Upload
evangel-padua
View
216
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Case PresentationFemale Ward
I. Introduction:A mental disorder, also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is
a mental or behavioral pattern or anomaly that causes either suffering or an impaired ability to function in ordinary life (disability), and which is not developmentally or socially normative. Mental disorders are generally defined by a combination of how a person feels, acts, thinks or perceives. This may be associated with particular regions or functions of the brain or rest of the nervous system, often in a social context. Mental disorder is one aspect of mental health.
The study of a patient with Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia has been chosen by this group for its significance and connection to us third year level students who are studying Medical Surgical Nursing. The study of its occurrence, medical and nursing management along with the responsibilities, causation and possible complications, advantage and disadvantage would provide better understanding on how our responsibilities as soon-to-be nurses should be, by gaining knowledge, skills and learning through hands-on experiences, observation through the use of critical thinking skills and patient centered interaction and assessments.
II. Purpose/ Objective:Learning Goal Student Centered Client CenteredSkills To be able to perform the
nursing skills learned in school into real life situation such as1. Providing safety and
maintaining privacy2. Giving medications
following the rights of medication administration
3. Giving holistic care and other necessary nursing interventions needed for the patient.
To be able to perform1. Independent nursing skills
such as providing comfort , maintaining privacy, monitoring, and keeping the safety of the patient .
2. Dependent nursing actions such as giving due medications.
Knowledge To be able to familiarize self about the disorder: Mental and Behavioral Disorder secondary to Brain Disease
To be able to identify the different signs and symptoms of the disease.
To educate patient regarding his condition, hence be able to provide awareness regarding the management of the disease.
Attitude To be able to develop an optimistic outlook towards providing holistic care of patient.
To be able to act professionally with the supervision of our clinical instructor.
To be able to give the patient the holistic care needed throughout the duty hours.
To be able to provide support during the treatment process.
III. Biography :Name: Patient GAge: 39 years oldSex: FemaleBirthdate: July 6, 1974Birthplace: Lubao PampangaMarital Status: SingleAddress: #337 Purok II A San Rafael Baruya Lubao, PampangaOccupation: NoneReligion: Roman CatholicRoom: Female Ward IDate and time of Admission: December 13, 2013; 4:25pmAdmitting Diagnosis: Mental Retardation with Psychosis in Relapse/ManageableFinal Diagnosis: Mental and Behavioral Disorder secondary to Brain Disease
IV. Chief Complaint:Impaired sleep for 3 nights as verbalized by her sister.
V. History of Present Illness: Patient G had several confinements at Mariveles Mental Hospital, she was
discharged last June 2013 and had follow-up at the OPD. She was last seen at the OPD on the 1st week of December. 3 days prior to consultation, she had poor sleep and then 2 days prior to consultation, she asked her sister to bring her in MMH but requested for her to wait until she finds money. Yesterday, she started singing aloud with unstable mood.
VI. Past Medical History:Patient G was confined in a district hospital in their town
VII. Past Surgical History:Unknown.
VIII. Allergies/ Medications:He has no allergies to any foods and medications given to her upon hospitalization.
The following are the medications given upon hospitalization as ordered by the Physician: Haloperidol 5mg OD Carbamazepine 200mg OD Chlorpromazine 200 mg HS Diphenhydramine 50mg HS/PRN
IX. Smoking, Alcohol, Substance Abuse :
She is not a smoker, not an alcoholic and not a substance abuse person as stated by the patient.
X. Social/ Work History:She has not engaged in any social/work history due to her illness since 5 years old.
XI. Family History:According to her sister, her mother has several confinements at NCMH due to
nervous breakdown and her auntie is also a patient at MMH.
XII. Review Of System:
Anatomy of the Nervous System
If you think of the brain as a central computer that controls all bodily functions, then the nervous system is like a network that relays messages back and forth from the brain to different parts of the body. It does this via the spinal cord, which runs from the brain down through the back and contains threadlike nerves that branch out to every organ and body part.
