Ramesside Administrative Documents

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RAMESSIDE

ADMINISTRATIVE

DOCUMENTS

I

Edited by

SIR ALAN GARDINER

Printed for and distributed by

GRIFFITH INSTITUTE, ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD

REPRINTED LITHOGRAPHICALLY IN OXFORD BY ALDEN & MOWBRAY LTD AT THE ALDEN PRESS

FROM SHEETS OF THE FIRST EDITION PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD

TO THE MEMORY OF

JEAN CAPART

First published by the Oxford University Press 1948 Reprinted and distributed by the

Griffi.th Institute 1968

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PREFACE

It is hoped that the title of this book will not have raised too great expectations. Since my two parallel volumes Late-Egyptian Stories and Late-Egyptian Miscellanies made an attempt .(not entirely successful, it is true), to exhaust the material for both those literary genres, it might perhaps have been supposed that the present work would pursue the same aim in regard to texts concerned with the Ramesside admi-nistration. My purpose has been much more modest. The primary intention was to make accessible a number of documents which might throw light upon the subject of the great Wilbour papyrus, in course of publication by me on behalf of the Brooklyn Museum; some of these documents are translated in my article 'Ramesside Texts relating to the Taxation and Transport of Corn' (JEA XXVII, 19 ff.), while render-ings of others will be found in my commentary on the said papyrus. The opportunity seemed too good, however, to omit various other texts in which I have had a long-standing interest or for the pliblication of which I lay under a definite obligation; to the former category belongs the Turin Strike papyrus (XVIII) and to the latter the 'Gurob' fragments entrusted to me thirty years ago by the late Sir Flinders Petrie (II-XVI). The outcome of the above considerations has been a somewhat incongruous and motley array of transcripts from the hieratic, the main bond between which is that all belong to the Ramesside period and that all in one way or another throw light on the public management of life under the Pharaohs. It is true that, for instance, the Turin Indictment papyrus (XXV) might have been more in place in a collection of Egyptian juristic texts, and that the Valen~ay letter (XXIV) would have found a happier niche in a corpus of Late-Egyptian epistolography. But no immediate project seems contemplated for the juristic texts and the Valen~ay papyrus came to light too late for inclusion in Cernfs Late Ramesside Letters. The most questionable item in the present undertaking is the re-edition (XXVI) of the beginning of the first page of a Turin Miscellany, new fragments of which had been discovered by Capart in the Geneva Museum; but here I have the somewhat lame excuse that these first lines allude to the registration and transport of corn, due as harvest-taxes to the temple of Amiin at Karnak; this little text differs from all the rest in the book inasmuchas it is a purely literary composition and not an original official document.

With these remarks my apologia is at an end, and leaves me free to hazard a few observations in the contrary sense. It is not without some measure of self-congratu-lation that I here make accessible to my colleagues what I believe to be reasonably trustworthy transcriptions of a considerable number of texts either wholly un-published hitherto or else not hitherto presented .in a handy form. But at this point my conscience reminds me that the merit for such an achievement is far from solely mine. It is improbable that I should have embarked upon an enterprise so laborious had not my ever helpful friend Cerny volunteered to shoulder the mechanical side

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PREFACE

of the business, a generous offer whereby students will reap the benefit of his beautiful handwriting. Nor do Cernfs services to this book stop there. With his profound knowledge of hieratic and his scrupulous accuracy he has not seldom succeeded in detecting errors on my part, while elsewhere his concurrence in my readings has lent me valuable moral support. Needless to say, his specific contributions have always received acknowledgments in the notes. I owe something also to the industry and acumen of my deeply regretted friend Peet, whose notebooks containing transcripts of the Turin and Amiens papyri are now in my possession. Except in two cases where I have had to content myself with good photographs, all the texts in this work have been transcribed in front of the originals, and in some cases have been collated afresh after intervals of many years. My first and longest stay at Turin was in I905, when I studied all the papyri given in facsimile by Pleyte and Rossi in their fundamental Papyrus de Turin, Leyden, I 8 6 9-7 6, at the same time receiving permission from the kindly Director of the Museum, Prof. E. Schiaparelli, not only to utilize my trans-criptions for the Berlin Dictionary, but also to publish such of them as took my fancy. Other duties have until now prevented me from availing myself of this generous permission, although in certain cases my original copies have formed the basis of publications by others. On two later occasions, in I937 and again last year (I947), I have tested my earlier readings afresh, thanks to the facilities accorded me, on the former occasion by the late Prof. Farina, and on the latter by Dr. Scamuzzi. My indebtedness to the Keepers of the Egyptian antiquities in other museums will be acknowledged below in the appropriate places.

A privately printed and distributed instalment of the first 23 pages of this book appeared in I 940, mainly actuated by apprehension lest the Amiens papyrus might be destroyed in the turmoil of war. A few faulty readings in that provisional publi-cation have been corrected in the present definitive edition. At the outset my book was designed to take its place in the invaluable Bibliotheca Aegyptiaca of the Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth at Brussels, and in a post-war issue of the Chroni9ue d'Egypte mention of the fact was made by the indefatigable Director of the Fondation Jean Cap art. Alas, the sudden and wholly unexpected demise of that most able and successful promoter of our science and friend of all its adepts has thrown into some confusion the plans for the continuance of the Bibliotheca, and though it is earnestly to be hoped that Capart's death will not mark the end of this splendid enterprise of his, the issue of the present volume would undoubtedly have been delayed had I not arranged to withdraw it for inclusion among the publications of the Griffith Institute at Oxford. I have to thank M. Mekhitarian most warmly for so gracefully assenting to my wishes in this respect. It remains, true, however, that the first impulse towards the present edition of texts arose from the enthusiasm and organizing ability of Jean Capart, and it is, therefore, only just that I should offer it as a humble monument to his memory.

