Rapport Perruchot Financement Syndicats Intégralité

5/13/2018 Rapport Perruchot Financement Syndicats Intégralité - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/rapport-perruchot-financement-syndicats-integralite 1/229

‐ = ‐

JKP_I@]LPJIK

Vgr cm}r jhvcjlgpjik jk`j|vmk|gocm `gk| cm `jgcie}m |iljgc mp cg vri`}lpjik`m cg kirhm likqmkpjikkmccm `gk| cm lbghv |iljgc# cm| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| gjk|jw}m cm| iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgkp cm| mkprmvrj|m| mp vc}| eêkêrgcmhmkp cm|mhvcizm}r| `m hähm w}m cm| jk`êvmk`gkp| vgrpjljvmkp# g} hähm pjprm w}m cm| vgrpj| vicjpjw}m| mp cm| g||mhocêm| vgrcmhmkpgjrm|# g} oik aiklpjikkmhmkp `m cg`êhilrgpjm+ Ir# lbgl}k mk likqjmkp# lmppm `mrkjârm g kêlm||gjrmhmkp }k liþp+

Vgrgìgcmhmkp# cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| glpm}r| `m cg qjm |iljgcm `m kiprm vgz||}|ljpm omg}li}v hijk| c‚jkpêräp mp c‚gppmkpjik w}m lmc}j `m| vgrpjljvgkp| g} `êogp vicjpjw}m+ Vi}rpgkp# jc rmqäp `m| mkdm} pi}p g}||j jhvirpgkp|# `gk| cg hm|}rm iú jc vm}p jkac}mr |}r cm lihvirpmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| liklmrkêm|# |}r cm}r| vrj|m| `m vi|jpjik mp# vgrpgkp# |}r c‚g`bê|jik w}‚mccm| mhvirpmkp g}vrâ| `m cm}r|rm||irpj||gkp|+

G} vrmhjmr rgke aje}rm }k mkdm} `m prgk|vgrmklm# æ c‚bm}rm iú c‚ik qm}pìkkmr vc}| `m rðcm g} `jgcie}m |iljgc# lihhm mk gppm|pmkp cg cij k¶ ?665(7<6 `}<7 dgkqjmr ?665 `m hi`mrkj|gpjik `} `jgcie}m |iljgc# cm| vripilicm| `} \êkgp mp `m

c‚G||mhocêm kgpjikgcm rmcgpja| æ cg lik|}cpgpjik `m| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} |}r cm| vrivi|jpjik| `m cij# gìvpê| rm|vmlpjqmhmkp mk `êlmhorm ?66: mp aêqrjmr ?676# mp`jqmr|m| vrivi|jpjik| airh}cêm| vgr `m| pbjkn pgkn| `m pi}| oir`| " Jk|pjp}p Hikpgjekm "7*# Pmrrg kiqg "?*# mpl+*+ Mj|pm êegcmhmkp }k mkdm} vrivrmhmkpajkgkljmr# lik|j|pgkp æ gvvrêljmr `gk| w}mccm hm|}rm cm| |}oqmkpjik| mp c‚gremkp v}ocjl gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| |ikp qjpg} vi}r cm}r aiklpjikkmhmkp# cm kjqmg} `m| rê|mrqm| mp `m| glpja| vgprjhikjg} `m lmrpgjkm| vi}qgkp jkpmrvmccmr æ vc}| `‚}k pjprm+

Vi}r lm| rgj|ik|# cg lrêgpjik `‚}km lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm lbgreêm `m agjrm

cg c}hjârm |}r cm| hêlgkj|hm| `m ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|`‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| |‚m|p gqêrêm vgrpjl}cjârmhmkp ivvirp}km+ Mk maamp# æ }khihmkp iú cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} kêeiljmkp |}r cg hi`mrkj|gpjik mp cmaiklpjikkmhmkp `} vgrjpgrj|hm# jc m|p }pjcm w}m cm Vgrcmhmkp gvvirpm |g likprjo}pjikmk `rm||gkp }k êpgp `m| cjm} |}r cm| hg||m| ajkgkljârm| mk lg}|m gjk|j w}m |}r cm|ljrl}jp| }pjcj|ê| mp mk airh}cgkp `m| vrivi|jpjik| |}|lmvpjocm| `m ki}rrjr cm `jgcie}mmk li}r|+

"7* ® _mlik|pr}jrm cm `jgcie}m |iljgc ¾# |i}| cg vrê|j`mklm `m H+ Eêrgr` G`gh# d}jk ?677+

