RajanaiduRajanaidu, N., Kushairi, A., N., Kushairi, A.Malaysian Palm Oil BoardMalaysian Palm Oil Board

Types of oil palm planting materials

DxP Hybrid seedsDxP Hybrid seeds

InterInter--specific hybridsspecific hybrids

Semi and biSemi and bi--clonal seedsclonal seeds

Oil palm clonesOil palm clones

Major Groups DxP Planting MaterialsGroup I:Group I:

Deli x Deli x AvrosAvros; SP540T; SP540TGroup II:Group II:

MarihatMarihat H5 and EX5 (H5 and EX5 (YangambiYangambi))YangambiYangambi 718718La Me (L2T)La Me (L2T)CalabarCalabarEKonaEKona

Group III:Group III:Deli x URTDeli x URT

Group IV:Group IV:African African duradura x African x African pisiferapisifera

New Development in the DxP Production

Golden Hope 500 seriesGolden Hope 500 series

FeldaFelda DxPDxP based on Deli x NPM x based on Deli x NPM x YangambiYangambi (GMH 43)(GMH 43)

MPOB latest MPOB latest DxPDxP

GH 500 SeriesGH 500 Series

X

Elite Deli DuraO/B > 18.0%

2nd GenerationBM119 Pisifera

Examples of Elite Deli Dura Mother Palms Examples of Elite Deli Dura Mother Palms With Very High Oil to BunchWith Very High Oil to Bunch

Elite DuraElite DuraMother PalmMother Palm

Oil to Oil to Bunch (%)Bunch (%)

Elite DuraElite DuraMother PalmMother Palm

Oil to Oil to Bunch (%)Bunch (%)

BM2744/142 27.7 BM2515/151 27.9BM2745/41 27.3 BM2519/166 27.5

BM2746/60 27.1 BM2523/11 27.2BM2746/148 27.7 BM2523/69 27.5

BM2745/112 27.7 BM2519/172 27.1

(used for production of GH500 Series (used for production of GH500 Series DxPDxP))

High Yielding Fields On Golden Hope EstatesHigh Yielding Fields On Golden Hope Estates

EstateEstate Year Year PlantedPlanted HectaresHectares FFB Yield FFB Yield

(t/ha/yr)(t/ha/yr) FYFY

CoastalBagan Datoh 1995 32.15 47.65 2001/02

Inland Mostyn 1997 200.00 38.83 2002/03Diamond Jubilee 1982 74.82 43.71 1993/94

East 1986 20.61 41.11 1998/99

2226

29 30 31

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

GH 100 GH 200 GH 300 GH 400 GH 500Series

O/B

%

Oil / Bunch %

Golden Hope Golden Hope DxPDxP Planting MaterialsPlanting Materials

OER in OER in MerotaiMerotai Oil MillOil Mill

23.1

723

.29

23.4

324

.524

.39

25.0

124

.02

23.5

1 23.7

522

.02 22

.52

23.1

524

.01

23.0

1 23.4 23

.623

.424

.26

23.6

23.4

923

.67

23.6

6 24.0

224

.04

23.6

23.6

223

.76 24

.14

23.8

123

.69

23.2

2 23.5

2 23.8

2

23.0

123.3

323

.05

22.8

921

.79

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26Ja

n'02

Mar'

02

May

'02

Jul'0

2

Sep'0

2

Nov'0

2

Jan'0

2

Mar'

03

May

'03

Jul'0

3

Sep'0

3

Nov'0

3

Jan'0

4

Mar'

04

May

'04

Jul'0

4

Sep'0

4

Nov'0

4

Jan'0

5

OER

(%)

Month/Year

Progress in Producing High Oil Yielding Progress in Producing High Oil Yielding DxPDxP Crosses From Progeny Trials (FELDA)Crosses From Progeny Trials (FELDA)

7070’’s s –– KulaiKulai Deli Deli DuraDura x AVROSx AVROS

8080’’s s –– Deli x Deli x YangambiYangambi, Deli x AVROS , Deli x AVROS and Deli x La Meand Deli x La Me

9090’’s s –– Deli Deli Dura Dura x x YangambiYangambi

20002000’’s s –– Deli Deli Dura Dura x x YangambiYangambi (ML161)(ML161)