When a message comes into the brain from anywhere in the body, the brain tells the body how to react. For example, if you accidentally touch a hot stove, the nerves in your skin shoot a message of pain to your brain. The brain then sends a message back telling the muscles in your hand to pull away. Luckily, this neurological relay race takes a lot less time than it just took to read about it.
Considering everything it does, the human brain is incredibly compact, weighing just 3 pounds. Its many folds and grooves, though, provide it with the additional surface area necessary for storing all of the body's important information.
The spinal cord, on the other hand, is a long bundle of nerve tissue about 18 inches long and ¾ inch thick. It extends from the lower part of the brain down through spine. Along the way, various nerves branch out to the entire body. These make up the peripheral nervous system.
Both the brain and the spinal cord are protected by bone: the brain by the bones of the skull, and the spinal cord by a set of ring-shaped bones called vertebrae. They're both cushioned by layers of membranes called meninges as well as a special fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid helps protect the nerve tissue, keep it healthy, and remove waste products.
At the most basic level, the function of the nervous system is to send signals from one cell to others, or from one part of the body to others. There are multiple ways that a cell can send signals to other cells. One is by releasing chemicals called hormones into the internal circulation, so that they can diffuse to distant sites. In contrast to this "broadcast" mode of signaling, the nervous system provides "point-to-point" signals—neurons project their axons to specific target areas and make synaptic connections with specific target cells.Thus, neural signaling is capable of a much higher level of specificity than hormonal signaling. It is also much faster: the fastest nerve signals travel at speeds that exceed 100 meters per second.
At a more integrative level, the primary function of the nervous system is to control the body.It does this by extracting information from the environment using sensory receptors, sending signals that encode this information into the central nervous system, processing the information to determine an appropriate response, and sending output signals to muscles or glands to activate the response. The evolution of a complex nervous system has made it possible for various animal species to have advanced perception abilities such as vision, complex social interactions, rapid coordination of organ systems, and integrated processing of concurrent signals. In humans, the sophistication of the nervous system makes it possible to have language, abstract representation of concepts, transmission of culture, and many
other features of human society that would not ex Neurotransmitters are the chemicals which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses. They are also found at the axon endings of motor neurons, where they stimulate the muscle fibers. And they and their close relatives are produced by some glands such as the pituitary and the adrenal glands. In this chapter, we will review some of the most significant neurotransmitters.
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter to be discovered. It was isolated in 1921 by a German biologist named Otto Loewi, who would later win the Nobel Prize for his work. Acetylcholine has many functions: It is responsible for much of the stimulation of muscles, including the muscles of the gastro-intestinal system. It is also found in sensory neurons and in the autonomic nervous system, and has a part in scheduling REM (dream) sleep.
The plant poisons curare and hemlock cause paralysis by blocking the acetylcholine receptor sites of muscle cells. The well-known poison botulin works by preventing the vesicles in the axon ending from releasing acetylcholine, causing paralysis. The botulin derivative botox is used by many people to temporarily eliminate wrinkles - a sad commentary on our times, I would say. On a more serious note, there is a link between acetylcholine and Alzheimer's disease: There is something on the order of a 90% loss of acetylcholine in the brains of people suffering from Alzheimer's, which is a major cause of senility.
Norepinephrine
In 1946, a Swedish biologist by the name of Ulf von Euler discovered norepinephrine (formerly called noradrenalin). He also won a Nobel Prize. Norepinephrine is strongly associated with bringing our nervous systems into "high alert." It is prevalent in the sympathetic nervous system, and it increases our heart rate and our blood pressure. Our adrenal glands release it into the blood stream, along with its close relative epinephrine (aka adrenalin). It is also important for forming memories.
Stress tends to deplete our store of adrenalin, while exercise tends to increase it. Amphetamines ("speed") work by causing the release of norepinephrine, as well as other neurotransmitters called dopamine and seratonin..
