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ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Radiofrequency exposure in the general population:sources and exposure levels
Martin Röösli; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Insitute (Swiss TPH),University of Basel, Switzerland
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Content
� Exposure assessment approaches
� Measurement surveys
� Personal exposure studies
� From exposure to dose
� Exposure trends in the last 10 years
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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RF-EMF: Two types of exposure
(near field) (far field)
mobile phone (uplink)
cordless phone
broadcast transmitter
mobile phone base station (downlink)
W-LAN
close to body environmental
Other people’s mobile and cordless phones (uplink)
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Radiofrequency exposure measure
• Near-field exposureSAR in W/kg: Specific absorptionrate.Regulatory limits for mobile phones: 2 W/kg
• Far-field exposureElectric field (E) in V/m (sometimes called incident field)ICNIRP regulatory limits formobile phone radiation: <61 V/m
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
How to combine to one single exposure measure?
• Complex, depends on the relevant exposure metric
– Spatial average vs. Spatial peak
– Temporal average vs. Temporal peak
– Frequency dependence of absorbtion
– etc.
1. Simplified approach: measured exposure = E-field at the place of a person if the person not were there
2. A cumulative dose approach
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Three approaches for environmental EMF exposure assessment
+ efficient, illustrative
- no hotspots (W-Lan), femto/nano cells
- No individual behavior
2. Modeling of fixed site transmitters
+ accurate temporal resolution
- elaborate
- Low spatial resolution
1. Stationary Measurements
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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3. Portable measurements
3b. Microenvironmental survey3a. Personal volunteer measurements
+ all sources including behavior
- data quality, manipulation
- selection bias
- No differentiation between own and other
people’s mobile phone
- body shielding
+ data quality, efficient,
+ minimized body shielding
- No individual behavior
- Private place measurements challenging
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Overview measurement survey
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Rowley et al., JESEE, 2012
E-field
6 V/m
0.6 V/m
0.06 V/m
0.006 V/m
60 V/m
Dow
nlin
k
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Microenvironmental survey
• Measurements conducted between 2010 and 2012
• EME SPY 120: 12 frequency bands from 88 to 2500 MHz
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Amsterdam Basel Gent and Brussels
Outdoor:• Residential
areas• Downtown
Public transports:• Trains• Bus• Tram/Metro
Indoor:• Train station• Airport• Shopping
centers
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Reproducibility of microenvironmental measurements
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
Urbinello et al., Env Int, 2014
10
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Urbinello et al., Env Int, 2014
Exposure vs. Regulatory limits
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Summary of 51 outdoor microenvironments in CH (+ public transport)conducted in 2014
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Sagar et al., under review
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Pilot measurements in South Africa from May 2016
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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See poster of Sagar et al.
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Overview personal measurements
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Gajsek et al. JESEE, 2015
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
ZüMe: Population based personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure measurements in Zurich
� Random population sample from 12 communities from canton of Zürich (Switzerland) with various degrees of ubanity
� 42 pairs of one parent and adolescent (12-15 years) and 30 young adults(18-30 years)
� Measurements conducted: 21 Feb. – 2. Nov. 2015
� Measurement device ExpoM-RF: 14 frequency bands between 88 MHz –2690 MHz
� Electronic diary app, GPS recorded by Expom-RF
� Full report (in German): Röösli et al., 2016: http://www.awel.zh.ch/content/dam/baudirektion/awel/luft_asbest_elektrosmog/elektrosmog/dokumente/PersMeas_AWEL_2016.pdf
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Average source contributions (mean=0.18 V/m)
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Uplink Downlink Broadcast DECT WLAN
Röösli et al, 2016
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Comparison of the 3 study groups
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Parents (n = 42)
Adolescents (n = 43)
YoungAdults
(n = 30)
0.16 V/m
0.16 V/m
0.22 V/m
Parents (n = 42)
Adolescents (n = 43)
YoungAdults
(n = 30)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Power flux density [µW/m²]
0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27
Electric field [V/m]
Uplink Downlink Broadcast DECT WLAN
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
RF-EMF per activity
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Others
(409 h, n = 91)
Car (190 h, n = 69)
Bus (43 h, n = 34)
Tram
(28 h, n = 30)
Train (75 h, n = 44)
Outdoor (387 h, n = 109)
Work place (561 h, n = 46)
School
(465 h, n = 49)
At home (5089 h, n = 115)
0.32 V/m
0.29 V/m
0.39 V/m
0.33 V/m
0.55 V/m
0.30 V/m
0.22 V/m
0.15 V/m
0.11 V/m
Others
(409 h, n = 91)
Car (190 h, n = 69)
Bus (43 h, n = 34)
Tram
(28 h, n = 30)
Train (75 h, n = 44)
Outdoor (387 h, n = 109)
Work place (561 h, n = 46)
School
(465 h, n = 49)
At home (5089 h, n = 115)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Power flux density [µW/m²]
0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Electric field [V/m]
Uplink Downlink Broadcast DECT WLAN
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Weekend (WE) vs. workday (WD) exposure
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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0.15 V/m
0.21 V/m
0.16 V/m
0.15 V/m
0.22 V/m
0.16 V/m