Latest Latest –– Deli Deli –– NPM x GH43 (NPM x GH43 (YangambiYangambi))

Note : * Crosses planted in Third Round Evaluation of Malaysian DxP materials in Kota Gelanggi 5

Performance of FELDA Performance of FELDA DxPDxP ((YangambiYangambi) and FELDA ) and FELDA DxPDxP ((YangambiYangambi ML 161) : Jan. 1999ML 161) : Jan. 1999--Dec. 2003Dec. 2003

132

104

100

Oil Yield(tha-1yr-1 )

6.71100186.4(25.16)

Mean %over SC3No of

ProgeniesFFB(kgpalm-1yr-1 )

Source

6. 96102190.9

FELDA DxP ( Yangambi ML161)

FELDA DxP ( Yangambi) *

1

6

1(t/ha)

243.3 131

Mean %over SC3

8.89 132

SC 3(Deli xYangambi)

DELI x ML 161DELI x ML 161

Relative performance of Deli-NPM x Yangambi

FFBFFBGroupGroup

Mean + s.e.Mean + s.e. RangeRangeNo. of No. of

progeniesprogenies

Deli-NPM x AVROS 93 + 3 76 – 101 8Deli-NPM x NPM 103 + 3 96 – 111 6

Yangambi-NPM x Yangambi 97 95 – 99 2Deli x Yangambi (SC3) 100 -

Deli-NPM x Yangambi 115 + 4 56 – 173 39

NPM x AVROS 88 - 1

Deli-NPM x La Me 112 + 1 104 – 118 13NPM x Yangambi 108 + 4 71 – 130 14NPM x La Me 115 - 1

Source: Chin (2003)

Source: Chin, C.W.Deli-NPM x Yangambi (Progeny HOR)- FFB 30% > SC1

MPOB latest DxP

Deli x Deli x AvrosAvros

Deli x Nigerian population Deli x Nigerian population 12 12 pisiferapisifera

Selected Deli Dura for Seed Garden

FFB (1988FFB (1988--2003)2003) Oil YieldOil YieldPalmPalmNo.No. ProgenyProgeny

45136045

215190330382157277

DD225DD232DD239DD230DD236DD232DD240DD241DD228

kg/p/yrkg/p/yr t/ha/yrt/ha/yr kg/p/yrkg/p/yr t/ha/yrt/ha/yr231.78192.70198.04205.14202.74210.98194.66195.96211.76

34.3028.5229.3130.3630.0131.2328.8129.0031.34

60.3851.0319.3947.7846.0444.1242.8142.7841.95

8.947.557.317.076.816.536.346.336.21

26.0526.4824.9423.2922.7120.9121.9921.8319.81

O/BO/B(%)(%)

Independent Evaluation of Independent Evaluation of MPOB DxP at two sitesMPOB DxP at two sites

SiteSite FFB (t/ha)FFB (t/ha) OEROER(%)(%)

Oil YieldOil Yield(t/ha)(t/ha)

JenderataKota Gelanggi *

27.526.3

29.229.3

8.047.71

* Best cross: 9.06 t/ha oil yield

MALAYSIAN MALAYSIAN DxPDxP PERFORMANCE IN UPPERFORMANCE IN UP

AGENCYAGENCY FFBHFFBH(t/h/y)(t/h/y)

BNOBNO(no/p/y)(no/p/y)

ABWABW(kg)(kg)

O/BO/B(%)(%)

K/BK/B(%)(%)

O/H/YO/H/Y(t/h/y)(t/h/y)

123456789

28.10 b28.49 b31.06 a29.28 ab29.43 ab29.11 ab26.22 c30.19 ab28.32 b

24.10 bcd23.41 cde25.15 b24.24 bcd22.35 de21.70 e28.22 a24.90 bc22.14 de

7.70 c8.33 abc8.40 bc8.28 bc8.87 ab9.09 a6.33 d8.29 bc8.68 abc

27.41 a27.19 bcd28.34 abc28.54 ab24.73 e22.97 f25.47 de26.47 d26.69 cd

6.22 ab5.19 b6.55 a6.18 ab7.20 a7.09 a7.33 a6.31 a6.66 a

8.07 ab7.73 bc8.74 a8.44 ab7.22 c6.69 d6.69 d8.05 bc7.55 c

Mean 28.91 24.02 8.22 26.58 6.52 7.69Clone P126Clone P164

24.2331.35

31.0222.71

5.269.35

27.0926.97

3.346.67

6.68.5

Interspesific hybrid seed

Produced in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador Brazil - EmbrapaColombia – San Alberto, La CabanaEcuador – Palma de Rio, Palma de Ecuador

