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Rail Freight Transportation
Author: Dr. Alan Erera
North American Mode Share, 1996
water
air
rail
truck
% of total ton-miles
U.S. Freight Movements, 1996
1990 1995 1996
Total 6,079.30 7,062.00 7,320.70 Air 7.7 8.5 9.8 Water transport 1,014.00 985.4 991.9 Coastal shipping 270.9 241.9 242.6 Great Lakes 99.9 105.3 104.2 Inland waterwaysa 643.2 638.1 645.1
Pipeline 1,416.20 1,551.60 1,611.80 Crude oil and petroleum products 958.9 1,017.00 1,067.80 Natural gas 457.3 534.6 544
Railroad 1,292.60 1,405.80 1,461.40 Truck 2,348.70 3,110.70 3,245.90
(Millions of metric tons)
Railroad Freight Flows
U.S. Freight Railroad Economics
In 1998 ...
• Market share: 40% of intercity tons
• Large share markets:– 70% of finished automobiles– 64% of coal (generating 36% of electricity)– 40% of grain (domestic and export)
U.S. Railroad Economics II
• Movement statistics– Freight volume: 1.38 trillion ton-miles– Carload volume: 26 million carloads
• 8.8 million intermodal trailers and containers
• Fleet statistics– 1.3 million railcars– 127 million ton capacity
• Costs 26% less (57% IA) than 1981
Railroads are capital-intensive
Primary Commodities
• Rail Only– Coal 572 MM tons– Farm Products 158– Non-metallic minerals 131– Petroleum 123– Chemicals 118
• Intermodal– Transportation equipment 6.9 MM tons– Chemicals, food, lumber, pulp & paper
Georgia Rail Freight
Growth in Intermodal
Growth in Intermodal
• 17% of revenues– second only to coal: 23%
• COFC 62%, TOFC 38%• Why?
– Labor efficiency– Fuel efficiency (50% savings over truck)– Door-to-door service
• Downsides– speed, reliability
Container land bridge
• Asia - Europe market• Double-stack N.A. network• Why?
– Hub-and-spoke efficiencies– Panama canal costs, queuing delays
Long Beach Elizabeth
NAFTA freight flows for UP
Freight Railroad Classification
• Class One– Operating revenue > $250 MM (1991$)– 91% of total revenue, 71% of track– CSX, NS, UP, BNSF, Kansas City Southern
• Regionals– Revenue $40-250 MM, more than 350 miles– Wisconsin Central, Bangor & Aroostook, Alaska
• Local/Short Lines
CSX
• Miles: 23,000• Carloads: 5.1 MM• Locos: 4,000• Railcars: 100,000• Revenues: $5.6 B
– coal: $1.6 B– chem: $0.91 B– auto: $0.76 B
Norfolk Southern
• Miles: 21,800• Carloads: 5.1 MM• Locos: 3,500• Railcars: 117,000• Revenues: $5.2 B
– coal: $1.3 B– intermodal: $0.83 B– auto: $0.73 B– chem: $0.73 B
Union Pacific
• Miles: 38,600• Carloads: 8.5 MM• Locos: 6,847• Railcars: 157,000• Revenues: $10.2 B
– coal: $2.2 B– intermodal: $1.7 B– chem: $1.6 B– auto: $1.0 B
BNSF
• Miles: 33,500• Locos: 5,000• Railcars: 90,000• Revenues: $9.1 B
– carload: $2.6 B– intermodal: $2.5 B– coal: $2.2 B– agri: $1.3 B
Kansas City Southern
• Miles: 6,400• NAFTA railroad
– Gateway Western– KCS– TexMex– TFM– Panama Canal RR
Canadian National
• Miles: 16,000• Carloads: 3.5 MM• Locos: 5,000• Railcars: 90,000• Revenues: $5.1 B
– grain: $1.0 B– forest: $0.97 B– chem: $0.84 B– intermodal: $0.80 B
Locomotive Equipment
• They are mobile power plants– Diesel generators– DC and AC traction motors
• Road vs. switching
• Multiple units– consist– DPUs and helpers for heavy trains, grades
Pre-diesel UP locomotives
UP Road Locomotive
• AC traction (6000 HP)
CSX Roads in Two-engine consist
Yard switcher
• Often “retired” road locomotives• Low HP (1500)
Boxcars
• Weather-protection • Insulation, refrigeration, cushioning• Auto parts, building materials, food products, bagged
