RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.

ANNEXURE-II

PROFORMA SYNOPSIS FOR REGISTERATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

1. Name of the Candidate and

Address

Mr. ARUN S ANGADI

1ST YEAR M.Sc. NURSING,

BGS COLLEGE .OF NURSING,

KUVEMPUNAGAR

MYSORE.

2. Name of the Institution BGS COLLEGE OF NURSING,

KUVEMPUNAGAR

MYSORE.

3. Course of study and subject M.SC NURSING 1ST YEAR ,

MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING.

4. Date of admission to course 30-6-2011

5.

Title of the Topic:

“ Effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding ill effects

of plastic usage on health among students in selected colleges at Mysore”

6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK.

6.1 Introduction.

“Every human being is the author of his own health or disease.”

Buddha.

Wellness is a balanced channeling of energy—energy received from the environment,

transformed within you, and returned to affect the world around you1.The environment plays a

major role in deciding the wellness and illness. Now we are in the technical world where we depend

on the technology for our daily living. Technology and society or technology and culture refer to

cyclical co-dependence, co-influence, co-production of technology and society upon the other

(technology upon culture, and vice-versa). Technology provides an understanding, and an

appreciation for the world around us. Some technologies are designed specifically with the

environment in mind, but most are designed first for economic or ergonomic effects. Historically,

the value of a clean environment and more efficient productive processes has been the result of an

increase in the wealth of society, because once people are able to provide for their basic needs, they

are able to focus on less-tangible goods such as clean air and water. There raises the question

whether technology is boon or bane?2

The effects of technology on the environment are both obvious and subtle. The more obvious

effects include the depletion of nonrenewable natural resources (such as petroleum, coal, ores), and

the added pollution of air, water, and land. The more subtle effects include debates over long-term

effects (e.g., global warming, deforestation, natural habitat destruction, coastal wetland loss.)2.

Most modern technological processes produce unwanted byproducts in addition to the

desired products, which is known as industrial waste and pollution. While most material waste is

re-used in the industrial process, many forms are released into the environment, with negative

environmental side effects, such as pollution and lack of sustainability. Each wave of technology

creates a set of waste previously unknown by humans: toxic waste, radioactive waste, electronic

waste2.

One of the main problems is the lack of an effective way to remove these pollutants on a

large scale expediently. But no such mechanism exists for the removal of technological wastes2. One

of such pollutant is plastics which is mandatory in our daily life resulting in increase in the number

of plastic more volumes of waste materials, excessive energy consumption correlatively with

increase in toxic pollution both to the environment and to the human2. Plastic has become an

environmental problem of global scale. As plastic is non-biodegradable, toxic and not recyclable in

the true sense of the word, the need for an international coalition against plastic waste is paramount3.

While plastics are yet to be considered a significant disposal problem in much of the first

world (largely because these materials are land filled--out of sight, out of mind), organizations in the

global south have demonstrated considerable concern in regards to the detrimental effects of plastic

products, notably the terminal waste generated by their disposal. Direct disposal (littering or

dumping) and incineration (burning) of these wastes is a common practice in the global south3. This

is harmful to the health of people and the environment. Because dumping in rivers, streams and even

urban drainage systems pollutes water courses and causes flooding. When these waters are

unsanitary, they carry disease into the household. The burning of plastics encourages airborne

pollution, the majority of which is extremely toxic and can cause a host of health problems (cancer,

asthma, etc.). Although land filling and recycling programs "vanish" the waste problem, each has

considerably negative consequences: landfills leak and often contaminate the ground water with

toxic liquids and residues3. The recycling of plastic is often accomplished by exporting waste

materials to Asian countries where recycling facilities are often likened to "sweatshops" where by

laborers prepaid little for dangerous work. The increased push for unfettered trade and neo-liberal

policy has scudded in intensifying these problems3.

Acute exposure of humans to high levels of PVC’s components via inhalation has resulted in

CNS effects such as dizziness, drowsiness, headaches, and giddiness. These effects can occur within

5 minutes if one is exposed to about 10,000 ppm of vinyl chloride. It is reported to be slightly

irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract in humans. Acute exposure to extremely high levels has

caused loss of consciousness, lung and kidney irritation, and inhibition of blood clotting in humans.