Materilas : Coari x La meManicore x La me

Yield : FFB – 25t/ha/yrOER – 18 %

* Tolerance to spear rot

Compact Planting Materials

Compact Palms – BC2 At UP

BC2 Hybrids At UP

The Compact Palm(ASD) Concept

The Compact Palm(ASD) The Compact Palm(ASD) ConceptConcept

Short Trunk

Short Leaves

High Density Planting(160–200 palms / ha)

Short Trunk

Short Leaves

High Density Planting(160–200 palms / ha)

Compact BC2F1Compact BCCompact BC22FF11 D x P AVROSD x P AVROSD x P AVROS

9 years after planting(ASD)

Clones

Yield projection > 30% higher than DxPAbnormality < 1% (Khaw et al. 2000)FFB yield increase 24-53%, O/B 26-30%Main constraint to scale-up without affecting qualityRecloning & liquid suspension culture provide opportunities for scaling-up

Liquid Suspension CultureCulture

Potential technique for mass propagation of oil palm clonesAmenable to produce large number of plantletsResults are promising with very low clonal abnormality

TC LabsTC Labs

There are about 7 active private labs producing OP ramets such as;

AAR at Sungai Buloh (new lab), Clonal Palm Sdn Bhd (CPSB) at Kuching, Felda at KL, IOI at Putrajaya, Golden Hope at Banting, Guthrie at Port Dickson, United Plantation Bhd at Teluk Intan

The total production is about 2 million ramets annually and mostly for their own consumption

Commercial Test Plantings Commercial Test Plantings of Oil Palms Clones (1997of Oil Palms Clones (1997--20042004))

Clone TypeClone Type Area (ha)Area (ha)ClonesReclonesLiquid clones

4603283343

TotalTotal 52235223Source : AAR

Total clonal planting in Malaysia : ± 20,000 ha.

FFB Yield (t/ha/yr) in AAR Clonal TrialsFFB Yield (t/ha/yr) in AAR Clonal Trials

TrialTrial DxPDxPYieldYield

ClonalClonalYieldYield

No of ClonesNo of Clones> 10 % over DxP> 10 % over DxP

1234

19.122.523.015.4

23.124.523.317.5

9/116/111/8

15/24Source : AAR

Oil Yield (t/ha/yr) in AAR Clonal TrialsOil Yield (t/ha/yr) in AAR Clonal Trials

TrialTrial DxPDxPYieldYield

ClonalClonalYieldYield

No of ClonesNo of Clones> 10 % over DxP> 10 % over DxP

1234

4.85.95.64.3

6.37.26.75.2

11/119/116/8

21/24Source : AAR

OER and KER of AAR Clones OER and KER of AAR Clones TotalTotal % OER% OER % KER% KER

EstateEstate HaHaFFB (mt)FFB (mt)

464423251

390343389

123

DxPDxP ClonesClones DxPDxP ClonesClones

22.421.922.1

24.326.725.6

4.75.83.3

3.43.32.6

Source : AAR

Abnormality Levels of AAR Clones Abnormality Levels of AAR Clones

Clone TypeClone Type %%NonNon--abortiveabortive

%%AbortiveAbortive TotalTotal

1.20.6NANA

ClonesReclonesLiquid ClonesLiquid Reclones

1.41.4NANA

2.62.11.9

Source : AAR NA : Not available

TrialTrial Hybrid/CloneHybrid/Clone FFBFFB O/BO/B I.V.I.V.