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CONTENTS

PREFACE

CONTENTS

INTRoDuCTION (Descriptions of the various Manuscripts) THE TEXTS

I II-XVI II III IV V

The Amiens Papyrus Papyri from K6m Medlnet Ghurfib ('Gurob') Nineteenth Dynasty Papyrus from 'Gurob' . 'Gurob' Fragments. F. Delivery and Branding of Cattle

, , G. Relating to Garments, etc. , , T. Fragmentary List of Garments

VI , , U. Fragments of another List of Clothing VII VIII IX

, , Y. Four Fragments relating to Garments , , J. Deliveries of Fish to the Harem at Mi-wer , , W. Deliveries of Fish

X , , N. Part of a Report, etc. XI , , K. Distribution of Fish to a Number of

Women XII , , L. Relating to the Corn-tax of the 67th Year

of Ramesses II XIII , , AA. Record of Measurements of Corn 1n

Different Places . XIV

XV XVI

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M. Part of another Papyrus of Dyn. relating to the Corn-tax

Z. Account of Bricks issued, etc. BB. List of Priests and other Officials

XVII The Turin Taxation Papyrus XVIII The Turin Strike Papyrus XIX Corn for a Statue of Ramesses II (P. Brit. Mus. 10447) XX The Varzy Papyrus . XXI Louvre Leather Fragments XXII From a Journal relating to the Theban Necropolis XXIII The Griffith Fragments XXIV Papyrus Valen~ay I XXV The Turin Indictment Papyrus XXVI Beginning of Turin A (P. Turin I882, verso) INDEXES

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111

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14 IS 20 22 22 24 26 27 27

30

32

33 34 35 35 45 59 59 6o 64 68 72 73 82 84

T. Nf1mes of Persons. n. f!4 TI. Title.o; anrl Occunatiom r qn TTT. Plf1r-.e:o: Reginns, f'n11ntries n 9~. IV, Temples, Cult-places and Cult-objects, p. 97. V, Main Contents of the Notes, p 99.

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1 CemY in JEA XXXI, 30, n. 5. 11 Ibid., withnn. 1-4. Yet another ex-ample is the Ritual of Amenophis I, of which the upper part is in Cairo, and the lower part (ed. E. Bacchi, 1941) at Turin.

INTRODUCTION

I. The Amiens Papyrus (pp. I-I3) This is a papyrus of fine texture now measuring a little more than 2 S metres in length by a height of from I 7 to I 8 cm. Originally, however, the height may have been between 35 and 42 cm., the latter being the normal dimension with business and legal documents of Ramesside times.' It seems likely that the fella.hln finders, following a common custom of theirs,' cut the complete roll into two nearly equal halves, hoping to secure better prices for the separate half-rolls than if they sold the whole intact. The manuscript, in its present state, preserves only the upper portion of the recto (horizontal fibres uppermost), and the lower portion of the verso. The beginning of both recto and verso is lost, having lain on the outside of the roll. Joins are found at the following distances from one another, starting on the right: I4 s, 23, 23 s, 23 s, 23 s, 23 5, 24, 24, 23 5, 24, 24, and 4 cm. After the writing of the recto was finished-five pages remain, with trace of a red hundred-sign from the top line of the page preceding the first-the scribe left a blank space of I 8 cm. and then cut off the remainder of his original roll at 4 cm. after the join. The texts on the verso, though emanating from the same hand and dealing with the same topic, are not the continuation of those on the recto, since in that case vs. I would have stood behind the last page of the recto or behind the afore-mentioned blank space; in point of fact vs. I stands at the back of rt. I, its writing being upside down from the standpoint of the recto. The pages of the verso are curiously disposed. Of vs. I only the ends of two lines are left with some red numbers below them, probably mere jottings. Vs. 2 follows in smaller writingthan is used elsewhere, so that this, together with a total which constitutes almost all that is left of vs. 3, was perhaps at first intended by the scribe to be the conclusion of his work. Later, however, he seems to have decided to add three more pages, the last of which (vs. 6) runs right up to the inner margin of the papyrus. It is not at all clear why, on reaching this decision, he left before vs. 4 a space of 77 cm. unused; however, it is just possible that in the lost top half there were some very short pages or memo-randa, which would then account for this problematical blank space.

The writing, which is of moderate size except in vs. 2, as previously explained, presents a neat appearance and was obviously the work of an experienced official scribe; looking closer, we discern an amazing inconsistency in his forms. Sometimes, and especially in rt. 3, he is no more cursive than, let us say, the scribe of the Lansing Miscellany, but elsewhere he uses ligatures that would be undecipherable but for the constant recurrence of the same formulre. For example, there is no commoner phrase in the papyrus than ~ .-~ ~ ~ ~"' 1 , but this is written distinctly in uncia! characters only in vs. 2, x+9; x+ IO, there, curiously enough, amidst a very cursive context; the widely divergent variants of the two component words can be

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INTRODUCTION

seen from the facsimiles accompanying my text (cf. too the photographs of rt. I and S, JE.d XXVII, PI. 7); the principal references are given below, p. I a, notes 3'b 4b. The rare word rmny(t) here found is frequent in the Wilbour papyrus belonging to the Brooklyn Museum, which, alike in subject-matter, date, quality of papyrus employed, vocabulary and some of the ligatures, shows analogies with the Amiens papyrus so striking that one could easily believe they came from the same find. However, the Amiens papyrus has been in the possession of that city for half-a-century at the very least, while the Wilbour papyrus came to light little more than 20 years ago; moreover, the corn-taxes to which the two documents refer belong to widely distant parts of Middle Egypt. The Amiens papyrus shares with the Wilbour the reduction of;:: to a mere oblique stroke, seep. I a, note 2', as well as an extremely abbreviated form of~., seep. I 3a, note I'. Another expression often very cursively written is ~::-;, for which ::--;= seems twice to be curiously substituted, see vs. 2, x+7; vs. 6, x+2. The demonstrative word..::_ also suffers extreme abbre-viation (p. I a, note 4 '), thohgh not in the extraordinary manner adopted by the scribes of the \Vilbour.

The date must be one of the reigns following Ramesses Ill, whose second car-touche occurs in rt. s, 6, while his prenomen is found a number of times, e.g. rt. s, 3 The reigning king is alluded to, as usual,' by the designation 'Pharaoh' (e.g. rt. 3, 2), and a clue to his identity might be afforded by vs. 2, x+ 8 and x+9, whence it is clear that the day of his accession lay between the 29th of the 3rd Winter-month and the 7th of the I st month of Summer. Other clues might be the names of the Steward of Amiin Racmessenakhte (rt. s, 2), and the chief of workmen (or 'ship's crew') Phamniite (rt. I, 2), if only we could recover the history of those individuals.