"?* Bmkrj _i}jccmg}cp 4 ® ?67?(?675 4 rmkairlmr cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm mp cg `êhilrgpjm |iljgcm ¾# |mvpmhorm?677+



‐ 1 ‐

Cg w}m|pjik k‚m|p `‚gjccm}r| vg| ki}qmccm# v}j|w}m `jqmr| rgvvirp| iaajljmc||m |ikp m||gzê| æ hjm} mk lmrkmr cm| pmkgkp| mp goi}pj||gkp| g} li}r| `m cg`êlmkkjm vg||êm+ Ik rgvvmccmrg æ lmp êegr` c‚êp}`m `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik lihvgrêm |}r cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp| hmkêm vgr c‚jk|vmlpjik eêkêrgcm `m| gaagjrm| |iljgcm|# v}ocjêm mk ilpiorm ?660"7*# cm rgvvirp g} Vrmhjmr hjkj|prm `m H+ _gvbgîcBg`g|(Cmomc |}r cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê mp cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| mp |zk`jlgcm|# `m hgj ?661 "?*# i} mklirm cm| rgvvirp| `m `jqmr|m|jk|vmlpjik| eêkêrgcm| |}r cm| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cgaiklpjik v}ocjw}m# mk ?66: mp ?676 "<*+

Cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm |}r cm| hêlgkj|hm| `m ajkgklmhmkp `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê|# vi}r |g vgrp# |‚m|p mhvcizêmæ hmkmr `m| êqgc}gpjik| vrêlj|m| mp }km gkgcz|m vc}| lihvcâpm |}r cm |}dmp+ Kgp}rmccmhmkp# |m| liklc}|jik| km vm}qmkp vrêpmk`rm æ c‚mbg}|pjqjpê# pgkp cm

lbghv `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| m|p lihvcmm# `} agjp `mcm}r |pr}lp}rm aê`êrêm mp `êlmkprgcj|êm > mccm| k‚mk `êegemkp vg| hijk| `m|mk|mjekmhmkp| |jekjajlgpja|+

Cm| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| mp cm| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| gqgjmkp m}(hähm| jkpêräp æ }k pmc prgqgjc# `gk| }k likpmpm hgrw}ê vgr cg airpm rê|ikgklmhê`jgpjw}m `‚gaagjrm| d}`jljgjrm| rmpmkpj||gkpm|+ \‚gej||gkp `‚}k |}dmp g}||j pgoi}w}m cm| rm||i}rlm| ajkgkljârm| `m lm| |pr}lp}rm| æ |pgp}p vgrpjl}cjmr# |m}c cm lg`rm `mcg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm vi}qgjp vmrhmpprm g} rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m cg Kgpjik `‚gccmr g} oi}p `m| lbi|m|+

C‚mk|mhocm `m| rm|vik|gocm| |zk`jlg} i} `‚iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|ìkp c‚g}`jpjik g êpê |iccjljpêm g `êvi|ê |i}| |mrhmkp# lik|mkpgkp æ lmppm illg|jik æmkprmr `gk| cm `êpgjc `m cm}r| lihvpm|# gajk `m vmrhmpprm g} Vgrcmhmkp `‚êpgocjr }kmqj|jik lik|icj`êm `m| ajkgklmhmkp| hiojcj|ê|+ @m hähm# `m| ìl}hmkp| kik v}ocjl| ikp êpê rmhj| g} rgvvirpm}r `m cg lihhj||jik# æ |g `mhgk`m# `m hgkjârm æêlcgjrljr lmrpgjk| g|vmlp|+

Jc rm||irp `m| jkqm|pjegpjik| lik`}jpm| vgr cg lihhj||jik w}m cm|hêlgkj|hm| `m ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| |ikp

|pr}lp}rmccmhmkp ivgw}m|# kik vgr |i}lj `êcjoêrê `m lglbmr w}ij w}m lm |ijp# hgj|mk rgj|ik `m hi`gcjpê| `‚iregkj|gpjik w}j cm}r |ikp vrivrm|+ \‚gdi}pm æ lmppm`jaajl}cpê c‚go|mklm `m vrj|m mk lik|j`êrgpjik `m lmrpgjk| vgrghâprm| hgpêrjmc|jhvirpgkp|# lihhm cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `m vmr|ikkmc| i} `m cilg}+ ]k pmclik|pgp m|p `‚g}pgkp vc}| rmermppgocm w}m cm| |ihhm| mk dm} |ikp |jekjajlgpjqm|+