23.91 Hybrid (128) 167 14.7 70.2

23.94 Hybrid (128) 128 13.7 70.723.94 Clone (A – 44) 203 14.6 67.0

23.97 Clone (B22) 258 26.7 65.0

23.97 128 Ortet (307) 225 24.5 76.723.97 128 Ortet (123) 254 25.8 72.8

Performance of Interspecific Hybrids (based on 0.151/128) and clones

Performance of Interspecific Hybrids (based on 0.151/128) and clones

UPRD

Semi and BiSemi and Bi--clonalclonalSeed ProductionSeed ProductionCurrent DxP – Mixture of crosses– Variable performance– Best cross about 10-20%

higher than trial mean

Dura clones

Normalpisifera

X

Dura clones

X

Bi-clonalDxP

PisiferaclonesX Normal

pisiferaNormal

dura

NormalDxP

Semi-clonalDxP

Cross-section of bi-clonal DxP fruits

Tons Oil/HectareTons Oil/Hectare TEP (kg/palm)TEP (kg/palm)

B) Bioclonal DxP- B24 x B27- B26 x B27

11

8.868.21

7.937.10

70.365.7

62.956.8

Weight MeanBiclonal 2# 8.54 7.52 68.0 59.9

Types of Types of CrossesCrosses

No. ofNo. ofprogeniesprogenies 20042004 4 Year4 Year

MeanMean 20042004 4 Year 4 Year MeanMean

A) Bioclonal DxP- B24 x B27- B26 x B27- B29 x B27

3162

9.699.159.39

8.127.948.28

78.073.574.9

65.463.866.1

Weight MeanBiclonal 21# 9.25 8.00 74.3 64.2

5.20 57.5C) High I.V DP

- DD128 x TT113 1 7.20 41.6

Performance of Semi and Biclonal Seeds Performance of Semi and Biclonal Seeds at UPRD (1998 Planting)at UPRD (1998 Planting)

Advantages of Clonal Seeds

Cost per seed is lower than clonal plantletsNeed limited tissue culture facilitiesExpect 10-20% higher yield than normal DxPExploit specific combining ability

• However, yield increase may not be • as much as the tissue culture clones

Planting Materials for BiofuelPlanting Materials for Biofuel

Skyrocketing oil prices

Impact of CO2 on climate

Future supply of fossil fuel

Skyrocketing oil prices

Impact of CO2 on climate

Future supply of fossil fuel

Planting Materials for BiofuelPlanting Materials for Biofuel

High oil yield

Thick mesocarp, extremely small kernel

Simplification of oil palm bunch processing (mill)

No kernel extraction plant

High oil yield

Thick mesocarp, extremely small kernel

Simplification of oil palm bunch processing (mill)

No kernel extraction plant

Yield of Different Oil CropsYield of Different Oil CropsCrops

Crops Oil(kg/ha/yr)

Oil palm 2500 - 7000Coconut 600 - 2500Rapeseed 600 - 1000Olive 500 - 1000Sunflower 280 - 700Ground nut 340 - 440Soyabean 300 - 450

CropsCrops Oil(kg/ha/yr)Oil(kg/ha/yr)

Oil palm 2500 - 7000Coconut 600 - 2500Rapeseed 600 - 1000Olive 500 - 1000Sunflower 280 - 700Ground nut 340 - 440Soyabean 300 - 450

Est. Global Production of Hybrid DxPSeeds = 277 Mn

105 101

20 20 17 14

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Countries

Seed

s (M

n)

IndonesiaMalaysiaPNGCosta RicaAfricaS. America

• Seed supply adequate to plant 1.4 Mn hectares

• Availability of clonal planting material = 2.7 Mn

Source: Private Communication – Dr. Soh Aik Chin, Dr. N. Rajanaidu, Dr. Simon Lord

ConclusionConclusion

ThreeThree--way crosses like Deliway crosses like Deli--NPM x Yangambi NPM x Yangambi likely make an impact on yield, extraction rate likely make an impact on yield, extraction rate and tolerance to and tolerance to GanodermaGanodermaClones and clonal seeds performance is Clones and clonal seeds performance is promising > 3 million plantlets production. promising > 3 million plantlets production. Abnormality < 3%Abnormality < 3%E. oleifera E. oleifera and their backcrosses will be playing and their backcrosses will be playing a greater role in oil palm breedinga greater role in oil palm breedingCurrent planting material can be modified for Current planting material can be modified for biofuelbiofuel