Upload
brian-wiggins
View
217
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Radio Frequency Treatments as Alternative to Radio Frequency Treatments as Alternative to Chemical Fumigation for Insect Control in NutsChemical Fumigation for Insect Control in Nuts
Juming TangJuming TangS. Wang J. Hansen, J. Johnson, E. Mitcham, S. Drake, G. HallmanS. Wang J. Hansen, J. Johnson, E. Mitcham, S. Drake, G. Hallman
Juming Tang; Shaojin Wang, Bio. Systems Eng., WSU, WAJames D. Hansen, USDA-ARS, Wapato, WAJudy A. Johnson, USDA-ARS, Fresno, CAElizabeth Mitcham, UC Davis, CAElizabeth Mitcham, UC Davis, CAStephen R. Drake, USDA-ARS, Wenatchee, WAGuy Hallman, USDA-ARS, Weslaco, TXGuy Hallman, USDA-ARS, Weslaco, TX
• IntroductionIntroduction
• Insect mortalityInsect mortality
• Fruit quality curveFruit quality curve
• Dielectric propertyDielectric property
• Heating uniformityHeating uniformity
• Differential heatingDifferential heating
• Process protocols for walnutsProcess protocols for walnuts
RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical Fumigation for Insect Control in NutsFumigation for Insect Control in Nuts
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Washington State University started working on Washington State University started working on developing effective thermal processes based on RF developing effective thermal processes based on RF and microwave energy in 1996, with original focus on and microwave energy in 1996, with original focus on codling moth. We now expand to other insect pests for codling moth. We now expand to other insect pests for international and intrastate tradesinternational and intrastate trades
Engineering
Entomology
Plant physiology
In 2000, formed a consortium: entomologists, In 2000, formed a consortium: entomologists, plant physiologists and engineers from two plant physiologists and engineers from two universities (WSU and UC Davis), and four universities (WSU and UC Davis), and four USDA ARS Stations in Three States (WA, CA USDA ARS Stations in Three States (WA, CA and TX). and TX).
Targeted commodities and insectsTargeted commodities and insects
Walnut Almond Cherry Apple Orange Grapefruit
Codling moth Navel orangeworm Indianmeal moth Fly
RF and Microwave Heating:RF and Microwave Heating:Volumetric heating -- the Volumetric heating -- the
electromagnetic electromagnetic waves directly couple with waves directly couple with material to material to generate heat. generate heat.
Electromagnetic spectrumElectromagnetic spectrum
Microwaves
Radiowaves
Infrared Ultraviolet
915 MHz 2450 MHz
27.12 MHz
Quantum energy <0.00001 eV
Quantum energy >5 eV
Molecular AgitationMolecular Agitation
Polarity is reversed 27 MILLION times per second (27MHz) (Courtesy of Strayfield, UK)
• IntroductionIntroduction
• Insect mortalityInsect mortality
• Fruit quality curveFruit quality curve
• Dielectric propertyDielectric property
• Heating uniformityHeating uniformity
• Differential heatingDifferential heating
• Process protocols for walnutsProcess protocols for walnuts
RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical Fumigation for Insect Control in NutsFumigation for Insect Control in Nuts
• Acceptable time-temperature treatment area obtained from different mortality and quality curves
Source: Tang et al., 2000. Postharvest Bio. Technol., 21, 129-145.
The heating block system developed at WSU
• Schematic diagram of the heating block system developed at WSU
Source: Wang et al., 2002. J. Stored Prod. Res., in press.
Mortality curve of fifth-instar navel orangeworm at different temperatures. N0 and N stand for initial (600)
and survival insect numbersSource: Wang et al., 2002. J. Stored Prod. Res., in press.
TDT curve of 5th-instar Indianmeal moth (IMM), codling moth (CM) and navel orangeworm (NOW)
0.1
1
10
100
1000
42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56
Temperature (°C)
Tim
e (m
in)
IMMCMNOWSeries5Series6
Source: Wang et al., 2002. Postharvest Bio. Technol. in review.
Temperature + Holding time Third-instars Fifth-instars PupaeControl (22°C+25 min)
48°C+25 min50°C+10 min52°C+4 min
3.51.987.84.197.70.899.80.2
1.30.627.51.838.811.473.811.3
8.11.033.73.362.58.398.31.0
Mortality (%) of NOW for three different life stages at a heating rate of 18°C/min (3 replicates)
Source: Wang et al., 2002. Postharvest Bio. Technol. in review.
• IntroductionIntroduction
• Insect mortalityInsect mortality
• Fruit quality curveFruit quality curve
• Dielectric propertyDielectric property
• Heating uniformityHeating uniformity
• Differential heatingDifferential heating
• Process protocols for walnutsProcess protocols for walnuts
RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical Fumigation for Insect Control in NutsFumigation for Insect Control in Nuts
TDT curve of codling moths and fruit quality of PNW cherriesQuality data from Steve Drake, USDA ARS Wenatchee
0
10
20
30
40
50
44 46 48 50 52 54 56
Temperatures (°C)
Tim
e (m
in)
No sutvivors
Fruit quality
• IntroductionIntroduction
• Insect mortalityInsect mortality
• Fruit quality curveFruit quality curve
• Dielectric propertyDielectric property
• Heating uniformityHeating uniformity
• Differential heatingDifferential heating
• Process protocols for walnutsProcess protocols for walnuts
RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical Fumigation for Insect Control in NutsFumigation for Insect Control in Nuts
HP Dielectric Property Measurement SystemHP Dielectric Property Measurement System
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
1.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.0E+10
Frequency, Hz
Die
lec
tric
lo
ss
fa
cto
r,
"
CM
Cherry
Apple
Walnut
RF region915 MHz
2450 MHz
Dielectric loss factors of apple, cherry, walnut and codlingDielectric loss factors of apple, cherry, walnut and codlingmoth larvae at RF and microwave frequenciesmoth larvae at RF and microwave frequencies
Source: Tang et al., 2000. Postharvest Bio. Technol., 21, 129-145.
