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SHAISTA ZAFAR
BASIC INTRODUCTION TO
RADIOGRAPHS & DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
RADIATIONRadiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space and may be able to
penetrate various materials
DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS
Type Of An Image Of The Oral Cavity Which Results From Penetration Of A High Energy Electromagnetic Radiation Through Dense Body Structures To Form
An Image On A Dental Film
MEASURING UNITThe
scientific unit of measurement for radiation dose, commonly referred to as effective dose, is the
microsievert per hour (mSv/hour)
Intraoral x-ray= 0.005 mSv
GOAL
-Diagnostic informationwith minimal exposure
ARE DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS SAFE?
INDICATIONS!!!• Loss of tooth structure• Caries(occlusal/proximal)• Non-carious(attrition,fracture)• Periodontal disease;• Endodontic disease• Developmental abnormalities;• Tumors• Trauma• Impacted teeth• Unerupted teeth• Other bone pathologies• Implants
ATTRITION
PROXIMAL CARIES
BONE LOSS
IMPLANT
DENTIGEROUS CYSTC
04/22/2023 FJDC&H 18
DENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
04/22/2023 FJDC&H 19
ENDODONTICS
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
PRESCRIBING DENTAL
RADIOGRAPHS
04/22/2023 FJDC&H 22
TYPE OF ENCOUNTER
CHILD (PRIMARY DENTITION)
CHILD (TRANSITIONAL DENTITION)
ADOLESCENT (PERM. DENTITION)
ADULT, DENTATE OR PARTIALLY EDENTULOUS
ADULT EDENTULOUS
NEW PATIENT Periapical/ occlusal or post. bitewing
Post. Bitewing with either OPG or periapical
Post. Bitewing with OPG
(same) Based on clinical signs & symptoms
RECALLED PATIENT (with clinical caries or inc.caries risk)
Post. Bitewing at 6-12mons interval
(same) (same) Post. Bitewing at 6-18mons interval
_
RECALLED PATIENT (with no clinical caries or inc. caries risk
Post. Bitewing at 12-24mon interval
(same) Post. Bitewing at 18-36mon interval
Post. Bitewing at 24-36mon interval
_
04/22/2023 FJDC&H 23
RECALL ED PATIENT (periodontal disease)
Clinical judgement/ periapical/ bitewing
(same) (same) (same) _
Patient for monitoring dentofacial growth/ dento skeletal relationship
Clinical judgement
(same) Clinical judgement/ panoramic/ periapical
Usually not indicated
(same)
Pt. with implants, other dentofacial pathoses, restorative/endodonticneeds, treated periodontal disease.
Clinical judgement
(same) (same) (same) (same)
RADIATION PROTECTION
• Use of proper exposure and processing techniques
• Patients should be shielded with lead aprons and thyroid shields.
• These shields should have at least 0.5 mm of lead equivalent.
• Film badges
IMAGE RECEPTORS• RADIOGRAPHIC FILM• DIGITAL RECEPTORS
FILM PACKET CONTENTS
SIZES• Various sizes available, although only three are
usually used routinely:• For periapical & bitewings 31 X 41 mm 22 X 35 mm
• For occlusal 57 X 76 mm
TYPES
INTRA ORAL RADIOGRAPHSEXTRA ORAL RADIOGRAPHS
TYPES
INTRA ORAL RADIOGRAPHS
• Bitewing• Occlusal• Peri apical
BITEWING• So called because patient closes the teeth
together biting on a wing of card projecting from the tube side of the film
• Demonstrates occlusal surfaces,inter proximal surfaces of enamel,enamel-dentine junction & the bone levels surrounding the tooth
• Used for pre-molars,molars• indications:DC,assessment of fillings &
crown,periodontology
OCCLUSAL• Utilize the largest intra oral film (6 X 8cm)• Various projections• Maxillary occlusal projections-Upper standard-Upper oblique standard• Mandibular occlusal projections-lower 90 degree occlusal-lower 45 degree occlusal-lower oblique occlusal
PERIAPICAL• Shows usually 2-4 teeth,individual teeth &
tissues around apices
INDICATIONS
• Detection of apical infection• Assessment of periodontal status• After trauma to teeth & associated alveolar
bone• Assessment of root morphology before extraction• During endodontics• Detailed evaluation of apical cyst & other
lesion within the bone• Evaluation of implants postoperatively
PARALLELING TECHNIQUE
BISECTED ANGLE TECHNIQUE
PROBLEMS OF GAGGING
EXTRA ORAL RADIOGRAPHS
• Oblique lateral Radiography• Cephalometrics• Tomography• Panoramic radiography
ORTHOPANTOGRAM
ALTERNATIVE AND SPECIALIZED IMAGING MODALITIES
• Contrast studies• Radioisotope imaging(nuclear
medicine)• Computed tomography• Cone beam CT (CBCT)• Ultrasoud• Magnetic Resonance
• SIALOGRAPHY
SIALOGRAPHY
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY(CT)
• INDICATIONS• Intracranial disease e.g:
tumors,haemorrhage,infarcts• Assessment of fracture involving cranial
base,orbits,naso-ethmoidal complex• Assessment of size & extent of cyst• Tumor staging• Investigation of TMJ,osteomyelitis• Pre-operative assessment of maxillary and
mandibular alveolar height
CBCT
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
• Dental radiographs produced with a special computer create digital images (computerized dental radiographs) that can be displayed and enhanced on the computer monitor.
• It involves the use of a radiography machine like that used for conventional xrays. But instead of using films, the clinician makes digital images using a small electronic sensor or an image receptor placed in mouth to capture the image.
• Accepted?• Radiation Source?• Ordering Dental radiographs?• Operator Location?• Advantages?• Disadvantages?
ADVANTAGES• requires 50-80% dose reduction• No films,no dark room,no chemical are needed• No lead foil waste generated• Digital images can be magnified• Friendly
DISADVANTAGES• Cost• Infection control
CORRECT TERMINOLOGY• One examines a radiograph and not an x-ray,
bear in mind that xray cannot be seen• One does not see infection at the apex of a
tooth—radiolucency/opacity• Periodontal bone loss is not periodontitis• In radiologic terminology PA is a postero-
anterior view
COMMON QUESTIONS ASKED BY A PT
• Are regular scans and xrays necessary?• If the period of time between them
could be lengthened?• Are dental x-rays safe for a pregnant
women?• Estimated risk for cancer?
REFERENCES• Essentials of Dental Radiography &
Radiology ERIC WHAITES (by Roderick Cawson)• Images from GOOGLE
THANKYOU
I'm always amazed to hear of air crash victims so badly mutilated that they have to be identified by their dental records. What I can't understand is, if they don't know who you are, how do they know
who your dentist is? -Paul Merton