Radiation Detection and Monitoring By: Todd Bailey
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UNDERSTANDING WHAT RADIATION IS EFFECTS OF RADIATION
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USING THE RADIATION MONITOR MAINTENANCE AND LIMITATIONS
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Take one small speck of dust and expand it to the size of earth
A single Atom would be the size of a city Alpha particle radiation
would be the size of a ping-pong ball
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Ionizing radiation: Process of removing electrons from atoms or
molecules -Alpha - Beta - Gamma / X-rays - Neutron Ionizing
Radiation: Any radiation which is capable of dislodging electrons
from atoms thereby producing ions. Non ionizing radiation: - radio
waves - microwaves - visible light - ultraviolet waves *Most
radioactive materials may emit more than one kind of
radiation.
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alpha particle gamma ray beta particle
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Range - 2 inches Shielding - paper, cloth - dead layer of skin
Biological Hazards - not external hazard - internal hazard - easily
stopped by dead layer of skin * Alpha radiation will not cause
damage from outside the body Composition 2 protons 2 neutrons
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Range up to 30 Shielding thick clothing inch aluminum inch
plastic Biological Hazard external hazard to skin and eyes internal
hazard
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Range - hundreds of feet Shielding (dense) - lead - steel -
concrete - dirt Biological Hazard - whole body hazard (external and
internal)
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Range - hundreds of feet Shielding - (hydrogen/water) -
plastic, concrete, dirt Biological Hazard - whole body hazard
(internal/external hazard)
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The weather station outside of the Atomic Testing Museum on a
hot summer day. Displayed background gamma radiation level is 9.8
R/h Normal Background R/h 5-25 R/hr
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Current Rate 0 Micro REM/hour REM is roentgen equivalent in man
(or mammal) Displayed as: R/hr (REM per Hour) m R/hr (Milli REM per
Hour) 1,000 m R/hr = R/hr R/hr (Micro REM per Hour) 1,000,000 R/hr
= R/hr
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Stone, brick, concrete 7 mrem Cosmic space radiation 26 mrem
Food and water 40 mrem Terrestrial radiation (Continental US) 63
mrem Naturally-occurring radon 200 mrem (0.2 rem)
Dose Current Dose 48 Micro REM REM is roentgen equivalent in
man (or mammal) Displayed as: R (REM) m R (Milli REM) 1,000 m R = R
R (Micro REM) 1,000,000 R = R
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A 21-year-old soldier Nagasaki. Chernobyl Baby
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The three above Caused By Meth not Radiation
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Exposure (rem) Health Effect Time to Onset (without treatment)
5-10 changes in blood chemistry 50nauseahours 55fatigue 70vomiting
75hair loss2-3 weeks 90diarrhea 100hemorrhage 400possible
deathwithin 2 months 1,000 destruction of intestinal lining
internal bleeding and death 1-2 weeks 2,000 damage to central
nervous system loss of consciousness; and death Minutes hours to
days
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Cancer Genetic Mutations Sterility
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Leukemia Lung cancer Skin cancer Thyroid cancer Multiple
myeloma Breast cancer Stomach cancer
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OSHA specifies the following exposure limits for emergency
workers in radiation fields: 5 rem any work (Dose > 5 rem is on
a voluntary basis with knowledge of risks) 10 rem to protect
property 25 rem to protect life
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Gamma detector only will not detect alpha or beta
radiation
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PRD
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Capabilities Measures and records gamma/x-ray dose and rate
Multiple user features, data logger, PC download Best uses Personal
dosimeter and rate meter Used by decon team
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Rate and Dose keys: Display rate or dose Alarm key: Display
stay time in minutes Light key: Power On backlight Clear/Test key:
Perform operational test On/Off key: Power On and Off Keys have
other functions for advanced users
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Status indicators Autoranging digital display Units of
measure
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Rate Detection range of 1 R/hr to 500 R/hr Total Dose range of
0.1 R to 999 R Unit has an initialization time of less than 5
seconds
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Prepare for Operation Basic Operation
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Before-operation checks Look for obvious damage Install
batteries: 4 AAA Observe polarity indicator Starts sleep mode Power
up Press On/Off key
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Perform operational test Hold Clear/Test key until 888 appears
Test alarm: Press Rate, Dose, or Alarm keys After self-test:
Flashing 9 = pass or 0 = fail Press Clear/Test key
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Check dose and dose rate Turn on back light Alarms Data logging
Check Stay Time (Alarm button) Can be used to survey an area, *Only
Gama
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Current dose rate Normal default reading will be Background
Note Background Reading Total dose Press Dose key Check the dose is
0.00 Returns to rate after 10 sec.
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Press Light key Blue light for 10 sec. Why cant I see the
light?
