o;}nfO{ Û;+;f/df oxL b]v]+ ;f/ bfn–eft–t/sf/L crf/ Û

slj s'ndl0f b]jsf]6fsf]–……x]/ afbn /;fof],Dff6f] a;fof] ÛBf}g sf]bfnf] sxfF 5 <vG5' d,;'Gof} vf]h aLpmeG5' d,d w/tLsf] 5f]/f],ltd|f cfsfz zz'/f,a6f/f}+ elQm–8f]/f]dn ag]sf] 5 z;'/f Ûa9'nf d vGb} cufl8 cufl8ltdL aLpm 5b}{ k5fl8 k5fl8,a;f}nf k;Lgf k'5L Ps;fyu/fpg]5 xfjfn] cf]afgf] ;fy,5 pmFrf, 5 pHHjn ;Fw} >dsf] ;fy .ÚÚ

slt ;/n–;/; 5 of] sljtf Û

csf]{ Pp6f ;fGble{s sljtf–……bfgsf] Jojxf/ ug]{ Tof],Dffgj x"F egL km'ln/x]sf],k/tGq ?rfpg] lk6\7" Tof]





:jftGœo–gf/f km'ls/x]sf]Ps gDa/sf] s~h'; Tof]dxfbfgL alg/x]sf]kfksf] kf]sf] af]s]/ Tof],1fgL WofgL alg/x]sf]x]/ g nf} x/] Û v} s] eg"F <<ÚÚ–

cgGt k|;fb >]i7, r}gk'/ ahf/sf] of] sljtf xf] .

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…em6k6 cj gf}nf] kfOnf] rfn ;fyLVf6k6 slt ug'{ a]/ ef] hfu ;fyLj/k/ ;a hfu] k'Ug nfu] psfnLta ca lsg xfdL a:t 5f}+ s]xL ghfgL

s'n{g] sf]z/fh /]UdLsf] cfXjfg sljtfsf] ;Demgf ub}{ o;n] 5}7f}+ kfOnf] p7fpFbf gp7fpb} aGb x'g'k/]sf]df rfFlx gld7f] cg'ej x'G5 .

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kmf]gM $$&)@$%do"/ dfu{ ^!, afg]Zj/sf7df8f}+

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d h:tf] p8Gt] n]vssf] j;sf] s'/f klg xf]Og cg'jfb . cg'jfb Pp6f hl6n / ;Dj]bgzLn ljwf /x]5 t gegf}+ snf /x]5 .

ljdn ldq dnfO{ dg kg]{ n]vs x'g\ . k"j{jtL{ cfˆgf atf;] lgaGwx¿df ;–>4f pgsf] gfd d}n] pNn]v klg u/]sf] 5' .

rfnL; ;fnlt/} h:tf] nfU5 …cleJolQmÚdf Pp6f pgsf] cg'jfb syf 5flkPsf] lyof] …kGgf hf]un]s/Ú zLif{ssf] . To;n] dnfO{ crDd} l;t df]xgL nufof] . s'g} lbg nfx'/] ag]sf] avt\ aª\ufnL efiff a'emL 6f]kNg] ePsf] gftfn] ljdn ldql;t d nxl;+b} uPF . nxl;+bf nxl;+b} d'hl/d xflh/ x}, ;fxj jLjL cf}/ u'nfd, ;'/;ltof, /fue}/jL, gflosf, rf}/fx, rt'/+u, k};f k/d]Zj/ cflb





bh{gf}+ pkGof; leq l5/]/ aflx/ cfPkl5 jftfj/0f g} d}n] aª\ufnLdo b]Vg yfn]+ . To;sf] ck|ToIf k|efj cfhklg d]l6g ;s]sf] 5}g d]/f] d'6'af6 .

o;} ;Gbe{df ljdn ldqsf s]xL syfx¿ cg'jfb klg u/]sf] lyPF d}n] . snsQf *% eGg] syf @)%@ ;fnlt/ …ldld{/Ú]df 5flkof] . To;kl5 …v]n v]ndfÚ, …clegoÚ, …8f]/LÚ, zLif{ssf syfx¿ eg] :yfgLo klqsfdf k'u] .