As regards the contents, here it must suffice to say that the papyrus deals with the shipping apparently to Thebes of corn belonging to a number of different temples. I have given a full translation in JE.d XXVII, 37 ff., with as detailed a Commentary as seemed possible in our ignorance of the exact working ofRamesside fiscal arrangements.

It was Spiegelberg, I think, who first informed me of the existence of this papyrus, and it must be fully 40 years ago that I visited Amiens for the express purpose of seeing it, though, realizing its difficulty, I then transcribed only a few lines. Much later Peet interested himself greatly in the document, and was working upon an edition at the time of his death. I have profited much by the excellent transcription in one of his notebooks now in my hands, but my experience with the Wilbour papyrus has enabled me to add important new readings. Through the kind offices of M. Boreux, seconded by his ever willing assistant J. Vandier, the Municipality of Amiens sent the original to the Louvre for my especial benefit (March, I939); there it was flattened and repaired by the skilled hands of Dr. H. Ibscher, who restored to their proper places the wrongly joined fragments of rt. r, v.

I See my Ancient Egyptian Onomas-tica, II, 115* (No. 392) and :JEA XXIX, 37 ff. 2 According to M Oiler, the name Kahun is merely a mistake of Petrie's, who; hearing the name IllahUn, inter-preted it as 'AhG.n preceded by the article, the Arabic t], a sort of k, being locally pro-nounced as 'alif; ~~e Scharff in ZAS LIX, 51.

3 In lllahun, etc., p. 50, Griffith gave Kahun as the pro-venance of this.

RAMESSIDE ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS

11-XVI. Papyri from Kom Medinet Ghurab ('Gurob'). The next fifteen sections of this book are devoted to papyri, mostly fragmentary, belonging to the cpllection at University College, London. They seem all to emanate from finds made by W. M. F. Petrie (later Sir Flinders Petrie) at Ki\m Medinet Ghurab near the entrance to the Fayyum, the site of ~~@ Mi-wer, i.e., the town of Moeris.' To Petrie this site was known as Gurob, and concerning the papyri he found there he wrote in his Kahun, Gurob, and Hawara (I89o), p. 36, as follows: 'Of papyri a few were found, but none in such fine state as those ofKahun.' The only royal name is that ofRamessu II. None of the rolls were sealed, and many were crushed up as waste paper.' In the same author's 1!/ahun, Kahun, and Gurob, p. so, Griffith mentions the two deeds of sale belonging to the 33rd year of Amenophis III and a long Ramesside letter, or report, as being 'the most important papyri' from Gurob, thus implying that there were others found on the same site. A subsequent note made by Griffith when publishing the deeds of sale (Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob, p. 92) reveals the fact that these, though classed with the Gurob papyri, actually came from 'Kahun' (i.e., Illahun) a few miles to the north-east, and this naturally holds good also of the related papyri in the Berlin Museum edited by myself in ZAS XLIII, 27 ff. Thus the only papyri from Ki\m Medlnet Ghurab hitherto published are (I) the 'Ramesside letter or report' (Griffith, Hieratic Papyri, etc., Pis. 39-40; No. II in the present volume) and (2) a letter in duplicate to Amenophis IV (op. cit., PI. 38),' It seems certain that all the other fragments here transcribed under Nos. III-XV came from the same place, partly because they must be the papyri alluded to in the quota-tions from the works by Petrie and Griffith given above (for the name of Ramesses II, see below, p. 2 I, I. 6), partly because Petrie explicitly declared them to be such when entrusting them to me for study, and partly because internal evidence clearly points to Mi-wer as the provenance.

Petrie's intention, in handing over the fragments for my safe-keeping, was that I should take them to Berlin, have them mounted by Ibscher there, and utilize them for the Berlin dictionary. All of which was faithfully performed. All the fragments, apart from one or two in Oxford, are now back at University College, London. For convenience I lettered the entire series from A to U, and under these letters they will be found referred to in the Be!egste!len of the Berlin dictionary and in Ranke's Agyptische Personennamen. It was obviously desirable that this lettering should be retained here, and I have recently extended it as far as BB. Not all the texts seemed worthy of being placed on slips for the Berlin dictionary, and a number of them being literary, parts of letters, or the like, do not concern us in the present volume. The only fragment hitherto mentioned in print by myself is Q, part of a hymn to Amiin of which a very defective copy was found among the Chester Beatty papyri, see Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum, Third Series, Text, pp. I 20 f

All the fragments here published for the first time have been most carefully

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INTRODUCTION

collated by Cerny, as well as by myself. The series must, however, begin with the large sheet already published by Griffith.

II. Nineteenth Dynasty Papyrus from 'Gurob' (pp. I4-I 8). The provenance, etc., of this papyrus and the lesser fragments from the same source have been discussed in the above paragraphs. The manuscript here under consideration consists of a single sheet of very coarse texture measuring 4 2 cm. in height by 2 7 cm. in breadth, inscribed on both sides in a very neat smallish hand. Since Griffith's publication in Hieratic P "J'Yri, etc., Pis. 3 9, top right, and 40, a few additional fragments have been found by Cerny at University College, London. Of these only one preserves more than figures meaningless in the lack of a context; the exception adds 9 5 cm. to the breadth of the sheet at the point here described (p. q) as vs. ra, I-6. By the kindness of Professor Glanville I was able to collate the original in the comfort of my former London home.

The recto contains the latter part of a letter to the Pharaoh, probably Sethos II, from a lady of high rank concerning some foreign people placed in her charge for some sort of education or training. This is followed by a memorandum mentioning the palace of Sethos II in Memphis and dated in the second Year; receipts of fish delivered as taxes in kind are enumerated in the two remaining lines.

The verso, written in the same hand, first records sundry deliveries or distributions of oil (vs. I, o-r 8). Below this the text divides into two columns or pages here desig-nated as vs. I a and vs. Ib respectively. The subject is similar to that of the memo-randum at the bottom of the recto; but to the supplies of fish a record of the distribution of bread and beer has been added.

