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Raj Gupta and ML JatInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
Farmers Participatory Adaptive Research for Large scale Roll-out of Resource Conserving Technologies
Challenges of South Asian Agriculture
2
Nexus of low productivity , poverty and rainfall between 78.83°E to 86.13° E longitude- Low lands ( Chaur , Tal and Diara lands), shifting river courses - ‘Rice-Fallows’, Seeds, Low fertilizer Use, weak infrastructure and
technologies - Little ground water development during Kharif
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1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
200074.54
Fero
zp
ur
74.95
Am
rits
ar
75.33
Kap
urt
hala
75.82
San
gru
r
76.47
Fate
hg
arh
… 7
6.79
Ku
ruksh
etr
a
76.91
Pan
ipat
77.00
So
nep
at
77.44
Gh
azia
bad
78.70
Tri
ch
irap
pall
i
79.15
Th
an
javu
r
79.84
Nag
ap
ati
nam
81.60
B
ah
raic
h
83.37
G
ora
kh
pu
r
83.87
K
hu
sin
ag
ar
84.47 W
est
Ch
am
para
n
85.13
P
atn
a
85.54
N
aw
ad
a
86.11 Lakh
eesara
i
86.23
Jam
ui
87.84
B
urd
wan
88.26
M
ush
ird
ab
ad
88.78
S
ou
th D
inajp
ur
Avera
ge a
nn
ual ra
infa
ll (
mm
)_2004-2
008
Pro
du
cti
vit
y/ h
a
(US
D)
Districts/ Longitude
Productivity/ ha (USD)Average annual rainfall (mm)_2004-2008
Agricultural Productivity in USD /ha
Source: Data Adapted from Ramesh Chand et al .2009
• 163 districts in IGP• 67 districts covered• 1/3 of the IGP
• Nine hubs with one satellite established and fully functional
Hub Name Area, MhaHaryana 2.75Punjab 3.9EUP 4.5Bihar 7.3Tamil Nadu 4.5Total Area (mha) 22.95
CSISA Action Corridors
5
1. Water 2. Rainwater 3. Nutrient 4. Terminal Heat
shortages Management Imbalances tolerance/ Seed
•In-situ moisture conservation
• Groundwater recharge
• Conjunctive use of nutrient inputs
• LCC/ SPAD/GS• Super
granules
• Cultivar choices
• Seed increase• Water
schedules• Residue
manage.
• Laser land leveling
• Raised beds• DSR & remove
puddling
Conceptual Framework of CSISA Strategic Entry Points and Potential Options for
solutions
1. Laser Leveled and bunded +
3. + Residues
4. + Control traffic
5. Paired row
6. Weed Mgt.
7. Water Mgt. AWD
8. N Mgt.
80% basal +LCC
5 Equal space
Manual
Other example of layering of improved technologies
•Farmers seed v/s Improved HYV choice•Flat v/s Raised bed Planting•Raised bed 67 cm v/s 90 cm•Planting time late v/s Early•Aged v/s Young seedling of rice•# of seedling/hill (1 v/s 3-4)•Manual v/s Mechanical transplanting
Stepwise Layering of strategic technologies
Free Wheeling 4- _
3_
1-
Unpuddled transplanted or DSR- Zero till Wheat in flats
Layering of Strategic Entry Points: An example
Conventional PTR
2. Primed improved seed +/-
Low hanging
High hanging
(From other
Objectives)
Capacity
building
•New cultivars•Diversification•Third generation machines
•High value crops•Policy and advocacy
•TCE and mechanization•ICM/ SSNM/ LCC•Farmer truthful seed system
•Timely planting, cultivars•Laser land levelling/ AWD/ DSR
•Training•FPTS•Information data base
•Exposure visit
• GO/ INGO/ NGO• Farmer organization
• P-P partners• Service provider• Agribusiness • Media/ Finance/ Bankers
• Policy makers
Partners
Knowledge
Inputs
Scale-out technologies
Adaptive Research (TAR)
Farmers
Ou
tcom
es/Imp
acts
Time line
Bio-climate•Climate change•Terminal heat•Flood/ draught/ PPT•Duration of growth season•Cultivars choices
Land and water Mgt•Nutrient management•Irrigation water management
•Groundwater mining•Salinity and waterlogging•Physiography•Complex ecology (RainfedF/ UF, irrigated, upland, midland, lowland)
Socio-economic•Poor Infrastructure •High Production Cost/ Low return
•Seasonal labourrequirement•Low income/ credit/ high interest rates
•Poor market facilities•Opportunity cost•Vulnerability•Absentee farmer
Socio-economicProduction system
characteristics and constraints(Primary & Secondary data)
Resource mapping TWGs Entry points and
Action plan
• CA based RCT• Seed quality and seed
system• Scale neutral machinery• New cultivars• Residue/ SSNM• Planting dates and time• LL/ AWD/ DSR/ Beds
Schematic Diagram of Operations in CSISA Hubs
Farmer Participatory Adaptive Research and large scale Roll-out of RCTS for improving Cereal Systems Productivity
Analysis & Strategies
Capacity Building
Hub -TWG
For Farmers•Income generation•Livelihood•Marketable surplus
Outcomes/ Impacts•Food security•Environmental security•Sustainable agriculture
Deliverables
Public Sector /CG Partners
Institutional Mandates
Private Partners(Input providers
& Corporate)
Business & Social Commitments
Service Providers/
Seed Cos. , & Farmer clubs
Production System Constraints Production Resources/ Knowledge/ Technologies/ Input
Haryana HubPunjab Hub
Profits
Rolli
ng O
ut
(Inst
itutio
nal m
andate
)Capacity Building
ARTs
Print & Mass media
Inputs S
ALE
Data/ Information
Innovatio
n
Quality & refinement
Dem
os
& A
RT
Coop. & Private Sugar mills& NGOs
Private PartnersBayer Crop ScienceSyngentaDevgen SeedsMonsantoPioneer Seeds
Service ProvidersChampion farmers
Farmers
Hariyali/ Input Dealers
OutcomesArea increased under Sugarcane Intercropping DSR acceptance Zero till acreage increasedHigh Demand & Acceptance for laser Leveling
Public PartnersSDA, SAU, KVKs, ICAR
Machine manufacturersDashmeshNational AgroASS
•Farmers often seek immediate gains, produce more at less costs
•Bridge ‘geographically differentiated’ management yield gaps
•Strengthen Public -Private partnerships / net works
•Developing Technical options to match endowments of farmers
• Empower farmers with knowledge- provide timely solutions.