It has shown to cause cardiac arrhythmias in animals. Although there is a low occurrence of this in

exposures to home products containing PVC, it can occur if there is a home fire. The burning of

PVC products results in the release of dioxins. The hydrochloric acid formed when PVC is burned,

can lead to life-threatening lung damage4.

Using plastic bottles poses several potential hazards. The primary danger stems from a

chemical called Bisphenol A or BPA, which the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or FDA

acknowledges as possibly dangerous. Bisphenol A is an endocrine disruptor, which can mimic the

body's own hormones and may lead to negative health effect5.Styrene (ethenylbenzene) is a

monomer that is incorporated into major polymers and copolymers. The major uses are in plastics,

paints, coatings, synthetic rubbers, and polyesters. Styrene is, however, also used in packaging

(e.g., styrene-containing foams), construction (e.g., plastic pipes, insulation for electrical uses,

fittings, tanks), automotive industry (e.g., tires, reinforced plastics), and household goods (e.g.,

molded furniture, carpet backing). In addition, styrene is used as co-reactant and solvent in

reinforced plastic fabrications, including boats, tanks, pipes and automobile body parts. The main

routes of occupational exposure are inhalation and dermal6.

Harmful Packaging, yet everyday millions of Indians are being slowly poisoned by eating

food packed and served in non-food grade materials. And there’s worse news. Foods that are highly

acidic (pickles) or which contain alcohol or fats (wine, cheese, butter, oil) need a different quality of

food-grade plastic because plasticizers leach more easily into these foods7.

6.2. Need for study

The plastics industry in India is considered a Sunrise Industry and has been exhibiting a

consistent export growth rate in the past8. Plastic bags are an environmental disaster; they are

unsightly, they decimate wildlife, are filling the oceans and are made out of oil so help cause global

warming. The per capita consumption of plastic in the country stood at 6 kg now and is expected to

go up to 12 kg by 2011, by 2012; India is also projected to be the third largest consumer market for

plastic goods with a consumption of 12.5 million tons per annum, behind US and China9.

By the tremendous increase in consumers market creating safety problems during

production, many chemical additives that give plastic products desirable performance properties also

have negative environmental and human health effects. These effects include10

Plastic Common Uses Adverse Health Effects

Polyvinyl

chloride

(#3PVC

Food packaging, plastic wrap,

containers for toiletries, cosmetics,

crib bumpers, floor tiles, pacifiers,

shower curtains, toys, water pipes,

garden hoses, auto upholstery,

inflatable swimming pools

Can cause cancer, birth defects,

genetic changes, chronic bronchitis,

ulcers, skin diseases, deafness, vision

failure, indigestion, and liver

dysfunction

Polycarbonate,

with Bisphenol

A (#7)

Water bottles Scientists  have linked very low doses

of Bisphenol A exposure to cancers,

impaired  immune function, early

onset of puberty, obesity, diabetes,

and  hyperactivity, among other

problems (Environment California)

Polyethelyne

(#1 PET)

Water and soda bottles, carpet fiber,

chewing gum, coffee stirrers,

drinking glasses, food containers

and wrappers, heat-sealed plastic

packaging, kitchenware, plastic

bags, squeeze bottles, toys

Suspected human carcinogen

Phthalates

(DEHP,

DINP,

and others)

Softened vinyl products

manufactured with phthalates

include vinyl clothing, emulsion

paint, footwear, printing inks, non-

Endocrine disruption, linked to

asthma, developmental and

reproductive effects. Medical waste

with PVC and phthalates is regularly

mouthing toys and children’s

products, product packaging and

food wrap, vinyl flooring, blood

bags and tubing, IV containers and

components, surgical gloves,

breathing tubes, general purpose

labware, inhalation masks, many

other medical devices

incinerated causing public health

effects from the release of dioxins and

mercury, including cancer, birth

defects, hormonal changes, declining

sperm counts, infertility,

endometriosis, and immune system

impairment.