Dopamine
Another relative of norepinephrine and epinephrine is dopamine, discovered to be a neurotransmitter in the 1950s by another Swede, Arvid Carlsson. It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning that when it finds its way to its receptor sites, it blocks the tendency of that neuron to fire. Dopamine is strongly associated with reward mechanisms in the brain. Drugs like cocaine, opium, heroin, and alcohol increase the levels of dopamine, as does nicotine. If it feels good, dopamine neurons are probably involved!
The severe mental illness schizophrenia has been shown to involve excessive amounts of dopamine in the frontal lobes, and drugs that block dopamine are used to help schizophrenics. On the other hand, too little dopamine in the motor areas of the brain are responsible for Parkinson's disease, which involves uncontrollable muscle tremors. It was the same Arvid Carlsson mentioned above who figured out that the precursor to dopamine (called L-dopa) could eleviate some of the symptoms of Parkinson's. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2000.
Recently, it has been noted that low dopamine may related not only to the unsociability of schizophrenics, but also to social anxiety. On the other hand, dopamine has been found to have relatively little to do with the pleasures of eating. That seems to involve chemicals such as endorphin (see below).
GABA
In 1950, Eugene Roberts and J. Awapara discovered GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), which is also usually an inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA acts like a brake to the excitatory neurotransmitters that lead to anxiety. People with too little GABA tend to suffer from anxiety disorders, and drugs like Valium work by enhancing the effects of GABA. Lots of other drugs influence GABA receptors, including alcohol and barbituates. If GABA is lacking in certain parts of the brain, epilepsy results.
Glutamate
Glutamate is an excitatory relative of GABA. It is the most common neurotransmitter in the central nervous system - as much as half of all neurons in the brain - and is especially important in regards to memory. Curiously, glutamate is actually toxic to neurons, and an excess will kill them. Sometimes brain damage or a stroke will lead to an excess and end with many more brain cells dying than from the original trauma. ALS, more commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease, results from excessive glutamate production. Many believe it may also be responsible for quite a variety of diseases of the nervous system, and are looking for ways to minimize its effects
Glutamate was discovered by Kikunae Ikeda of Tokay Imperial Univ. in 1907, while looking for the flavor common to things like cheese, meat, and mushrooms. He was able to extract an acid from seaweed - glutamate. He went on to invent the well known seasoning MSG - monosodium glutamate. It took decades for Peter Usherwood to identify glutamate as a neurotransmitter (in locusts) in 1994.
Serotonin
Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that has been found to be intimately involved in emotion and mood. Too little serotonin has been shown to lead to depression, problems with anger control, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and suicide. Too little also leads to an increased appetite for carbohydrates (starchy foods) and trouble sleeping, which are also associated with depression and other emotional disorders. It has also been tied to migraines, irritable bowel syndrome, and fibromyalgia.
Vittorio Erspamer first discovered what we now call seratonin in the 1930s. It was found in blood serum in 1948 by Irvine Page, who named it serotonin (from “serum-tonic”). Another researcher in Page’s lab -
Maurice Rapport - proved that it was an amine (a group of chemicals that include the neurotransmitters). John Welsh found that it was a neurotransmitter in molluscs in 1954, and Betty Twarog (also at Page's lab) found it in vertebrates in 1952. All this gives you a sense of the cooperative nature of most of scientific discovery!
Prozac and other recent drugs help people with depression by preventing the neurons from "vacuuming" up excess seratonin, so that there is more left floating around in the synapses. It is interesting that a little warm milk before bedtime also increases the levels of seratonin. As mom may have told you, it helps you to sleep. Serotonin is a derivative of tryptophan, which is found in milk. The "warm" part is just for comfort!
On the other hand, serotonin also plays a role in perception. Hallucinogens such as LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, and ecstasy work by attaching to seratonin receptor sites and thereby blocking transmissions in perceptual pathways.