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Type AlarmVisual (flashing) Audible (if enabled) Vibration (if
enabled) High rate Entire display, Left LED red Beep quicklyVibrate
Low rate Rate and Alarm indicators, Left LED green Beep
slowlyVibrate High dose Dose and Alarm indicators, Right LED red
Beep quicklyVibrate Low dose Dose indicator, Right LED green Beep
slowlyVibrate
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High Rate: 1R/hr Low Rate: 100 uR/hr (100 Times lower than Turn
Back Rate) **Turn Back Rate: 10 mR/hr** NO ALARM FOR TURNBACK
RATE!! **Normal Background 5-25uR/hr**
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High Dose 5R Low Dose 1R
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General Public/Employee: 100mR Year DOE Worker: 2Rem Year
Emergency Worker: (Once in Career) 5 Rem Any Work 10 Rem Property
(Voluntary) 25 Rem Life Safety (Voluntary)
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Type of Alarm High dose/rate alarm Low dose/rate alarm Low
battery alarm Required Action Take immediate action to reduce
exposure Silence and reset alarm Warn others of increased exposure
Silence and reset alarm Change batteries
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High rate alarms Press Clear/Test key to still vibration alarm
Back away to stop audible and display alarms Low rate alarms Press
Clear/Test key to still audible/vibration alarms Back away until
display alarm stops Dose alarms Press Clear/Test key to still
audible/vibration alarms Log the data point
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Low battery: Flashing BAT in upper left corner Less than 10
hours left Press Clear/Test key to display minutes of battery left
Dying battery: Flashing b on blank display Normal operation
stopped
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Log data point at: Any dose alarm End of normal shift Records
up to 300 events Records date, time, dose, rate, etc. Logging a
data point Power On, rate displayed Hold Rate + Dose keys until
number stops flashing New number = log sequence
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How much time remains, at the current Dose Rate, before the
High Dose Alarm is triggered. (If the Dose Rate goes up, remaining
Stay Time will go down.)
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Stay time = number of minutes to safely remain at current rate
Based on current rate and dose alarm setting Press Alarm button
Display stay time in minutes Normal background = 999 Stay Time If
rate increases with low dose alarm set point, stay time
decreases
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DETECTelevated radiation levels VERIFYthe radiation alarm
LOCALIZEor narrow down the radioactive field or source material
MEASUREthe radiation level *Continue to survey until Turn Back Rate
is reached (10mr)
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Decon line use Personal exposure record Alert user of high dose
or dose rate Use source finder mode as survey meter Wear on belt
Instrument upside down, face out flip up to read
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Minimal operator care and cleaning We do not do: Corrective
maintenance Operator troubleshooting
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Power down Hold On/Off key until display shows OFF then - - -
Perform after-operation maintenance Clean and Replace Batteries as
needed Storage Store in carry case
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Wipe exterior surfaces clean Do not submersenot water tight
Avoid harsh solventsmay damage plastic case
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Replace batteries if low battery alarm Power Off; change
batteries; power On Ensure correct orientation Dose reading and
settings not lost Sleep mode starts automatically Power On then Off
to prevent battery drain
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Limitations Does not detect alpha, beta, neutrons Gamma
detector only Unit is immersible to 3 ft and can be decontaminated
Unit is NOT intrinsically safe
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Understanding What Radiation is Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Neutron
Effects of Radiation Cancer, Genetic Mutations, Sterility Using The
Radiation Monitor Operations and Alarms Maintenance and Limitations
Cleaning, Batteries, Gamma Only and water resistant (not
waterproof)
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UltraRadiac Personal Radiation Detector Users Manual, CANBERRA
Industries, Inc., 2006 Protective Action Recommendations For A
Radiological Dispersal Event Including Improvised Nuclear Devices,
WDOH, 2007 Planning Guidance For Response To A Nuclear Detonation,
Homeland Security Council And Office Of Science And Technology
Policy, Executive Office Of The President, 2009 Competencies For
Operations-Level Responders Assigned Mission-Specific
Responsibilities, Standard For Competence Of Responders To
Hazardous Materials/Weapons Of Mass Destruction Incidents, NFPA 472
Chapter 6 Competencies For Responders Assigned Radiological
Agent-Specific Tasks, Standard For Competence Of Responders To
Hazardous Materials/Weapons Of Mass Destruction Incidents, NFPA 472
Annex D Environmental Protection Agency (2007). Radiation Risks and
Realities. Available online:
http://www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/402-k-07-006.pdf.