•Strengthen the input chain - weak / dysfunctional
•Training and machinery use for timely operations
•Inclusive of deployment of seed to facilitate technology transfer
CSISA Focus of Last-Mile Delivery
• Laser land leveling introduced in the region • 6700 units (Farmer investment ~ USD 9.0 Million) • Saved 800 Kwhr-1 units /ha during rice season in Punjab; USD 55M
in India( Sidhu,2009), and saves 25-30% water at least• Employs 4 persons for 125-150 days / year.
Laser Assisted Precision Land Leveling
Crop Enhancement Research
UntreatedGaucho Treated
Crop enhancement research enthusing seed companies to Join us
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
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3.5
4.0
4.5
Gra
in y
ield
(t/h
a)Control Raxil Cruiser Raxil+ Cruiser
Seed treatment
HD 2733 HD 2824 K 307
• HD2824 not responsive to seed treatment• HD 2733 respond more to Raxil• K307 responds more to Cruiser
Zero v/s Conventional till Wheat : planting time effects in eastern Gangetic plains
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Cultivars
Yie
ld(t/
ha)
Choice of wheat cultivars for RW and MW systems in EGP
0.00.51.01.52.0
2.53.03.54.04.5
Cultivars
Grai
n yi
eld(
t/ha)
Rice -Wheat SystemMaize –Wheat system
Common cultivars : Ufan , DBW17, HD 2967
RW System : Baaz, HD 2967, HD 2985, Ufan , DBW17MW System : DBW 17, Ufan, Raj 4120, HD 2643, HD 2967
Turboseeder (ZT+R): Offsetting Terminal Heat in Wheat
-7.5
-6.5
-5.5
-4.5
-3.5
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
110 111 114 115 116 120 121 122 128 130 131 132 135 138 141 143 148 150 151 153
Cano
py-A
ir Te
mpe
ratu
re d
iffer
ence
(o
C)
Days after sowing
Residue retained Residue removed
Terminal heat
Wheat Productivity and Soil compaction under ZT v/s Conventional (Rotavator)
N=10, Haryana
Direct Seeded Rice becomes a Reality:Relevant to all ecologies
DSR in flood prone areas
• DSR rice improves productivity of Wheat
• DSR and PTR yield can be similar at less cost and saving of water
• Rice hybrids useful for in irrigated areas
• Choice of rice cultivars and use of herbicide molecule holds the key for success in DSR
DSR in uplands
Dual-purpose wheat for green fodder and grain
Dual purpose wheat to promote crop-
livestock integration in NW -IGP Oat + Berseem to be tried
• Screen new cultivars/ regeneration?
• 18t/ha of Green fodder – USD $600ha
Sole
Cut for green fodder Berseem
Cotton- Wheat System
• Relay planter developed ( for timely planting of wheat in cotton) • About 10% gains in cotton yield due an additional pick • Gain in wheat yield are nearly 1.0 ton / ha (USD 200)• Obviate seasonal labor shortage
Emerging Cropping Systems
• Shift from Rice –Potato (DSR-Potato+maize)
- BINA7 – (Potato+Maize) likely benefit ~ USD 1000
• Rice-Rice Rice-maize/pulses
• Cane –Wheat
- Sugarcane + wheat /onion/garlic ~ USD 1750 (Intercropping becoming real)
•Rice-potato-wheat/sunflower Rice-potato-maize in north west
21
800 tons seed of elite crop cultivars for Eastern Gangetic plains
Seed Systems
2-W Relay Planter
Seed box
Fertilizer box
Clutches
Engine
Separator
New CA Machinery Developed for Large Scale Adoption
Bucket
Spreader
PCR planter
High clearance Axle less multi-boom lost cost sprayer
Thanks