Endorphin
In 1973, Solomon Snyder and Candace Pert of Johns Hopkins discovered endorphin. Endorphin is short for "endogenous morphine." It is structurally very similar to the opioids (opium, morphine, heroin, etc.) and has similar functions: Inhibitory, it is involved in pain reduction and pleasure, and the opioid drugs work by attaching to endorphin's receptor sites. It is also the neurotransmitter that allows bears and other animals to hibernate. Consider: Heroin slows heart-rate, respiration, and metabolism in general - exactly what you would need to hibernate. Of course, sometimes heroin slows it all down to nothing: Permanent hibernation.
ist without the human brain.
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
XIII. Psychopathology
Non-Modifiable Factors- Age (5 months)- Gender (Female)-Genetic Factors
Modifiable Factors- Environment - Poor Hygiene - Malnutrition
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Nasopharyngeal Implantation
Enters the blood From wounds
Invades the CNS
Inflammation of meninges
Infection
Brain Parynchema
Pia Mater
Arachnoid & Subarachnoid space
Increase in one component of the brain
Increased ICP
Bacterial Meningitis
-Fever - Irritability -Poor Sucking Reflex
- Bulging Anterior Fontanels - Vomiting- Increased ICP- Altered Level of Consciousness
If Treated:
- Early Diagnosis & Prompt Treatment - Antibiotics - Antipyretics - Analgesics - Corticosteroids /
Anti-inflammatory agents
- Anti-emetics - Avoid cooling too much - Place in a quiet & dark environment
If Not Treated
Seizures
Thrombophlebitis of veins and venous sinuses
Congestion and infarction of surrounding tissue
Adhesion Formation
Cranial nerve palsies
Visual or auditory impairment
Sepsis
Coma
Death
Poor Prognosis
Delayed Treatment
Memory Impairment
Profound learning disabilities
Early Treatment
Good Prognosis
XIV. Mental Status Examination Seen this adult female wearing lavender colored blouse and denim pants. Behaved, irrelevant with her responses. Claimed that she was with her Ate and stated the name of her nephew. Claimed that she is single. She was quite unsure with her mother’s name “Marlyn daw” and volunteered “hindi
ako sasaktan ni mama” and later said “magpapahinga na ako”.
XV. Physical Examination :PHYSICAL ASSESSMENTI. Vital Sign’s Temperature Pulse Rate Respiratory Rate Blood Pressure
Actual Findings37.1 degree celsius
74 beats per minute22 cycles per minute
120/90 mmHgII. Level of Consciousness Conscious and Coherent
III. BODY PARTS NORMAL FINDINGS ACTUAL FINDINGS ExplanationA. GENERAL
APPEARANCEWith normal weight, afebrile, proportionality and symmetry
The body parts are proportional to each other.
Normal Findings
B. SKIN The color depends on race, ethnic background, complexion, sun exposure, and pigmentation tendencies.
With brown skin complexion, no pigmentations noted.
Lesion due to wound from scratching
The patient’s skin is normal.
She has scabies infection.
C. HAIR Grows well, properly tied, no hair loss, with proper hair distribution
With proper hair distribution.
With scar on her left parietal area.
Normal findings
Someone poke her with a sharp thing on her head.
D. NAILS Clean and pink in appearance.
Clean in appearance. Normal Findings
E. SKULL AND HEAD
Normal cephalic, symmetrical facial structure, absence of tenderness over the maxillary sinuses.
With symmetrical facial structure and no tenderness.
Scar on the left side of her face.
Normal Findings
Unknown
F. EYES Normal vision of 20/20
Normal vision of 20/20
Normal Findings
G. EARS Hears clearly Can hear clearly Normal FindingsH. NOSE AND
SINUSESStraight Nasal septum, no discharge present,
With straight nasal septum, no discharge
Normal Findings
airway is patent, mucous membranes are pink, no swelling.
present, airway is patent, mucous membranes are pink, no swelling.