http://www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/402-k-07-006.pdf Environmental
Protection Agency (2010). Airport Security Scanning. Available
online: http://www.epa.gov/radtown/security-scan.html.
http://www.epa.gov/radtown/security-scan.html Environmental
Protection Agency (2010). RadTown USA: Basic Information. Available
online: http://www.epa.gov/radtown/basic.html.
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Environmental Protection Agency (2011). Radiation Doses in
Perspective. Available online:
http://epa.gov/radiation/understand/perspective.html.
http://epa.gov/radiation/understand/perspective.html Environmental
Protection Agency (2011). Radiation: Non-Ionizing and Ionizing.
Available online:
http://epa.gov/radiation/understand/index.htmlhttp://epa.gov/radiation/understand/index.html.
Environmental Protection Agency (2011). Sources of Radiation
Exposure. Available online:
http://epa.gov/radiation/sources/index.html.
http://epa.gov/radiation/sources/index.html Environmental
Protection Agency (2011). Understanding Radiation: Health Effects.
Available online:
http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/health_effects.html.
http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/health_effects.html
American Nuclear Society (2011). Estimate your personal annual
radiation dose. Available online:
http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/docs/dosechart.pdf.
http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/docs/dosechart.pdf
Catlett C, Baker Rogers JE (2011). Radiation injuries. In JE
Tintinalli, ed., Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive
Study Guide, 7th ed., pp. 56-61. New York: McGraw-Hill.JERadiation
injuries Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006). Acute
Radiation Syndrome (ARS): A Fact Sheet for the Public. Available
online:
http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ars.asp.http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ars.asp
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010). Airport Security
Scanning and Human Health. Available online:
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/airport_scan.htm.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Frequently
Asked Questions About a Radiation Emergency. Available online:
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/emergencyfaq.asp.http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/emergencyfaq.asp
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Potassium Iodide
(KI). Available online:
http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ki.asp.Potassium
http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ki.asp Mehta P, Smith-Bindman R
(2011). Airport full-body screening: What is the risk? Archives of
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(2003). What about treatment? In Young People With Cancer: A
Handbook for Parents. Available online:
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping/youngpeople/page5.http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping/youngpeople/page5
National Cancer Institute (2008). Radiation Risks and Pediatric
Computed Tomography (CT): A Guide for Health Care Providers.
Available online:
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes/radiation/radiation-risks-pediatric-CT.
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes/radiation/radiation-risks-pediatric-CT
Radiological Society of North America and American College of
Radiology (2010). Radiation Exposure in X-Ray and CT Examinations.
Available online:
http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/safety/index.cfm?pg=sfty_xray.
http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/safety/index.cfm?pg=sfty_xray
Schauer DA (2009). Report No. 160-Ionizing Radiation Exposure of
the Population of the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Council
on Radiation Protection and Measurements. World Nuclear Association
(2011). Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects. Available online:
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf05.html.
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National Cancer Institute (2008). Radiation Risks and Pediatric
Computed Tomography (CT): A Guide for Health Care Providers.
Available online:
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes/radiation/radiation-risks-pediatric-CTCancerRadiation
USMC Nuclear, Biological Chemical Training Department of Energy
Nuclear Test Site Training The University of Rochester Medical
CenterUniversity of Rochester Medical Center The U.S Environmental
Protection Agency: Radiation protection The U.S Environmental
Protection Agency: Radiation protection The American Cancer
Society: Radiation exposure and cancer The American Cancer Society:
Radiation exposure and cancer National Cancer Institute: Fertility
issues National Cancer Institute: Fertility issues FEMA Read more:
http://www.livestrong.com/article/73969-longterm-effects-exposure-
radiation/#ixzz2EzVzfSg9http://www.livestrong.com/article/73969-longterm-effects-exposure-
radiation/#ixzz2EzVzfSg9