"7* _gvvirp k¶ ?660 716 `m HH+ Vjmrrm `m \gjkpjekik# Dêrðhm E}m`d# Bjcemr I|pmrrjm`mr mp Hhm Qgcêrjm\gjkpizgkp# virpgkp |}r c‚Gccmhgekm# cg Omcejw}m# cg Ergk`m(Ormpgekm# c‚Jpgcjm mp cg \}â`m+

"?* ® Vi}r }k `jgcie}m |iljgc maajlglm mp cêejpjhm 4 rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê mp ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| mp |zk`jlgcm| ¾# rgvvirp g} Vrmhjmr hjkj|prm# hgj ?661+

"<* _gvvirp |}r cm| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# hgr| ?66: "kik v}ocjl*# mp ® Cm ojcgk `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m 4 gkgcz|m`êpgjccêm `gk| `m} `êvgrpmhmkp|# cm _bðkm mp cm Cijrmp ¾# d}jk ?676+



‐ 5 ‐

@mv}j| c‚gìvpjik `m cg cij k¶ ?662(52: `} ?6 giþp ?662 virpgkprêkiqgpjik `m cg `êhilrgpjm |iljgcm mp rêairhm `} pmhv| `m prgqgjc# cg prgk|vgrmklm vrierm||m+ Cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp `‚mhvcizm}r| |ikp `ê|irhgj| pmk}m| `m v}ocjmr cm}r| lihvpm| mp cm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m |gcgrjê| g}vrâ| `‚mccm| ikp êpê`gqgkpgem mklg`rêm|+

\}r lmppm og|m# cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm g v} liccmlpmr `m| jk`jlgpjik|lbjaarêm| êpgzêm| mp vrilê`mr æ `m| lik|icj`gpjik| lihvpgocm| gjk|j w}‚æ `m|lihvgrgj|ik| êlcgjrgkpm|+ Cm agjp m|p# kêgkhijk|# w}‚mccm g lik|pgpê }km mprähmlihvcmjpê `gk| cm| ljrl}jp| `m ajkgklmhmkp| cêeg} mp likqmkpjikkmc| mk qje}m}r#lmccm(lj i}qrgkp cg qijm æ `m vi||jocm| `êrjqm|+

Lmppm |jp}gpjik g lik`}jp æ lmrpgjkm| jkliker}jpê|# æ lihhmklmr vgr lmccm`‚}k êqj`mkp `êajljp `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `‚iregkj|gpjik| ìkp c‚m||mkpjmc `m|rm||i}rlm| m|p vgraij| `êlikkmlpê `m| lipj|gpjik| `m cm}r| g`bêrmkp|+ Vc}|jm}r| vrivi|jpjik| |ikp ìkl airh}cêm| gajk `‚z gvvirpmr `m| rmhâ`m|+ Lm agj|gkp# cgrmvrê|mkpgpjik kgpjikgcm gvvirpmrg |g vjmrrm æ cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm mk li}r| |}r cm `mqmkjr `} vgrjpgrj|hm mp g} ergk`| `êogp| vicjpjw}m| æ qmkjr# g} vrjkpmhv|?67?+





‐ : ‐

J+( CG @JAAJL]CPÊ @‚ÊPGOCJ_ CM O]@EMP ECIOGC @M C‚GLPJIK\ZK@JLGCM MP V_IAM\\JIKKMCCM MK A_GKLM

G+ ]KM IOCJEGPJIK @M P_GK\VG_MKLM LIHVPGOCM W]J MK M\P Æ \M\@ÊO]P\

C‚grpjlcm 76 `m cg cij k¶ ?662(52: `} ?6 giþp ?662 g |i}hj| cm|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| æ }km iocjegpjik `‚êpgocj||mhmkp# `mlmrpjajlgpjik mp `m v}ocjlgpjik `m cm}r| lihvpm|+ Lm `j|vi|jpja m|p vgrpjl}cjârmhmkpkiqgpm}r 4 mk maamp# cg cij `} ?7 hgr| 7220 rmcgpjqm æ cg lrêgpjik `m| |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| “ `jpm cij ® Ugc`mln(_i}||mg} ¾ “ km likpmkgjp w}m prâ| vm} `mhm|}rm| |}r cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp|+ C‚grpjlcm 1 `m lmppm cij vrêqizgjp|jhvcmhmkp w}m ® cm| |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| `m vgprik| i} `‚i}qrjmr| "‡*^vi}qgjmkpX mhvcizmr cm| |ihhm| vriqmkgkp `m| lipj|gpjik| ¾+