I. MOUTH Lips are moist and pink, no masses, gums are pink and smooth, The tongue is midline and without any hoarseness of voice.
Lips are moist and pink, no masses.The tongue is midline and no hoarseness of voice
Normal findings
J. NECK With normal range of motion, can turn the head against force of the hand, no swelling.
With normal range of motion, no swelling noted and can turn his neck left and right.
Normal findings
K. THORAX AND LUNGS
There is no tenderness, chest movement should be symmetric and without lag or impairment. With normal lung sounds
There is no tenderness, chest movement should be symmetric and without lag or impairment. With normal lung sounds).
Normal Findings
L. HEART No palpitations, normal PR should be 60- 100 in adult
No palpitations.Pulse rate within normal rate (84 beats per minute)
Normal findings
M. BREAST AND AXILLA
Absence of pain, lumps, discharge, or any surgery.
No pain, lump, discharge seen.
Normal findings
N. UPPER EXTREMETIES
Extremities should be symmetrical and the skin is warm without any fracture.
No fracture proportional
Normal findings
O. LOWER EXTREMRTIES
Hair covers the legs, the venous pattern is normally visible, both legs are symmetrical and without any swelling.
No swelling, fracture, and symmetrical
Normal findings
P. GROSS MOTOR FUNCTIONS
Gross motor skills involve the large muscles of the body that enable such functions as sitting upright, lifting, and throwing a ball.
Can hold large objects Normal Findings
Q. FINE MOTOR TEST
Fine motor skills involve the small
Can write and grasp small objects
Normal Findings
muscles of the body that enable such functions as writing, grasping small objects, and fastening clothing.
R. SENSORY FUNCTION
With normal senses.Can see clearly, can hear accurately, no altered taste, can smell normally.
Can hear clearly, no alteration in taste and smell.
S. ABDOMEN The contour of the abdomen is usually flat and rounded; the skin surface is smooth, and even with homogenous color and good skin turgor.
Uniform in color and no presence of tenderness.
Normal Findings
XV. Diagnostic and Laboratory Test:
Hematology Result NORMAL VALUES ANALYSIS / INTERPRETATION01/25/12 Normal FindingsHemoglobin 122 M- 130-180g/L
F- 120-160g/LNormal Findings
Hematocrit 0.39 M- 0.40-0.54F- 0.37-0.47
Normal Findings
WBC 6.7 5-10x109/L Normal Findings Segmenters 0.57 0.45-0.65 Normal FindingsLymphocytes 0.28 0.20-0.35 Normal FindingsBT 2 mins,32 sec 2-5 minutes Normal FindingsCT 5mins,20 sec 5-15 minutes Normal FindingsUrinalysis Yellowish clear
No pus cells present
No RBC present
Yellowish clear No pus cells
present No RBC present
Normal Findings
Hematology Hematocrit:0.37-0.47
Hemoglobin:120-150
Hematocrit:0.40
Hemoglobin:130
Normal Findings
XVI. Course in the Ward:
COURSE IN THE WARD
May 14, 2014 Haloperidol 5mg OD Carbamazepine 200mg OD Chlorpromazine 200 mg HS Diphenhydramine 50mg HS/PRN Morning care done. Exercise therapy, play therapy, family tree, song therapy, and bibliography
(proverbs) done.
May 15, 2014 Haloperidol 5mg OD Carbamazepine 200mg OD Chlorpromazine 200 mg HS Diphenhydramine 50mg HS/PRN Morning care done. Dance therapy, music and art therapy, and bibliography (riddle) done.
May 16, 2014 Haloperidol 5mg OD Carbamazepine 200mg OD Chlorpromazine 200 mg HS Diphenhydramine 50mg HS/PRN Morning care done. Phototherapy done.