People are exposed to these chemicals not only during manufacturing, but also by using

plastic packages, because some chemicals migrate from the plastic packaging to the foods they

contain. Examples of plastics contaminating food have been reported with most plastic types,

including Styrene from polystyrene, plasticizers from PVC, antioxidants from polyethylene, and

Acetaldehyde from PET12.Among the factors controlling migration are the chemical structure of the

migrants and the nature of the packaged food. In studies cited in Food Additives and Contaminants,

LDPE, HDPE, and polypropylene bottles released measurable levels of BHT, Chemosorb 81,

Irganox PS 800, Irganix 1076, and Irganox 1010 into their contents of vegetable oil and ethanol.

Evidence was also found that acetaldehyde migrated out of PET and into water10.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used to make a variety of plastic products including pipes, wire

and cable coatings, and packaging materials. Vinyl chloride can also be produced as a byproduct or

when chlorinated solvents such as TCE& PCE chemically break down. And it will transfer to the

body by breathing (inhalation) vinyl chloride that has leaked from plastics industries, hazardous

waste sites, and landfills, vinyl chloride in contaminated workplace air or having skin or eye contact,

by tobacco smoke from cigarettes or cigars, as well as by drinking (ingesting) water from

contaminated wells11. Phthalates — a class of chemicals used to soften polyvinyl chloride plastics,

found in products ranging from shower curtains to cosmetics to intravenous-fluid bags — have been

shown to disrupt hormones in animals and have been linked to reduced sperm counts and other

marks of feminization in male rodents9.

Plastic drinking bottles contain many chemicals, some of which interfere with hormones in

the body. These chemicals include Bisphenol-A, or BPA, and phthalates, among others. Chemicals

in the plastic can leach into bottled water, especially when exposed to heat or when the bottle is

old11. BPA does its job well, and today some 6 billion lb. (2.7 billion kg) of the chemical are

produced globally each year. The problem is, BPA is also a synthetic estrogen, and plastics with

BPA can break down, especially when they're washed, heated or stressed, allowing the chemical to

leach into food and water and then enter the human body. That happens to nearly all of us; the CDC

has found BPA in the urine of 93% of surveyed Americans over the age of 6. If you don't have BPA

in your body, you're not living in the modern world. More recently, she published a study showing

that the offspring of mice exposed to BPA while pregnant can end up with corrupted eggs, a

situation that leads to trouble for their offspring. "That's a powerful effect". "You disrupt three

generations with one exposure12.

A 2007 review has concluded that BPA, like other xenoestrogens, should be considered as a

player within the nervous system that can regulate or alter its functions through multiple pathways.

A 2007 review has concluded that low doses of BPA during development have persistent effects on

brain structure, function and behavior in rats and mice14. A 2008 review has concluded that obesity

may be increased as a function of BPA exposure. A 2009 review of available studies has concluded

that "perinatal BPA exposure acts to exert persistent effects on body weight and adiposity12.

A 2008 review has concluded that neonatal exposure to Bisphenol-A (BPA) can affect

sexually dimorphic brain morphology and neuronal adult phenotypes in mice. A 2008 review has

concluded that BPA altered long-term potentiating in the hippocampus and even nanomolar dosage

could induce significant effects on memory processes. A 2009 review raised concerns about BPA

effect on anteroventral periventricular nucleus12.

Consumers have been warned about using warm water in some Polycarbonate bottles

because of potential leaching of harmful chemicals into the water. One study concluded that water

inside cloudy or scratched bottles is more vulnerable to contamination from phthalates or

Bisphenol-A (BPA).Phthalates are easily released into the environment because there is no covalent

bond between the phthalates and plastics in which they are mixed. As plastics age and break down,

the release of phthalates accelerates. Phthalates in the environment are subject to biodegradation,

photo degradation, and anaerobic degradation; therefore, in general, they do not persist in the

outdoor environment10.

People are commonly exposed to phthalates, and most Americans tested by the Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention have metabolites of multiple phthalates in their urine. Because

phthalate plasticizers are not chemically bound to PVC, they can easily leach and evaporate into

food or the atmosphere. Phthalate exposure can be through direct use or by indirect means through

leaching and general environmental contamination. Diet is believed to be the main source of DEHP

and other phthalates in the general population. Fatty foods such as milk, butter, and meats are a

major source. Low-molecular-weight phthalates such as DEP, DBP, BBzP, may be dermally

absorbed. Inhalational exposure is also significant with the more volatile phthalates. And dioxins,

phthalates and benzene which are all present in plastic are also stored in body organs if consumed

over a long period of time. They can cause cancer of the gastro-intestinal, renal, neurological

organs10.