products
Automobile Racks (autoracks)
• Bi-level or tri-level • Damage/vandalism protection• Finished autos, trucks, vans, minivans
Load/unload operations: autoracks
• a type of “roll-on, roll-off” system
Open hoppers
• Hopper openings or rotary couplers • Coal, coke, stone, sand, ores, gravel
Load operations: coal
• conveyors
Unload operations: coal
Covered hoppers
• load: round or trough hatch• unload: hoppers (gravity, airslide) • grains, corn, soybeans, flour, salt, sugar, clay, phosphates, cement,
fertilizers, plastics
Tank cars
• Private (non-railroad) fleets
• Chemicals, molasses, water, diesel fuel
Gondolas
• Open or covered
• Scrap metal, aggregates, woodchips, logs, poles, steel beams, steel coils
Load/unload: Lumber on flatcars
TOFC
• Trailer-on-flatcar• Highway trailers
– LTL trucking growth in intermodal
TOFC train
COFC
• Container-on-flatcar• ocean shipping containers, trucking containers
Double-stack COFC (1979)
• Articulated cars• Clearances
– bridge/tunnel investments
Load/unload: Double-stack COFC
Intermodal flatcar types
• Two-hitch flatcar– two trailers, each up to 40 ft length
• Articulated well flatcar– containers sit low for double-stacking– articulation: no conflict with rail wheels (trucks)– 3 to 5 permanently joined units
• Roadrailer– truck trailers mounted on railroad wheel assemblies
EOT Device
• End-of-train device
• Caboose replacement– warns following trains
• Crew size reduction– brakemen, fireman gone– 2-4 person crews– labor cost reduction
Rail shipping
• Shipment types– Unit train (bulk commodities)– Carload (FCL)– Less-than-carload (LCL)
• Train types– Unit train (through service)– Hot shot (intermodal; expedited service)– Bulk train (single bulk commodity)– Manifest (mixed freight)
Unit train routing
• Direct, through trains– From shipper to consignee
• Coal train example– Powder River Basin, WY to
Dallas area power plant
• Petrochemical example– Elizabeth, NJ refinery to
Houston processing plant– Interline
Intermodal train routing
• Expedited service– But, set-outs or pick-ups at consolidation points
• Load/unload intermodal yards– Portside (e.g. Long Beach)– Port adjacent (e.g. Oakland)– Inland
• Enroute yards– “hubs”– cross-towns (rubber tire transfers)
Manifest (mixed freight) train routing
• Load/unload facilities– Shipper sidings, public facilities (e.g. grain
elevators)– Switching service to terminal railyard
• Hump yards– Classification
• sorting by destination– Receiving, bowl, departing– Hub-and-spoke concept
North Platte Hump Yard (UP)
US Deregulation: Staggers (1980)
• Market-driven pricing– only for route/services with competition
• Confidential service agreements, rates• Abandonment and sale streamlined• Impact
– Costs down: 57% from 1981 to 1998– Return on net investment: from 2 to 7%– Consolidation– Regionals and shortlines: 50,000 miles
Post-deregulation performance
Railroad misconceptions
• Not technologically advanced …– $247 billion investment since 1980– Advanced signaling, communication, control
• Rolling stock outdated …– 7,500 new locomotives since 1990 (37.5%)– Freight cars lighter, stronger, more reliable
BN Operating center
Freight railroads: no subsidies!
• Track privately-owned and operated– construction and maintenance
• Amtrak– pays “usage fees” to freight railroads
• Trucking uses public infrastructure– C&M funding via $0.55/gallon fuel tax but …– Estimate: covers only 2/3 of costs