RAHH Day 17 AgendaRAHH Day 17 AgendaRAHH Day 17 AgendaRAHH Day 17 AgendaGoal –To understand that JFK’s foreign policy, role in Vietnam and the

growing civil rights movement are interconnected. To understand that LBJ’s first year and the Great Society are results of JFK’s death

• Questions from homework• CR packet – answer on p 4 box 12 – Read SNCC Statement of

Purpose p 163 in book. Describe methods and goals• CR packet – answer 1-4 page 6 Triumphs of a Crusade re: Civil

Rights activities during JFK Administration • Video of Civil rights movement – see CR p 1• Complete Unit 3 packet p 4 about Kennedy and Cold War• Unit 3 packet p 5-6. Read the appraisal of JFK and answer the 3

questions p 6.• Video of early Vietnam Vietnam war• Vietnam packet bottom p 1p 1• Complete top of Unit 3 p 8 – 1964 election and the rise of the new

conservatives• Read Unit 3 p 7 – about the Other America

– Who lived in the Other America?– Why did mainstream America not see them?

• Complete Unit 3 p 9 –the Great Society Programs

Conservatives Try New Tack on Campuses By PATRICIA COHEN - Published: September 21, 2008

• COLORADO SPRINGS — Acknowledging that 20 years and millions of dollars spent loudly and bitterly attacking the liberal leanings of American campuses have failed to make much of a dent in the way undergraduates are educated, some conservatives have decided to try a new strategy.

Kennedy’s AdministrationKennedy’s AdministrationKennedy’s AdministrationKennedy’s Administration• Elected with small margin – had to ride the fence b/t liberal and conservative• Non-committal on:

– civil rights – Kennedy Administration generally stayed out of civil rights issues so long as the states, agreeing through negotiation with JFK’s Admin, were not overtly violent.

• When violence ensued like the ’61 Freedom Riders, or

• Ole’ Miss riots over James Meredith - the Fed stepped in to keep the peace.

• Negotiations were also part of JFK’s attempts to stop the Civil Rights movement from marching on Washington

– women’s issues – JFK placated some women with the President’s Commission on the status of Women and appointing Ester Peterson to head the Women’s Bureau, but otherwise took no action, even after the commission reported widespread discrimination against women in the workplace.

• Idealistic but very much a cold warrior• Challenged the nation to be better at home and abroad• Took up civil rights after mid-term election and experience with the very

public violent responses of Southern Whites made the US look bad., especially after Cuban Missile Crisis.

The New Frontier – p 3The New Frontier – p 3The New Frontier – p 3The New Frontier – p 3Problems What can gov’t

do?Laws and programs enacted

economic recession

spend money

run deficits

cut taxes

• Increased defense spending by 20%,

• raised minimum wage,

• $1billion in business tax cuts

• extended unemployment $,

• aid to cities through Area Redevelopment Act,

• $4 Billion for poor housing,

• $435 million Manpower Retraining Act

poverty abroad volunteerism and US technical and financial aid – part of Flexible Response Doctrine

• Alliance for Progress w/South America,

• Peace Corps,

• US Agency for International Development (USAID)

soviet in space gov’t spending on space through NASA

JFK called on US to land on Moon

• Doubled NASA budget

• orbital program (Glenn 1962)

• satellite program, (Telstar 1962)

• moon program, (Armstrong 1969)

4 – JFK’s reforms rejected by a conservative Congress– civil rights act, blighted cities act, medicare, aid for education

5 – JFK’s late ideas not put through Congress because he died– Civil rights act, tax cut, assault on poverty

The New Frontier – p 3The New Frontier – p 3

SNCC – Student non-violent coordinating committee – a group created under the auspices of the SCLC (southern christian leadership conference) to organize and train young people in their civil disobedience of the Jim Crow laws. Taught them how to sit-in, march get arrested, and how to boycott.

