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Radioactive Decay and Thermal Convection . Thermal structure of the Earth: Heat is a driver for seismological processes. Starting with student experiences. What evidence do they have for Earth’s internal temperature?. Starting with their experiences. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Radioactive Decay and Thermal Convection
Thermal structure of the Earth: Heat is a driver for seismological
processes
What evidence do they have for Earth’s internal temperature?
Starting with student experiences
Starting with their experiences
Earth’s heat and the age of the Earth• Uniformitarianism (Lyell’s Principles of Geology)
– same geological processes occurring today have existed throughout geologic time
• Darwin (Origin of Species) estimated that it took 300 million years to erode a chalk deposit in southern England
• Lord Kelvin - estimate time from molten state to solidification via cooling– temperature at Earth's core = melting point of rocks– temperature gradient with regard to depth below the surface (1 degree/50’)– thermal decrease through conductivity of rocks*– Estimate of 20 myo to 400 myo)
Challenges to Kelvin’s model
• Assumption of a solid Earth • Some argued that the Earth had never been a molten
sphere; rather Earth had formed from the slow accumulation of solid material like asteroids.
• Some attacked Kelvin's assumption about a closed system of dwindling initial heat
• Others offerred the possibility that the then-unknown internal structure of atoms could contain massive amounts of potential energy
Where does the heat come from?
• 20% Residual heat from accretion and gravitational collapse
• 80% Radioactive decay– Uranium-238 (4.47 × 109)
– Uranium-235 (7.04 × 108)
– Thorium-232 (1.40 × 1010) – Potassium-40 (1.25 × 109)
Average 25oC/km
Thermal structure
Tufts.edu
Earth’s Energy Budget
• Solar Radiation - (99.978%, or nearly 174 petawatts; or about 340 W m-2)
• Geothermal Energy - (0.013%, or about 23 terawatts; or about 0.045 W m-2)
• Tidal Energy – (0.002%, or about 3 terawatts; or about 0.0059 W m-2).
• Waste Heat - (about 0.007%, or about 13 terawatts; or about 0.025 W m-2)
How is Earth’s heat released?
• Conduction• Convection• Sketch expected convection in pan
How to best model mantle material
• Obleck?– Cornstarch and water
• Silly putty?
• What are important criteria for choosing?
Convection and Earth’s interior
• 3D Mantle flow models
• 3D Mantle flow models
• Mantle convection – Can be imaged using seismic waves– Complex– Sometimes both upper and lower mantle
together– Some subduction zones can be imaged to
base of mantle
Reflection on Earth’s interior
• First by yourself, and then with your table, consider 1, 2 or all 3 of the following questions:– What is the difference between the crust and the
mantle?– What is the difference between the lithosphere and
the asthenosphere?– Why are both sets of terms used, and which would
be simplest for your students to understand?