Based on a literature review, non-occupational exposure to styrene was estimated to be 18.2–

55.2 µg/person/day, or 6.7–20.2 mg/person/year, mainly from inhalation and food intake via release

of styrene from packaging material. Tobacco smoking is another important source of styrene

exposure, with styrene exposure from 20cigarettes/day being equivalent to that from all other non-

occupational sources combined. And also the inhalation studies provided evidence of an increased

incidence of pulmonary adenoma11.The use of modern disposable, plastic lined nappies (diapers)

could be an important factor in the increasing incidence of testicular cancer in adult age. Parental

occupational exposure to hydrocarbons and risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia in offspring12.

Plastic fact in the 2007: World consumption of plastic is 100 million tons, but in the 1950s it

was just 3 million tons. 1 ton of plastic represents around 20,000 two-liter bottles of water or

120,000 carrier bags. In 2004 global consumption of bottled water alone was 154 billion liters. More

than 1 million birds and 100,000 marine mammals perish each year by either eating plastic waste or

becoming trapped in it. Plastic could take 500-1,000 years to break down. Plastic waste in India is

about 4.5 million tons a year. In future, there is already a strong global movement to ban plastic as it

can cause damage, not just to the environment but also human beings13. Hence the impact of Plastic

usage over health is very massive, the researcher is motivated to investigate and intend to create

awareness on the ill effects of plastics on health in the daily life among the students since they are

being the catalyst to mediate the information to the remaining public.

6.3 Review of literature Literature review refers to the activities involved in identified and searching for information

on a topic and developing an understanding of the knowledge.

The purpose of the review was to obtain information about ill effects of plastic usage in daily

life.

A study was conducted to find heavy metals contamination in surface and ground water

supply of urbanity. The final water supply of four treatment plants and lightly tube wells at Delhi

surveyed for cadmin chromium, copper iron, lead, manganese, nickel, selenium and zinc. On this

most of them are plasticizers. The sample stored at room temperature and inductively. Coupled

plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) was used for analysis. Result showed high levels

of lead, manganese, cadmium, copper and iron compared to the Indian standard specification of

5mgL-1. Thus, the researcher concluded that, the chemical toxicity to the water which causes ill

effects to the human health14.

Hazards wastes are products that could pose shorter long term threats to health or the

environment if they are not disposed properly. The disposal of hazards waste can be very dangerous.

Hazardous disposal sites have become a serious environment problem in the country. In a period of

ten years the hooker chemical ad plastic corporation dumped 22,000 tons of toxic waste in steel

drum in to an old canal. They covered the canal with top soil and the property was then turned over

to the Niagra falls public school district. In 1976 resident became concerned. They began to notice

odd smell. The steel drums were leaking toxic waste in the sewers, lawn and even basement of some

houses. Due to the actions of concerned citizen, the state performed many health studies on the area

and by 1978 the federal government declared lore canal a disaster area14.

A nested case-referent study was conducted in Italy. The aim of the study was conducted to

determine whether PVC and/or vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is the associated risk factor(s), in

order to estimate lung cancer risk. The methods of the literature includes, 38 cases of histological

verified lung cancer and 224 control subjects without a history of cancer were selected from an

Italian cohort of 1658 vinyl chloride workers. Information sources included clinical records

(diagnosis, smoking habits) and plant records (occupational history). The risk of lung cancer was

estimated by odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), calculated using logistic

regression models. The result shows that in PVC baggers exposed to high levels of respirable PVC

particles in the workplace, the lung cancer OR increases by 20% for each extra year of work (OR =

1.2003; 95% CI 1.0772 to 1.3469; p = 0.0010), when the influence of age and smoking habits is

controlled. By this result, researcher concluded that in the VCM/PVC industry, an increased risk of

lung cancer associated with exposure to PVC dust15.

A cross sectional study was conducted in Shanghai Jiao. On Urinary Bisphenol A (BPA)

Concentration Associates with Obesity and Insulin Resistance. The researcher used the

Questionnaire, clinical and biochemical measurements to determine urinary BPA concentration.