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Power flux density [µW/m²]
0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27
Electric field [V/m]
Parents(n = 17)
Adolescents(n = 19)
YoungAdults(n = 12)
WD
WE
WD
WE
WD
WE
Uplink Downlink Broadcast DECT WLAN
All participants:Mean weekend: 0.18 V/mMean workday:0.18 V/m
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Day vs night exposure
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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0.18 V/m
0.09 V/m
0.18 V/m
0.11 V/m
0.26 V/m
0.12 V/m
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Power flux density [µW/m²]
0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27
Electric field [V/m]
Partents (n = 42)
Adolescents (n = 43)
YoungAdults (n = 30)
Day
Night
Day
Night
Day
Night
Uplink Downlink Broadcast DECT WLAN
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Uplink exposure
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Mobile internet use Call duration (per day)
No mobileinternet use
(n = 14)
Mobile internet use
(n = 101)
0.05 V/m
0.11 V/m
No mobileinternet use
(n = 14)
Mobile internet use
(n = 101)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Power flux density [µW/m²]
0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27
Electric field [V/m]
Never (n = 38)
1-5 min
(n = 54)
6-15 min (n = 16)
16-30 min (n = 3)
31-60 min (n = 2)
>60 min (n = 2)
0.09 V/m
0.10 V/m
0.13 V/m
0.08 V/m
0.09 V/m
0.14 V/m
Never (n = 38)
1-5 min
(n = 54)
6-15 min (n = 16)
16-30 min (n = 3)
31-60 min (n = 2)
>60 min (n = 2)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Power flux density [µW/m²]
0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27
Electric field [V/m]
Combine near and far field by dosimetric approach
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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RF-EMF dose
Roser et al., IJERPH, 2015RF-EMF = radiofrequency electromagnetic fields
Near-field Far-field
brain whole body
���� �
���������� ∗ �� ∗ �����������
SAR = normalized Specific Absorption Rate
���� �
������������� ∗ �� ∗ ����������������
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Average use in Züme
Population RF exposure23
� Calls with mobile phones: 5.2 Min/day (8% with headset/speaker)� Calls with cordless phones: 4.8 Min/day� Mobile data traffic on mobile phone: 19.0 Min/day� WLAN data traffic on mobile phone : 33.3 Min/day� Mobile phone transmission on the body in stand-by mode: 1.2 Min/day� WLAN Use on computer: 9.8 Min/day; with Laptop: 50.2 Min/day;
withTablet: 15.6 Min/day game console: 2.4 Min/day.� Mean measured far field exposure as presented before
Martin Röösli
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
SAR values from the literature
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Roser et al., IJERPH, 2015
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Average cumulative dose
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Brain Whole body
Dose [
mJ/k
g/d
ay]
Dose [
mJ/k
g/d
ay]
Mobile phone callsCordless phone callsMobile data traffic
Mobile phone stand-by data trafficWLAN Computer, laptops, tablets
BroadcastingMobile phone base stationsWLAN access points
DECT cordless phone base stationsMobile phones
Close to body Far field
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Uncertainties
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Seawind, Final Report, FP7-ENV-2009-1
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
UMTS phones emit 100-500 times less than GSM phones!
Population RF exposure27
UMTS:
GSM:
Persson et al., BioEM, 2012
Adapted from Vreiheid, OEM, 2009
Martin Röösli
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Dose Züme: assuming UMTS call only
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Dose [
mJ/k
g/d
ay]
Dose [
mJ/k
g/d
ay]
Brain Whole body
Mobile phone callsCordless phone callsMobile data traffic
Mobile phone stand-by data trafficWLAN Computer, laptops, tablets
BroadcastingMobile phone base stationsWLAN access points
DECT cordless phone base stationsMobile phones
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Dose Züme: assuming max. downlink (0.51 V/m)
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
29
Dose [
mJ/k
g/d
ay]
Dose [
mJ/k
g/d
ay]
Brain Whole body
Mobile phone callsCordless phone callsMobile data traffic
Mobile phone stand-by data trafficWLAN Computer, laptops, tablets
BroadcastingMobile phone base stationsWLAN access points
DECT cordless phone base stationsMobile phones
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Exposure change over time
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants(ITU, 2015)
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Temporal trends in measurement surveys
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
31
Rowley et al., JESEE, 2012
E-field
Dow
nlin
k
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Temporal Variability in microenvironmental surveys (Total RF-EMF)
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
Urbinello et al., Env Res, 2014
32
Outdoor areas Public transport
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Comparison of adult exposure in Qualifex and Zürich study
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Mean HF-EMF: 117 µW/m² (0.21 V/m)
Mean Downlink: 26 µW/m² (0.10 V/m)
Mean Uplink: 46 µW/m² (0.16 V/m)
Mean HF-EMF: 90 µW/m² (0.18 V/m)
Mean Downlink: 32 µW/m² (0.11 V/m)
Mean Uplink: 38 µW/m² (0.12 V/m)
Qualifex (Basel), 2007/2008 (n=131)
6% 4%
0%
39%
22%
24%
5%
36%
42%
12%
5%5%
Zürich 2014/2015 (n=72)
Uplink
Downlink
Broadcast
DECT
WLAN
mW /m²
FM TV Tetrapol Uplink Downlink DECT W-LAN * without own phone use*
ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016
Conlusions
� Far field exposure levels considerably below ICNIRP guidelines.
� Environmental exposure levels remarkably constant in the last 10 years.
� Own use of devices close to body most relevant for cumulative dose.
� For head dose: mobile phone use most relevant, but highly dependenton technology and connection quality.
� For whole body dose: data transmission very relevant.
� Several aspects of exposure not well understood: stand-by, different datatransmission technology, etc.
� A better understanding of the link between technology and exposurewould allow efficient exposure reduction.
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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