Since the top of the recto is also the top of the verso the text of the verso must be the continuation, doubtless after a long interval, of that upon the recto. Arrived at the end of the recto, the scribe will have followed the usual practice of turning the roll horizontally and continuing the text in the direction of the beginning of the recto. The description of the whole given by Griffith (op. cit., Text, p. 94), is probably not very far wide of the mark: 'The papyrus appears to have been the journal kept by a royal scribe, in which receipts of tribute are entered and copies of correspondence kept'. This I would supplement by conjecturing that we have here a sample of the records kept concerning the business transacted from day to day within the Royal Harem at Mi-wer. The Harem is explicitly mentioned in rt. z, ro, while its com-mandant, the Overseer of the King's Apartments, is referred to in vs. r b, S as setting apart food for the sustenance of the establishment.

Griffith's transcription has needed but little correction, my main alterations consisting in conforming the whole to the conventions which were first proposed by myself in ']EAXV, 48 ff., and which are nowalmostnniversa11vaclnnteci T" the l:ah

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of the advances made m Egyptian philology during the past so years Griffith's

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translation is less satisfactory, but this is not a suitable place in which to attempt an improvement upon it.

Ill. 'Gurob' Fragments, F (pp. I8-I9) This consists of an extremely threadbare sheet of fine papyrus, 22 cm. in height by 29 cm. in breadth, inscribed on the horizontal fibres (~) with considerable portions of a first page and the initial signs of a second page or column. The admirable business hand may possibly be the same as that of Fragment K (below XI, p. 2 8), which mentions the same deputy-governor of the Royal Harem at Mi-wer; there, however, the writing is a little smaller and apparently more painstaking. Here the subject is the delivery and branding of cattle belonging to the Royal Harem; for another scrap of papyrus dealing with the making of similar identification marks on the foreheads of cattle, see below, No. XX, p. 59 The date of Fragment F is undoubtedly the Nineteenth Dynasty, but of which reign is unknown; the guess 'Year 2' in I, r is very uncertain; in my p. I Sa, note'h of I. 9, some reason is given for thinking that the mortuary temple of Sethos II was mentioned, and No. II, as we have seen, probably belonged to the reign of that king.

IV. 'Gurob' Fragments, G (pp. 20-2I). This fragment, doubtless like-wise from the end of the Nineteenth Dynasty, consists of the much frayed portions of the lower half of two adjoining sheets, for a join is visible between cols. I and 2 of the verso. There is also a small detached fragment (p. 20, bottom, left) with some uncommon words. The main piece measures I 9 cm. by JI cm. The handwriting, of a rather cursive business type, may possibly be the same on both recto and verso, which are written the same way up. The recto (lJ) has a blank strip of some breadth before the preserved page. This lists a number of garments, etc., withdrawn from the storeroom of 'this house', by which presumably the Royal Harem at K6m Medinet Ghurab is meant; the damaged beginning of a second list alludes to garments 'given as gifts' (or 'tribute') by a scribe Seti, mentioned also on the verso. The verso has two columns, of which the first refers to garments sent to the Delta Residence; the second enumerates quantities of semi-precious stones, the values of which, reckoned in silver, are now lost in lacunre.

V. 'Gurob' Fragments, T (p. 22). The very scanty remams of another extremely threadbare sheet, height 34 cm., breadth 2 6 cm. The writing, on the recto only, is rather larger than that of U (VI below) and doubtless the work of another, though possibly contemporary, scribe. Among the articles of cloth mentioned, one at least seems clearly destined for a male member of the Royal Household.

VI. 'Gurob' Fragments, U (rr 22-24-; Three fragments of Nineteenth Dynasty date inscribed on the recto m a much more upright, very legible,

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INTRODUCTION

business hand. The texts of the verso are the work of a different scribe who used a slanting cursive. Fragment a (5 5 X 9 cm.) is shown by the fibres to have stood above Fragment b (8 X 12 5 cm.); the original position of Fragment c (4 x 7 cm.) is uncertain. The garments or material mentioned on the recto of band c belonged wholly or in part to the Hittite princess MaaJ:wrnefrurec (?), 1 whom Ramesses II took into his Harem in his 34th year, and this gives a terminus a quo for the papyrus. The verso of Fragments a and b, possibly written by the same scribe as L, N, AA and BB, is remarkable for the difficulties presented by some of its signs or words; a appears to have n_amed objects supplied in connection with some work, while b preserves part of the Journal of a voyage. For the. scribe Mal,m of p. 24, I. 3, see above, p. I 8, I. I I, and the mention of the 'Harem-people' in p. 24, I. 4, shows the relationship of the document to many others in this collection of fragments.

VII. 'Gurob' Fragments, Y (pp. 24-26). Under this letter are given four fragments enumerating garments belonging or delivered to various houses; from p. 26, 11. 4-5, it emerges that the date is not earlier than Ramesses Ill. Both recto and verso are inscribed in the same thick business hand, rather prone to ligatures and abbreviations. ~he red additions, mostly introduced by an always indistinct sign whrch may be erther the .ll common in accounts or else the word ---' 'piece(s)', are due to the same scribe. Dimensions of fragments: a, I 6 X I 8 cm.; b, 2 I x 7 5 cm.; c, I2X9cm.;d, IOX5cm.

VIII. 'Gurob' Fragments, J (pp. 26-27). A small sheet (I 3 x 22 cm.) complete except for some signs at the beginning of ll. I, 2. The subject is deliveries of fish to the Harem at Mi-wer. The fine large black writing on the recto (~) shows this to have been an official memorandum of some importance. The verso has some traces of accounts not worth publishing.

~X. _'Gurob' Fr~g~ents, W (p. 27). A small square sheet (I4X IJ5 cm.) mscnbed on both srdes m the same difficult slanting business hand. Deliveries of fish.

X. 'Gurob' Fragments, N (pp. 27-28). An irregularly shaped fragment (I 2 X I 5 cm.)with, on the recto, parts of six lines from the top of a page containing the small port10n of a report made in the 6rst Year of Ramesses I I. The verso gave a statement of some deliveries of fish. Both sides are written in the same hand, not improbably identical with that of L below (XII, pp. 30-32); both recto and verso name a temple of Ramesses II known elsewhere only from the Wilbour papyrus, see my Commentary thereto, p. r 2.