According to this study analysis of the literature includes, the participants in the highest quartile of

BPA had the highest prevalence of generalized obesity [odds ratio (OR) = 1.50; 95% confidence

interval (CI) = 1.15-1.97], abdominal obesity (OR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.03-1.60), and insulin

resistance (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.06-1.77). In participants with BMI under 24 kg/m(2), compared

with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of BPA increased the prevalence of insulin resistance

by 94% (OR = 1.94; 95% CI = 1.20-3.14), but this association was not observed in those with BMI

of 24 kg/m(2) or higher. This study concluded that BPA was positively associated with generalized

obesity, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults16.

A study was conducted on poly chlorinated Bisphenol-A,(PCBs) in the compost amended

soil of a landfill site. The purpose of the researcher was to determine if any of the mixture of PCBs,

aroclor 1254 and aroclor 1260 are retained in the compost amended soil, despite atmospheric loses

possible due to the peak summer (100-1170 F). The method was standardized by taking 10mg of

ground soil sample in duplicate and spiked separately with known concentration of aroclor 1254

solution in n-hexane. The maximum total PCBs concentrations on dry wet basis were found as 1.2

ug/g. The distribution of PCBs levels suggested an airborne mode of transport from the source. This

study concluded that, these compounds have adverse effects on the organism by having deposited at

the top of food web including human being17.

A cohort analysis study was conducted in Geneva, Italy, On Reanalysis of updated mortality

among vinyl and polyvinyl chloride workers: Confirmation of historical evidence and new findings.

The study includes, the Mortality of 1658 male workers was analyzed by Poisson regression.

Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for blue collar workers and their specific

subgroups of PVC baggers, PVC compound, autoclave and other blue collar workers were

calculated using technicians and clerks as an internal reference group. The follow-up covered the

period 1972-1999. The analysis of the literature includes the, significantly increased mortality rates

were observed for all causes of death among the whole blue collar workforce (RR = 1.55; 95% CI =

1.03-2.35; 229 deaths), PVC baggers (1.72; 95% CI = 1.04-2.83; 49 deaths) and PVC compound

workers (1.71; 95% CI = 1.09-2.67; 72 deaths). Liver cancer, including angiosarcoma, was

increased among autoclave workers (9.57; 95% CI = 3.71-24.68; 7 deaths) and cardiovascular

diseases among PVC baggers (2.25; 95% CI = 1.08-4.70; 12 deaths). Hemolymphopoietic system

tumors, leukemia’s and lymphomas prevalently, were found only among exposed workers, with 4, 4

and 6 deaths observed among PVC baggers, PVC compound and other blue collar workers,

respectively. An excess of lung cancer was found among PVC baggers. This study concluded that,

all causes of death and all tumors were increased among all blue collar workers18.

A cohort case control study was conducted in, Taiwan on Interaction of vinyl chloride

monomer exposure and hepatitis B viral infection on liver cancer. The aim of the study was to

determine the role of HBV on the development of liver cancer in the VCM-exposed workers. A total

of 18 patients with liver cancer, and 68 control subjects matched for age and specific plant of

employment were selected. Detailed history of the participants that included alcohol consumption

status, cigarette use, occupation, and family history of chronic liver disease were obtained using an

interviewer-administered questionnaire. When the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative subjects

without history of tank-cleaning were used as the reference, the HBsAg-negative subjects with

history of tank-cleaning demonstrated a 4.0-fold greater risk of liver cancer (95% confidence

interval: 95% CI = 0.2-69.1). The HBsAg carriers without history of tank-cleaning revealed a 25.7-

fold greater risk of liver cancer (95% CI = 2.9-229.4). Whereas the HBsAg carriers with history of

tank-cleaning revealed the greatest risk (matched odds ratio (ORm) 396.0, 95% CI = 22.6 -infinity)

of developing liver cancer among subjects with different VCM-exposure status and HBsAg status

categories. Further analysis showed the interaction term was significant (P < .01). This Study

concluded that, an interaction between occupational VCM exposure and HBV infection for the

development of liver cancer19.