…/rgfÚdf k|sflzt k/z' bfO{ / /d]z ljsnsf cg'jfb syf k9]kl5 eg] d}n] dg} yfDg ;lsg . …/rgfÚsf] :t/nfO{÷Oltxf;nfO{ hf]ufpg ;Sg] syf 5fGbf 5fGb} d}n] …dfemLbfO{Ú g} pQd 7fg]+ . ;fwf/0f kf7snfO{ syfsf] cfotgn] bRsfpg] ;Defjgf ePtfklg hLljt sYo / nf]enfUbf] k|:t'ltn] c;n kf7snfO{ s]xL k|]/0ff lbg ;Sg] nfu]/ klg d}n] of] syf 5fg]sf] x'F .

d"n aª\unfaf6 ;f]em} g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ug{ cln dg wd{/fpg yfn]sf] x'gfn] ljZjgfy d'vhL{sf] c+u|]hL cg'jfb / zDe'gfy kfl8of …k'is/Ú / If]d]Gb| rqmjtL{sf] lxGbL cg'jfbsf] e¥ofª\ 6]s]/ olt;Dd ug]{ cfF6 p/fn]sf] x'F . Ps} cy{jf]w u/fpg] a+Unf zAbx¿nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} /fVbf lxHh]df s]xL ljrng cfPsf] b]lvG5 . tfklg d"n syfsf] s'g} k|;Ë, cg'R5]b, jfSo jf zAbsf] cy{df clnslt klg ljrng gcfcf];\ eGg] d]/f] l;s'6] ljrf/nfO{ eg] ;s];Dd d}n] dg{ lbPsf] 5}g . d"n aª\unfdf o; syfsf] zLif{s …3f6afa"Ú lyof] . To;sf] 7]6 g]kfnLdf …36'jf/]Ú ePtfklg a+unfdf cfb/fyL{ gfd ePsf] x'Fbf To;nfO{ …dfemLbfO{Ú eGg' g} pko'Qm nfUof] dnfO{ . klxn] …3f6afa"Ú g} zLif{s /fv]sf] lyPF kl5 …dfemL bfO{Ú dg k/]sf] x'Fbf ;RRofPsf] x'F .

lgdf]{xLgu/, rGb|lgufxfk'/kmf]g M (*$%@@#!%!

kl5Nnf]k6s sf7df8f}+ cfPsf] jvt …/rgfÚsf ljut cª\sx¿ -k"0ff{Í–!)#, !)$, !)^, !)& / !)*_ Psd'i6 k9\g kfOof] . oL dWo] k"0ff{Í !)$ df dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f ljifos b'n{e ;fdu|Lx¿ 5flkPsf /x]5g\ . eljiosf n]vs kf7sx¿sf nflu ;d]t of] ……nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f ljz]iffÍÚÚ Pp6f vf]hL / rrf{sf] cÍ x'g]5 . k"0ff{Í !)^ km]l/ csf]{ ljz]iffÍ /x]5–…cGtd{gsf] ofqfÚ ljz]iffÍ . …cGtd{gsf] ofqfÚ h:tf] sfnhoL s[ltsf ljifodf n]vs–kf7sx¿åf/f ul/Psf] l6Kk0fLn] el/Psf] of] cÍ klg …ljz]ifÚ g} dfGg'k5{ . k"0ff{Í !)& df 5flkPsf] cf/=;L l/hfnsf] xf:oJoª\Uo -lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf_ of] b]zdf a:g] zlQmsfdL / Gofk|]dL g]kfnLx¿sf] lrTsf/ xf] . o:t} /rgfn] ubf{ …/rgfÚ wGo aGb5 . o;} cÍdf rGb|u9L 3f]if0ffkq–@)^( -g]kfnL j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL_ klg /x]5 . t/ xfdL g]kfnL efiffk|]dLx¿n] rflx+ s;sf] 3f]if0ffkq, s;sf] egfO, s;sf] dfGotf / s;sf] s'/f ;'Gg] xf]nf Û o:tf] 3f]if0ff /fli6«o :t/s} eOlbP x'GYof] .