XVII. Psychopharmacology
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENTDate Generic/ Trade
nameDosage/
Frequency/ Route
Classification Indication Contraindication
Side Effects
Nursing Responsibility
7-14-13
Omeprazole (Mefracid)
20mg 1tab OD PO
Belongs to the class of proton pump inhibitor
It is used in the treatment of Duodenal ulcer, Gastric ulcer, reflux oesophagitis,Indigestion and
It is contraindicated in persons with hypersensitivity to the drug, neonates and during lactation.
Possible side effects: breathing difficulty, nausea, fever, weakness, and diarrhea.
Instruct the patient to take the medication using the rights of medication administr
stomach discomfort
ation such as right time, right dose, right route.
6-21-13
Metoclopramide 10mg/2mlTID
It belongs to a group of medicines called ´dopaminergic´ blockers.
Metoclopramide is used short-term to treat heartburn caused by gastroesophageal reflux.
It is also used to treat slow gastric emptying in people with diabetes (also called diabetic gastroparesis), which can cause nausea, vomiting, heartburn, loss of appetite, and a feeling of fullness after meals.
Metoclopramide is contraindicated in pheochromocytoma.
Patients who take antipsychotics are recommended not to take metoclopramide.
Possible Side effects:drowsiness,excessive tiredness,weakness,headache,dizziness,diarrhea, nauseaand vomiting. akathisia, and focal dystonia.
Instruct the patient to take the medication using the rights of medication administration such as right time, right dose, right route.
7-14-13
Cefuroxime 500mg 1tab TID PO
Cefuroxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic(2nd generation), chemically similar to
For respiratory tract infections, meningitis, gonorrhea, surgical
Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins.
Possible side effects:Large doses can cause cerebral
Instruct the patient to take the medication using
penicillin prophylaxis and for susceptible infections
irritation and convulsions; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, GI disturbances; erythema multiforme, epidermal necrolysis.
the rights of medication administration such as right time, right dose, right route.
XVIII. Nursing Care Plan
Assessment Nsg. Dx Scientific Explanation
Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Subjective:“”As verbalized by the patient
Objective: Poor
skin turgor
Dry skin Dry lips
Deficient fluid volume related to impaired water absorption as manifested by poor skin turgor
After 8 hours of nursing intervention the patient will show improvement on the objective assessment
Goal:
Independent: Monitor
vital signs
Assess color and amount of urine
Monitor temperature
Collaborative: Administer
parenteral fluids as ordered by the physician
Fast drip of IVF as ordered by the physician
To evaluate patients current status
To aid in dehydration
To aid in dehydration
After 8 hours of nursing interventions, the patient was able to meet the goal as evidence of improved objective cues
Assessment Nsg. Dx Scientific Explanation
Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Subjective:“”As verbalized by the patient
Objective: Poor
skin turgor
Dry skin Dry lips
Deficient fluid volume related to impaired water absorption as manifested by poor skin turgor
After 8 hours of nursing intervention the patient will show improvement on the objective assessment
Goal:
Independent: Monitor
vital signs
Assess color and amount of urine
Monitor temperature
Collaborative: Administer
parenteral fluids as ordered by the physician
Fast drip of IVF as ordered by the physician
To evaluate patients current status
To aid in dehydration
To aid in dehydration
After 8 hours of nursing interventions, the patient was able to meet the goal as evidence of improved objective cues
Assessment Nsg. Dx Scientific Explanation
Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Subjective:“”As verbalized by the patient
Objective: Poor
skin turgor
Dry skin Dry lips
Deficient fluid volume related to impaired water absorption as manifested by poor skin turgor
After 8 hours of nursing intervention the patient will show improvement on the objective assessment
Goal:
Independent: Monitor
vital signs
Assess color and amount of urine
Monitor temperature
To evaluate patients current status
After 8 hours of nursing interventions, the patient was able to meet the goal as evidence of improved objective cues
Collaborative: Administer
parenteral fluids as ordered by the physician
Fast drip of IVF as ordered by the physician
To aid in dehydration
To aid in dehydration