A experimental study was conducted in U.S.A. on Vinyl chloride exposure and human

chromosome aberrations. The researcher used the Examination of l lymphocyte cultures from 11

vinyl chloride polymerization workers and 10 controls revealed a significantly higher incidence of

aberrations in the exposed population. Most of the excess damage was of the “unstable” variety and

involved the grossest kinds of changes such as fragments or rearrangements. When these complex

changes were regarded as the product of two breaks, the incidence of all breaking events was also

significantly increased in the workers. Then the researcher concluded that the presence of

chromosome damage in vinyl chloride exposed workers20.

A study was conducted in United Kingdom. The study was to; review the evidence for the

role of exposure to phthalates from PVC products in the development of asthma and allergies. And

the researcher collected review on 27 human and 14 laboratory toxicology studies. Two mouse

inhalation experiments indicated that mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) has the ability to

modulate the immune response to exposure to a co allergen. The data suggested a no observed effect

level of 30 micro MEHP/m3, calculated to be below the estimated level of human exposure in

common environments. Case reports and series (n = 9) identified and verified cases of asthma that

were very likely caused by fumes emitted from PVC film. Epidemiologic studies in adults (n = 10),

mostly small studies in occupational settings, showed associations between heated PVC fumes and

asthma and respiratory symptoms; studies in children (n = 5) showed an association between PVC

surface materials in the home and the risk of asthma [fixed-effects model: summary odds ratio (OR),

1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-2.05; four studies] and allergies (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.09-

1.60; three studies). This study concluded that, High levels of phthalates from PVC products can

modulate the murine immune response to a co allergen. Heated PVC fumes possibly contribute to

development of asthma in adults21.

A comparative study of global migration levels of recycled vs virgin poly ethylene for

packing and storage of milk was done by using a sample of vigin and recycled blended polyethylene

films. A piece of LDEP(low density polyethylene) was brought into contact with the stimulating

solvent under the specified time and temperature. At the end of prescribed duration, the contact

liquid evaporated and the redue was weighed for a constant weight. Analysis showed increase value

of global migration with increase percentage of recycled granules and percentage and type of

activity in film at very temperature and time combination with all extraction method. The

extractability (leaching from the LDPE) was determined by contracting the polyethylene sample

with either the food material or a range of oily, alcoholic and aqueous extractants which stimulate

various food14.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching program to the high school students on hazards of plastic use in a selected school of

Mangalore. Samples were collected from 100 English medium high school students; the data were collected by structured teaching knowledge questionnaire. The data were

analyzed by the descriptive and inferential statistics by the (x2 =22.81) when compared with the mean pre test (x1= 14.61) knowledge score. The compound “t” value (t99=

28.7 p<0.05) showed significance in the effectiveness of planned teaching program14.

6.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“A quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on

knowledge regarding ill effects of plastic usage on health among students in selected colleges at

Mysore”

6.5 OBJECTIVE

1. To assess the pretest knowledge regarding ill effects of plastic usage on health among students

in the experimental group and control group in selected colleges at Mysore.

2. To assess the post test knowledge regarding ill effects of plastic usage on health among students

in the experimental group and control group in selected colleges at Mysore.

3. To evaluate the effectiveness of the structured teaching program on knowledge regarding ill

effects of plastic usage on health among the students in the experimental group in selected colleges

at Mysore.

4. To compare the post test knowledge regarding ill effects of plastic usage on health between the

students in experimental group and control group in selected colleges at Mysore.

5. To find the association between the post test knowledge regarding ill effects of plastic usage on

health with selected demographic variable among the students in experimental group.

6. To find the association between the post test knowledge regarding ill effects of plastic usage on

health with selected demographic variable among the students in control group.

6.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Effectiveness: It refers to the knowledge gain after the structured teaching program on ill

effects of plastic usage on health among students in selected colleges at Mysore.

Knowledge: It refers to the awareness and response on ill effects of the plastic usage on

health measured in terms of structured knowledge questionnaire.

Structured teaching program: It is a planned lecture program regarding ill effects of

plastic usage on health.

Ill effects: Refers to the hazardous effects over the health because of the usage of plastics in

daily life.

Plastic: It is the material which is manufactured by the poly vinyl chloride(PVC), Biphenyl

A(BPA), Polyethylene and Phthalates(DEHP,DINP) chemical substances which is being

used in our daily life.