SCLC – MLK, Jr.’s organization

1 – end discrimination

2 – end segregation

3 – gain voting rights for real

Taking on Segregation

1. Goal of Freedom Rides – to determine the extent to which the Supreme Court rulings desegregating interstate travel were being enforced

2. Kennedy response to Freedom Rides? – US marshals were sent to protect the riders at the end and the ICC issued orders ending segregation and began enforcing these rules

3. Goal of the 1963 March on Wash. DC – to support JFK’s proposed CRA

4. Who attended the March? – ¼ million people, including 75,000 whites.

5. Goal of Freedom Summer? – to get blacks to register to vote

6. Who led the project and who participated? Robert Moses and SNCC and CORE led interracial group of students - many northern whites

7. Effect of violence of Bloody Sunday? – public opinion shifted to support civil and voting rights

8. What did LBJ do as a result of Bloody Sunday? Proposed and pushed through the Voting Rights Act

9. What did VRA ’65 outlaw?Discrimination in voter registration, literacy tests and called for Federal agents to take over registration in cases of discrimination

10. What did VRA accomplish? 60% of blacks were registered by ’681000s of blacks were elected to local, state and federal offices

The Triumphs of a Crusade CR – p 6

Kennedy and the Cold War – P 4Kennedy and the Cold War – P 4

1960 Kennedy was elected because of: youth and vigor, TV debates, positive and sunny public outlook- Flexible Response Foreign Policy – economic aid to collect friends, build up nukes for deterrence, and create special forces (Green Berets)

1961 – Bay of pigs (initially authorized by Ike)

When JFK implemented Ike’s plan “Operation Zapata” to use 1500 anti-Castro Cubans to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro, the plan failed miserably. JFK looked weak, the US looked powerless, the CIA looked foolish. Castro was scared and asked USSR for protection – USSR began to install nukes in Cuba

1961 - Berlin crisis leading to wall construction

East Germany and USSR did not want to continue to lose people through West Berlin. Appeared as if another blockade or threat would occur, but they built the Berlin Wall instead. 1963 JFK goes to Berlin to show his full support for continuing to protect W. Berlin from communists.

Kennedy and the Cold WarKennedy and the Cold War

1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis

US finds out USSR nukes are in Cuba. US blockades Cuba, prevent USSR ships from sailing in. US and USSR mobilize forces in Europe and Western hemisphere – close to war.USSR backs down, removes missiles, US promises to remove missiles from Turkey. A direct line of communication installed (the hotline) so Pres can talk directly to Soviet leader. Khruschev is replaced and Cubans in Miami become staunch Republicans

1963 Installation of “Hotline”

Kennedy and Khruschev realized that much of the Cuban Missile Crisis may have been avoided if they were able to talk to each other directly and immediately. Therefore they installed a direct cable line from Washington to the Kremlin.

1963 – Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

US and USSR had conducted actual nuclear bomb explosion to see how well they worked. This was dangerous on many levels – risk of one side misreading a launch and mistakenly retaliating; radiation released into the atmosphere or killing marine-life underwater.LNTBT outlaws atmospheric, underwater and space nuclear testing. Testing only allowed underground.

Causes for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘Nam

• For about 1000 yrs before the 8th century C.E., Vietnam was ruled by China: Vietnamese always rebelled

• From the 8th C until the 19th C Vietnamese culture had a major theme: repel invaders by guerilla war

• France’s first attempt at colonization was in 1802 then from 1858 they conducted wars of conquest until France completely controlled Nam by 1883 – But there were always rebels trying to oust France

• When Japan conquered Nam in 1940, the French administration there collaborated with Japan. The only opposition to Japan was the Viet Minh (1. founded to gain independence for Vietnam) led by Nguyen That Than (Ho Chi Minh)

• After March 9, 1945 Japan removed the French administration; only then did France fight against Japan

• On September 2, 1945 Ho Chi Minh (2.) declares the independence of Vietnam– US soldiers, the US flag, the US national

anthem and the US Declaration of Independence play a prominent role in the ceremony

Causes for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘Nam

• Following WWII, at the beginning of the Cold War, US needed France to be on its side against the USSR. France wanted to be a world power – France wanted to regain its colonies, especially – Vietnam.

• The US agreed to allow France to retake Vietnam

Causes for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘Nam

How the Cold War helped cause ‘NamHow the Cold War helped cause ‘Nam

• France’s enemy in its attempt to retake Vietnam was “Uncle” Ho Chi Minh and his League for Vietnamese Independence (Viet Minh)

– he had communist leanings and got military assistance from USSR

– (3.) Ho and the Viet Minh violent resist the return of French colonization

• Therefore, (4. ) helping France grew more important to Truman and the US

• (5. ) The US sent money and military supplies to the French war effort in Vietnam

• Because (6.)The Cold War spread and communism seemed to spread in Europe through the 1940s – then China, in Asia, fell to communism in 1949 – the US could not see both France in Europe and Vietnam in Asia fall to communism – it would violate containment

Background Background to the Warto the War

Background Background to the Warto the War

The French lost the war to The French lost the war to Ho Chi Minh’s Ho Chi Minh’s Viet MinhViet Minh forces in 1954 at forces in 1954 at Dien Bien Dien Bien PhuPhu

President Eisenhower declined to intervene President Eisenhower declined to intervene on behalf of France, seeing it as a lost on behalf of France, seeing it as a lost cause.cause.