• IntroductionIntroduction
• Insect mortalityInsect mortality
• Fruit quality curveFruit quality curve
• Dielectric propertyDielectric property
• Heating uniformityHeating uniformity
• Differential heatingDifferential heating
• Process protocols for walnutsProcess protocols for walnuts
RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical Fumigation for Insect Control in NutsFumigation for Insect Control in Nuts
Walnut kernel temperature at five locations on three layers when subjected to RF (P=0.6kW) and hot air treatments
( air temp.=53°C, air speed =1 m/s)
Source: Wang et al., 2001. ASAE paper No. 016170, 16p.
• IntroductionIntroduction
• Insect mortalityInsect mortality
• Fruit quality curveFruit quality curve
• Dielectric propertyDielectric property
• Heating uniformityHeating uniformity
• Differential heatingDifferential heating
• Process protocols for walnutsProcess protocols for walnuts
RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical Fumigation for Insect Control in NutsFumigation for Insect Control in Nuts
Temperature profiles of walnut kernels and codling moth slurry when subjected to 27 MHz RF system
• IntroductionIntroduction
• Insect mortalityInsect mortality
• Fruit quality curveFruit quality curve
• Dielectric propertyDielectric property
• Heating uniformityHeating uniformity
• Differential heatingDifferential heating
• Process protocols for walnutsProcess protocols for walnuts
RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical RF Treatments as Alternative to Chemical Fumigation for Insect Control in NutsFumigation for Insect Control in Nuts
Treating Infested Walnuts Using 27.12 MHz RF
Schematic view of the combined RF and hot air treatments of in-shell walnuts for drying and insect control
Source: Wang et al., 2002. Postharvest Bio. Technol. in review.
Temperature of in-shell walnut kernel when subjected to RF and Temperature of in-shell walnut kernel when subjected to RF and forced hot air treatments forced hot air treatments
(air temperature, 53(air temperature, 53ooC; air velocity, 1m/s)C; air velocity, 1m/s)
Source: Tang et al., 2000. Postharvest Bio. Technol., 21, 129-145.
Treatments # total
recovered
# alive # dead Repeat
number (n)
MortalitySD
(%)
Control
31°C+5min
43°C+5min
53°C+5min
17
61
84
70
17
32
18
0
0
29
66
70
2
2
5
4
0
47.511
78.66
1000
Mortality of 5th instar codling moth in walnuts after RF treatments(year 2000)
Source: Wang et al., 2001. Postharvest Bio. Technol., 22, 29-38.
Mortality of 5th Instar Navel Orangeworms in in-shellwalnuts after RF treatments (Year 2001)
Treatments # total
recovered
#
alive
#
dead
Repeat
number (n)
Mortality
(%)
Control
RF(55°C)+5min
RF(55°C)+10min
RF with hot
air(55°C)+10min
180
180
180
180
180
0
0
0
0
180
180
180
3
3
3
3
0
100
100
100
Source: Wang et al., 2002. Postharvest Bio. Technol. in review.
Storage time at
35°C
Peroxide value
(meq/kg)
Fatty acid (%)
(day) control RF treated control RF treated
0
10
20
30
0.26±0.04
0.49±0.05
0.93±0.05
1.04±0.05
0.28±0.04
0.51±0.05
0.98±0.05
1.17±0.05
0.08±0.01
0.08±0.01
0.10±0.01
0.11±0.01
0.08±0.01
0.09±0.01
0.08±0.01
0.10±0.01
Quality characteristics of in-shell walnuts treated by RF energy (53°C+5min)
(year 2000)
Source: Wang et al., 2001. Postharvest Bio. Technol., 22, 29-38.
Quality characteristics of in-shell walnuts treated by radio frequency energy with 3 replicates (Year 2001)*
Storage timeat 35°C
Peroxide value (meq/kg)
(day) Control(22°C)
RF(55°C)+5min
RF(55°C)+10min
RF with hot air(55°C)+10min
01020
0.01 0.010.28 0.110.64 0.16
0.05 0.050.12 0.010.37 0.16
0.12 0.080.12 0.080.36 0.20
0.02 0.010.18 0.120.61 0.03
Storage timeat 35°C
Fatty acid (%)
(day) Control(22°C)
RF(55°C)+5min
RF(55°C)+10min
RF with hot air(55°C)+10min
01020
0.10 0.010.15 0.010.21 0.01
0.08 0.020.16 0.040.22 0.06
0.10 0.020.14 0.020.15 0.03
0.10 0.020.15 0.010.17 0.03
* Tests conducted by Diamond Walnuts, CA
Source: Wang et al., 2002. Postharvest Bio. Technol. in review.
• It is possible to use radio frequency It is possible to use radio frequency heating as a short-time treatment for heating as a short-time treatment for insect pest control.insect pest control.
• The process completely kills insect pests The process completely kills insect pests without causing damage to selected without causing damage to selected commodities.commodities.
• We may be ready to scale-up RF process We may be ready to scale-up RF process for inshell walnut nut treatment.for inshell walnut nut treatment.
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
RF HeatingRF HeatingFCC approved frequencies for ISM Applications:
13.56 MHz (22 m), 27.12 MHz (11 m), and 40.68 MHz (7.4 m)
Please visit our USDA-IFAFS Website:Please visit our USDA-IFAFS Website:
http://www.bsyse.wsu.edu/IFAFShttp://www.bsyse.wsu.edu/IFAFS
Thanks!Thanks!