Students: In this study student refers to both male and female within the age group of 19-21

years studying in the selected colleges at Mysore.

6.7 ASSUMPTIONS:

A researcher assumes that,

Use of plastics may cause ill effects on health.

Students may not have adequate knowledge regarding ill effects of plastic usage on health.

The students may willingly participate in the study.

6.8 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

The study is limited to the students studying in the selected colleges at Mysore.

The study is limited to the students between the age group of 19-21yrs.

6.9 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY:H1: There will be a significant difference in the mean pre test and mean post test level of

knowledge scores on ill effects of plastic usage on health among students in the experimental group

in selected colleges at Mysore.

H2: There will be a significant difference in the mean pre test and mean post test level of

knowledge scores on ill effects of plastic usage on health among students in the control group in

selected colleges at Mysore.

H3: There will be a significant difference between the mean post-test knowledge score on ill

effects of plastic usage on health among students in the experimental group and control group in

selected colleges at Mysore.

H 4: There will be a significant association between the knowledge on ill effects of plastic

usage on health and selected demographic variables among the students in the experimental group.

H 5: There will be a significant association between the knowledge on ill effects of plastic

usage on health and selected demographic variables among the students in the control group.

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

7.1. Source Of Data: students in selected colleges at Mysore.

7.1.1 Research Design: Quasi experimental design

Pre test Intervention Post test

E ---O1 X O2

C----O3 ----- O4

E- Experimental group C- Control group

O1- Pre-test O3- Pre- test

O2- Post-test O4- Post-test

X- Intervention ------- No intervention

7.1.2 VARIABLES:

Demographic variable- Age, gender, educational status, etc.

Independent variable - Structured teaching program on ill effects of plastic usage on health.

Dependent variable – Knowledge on ill effects of plastic usage on health.

7.1.3. Settings: Study will be conducted in selected colleges at Mysore.

7.1.4. Accessible Population: The population selected for the study is students in selected colleges

at Mysore.

7.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:

7.2.1 Sampling Technique: Convenient sampling technique.

7.2.2 Sample: Students in selected colleges at Mysore.

7.2.3 Sample Size: In this study the sample size will be 80 students in selected colleges at Mysore

Experimental Group: 40

Control Group: 40

7.2.4. SAMPLE CRITERIA.

7.2.4.1. INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Students within the age group of 19-21 years studying in selected colleges at Mysore.

Students who are present during the data collection period.

7.2.4.2 EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

Students who are not willing to participate in the study

Students who are ill during the data collection period.

7.2.5. TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION

Section A: Demographic Data.

Section B: Structured Knowledge Questionnaire on ill effects of plastic usage on health

among students.

7.2.6. Data collection method:

Data collection procedure will be carried out for a period of one month. Pre test will be

conducted among the students before conducting structured teaching program. Post test will

be conducted after a period of one week from structured teaching program.

7.2.7. PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS:

The data collected will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics

Descriptive statistics: Frequency, Percentage, Distribution, Mean, Standard deviation will be

used.

Inferential statistics: Paired‘t’ test will be used to analyze the significant difference between

the mean pre test and post test knowledge score.

Unpaired’ test to compare the post test scores between the experimental and control group.

‘Chi square’ test will be used to analyze the association between the post test knowledge and

selected demographical variables.

7.3 Does the study require any interventions or investigation to the patients or other human

being or animals?

YES, Structure teaching program will be administered to the students.

7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of the above?

Yes, Ethical clearance is taken from institutional ethical clearance committee.

8. REFERENCE.

1. Introduction to Wellness. [Online]. [cited 2011 Dec 5]; Available from;

http://www.thewellspring.com/flex/personal-wellness/350/introduction-to-wellness.cfm

2. Wikipedia. Technology and society. [online]. [Cited 2011 Nov 20]; Available from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_society

3. Plastic: A Problem of Global Proportions.[online]. [Cited 2011 Nov 22];Available from;

http://www.ecologycenter.org/iptf/

4. Polyvinyl Chloride “PVC” [online]. [cited 2011 Nov 20]; Available from:

http://aquaticpath.umd.edu/appliedtox/wendy.pdf

5. Wikipedia. Bisphenol A[online]. [Cited 2011 Nov 20]; Available from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A.