(8.)(8.) France more or less surrendered and France more or less surrendered and negotiated a peace settlement called the negotiated a peace settlement called the Geneva Accords of 1954Geneva Accords of 1954

Background to the WarBackground to the WarBackground to the WarBackground to the War (9.)(9.) International Conference at Geneva International Conference at Geneva

Vietnam was divided at 17Vietnam was divided at 17thth parallel parallelO Ho Chi Minh’sHo Chi Minh’s nationalist nationalist

forces controlled the Northforces controlled the NorthO Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem, a French and US-, a French and US-

educated, Roman Catholic claimed educated, Roman Catholic claimed control of the control of the SouthSouth

O The two sides agreed that national The two sides agreed that national

elections would occur in 1956elections would occur in 1956

Background to the WarBackground to the WarBackground to the WarBackground to the War

(7.)(7.) Ike saw the Ike saw the southeast Asian nationssoutheast Asian nations as as a row of dominos that would fall to a row of dominos that would fall to communism if Vietnam fell first.communism if Vietnam fell first.

(10.)(10.)With Eisenhower’s approval, Diem With Eisenhower’s approval, Diem backed out of the elections, leading to backed out of the elections, leading to military conflict between North and Southmilitary conflict between North and South

Ho Chi Minh seemed like everyone’s Uncle in ‘Nam – he is very popular– Ho seems to Americans to be a communist– Ho would win a nation-wide election– Diem holds a mock-election where he wins

through voter fraud– Vietnam remains split: North under Ho and

South under Diem with American financial support

U.S. Military Involvement BeginsU.S. Military Involvement BeginsU.S. Military Involvement BeginsU.S. Military Involvement Begins Repressive dictatorial rule by DiemRepressive dictatorial rule by Diem

– Diem is Catholic in a 90% Buddhist country– Diem is wealthy, western educated, aristocratic in

90% poor, rural, peasant Diem’s family holds all powerDiem’s family holds all power Wealth is hoarded by the eliteWealth is hoarded by the elite Buddhist majority persecutedBuddhist majority persecuted Torture, lack of political freedom prevailTorture, lack of political freedom prevail

The U.S. aided Diem’s government and the Army of The U.S. aided Diem’s government and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) Ike sent financial and military aidIke sent financial and military aid 675 U.S. Army advisors sent by 1960.675 U.S. Army advisors sent by 1960.

Early Protests of Diem’s Government

Early Protests of Diem’s Government

Self-Immolation by a Buddhist MonkSelf-Immolation by a Buddhist Monk

U.S. Military Involvement BeginsU.S. Military Involvement BeginsU.S. Military Involvement BeginsU.S. Military Involvement Begins

Kennedy elected 1960Kennedy elected 1960• The Viet Cong (VC) is organized in the South to

fight against Diem’s regime• Ho supports the Viet Cong by sending them

supplies and leadership from the North• Diem’s regime continues corruption and the

fight against the VC with increased US help JFK Increased military “advisors” to 16,000 as JFK Increased military “advisors” to 16,000 as

part of the Military Assistance Command, part of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group (SOG)Vietnam Studies and Observations Group (SOG)

1963: JFK supports a Vietnamese military 1963: JFK supports a Vietnamese military coup coup d’etat d’etat – Diem and his brother are murdered – Diem and his brother are murdered (Nov. 2)(Nov. 2)

Kennedy was assassinated just weeks later Kennedy was assassinated just weeks later (Nov. 22)(Nov. 22)