XI. 'Gurob' Fragments, K lrr- 28-2ol. Two senarate C'arts nf a si,n!e sheet of papyrus measuring 2 2 X 2 7 (I 2 +I 5) cm. inscribed on the vertical fibres

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1 In the autographed text a closing bracket ought to have stood across the Horus-bird, since only part of this is preserved; see the textual note, p. 23a, n. 2a.

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with two columns in a rough, but legible, Nineteenth Dynasty business hand. Deliveries of fish, valued in terms of the corn-unit, to a number of women. The deputy-governor of the Royal Harem U simacrecemhab (p. 2 8, I. 14) has been found in F and is known also from a stela found at K6m Med1net Ghurab, see above, p. I Sa, I. I o, n'. The scribe responsible for this fragment may well have been the same as that of F. The verso (here t') is completely blank.

XII. 'Gurob' Fragments, L (pp. 30-32). One large and two smaller por-tions of the same papyrus dealing, on the recto (t'), with the corn-tax of the 67th Year of Ramesses I I. A translation of the more important lines will be found in my Papyrus Wi!bour, Commentary, pp. 206-207. The handwriting is practised and legible, not improbably identical with that of N, AA and BB. Details with regard to the separate portions: L, a, 2 I 5 X 30 5 cm., end of one page of 9 lines rather widely spaced out, and beginnings of I I lines of a second page. Red is used for figures and dates wherever appropriate. L, b, I 8 X I 5 cm., parts of IO much worn lines of a third page. L, c, I 2 X 6 cm., only a few words legible from the ends of lines of a similar page. Verso. Very scanty remains, on a and c only. These doubtless likewise belonged to an agricultural text, written in a blacker, more uncia! hand, once again dated in the 67th Year of Ramesses I I.

XIII. 'Gurob' Fragments, AA (p. 32). A fragment measunng I I 5 X ro cm., which, for all its small size and extremely defective text, has a certain interest on account of its points of contact with Text A of the Wilbour papyrus. The subject appears to have been the measurement of plots in different places in connection with the corn-tax. The scribe may have been the same as that of L, N, U verso and BB. Inscribed on the recto only. Date, probably Ramesses I I.

XIV. 'Gurob' Fragments, M (p. 33). A single fragment (IS X I2 cm.) written, on the recto, in a good business hand neater than that of L, though possibly to be attributed to the same scribe. Substantial parts of I I lines have survived and are concerned with the corn-tax. The form seems somewhat similar to that of the Amiens papyrus (I, above), and had the beginning of the lines been preserved, they might have been seen to refer to shipments. A translation is given in my Papyrus Wi!bour, Commentary, p. 207. The verso has only a few figures, possibly referring to sacks of corn.

XV. 'Gurob' Fragments, Z (p. 34). Two fragments which join together to form nearly the complete breadth of a single page measuring I 5 X I 2 5 cm. The recto, with 7 lines belonging to the lower part of the page, is a record of bricks issued to certain classes of people; the 22nd Year here mentioned may be that of either Ramesses 1I or Ramesses Ill. The hand is bold and black. The verso gives the

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INTRODUCTION

remains of a list of commodities in jars, etc., and was probably written byadifferentscribe.

XVI. 'Gurob' Fragments, BB (P35).Partofasinglesheet(I65XI6cm.) preserving, after a blank space of more than 7 cm., the remains of 9 lines from the bottom of a page; therein are enumerated two overseers of prophets, two overseers of cattle, and four prophets of different temples; among the last is the First Prophet of the House of Onuris, Anl].ermose, who seems likely to be identical with the well-known owner of a tomb, dated in the reign of MeneptaJ:l, at Nag< el-Meshay1kh, see ZAS LXXIII, 77 ff. The handwriting of our fragment may be that of the scribe of L, N, U verso and AA; if so, it will probably date from the last years of Ramesses I I.

XVII. The Turin Taxation Papyrus (pp. 35-44). In its present reconsti-tuted and remounted state this manuscript, Nos. I 896 + 2006 in the Catalogue by Fabretti, Rossi and Lanz.one (Vol. I, pp. 244, 2 6 I), forms one of the best-preserved and most complete among the non-royal, secular papyri in the Turin collection. Reasonably good facsimiles of the hieratic are given in the publication of Pleyte and Rossi, but curiously separated in four different places, namely in Pis. 6 5, 96-97, IOO-IOI and I 55-I 57; and even so only the first page of the verso has been repro-duced. Since equivalences with the true page-numbering have been given, not only in a footnote (p. 22, n. 4) to my translation and commentary in JEA XXVII, 22-37, but also at the commencement of each page in the hieroglyphic transcription in the present work, we may proceed at once to a description of the papyrus as a whole. This measures 20 cm. in height, and consists of a continuous piece some I02 cm. in length preceded by a strip I I 5 cm. in breadth; between the two must have been a fold, now lost, of about 4 cm. broad, making the total length of the existing manu-script about I I 6 or I I 7 cm. Originally, however, it must have been still longer, since there clearly once was a page in front of verso I, from which only the word for 'Pharaoh' has survived, see Pleyte and Rossi, PI. 96. Measuring along the recto joins are visible at 7 5, 24, 24, 23 and 23 cm., from the beginning of the continuous strip.

The text of the recto, dated in Year I 2 of Ramesses XI, is written in a small, legible, business hand with red rubrics and figures wherever suitable. The first of the five pages, being a sort of title-page, is written in rather larger characters than the rest; that it formed part of the same text was first recognised by Lieblein in an article containing translations which I overlooked when writing my own account in JEA, see J. Lieblein, 'Les recits de recolte dates dans l'ancienne Egypte comme elements chronologiques' in Recuei! de Travaux, I, I4I-I50 The subject is the receipts of corn from various towns' to the south of Thebes, their transport thence to the southern capital, and their delivery into the appointed granaries. The personage responsible for these proceedings was the scribe Dhutmose so well known from the

, extensive correspondence published by Cerny in his Late Ramesside Letters. I

xiii

1 It seems desirable here to note that the town of lmiotru, which figures so largely in this text, 'vas probably not at Gebelen, as I m company wtth most Egyptologists had supposed, but rather at or near Er-Rtze*at, a good deal nearer Thebes. So at least seems to have emerged from Griffith's latest re-

se~rches, see my /lnrient Pf(l'hfian Ouomastica, II, 27 4* f.