6. Paolo Boffetta,Hans Olav Adami,Philip Cole,Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Jack S. Mandel,

Epidemiologic Studies of Styrene and Cancer: A Review of the Literature. 2009 Nov[cited

2011Dec 6];51(11): Available from: http://www.box.com/shared/static/mfusvfim1x.pdf

7. Metals and Toxins in food packaging. 2006 Sept 30 [Cited 2011 Nov 27]; Available from:

http://nitawriter.wordpress.com/2006/09/30/watch-what-you-are-eating-from/

8. Introduction. Available from: http://www.indiaplasticexporters.com/

9. SPlastic consumption to double by 2011. 2009 Jan 13 [cited 2011 Nov 26]; Available from:

http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/plastic-consumption-to-double-by-2011/345971/

10. Ecology center Adverse Health Effects of Plastics. [cited 2011 Nov 24]; Available

from:http://www.ecologycenter.org/factsheets/plastichealtheffects.html

11. Wikipedia. Polyvinyl chloride.[online]. [Cited 2011 Nov 25];Available from:

http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_petrochem.pdf

12. Wikipedia. Biphenyl A.[online].[Cited 2011 Nov 25]; Available from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A

13. The global war against plastic. 2007 Oct 24 [Cited 2011 Nov 26];Available from:

http://nitawriter.wordpress.com/2007/10/24/the-global-war-against-plastic/

14. Ceena P.A. Effectiveness of a planned teaching program to the high school students on hazards

of plastic use in a selected school [M.Sc thesis]. Mangalore, Qld: Rajiv Gandhi University Of

Health Sciences; 2005.16, 18.

15. Mastrangelo G , Fedeli U, Fadda E, Milan G, Turato A, Pavanello S. Lung cancer risk in workers

exposed to poly (vinyl chloride) dust: a nested case-referent study. 2003 Jun [cited 2011 Nov

25]; 60(6):423-8.Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771394

16. Wu W, Steenland K, Brown D, Wells V, Jones J, Schulte P, Halperin W. Cohort and case-

control analyses of workers exposed to vinyl chloride: an update 1989 Jun[cited 2011 Nov 27];

31(6):518-23.Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2732815.

17. Thacker NP, Titus A, Pande SP. Poly chlorinated biphenyl in compost amended soil of a land

fill site. Indian Journal of Environment Health 2002 Jan[cited 2011 Dec 09];44(1): 19-23.

Available from: http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auid:3937657

18. Tiange Wang , Mian Li, Bing Chen, Min Xu, Yu Xu, Yun Huang Urinary, et al. Bisphenol A

(BPA) Concentration Associates with Obesity and Insulin Resistance. 2011 Oct 21[cited 2011

Dec 05]; Available from:http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/early/2011/11/10/jc.2011-

1989.abstract

19. Gennaro V, Ceppi M, Crosignani P, Montanaro F. Reanalysis of updated mortality among vinyl

and polyvinyl chloride workers: Confirmation of historical evidence and new findings. 2008 Jan

22 [2011 Nov 27]; 8:21. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18211695

20. Alan Ducatman, Kurt Hirschhorn , Irving J. Selikoff. Vinyl chloride exposure and human

chromosome aberrations. June 1975 [cited 2011 Nov 27]; 31(3):163-168. Available from:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0165116175900850

21. Oie L, Hersoug LG, Madsen JO. Residential exposure to plasticizers and its possible role in the

pathogenesis of asthma.1997 Sep [cited 2011 Nov 27]; 105(9):972-8. Available from:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9374082

9. Signature of the candidate :

10. Remarks of the guide : GOOD

11. Name and designation of : Mrs. N.T.ARUNA DEVI

Guide PRINCIPAL AND HOD OF MEDICAL

SURGICAL DEPT

BGS COLLEGE OF NURSING

KUVEMPUNAGAR

MYSORE

11.1 Signature :

12 Head of the department : Mrs. N.T. ARUNA DEVI

PRINCIPAL AND HOD OF MEDICAL

SURGICAL DEPT

BGS COLLEGE OF NURSING

KUVEMPUNAGAR, MYSORE

12.1 Signature :

13 Remarks of the principal :

14 Signature of the principal :