Tonkin Gulf Incident and Resolution Tonkin Gulf Incident and Resolution #10#10

August 2, 1964 – USS Maddox was in the Gulf of Tonkin August 2, 1964 – USS Maddox was in the Gulf of Tonkin collecting SigInt concurrent with an ARVN Commando Raid. collecting SigInt concurrent with an ARVN Commando Raid. NVN torpedo boats attacked and hit the Maddox with one NVN torpedo boats attacked and hit the Maddox with one 14.5 mm cannon round. 14.5 mm cannon round. August 4 USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy return to the area, August 4 USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy return to the area, but that night the weather was very stormy, and what they but that night the weather was very stormy, and what they thought were torpedo attacks were just noise fro the stormy thought were torpedo attacks were just noise fro the stormy seas and an “overeager” sonarman.seas and an “overeager” sonarman.August 5, 1964 President Johnson goes on TV and Robert August 5, 1964 President Johnson goes on TV and Robert McNamara before Congress, and tells the US of the McNamara before Congress, and tells the US of the “unprovoked attacks” and that the US needs to protect its “unprovoked attacks” and that the US needs to protect its interests and people from Communist aggression.interests and people from Communist aggression.August 7, 1964 – Tonkin Gulf Resolution - August 7, 1964 – Tonkin Gulf Resolution - Congress authorized the President to use any measures necessary to “take all necessary take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against US forces and to measures to repel any armed attack against US forces and to prevent further aggression”prevent further aggression”#11#11 – Operation Rolling Thunder – 1 – Operation Rolling Thunder – 1stst sustained bombing sustained bombing campaigh on the North’s bridges, ports, military targets, campaigh on the North’s bridges, ports, military targets, power plants and ammunition depots.power plants and ammunition depots.

1964 election – p81964 election – p8

LBJBarry Goldwater

Republican – libertarian conservative

Grass roots style

traditional southwest morality

Bold extremist foreign policy

Democrat – quite liberal

Played the moderate vital

center.

Active campaigner and focused on

successesTall, outspoken, handsome, critic of almost all current policies foreign and domestic

Personal Style

Bold, unabashed “Johnson Treatment” appeared fatherly

Unopposed to using nukes on Cuba, China, Vietnam, USSR

Cold War Moderate and “opposed” to sending troops to Vietnam

Opposed expanding civil rights through federal gov’t action

Civil Rights

Bold civil rights activist

Gov’t intervention is wrong and violates the Constitution- deprives people of their liberty

Size of gov’t

Need a big government to solve the nation’s problems

1. law and order, 2. god is the supreme giver of law, 3. harsh militant anti-communists, 4. end social welfare 5. promote moral absolutism, 6. increase military spending, 7. weaken and shrink federal government, 8. win a victory over the USSR, 9. promote free-market laissez-faire economics.

Ideology of New ConservativesIdeology of New Conservatives

– Barry Goldwater– Ronald Reagan– William F. Buckley, Jr.– Irving Kristol

• Long-term results– Changed the vocabulary of political debate– Turned the South Republican– Increased discontent with liberalism and

government solutions

New Conservatives New Conservatives

– College campuses to recruit and train new conservatives leaders among the young

– The 2nd Nixon Campaign’s Southern Strategy– Buckley’s National Review Magazine and Kristol’s Weekly

Standard– Develop conservative think tanks (starting in the ’70s

Heritage Foundation, American Enterprise Institute, Cato Institute, Hoover Institution)

– Build Conservative Universities – Liberty University, Regents University, Pepperdine Univesristy, Bob Jones University

• Paradoxes– 1964 loss in Presidential election sets the stage for victory in

7 of next 10 presidential elections– Loss in ’64 galvanizes conservative forces to be the more

disciplined and powerful party– Prosperity that is supposed to harmonize leads to further

polarization– Many conservative suburbanites succeeded as a result of the

public policies that they decry – GI Bill, Social Security, FHA and tax breaks for mortgages.

Methods of New Methods of New ConservativesConservatives

Law Results

1. Tax Reduction Act 1964

Encouraged people and businesses to spend money

2. Civil Rights Act ‘64

Ended segregation in public facilities & sex/race discrimination in business, hiring

3. Economic Opportunity Act ’64

Youth programs, job corps, VISTA, Head Start, small business loans, community action programs helped people and communities alleviate problems of povertypoverty table

4. Elementary & Secondary Education Act (1965)

Money for school districts to buy books and improve special education

5. Medical Care Act 1965

Medicare - Health care money for elderlyMedicaid - Health care money for poor

7. Immigration Act 1965

End quota by region – max for each country @ 20K

The Great Society