11


The verso-the side on which the vertical fibres are .uppermost-consists at present of three columns once, as already said, preceded by a page or column now lost. This text, written in Year I 4, lists amounts of corn received in several towns from certain foreign cultivators. On the verso the existing text was written over one that has been deleted, and its first page stands at the back of recto 5.

The transcription here published is that made by me in I 90 5, carefully revised with the original in I 9 3 8 ; on the former occasion all facilities for study were accorded by Professor Schiaparelli, the then Director of the Egyptian Museum; on the second occasion permission was granted by his successor Professor Farina. Both scholars readily consented to my publishing my work if ever opportunity should arise.

XVIII. The Turin Strike Papyrus (pp. 45-58). Now bears the number I88o in the Turin Collection. Facsimile by F. Rossi in Pleyte and Rossi, Papyrus de Turin, Pls. XXXV-XLVIII; the analysis by W. Pleyte, op. cit., pp. 50-6 5, only very imperfectly recognizes the nature of the contents. An admirable translation of the narratives of the recto. was given by W. Spiegelberg in his brochure entitled Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung im Pharaonenreich unter den Ramessiden, Strassburg, I895, pp. I 8 ff., but while he fully grasped their purport, he refused to qualify the revolts of the workers at the Royal Tomb as strikes through too narrow a definition of that term. There appears to have been a brief earlier account by G. Maspero in a lecture given to the Saint-Simon Club and published in the Bulletin du Cercle Historique, I 8 8 3, pp. 6 8-7 I ; for this, which I have not seen, Maspero cites also Lectures Historiques, pp. 34-38. Though the records of the strikes constitute the most important part of the papyrus, they by no means exhaust the whole contents, which are concerned with very miscellaneous matters connected with the workpeople afore-mentioned.

In its present state the papyrus measures 9 I cm. in length by a height of 40 5 cm. Clearly we possess the entire inner end of the roll, since the fourth and last page of the recto is followed by a blank space of I o 3 cm., reckoned to the end of a small newly added projecting strip. This conclusion agrees with the data of the verso, where col. I, running close up to the inner margin, is complete or practically complete. At the outer end of the roll a considerable portion may have been cut away in antiquity, it being desired to preserve only the records concerning the strikes. These are found mainly on the true recto, i.e., the side with the horizontal fibres over the vertical, but since the dates show the narratives to have been written later than che earliest texts on the true verso, it is to be presumed that the original text of the recto had been washed off and subsequently replaced. In the early days of Egyptology the whole manuscript was covered with papier vegetal, and this may have obliterated any traces of the original text. Such was the condition of the papyrus when I first studied it in I 90 5; when T made mv latest collation in r q j8 the papier ve~hal harl been removed. often but not always to the advantage of the document's legibility. Peet ctudied the

XlV

INTRODUCTION

join C join B join A ,-----~~~~~,l~!~--~,c==~~~'-=~ Col.4(pP.:!i7ti) w\ Cot:3(p.J6) j WIIIHIIIUHIII~WIIIIIIIH11(p.ss) ;

IJ$1/IIIHII#Ml!'hl/;lt'll!i'!l#//t fN. 1

1 See Sethe in z)is LVIII, 41.

2 For two probable l'.\:L'

1 The article by Chabas (really a letter to Lepsius) was probably prin~ ted without a proof being submitted. Otherwise the mis~ print Narzy instead of Varzy could hardly have been possible.


XIX. Pap. Brit. Mus. 10447 (p. 59). A single sheet of light-coloured papyrus measuring I 2 X 40 5 cm., inscribed on the side where the vertical fibres are uppermost with five long lines of text in a clear, rather widely spaced business hand. There is also a docket at the bottom of the left half of the reverse side, behind the top part of the side with the main text. This indicates presumably that the document, after being rolled up from the bottom, had been doubled over bdore the docket was written and this official record stored away. A further consequence of the doubling may well have been that the manuscript divided into two halves, now again reunited in the British Museum, but for many years separated. The original provenance is unknown. The right-hand portion was bought by the Trustees in I 877, but when Glanville published his account under the title 'Book-keeping for a Cult of Rameses II' in the Journal of the Royal .Asiatic Society for January, I929, the left-hand portion had temporarily disappeared. This, however, had been copied in the Musee Guimet at Paris by Spiegelberg, who published his transcription in his Rechnungen aus der Zeit Setis I, (I906), p. 77 The completed document was collated in the British Museum in I 9 3 7 by Cerny and myself, and our thanks are due to the Keeper of the Egyptian Department for the necessary facilities.

The excellent paper by Glanville contained both translation and discussion, as well as a photographic reproduction of the right-hand portion; and I have printed a new rendering, with notes, in JE.A XXVII, 58 ff. The topic is the corn delivered in the 55th Year of Ramesses II from estates near N efrusi in the Hermopolite no me ' belonging to a statue named 'Ra


for such jottings or copies of business transactions as appeared of interest to its owner. Many of the pieces are too small to convey anything intelligible; but on some larger ones are entries from a journal dated, like the texts here given, in the 3rd month of Summer of Year 2; the king is not named, but may perhaps have been Ramesses II or Meneptah. There are also portions of a letter from a scribe Amenemone to a builder of the Estate of Amun named Pyiay, of which the com-munication proper begins with the words [iiljj= "i::;; -~.' ........ ~~]!.11,.~~~ .... . ~2. "'tl!.n 1 _~:it ro ]!.f-.!n@l You have built me a ... [in?] the street which [is at the] back ... of the house of the Mayor of the City Henufe. The Mayor of Ne (i.e. Thebes) here in question is quite a well-known person, see my note I ob on p. 6oa; but there seems no evidence concerning the reign in which he lived.

Here it would obviously have been out of place to include the letter and the journal above alluded to; on the other hand it seemed desirable to give in their entirety the fragments which I have lettered A to F. In my ]EA article (p. 7I) I made the mistake of supposing that the heading at the top of fragments A and B was one single con-tinuous line. Later study of the photographs showed that each of the two fragments) had its own short separate heading. As already hinted, the subject is the assessment of plots of land held by various smallholders at the uniform rate of 2! sacks of corn; per aroura, and my latest conjecture, based on the recurrence of the verb ] 'acquirer (p. 6o, I. I4; p. 6I, I. 7; p. 62, I. 14), is that rents rather than taxes were in view.