/fh]Zj/ /]UdLsf uhn sljtfx¿ k9]sf] x'F . clg To;} tfs jxfFsf] b'Mvb lgwg ePsf] s'/f la/f6gu/af6 k|sflzt …k"jf{~rn bk{0fÚ af6 yfxf kfPsf] x'F . To;kl5 jxfFaf/] yk hfgsf/L sxL+ st} k9\g kfOG5 ls egL cfFvf l67\ofpFy] . o;sf] k"lt{ ug]{ sfd aNn …/rgfÚ n] u¥of] . /rgf k"0ff{Í !)* df …oL ;|i6fnfO{ ;Demg' gknf{ <Ú zLif{sdf gf/fo0f ltjf/Ln] pg} /]UdLaf/] hfgsf/L u/fPsf /x]5g\ . nfUof] o:t} pNn]vgLo sfdn] t …/rgfÚ jf:tjdf P]ltxfl;s aGg k'u]sf] 5 .

cj km]l/ …/rgfÚsf o:t} :t/Lo / :d/0fLo cª\sx¿ cGo cª\sx¿ klg k9\g kfpg] k|tLIffdf 5' .

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sdnfs'~h, cf]vn9'Ëf, kmf]g M (&$!)^@*#@, (&$#)#^^^&





ljs[t /fhgLlt, ;Í6df /fi6« / ;|i6fsf] bfloTj:jfy{ lnK;fsf] bxdf 3fF6L;Dd 8'a]sfx¿sf] bfDnf]df afFlwPsf bnx¿n]

;QfnfO{ efua08fsf] ;fwg agfpFb} b]z / hgtfnfO{ xl/tGgd\ kfl//x]sf 5g\ . slxn] hxfFlgof zf;g t slxn] zfxL zf;gsf] x's'dLtGqdf lg;fl:;Psf] d'n's clxn] bNfLo 3[l0ft /fhgLltsf] bnbndf efl:;Psf] 5 . cleJolQm :jtGqtf / dfgj clwsf/ vf]l;Psf hgtfn] tL xs k|flKtsf nflu af/Daf/ ;ª\3if{ ug'{k¥of] . 7"nf] hgqmflGt / jlnbfgkl5 hgtfn] bzsf}+ cl3 b]v]sf] ;kgf ;fsf/ eof] . /fhtGqnfO{ labf lb+b} u0ftGqnfO{ ;xif{ :jfut ul/of] . zf]if0f / lg/ª\s'ztfsf cjz]if lgld6ØfGg ePsf] 7fg] hgtfn] . /fi6«n] ca sfFr'nL km]5{Ù tLa| ljsf;sf] af6f]df nDsG5 / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqn] :yfloTj lnG5 eGg] cfzf knfof] . oL cfjZostf k"/f ug{ 7"nf] pT;fx lnP/ ;lDjwfg ;efsf] r'gfjdf efu lnP hgtfn] . Ps bzs;Dd hgo'4df xf]ldPsf] dfcf]jfbL ;d]t zflGtk"0f{ ax'bnLo k4ltdf ;fd]n eof] . c¿eGbf a9L ;L6 lht]/ ;lDjwfg ;efdf alnof] pkl:ylt b]vfof] . 7"nf] bnsf] x}l;ot kfPsf] dfcf]jfbLsf] g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/ klg aGof] . t/ k"0f{ ax'dt gkfPsf] dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/ Psjif{ klg l6s]g . cfˆg} ckl/kSjtfsf] kl/0flt ef]Ub} ;Qf 5f8\of] . cfˆgf gLlt / sfo{qmdsf gd"gf b]vfpg} kfPg dfcf]jfbLn] . ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{ / zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLlt :jLsf/]/ hg;dIf cfPklg dfcf]jfbLn] hgo'4s} j]nfsf] :jefj / rl/q 5f]8\g ;s]g . cfkm"n] jfrf–saf]n u/]sf ;xdlt / ;Demf}tf kfngf ug]{ s'/fdf ljZj;gLotf b]vfpg} vf]h]g dfcf]jfbLn] . o;/L cljZj;gLo dfcf]jfbL / p;k|lt cTolws c;lxi0f' c¿ k|d'v bnx¿sf hfn]dfn] sfo{snfksf] rqmJo"xdf km;]/ ylnPsf] 5 clxn] xfd|f] /fi6« .