XXII. From a Journal relating to the Theban Necropolis (pp. 64-68). This document, of which a considerable portion is reproduced in the hand-facsimile Pleyte and Rossi, Papyrus de Turin, PI. 6I, is included here on account of its relation-ship to the Turin Taxation Papyrus (below, pp. 35-44). The well-known Necropolis scribe DJ;mtmose occurs in both, and so does a fisherman named Kadore (for refer-ences see in the Index later). In both papyri the handwriting is small and legible, though cursive, and is not impossibly that of the same scribe. Nor are the dates far apart; that of the Taxation Papyrus is the I 2th Year ofRamesses XI, while the earlier parts of the present Journal (before 2, I4), record events doubtless belonging to the I 3th Year. On the other hand, the events recorded are quite different. Whereas the Taxation Papyrus is concerned solely with deliveries of corn, here the memoranda deal with such things as supplies of oil, administrative acts on the part of the Vizier Wennofre, and various work involving furniture and the quarrying of gypsum. The present document has been very considerably augmented since the publication by Pleyte and Rossi, in particular the second page being now completed; this page was probably the last, since the space under 2, I 4 is blank. The height is 2 I cm., the total length 66 \ cm. Joins are found, starting from the right-hand margin, at distances. of I I, 20, I 85 and I 6 cm. There is a patch extending the full height of

I. I I

INTRODUCTION

the papyrus 26 cm. from the left end. The text, which is found only on the side where the horizontal fibres are uppermost, replaces earlier texts, apparently entirely in red, that have been erased.

XXIII. The Griffith Fragments (pp. 68-7 I). This name has been given by me to the tattered remains of a single papyrus purchased by F. Ll. Griffith at Luxor in I 8 8 7, and apparently unstudied until they came to light a few years ago in the Griffith Institute of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. The fragments were pasted on strips of tracing paper two or three at a time, with the exception of some larger pieces displaying writing on both sides, these being mounted under glass. After a number of joins had been made, and the position of the larger pieces deter-mined, the whole was remounted by myself between glass in five pieces. To the right of the recto (horizontal fibres above vertical) must have stood the bulk of the unplaced fragments, mostly inscribed on .one side only, and many of them in the bigger writing

' used for headings. These, apart from two pieces that are slightly more informative (p. 6 8 of this book), proved to be too incoherent to be published here. To the left followed substantial remains of three columns or pages (below, pp. 6 9-7 I), succeeded by a blank strip 20 cm. wide; the entire continuous piece measures some 6 3 cm. by a height of I 8 cm. There seems to have been an introduction of considerable length in the moderate sized, legible uncia! hieratic hand subsequently used as headings of the separate paragraphs. In the body of these paragraphs, each devoted to the land owned by some The ban temple or chapel, are enumerated in a very small, highly competent, cursive writing the individual plots with their measurements. Most plots appear to have been situated in or near the Xth name of Upper Egypt. The form of the document resembles somewhat that of Text B of the Wilbour Papyrus (see my Commentary, p. I 6 I), the principal difference being that here some paragraphs conclude with a statement of the revenue in corn received from the fields previously specified. The date of the papyrus is undoubtedly the middle of the Twentieth Dynasty. A preliminary account, with short extracts in hieroglyphic transcription and a full-size photographic reproduction of recto, Col. 2, was given by me in ]EA XXVII, 64 ff. The subject of the texts on the verso is probably similar to that of the recto, but there are no headings and the cursive writing is even more difficult to decipher. The defective remains of some eight narrow columns are visible, written the same way up as the writing of the recto, and starting at the back of the afore-mentioned blank strip. It seems unlikely that the verso will yield much information of value, its main interest being that of a palreographical puzzle. My sincere thanks are due to the .Committee of the Griffith Institute, not only for giving me facilities for studying this tantalizingly interesting document, but also for enab1ing me to take it awav frnm Oxforrl in war-time so as to nut the fragments in order.

1 See CemY, Late Ramesside Letters, pp. Xvii foiL

1 Seeabovep. vi, n.l.

RAMESSJDE ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS

XXIV. Papyrus Valen,.ay I (pp. 72-73). It is owing to the kind mediation of my friend M. Vandier that courteous permission to publish here the text of one of the two XXth Dynasty letters belonging to the Due de Valen~ay has been obtained. A fuller account, with facsimiles made by Cerny from photographs will be given in Revue d'Egyptologie, VI. It has not been possible to learn the dimensions of the original, the form and handwriting of which differ in no respect except the absence of an outside address from those of other letters of the same period.1 A translation will be found also in my Papyrus Wilbour, Commentary, pp. 205 f. The Mayor of Elephantine writes to the Chief Taxing Officer Menmacrecnakhte (whose name shows the papyrus to be not earlier than Ramesses XI), protesting against a demand for harvest-taxes on fields in the neighbourhood of Ombi and Edfu. This demand he claims to have been unjustifiable, since in the former case the land had not been cultivated by himself at all, while in the latter case only a small part of the area had been flooded.

XXV. The Turin Indictment Papyrus (pp. 73-82 ). This papyrus, bearing the number I 8 8 7 in the official catalogue, is one of the most curious and interesting in the entire Turin collection. It forms an imposing document written on both sides in the same unusually large and irregular hand, and is mounted as a single piece between glass within a wooden frame. The height is 4I cm., one not far from the norm of important legal documents belonging to the Ramesside period ;1 the total breadth is about I 34 cm., when allowance has been made for some rather insignificant gaps at the points where the outer folds of the flattened roll turned over. Here, at the exterior as the roll was left by .its last ancient owner, two folds are missing in the lower two-thirds of the manuscript, which appears otherwise to be preserved very nearly complete, as will be shown further on. At the opposite inner end, where the final fold measures no more than 35 mm. across, there are practically no lacunre. I shall make no statement about the joins, as I found much difficulty in detecting them. Several patches are very conspicuous, however, due no doubt to the papyrus having been used previously, and time having elapsed during which it may have suffered more or less serious damage. Numerous traces of the earlier writing are still visible, especially on the nearly unoccupied strip preceding p. I of the recto.

At the top of this strip are seen the ends of two lines in the uncouth writing of the later scribe, and to these lines I have given the designations rt. o, I and rt. o, 2. In rt. o, 2 we can still read jound true' or 'innocent', and it looks as though one of the owners of the papyrus, having no use for what must accordingly have been the proce verbal of a lawsuit, cut away all but a word or two belonging to its conclusion. The effect of this was to leave a fairly wide protecting strip in front of the text that hence-forward alone interested him. There seems but little doubt that rt. I. I constitutes the title to that text, though written in black. Red writing occurs here only for the

xx.ii

INTRODUCTION

amounts of corn specified on p. 2 of the verso, where it served the special function, as I have shown in connection with other papyri,' of indicating amounts of barley in contradistinction to amounts of emmer. It is unusual for a text destined to cover both front and back of a papyrus to begin on the side where the vertical fibres lie upper-most, but this has happened in our papyrus for reasons that are not apparent. To students who have read the above attentively and are able to visualize the situation, . it will already have become apparent that the roll, when deposited in the tomb, or wherever it was found, had the beginning of its text on the inside, very inconveniently for whoever might be the next reader. Hence page I of the recto is practically intact, while the second page-there are but two on the recto-is complete only in its upper lines (I, I-7), while even here there are some minor lacunre; the outside of a roll is always more vulnerable than the inside. On reaching the end of the recto the scribe turned his manuscript horizontally, and continued in the direction of the beginning of the recto. The verso has three pages, of which the first is naturally incomplete in

' exactly the same way as the second page of the recto. At the top a single group is lacking at the beginning (vs. I, I-5), there having been some slight injury to the ragged vertical edge here. The central page of the verso is completely intact, but the third and final page lacks a few words at the end of its lines. If the last owner pro-ceeded in the fashion above conjectured, his carelessness has deprived him of some words at the end of most lines1 in the last page of a document which ex hypothesi he was anxious to preserve. That page 3 of the verso was really the end of that document is almost certain, since there is space at the bottom for at least one line more,

As the extremely poor facsimile in Pleyte and Rossi, Papyrus de Turin, Pis. LI-LX, shows, the lines varied very greatly in length. The purpose, as in Pap. Salt I24 of the British Museum,' was to place each fresh accusation (introduced by the words ! s/}1 r , , , . 'Memorandum concerning .. .')3 at the beginning of a fresh line. It would appear that the manuscript is an original, since there are intercalated lines, as well as additions above the line, which were clearly afterthoughts. As regards the contents, students may be directed to the essay by Peet referred to below, but I will here place on record my belief that, in spite of a difficulty presented by rt. 2, I 6, the main delinquent was the priest Pencanuke mentioned in rt. I, r. In the latter part of the text most of the accusers' charges are levelled at a ship's captain, Khnemnakhte, who had many confederates among the employees of the temple of Khnum at Elephantine.

The date is indicated as that of Ramesses V by facts which Maspero was the first to point out; the first to the third years of 'Pharaoh' are mentioned in vs. 2, 6-8, and the designation 'Pharaoh' is known to mean the still reigning king, while previous lines had revealed his predecessor as Ramesses IV. We come now to the question of the handwriting, and this has to be stigmatized as quite the most execrable that

x:xiii

'JEA XXVII, 26 f.

1 One has to re-member that a few of the lines may have been short ones, and in such a case may be all but complete.

2 No. 10055, last edited by Cem) in ]EA XV, 2451. 3 See Studies presen-ted'to F. Ll. Griffith, p. 49, n. 1.

' Les momies royales de Deir-el-Bahari, p. 663.

1 A close rival in this respect is the scribe ~enQ.ikhopshef, to whom we owe the verso of the Dream Book (P. Chester Beatty HI, see Gardiner, Hie-ranc Papyri in the BritishMu.seum, Ill, PJs. 9a-12a), but he at least had the excuse of incom-petence.


has come down to us.1 Not that the scribe was incompetent, for when he wished he could form most signs reasonably well, cf. "':JT' in vs. I, 2, 1i 1lft in rt. I, 8. But elsewhere the same signs display shapes quite fantastic in their appearance, e.g. "Ji'> in rt. o, 2; 1i ,lft in vs. 3, 8; while he never hesitates to let one sign run into another, and varied their thickness from a stout stroke to one barely thicker than a hair. Much of the hieratic text is easily decipherable, but in other places we are faced with almost insoluble problems. The facsimiles given in my notes will give some idea of the difficulties, but I must warn the student that these are merely copies of my own none too competent free-hand drawings. The transcription I offer here is the result of collations made atlong intervals from one another, in I 90 5, I 9 3 8, and now again in I 94 7.

When first I saw this formidable text, the central portion, i.e. page 2 of the reao and page I of the verso, was in great disorder, as may be seen from the facsimile in Pleyte and Rossi, op. cit., Pis. 59-60; sr-52 I think I may claim to have been the first to arrange these pages in their true positions. The varnished papier vegetal, which at that time added greatly to the difficulties of decipherment, has since been removed, and the whole is now exhibited in a satisfactory way. The first serious attempt to cope with the papyrus in a scholarly fashion was that published by Spiegelberg in zjj s XXIX (I 8 9 I), 7 3 ff., a splendid pioneering effort considering it was made over fifty years ago. The translation published by Peet in JEA X, I I 6 ff. under the title 'A Historical Document of Ramesside Age' made use of my trans-cription, as well as of a collation of his own; he added a few new good readings, all of them acknowledged in my notes. Since then no one seems to have paid much attention to the text, though it may be fairly described as containing one of the most picturesque and illuminating records that we possess.

XXVI. Beginning of Papyrus Turin No. 1882, verso (pp. 82-83). The reason for the inclusion here of a short excerpt from a purely literary composition has been stated in the Preface, above, page iii. For an account of the Late-Egyptian Miscellany, which I have designated with the title 'Turin A', see my book Late-Egyptian Miscellanies, p. I 9 I take this opportunity of expressing the appreciation which all Egyptologists will share for the action of M. Deonna, the Director of the Geneva Museum, in returning the missing fragments to the Turin collection, whereby several pages of the original could be completed.

xxiv

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