;lDjwfg ;efn] b'Ojif]{ lgwf{l/t ldltdf ;lDjwfg agfpg ;s]g . kf/:kl/s c;xdlt clg ;Qf l6sfpg] / lu/fpg] km]xf]/L bfpk]rd} nfu]/ ;lDjwfg lgdf{0fsf] d"n bfloTjnfO{ jf:t} u/]gg\ bnx¿n] . km]l/ ylkPsf] Psjif]{ cjlw klg cfk;L xfgyfk u/]/ TolQs} v]/ kmfNb}5g\ oL bnx¿ Û o; cjlwdf s/f]8f}+ /sdsf] tna eQf :jfxf kf/]–;'lDkPsf] bfloTj k"/f gug]{ ;ef;bx¿n] . ;bg–zf;g–;Qfdf logsf] lg/y{s 9nLdnL / /fli6«o wgdf xfnLd'xfnL pbflËPs} 5 Û l;Ëf] d'n's hft–hflt, efiff–efifL, If]q, ;Dk|bfo, ju{ cflbdf lr/f lr/f k/]/ ljv08gsf] lzsf/ x'g] af6f]df a]u;Fu nlDs/x]5 . k/fO{ k|e'sf kf]N6fdf ljj]s / a'l4 la;fOFb}5 Û /fli6«o :jfledfg / /fli6«o :jfy{ o:tf] eofjx ef;df slxNo} k/]sf] lyPg . ;a}lt/af6 ;ª\s6u|:t o; /fi6«nfO{ psf:g] r]t cem} klg lhDd]bf/ elgPsf oL bnx¿df knfPsf] b]lvb}g Û

/fi6«, nf]stGq / hgtfsf] :jfy{nfO{ g} cfˆgf] :jfy{ 7fGg'kg{] xf] bnx¿n] Û t/ o;f] gu/]/ cfˆg} :jfy{nfO{ ;jf]{kl/ dxTj lbg] lg/Gt/tfdf bnx¿ cem} k|ltj4 /lx/x]sf 5g\ . jftf{, ;xsfo{ / ;xdltsf] /fu lg/Gt/ cnflk/xg] t/ ;xdlt rflx+ slxNo} gug]{ Û o:tf] bf]xf]/f] rl/q b]vfP/ /fi6« / hgtfnfO{ cemklg /ge'Nn kfg{ ;lsG5Ù hgtf xfd|} kIfdf pleO /xG5g\ eGg] e|ddf 5g\ bnx¿ . hgtf cj Hofb} jfSs–AofSs–lbSs e};s] . hgtfsf ;xgzLntfsf] ;Ldf ca elTsg} nfu]sf] 5 Û cem klg oL bn xf];df cfpb}gg\, ;xsfo{–;xdlt u/]/ ;lDjwfg lgdf{0fsf] bfloTj cljnDj k"/f ub}{gg\ eg] csf]{ cfFwL a]xf]/L, csf]{ ljKnjdf a9fl/g' kg]{ lglZrt 5 ltgn] .





/fhgLlts bnx¿sf ;Qf:jfy{n] cfqmfGt /fi6«nfO{Ù ultxLg u0ftGqnfO{ / kLl8t hgtfnfO{ psf;]/ :j:y–;d[4 / l:y/ l:yltdf 6]sf] nfP/ pEofpg] bfloTj ;|i6f–lrGts–af}l4sx¿sf] sfFwdf cfPsf] 5 cj Û ;|i6fx¿sf r}tGobfoL pb\3f]if / cgLlt lj?4sf x'Íf/n] o'ufGtsf/L ljKnj NofPsf pbfx/0f ljZj Oltxf;df ;'/lIft 5g\ . xfd|} d'n'sdf klg ;|i6fsf o:tf x'Íf/n] cgLlt cGofo / cTofrf/ lj?4 ;ª\3if{zLn x'g hgtfnfO{ hfu[t u/fPsf pbfx/0f tfh} 5g\ . cj ;do cfPsf] 5–;|i6fx¿ cfˆgf] To:tf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ cu|;/ xf]pg\ Û r/d a]lylt / ljs[t /fhgLltnfO{ Wj:t kfb}{ hglxtsf/L nf]stGq / /fli6«o cv08tf ;'b[9 kfg]{ u0ftGq :yfkgfy{ cfˆgf snd, cfˆgf jf0fL, cfˆgf ljj]s / cfˆgf] cfx'lt /fi6«nfO{ ;dlk{t u?g\ . o;lglDt xfd|f cu|h zLif{ ;fwsx¿sf k|]/s jf0fLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ af6f] b]vfPs} 5g\ o;/L–

Ps h'udf PslbgPsrf]l6 cfpF5pn6\k'n6\ pynk'yn\x]/km]/ NofpF5 Û




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