Gjk|j# |j cm| g||iljgpjik|# ìkp cm |pgp}p m|p êpgocj mk gvvcjlgpjik `m cg cij `}7mr d}jccmp 7:67# ikp c‚iocjegpjik "7*# cir|w}‚mccm| ikp rmå} gkk}mccmhmkp `m||}oqmkpjik| v}ocjw}m| ìkp cm hikpgkp eciogc `êvg||m cm |m}jc `m 7=< 666 m}ri|#`‚êpgocjr mp v}ocjmr `m| lihvpm| gkk}mc|# cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# rêejm| vgr cgcij ® Ugc`mln(_i}||mg} ¾ k‚gqgjmkp vg| êpê# d}|w}‚mk ?662# |i}hj| æ lmppmiocjegpjik+

7+ C‚iocjegpjik `‚êpgocjr mp `m lmrpjajmr cm| lihvpm|

C‚grpjlcm C+ ?7<=(7 `} li`m `} prgqgjc# j||} `m cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662# vrêqijp w}m cm| |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| mp cm}r| }kjik| gjk|j w}m cm| g||iljgpjik|`m |gcgrjê| i} `‚mhvcizm}r| rêejm| vgr cg cij `} 7mr d}jccmp 7:67 rmcgpjqm g} likprgp`‚g||iljgpjik# |ikp pmk}| `‚êpgocjr `m| lihvpm| gkk}mc|+ Lmppm iocjegpjik|‚gvvcjw}m æ lihvpmr `m c‚mmrljlm lihvpgocm ?66: "grpjlcm 7= `m cg cij `} ?6 giþp?662*+ Lm| lihvpm| |ikp grräpê| vgr c‚iregkm lbgreê `m cg `jrmlpjik mp gvvri}qê| vgr c‚g||mhocêm eêkêrgcm `m| g`bêrmkp| i} vgr }k iregkm liccêejgc `m likprðcm`ê|jekê vgr cm| |pgp}p| "grpjlcm C+ ?7<0(0 `} li`m `} prgqgjc*+

C‚grpjlcm 00 `m cg cij k¶ ?677(=?= `} 75 hgj ?677 `m |jhvcjajlgpjik mp`‚ghêcjirgpjik `m cg w}gcjpê `} `rijp g mk|}jpm hi`jajê c‚grpjlcm C+ ?7<=(7 `} li`m`} prgqgjc vi}r vrêlj|mr w}m cm| |zk`jlgp| êpgocj||mkp cm}r| lihvpm| gkk}mc| kik vc}| `gk| `m| lik`jpjik| ajêm| vgr `êlrmp# hgj| `gk| lmccm| `m c‚grpjlcm C+ 7?<(7?`} li`m `m lihhmrlm w}j m|p cm ® `rijp lihh}k ¾ `m cg pmk}m `m| lihvpm| `m|mkprmvrj|m|+ \mcik lmp grpjlcm C+ 7?<(7? vrêljpê# pi}pm vmr|ikkm vbz|jw}m i} hirgcmgzgkp cg w}gcjpê `m lihhmrågkp ìjp vrilê`mr æ c‚mkrmej|prmhmkp lihvpgocm `m|hi}qmhmkp| gaamlpgkp cm vgprjhijkm `m |ik mkprmvrj|m+ Lm| hi}qmhmkp| |ikpmkrmej|prê| lbrikiciejw}mhmkp+ Mk i}prm# mccm ìjp êpgocjr `m| lihvpm| gkk}mc| æ cg

"7* Grpjlcm C+ 17?(0 ̀ } li`m `m lihhmrlm+



‐ 76 ‐

lcðp}rm `m c‚mmrljlm g} q} `m| mkrmej|prmhmkp| lihvpgocm| mp `m c‚jkqmkpgjrm+ Lm|lihvpm| gkk}mc| lihvrmkkmkp cm ojcgk# cm lihvpm `m rê|}cpgp mp }km gkkmm# w}jairhmkp }k pi}p jk`j||iljgocm+

Cm| lihvpm| |ikp êpgocj| |mcik cm râecmhmkp k¶ ?66:(76 `} < `êlmhorm

?66: `} Lihjpê `m cg rêecmhmkpgpjik lihvpgocm gaaêrgkp g} râecm| lihvpgocm|`m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+ Jc mjem kipghhmkp w}m cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|jk|ârmkp# mk gkkmm `m cm}r| lihvpm|# }k pgocmg} lihvrmkgkp cm hikpgkp `m|lipj|gpjik| rmå}m| mp `m| lipj|gpjik| rmqmr|êm| mp cm| |}oqmkpjik| rmå}m|# gajk `m d}|pjajmr `} hikpgkp pipgc `m cm}r| rm||i}rlm|+ Mkajk# cm râecmhmkp vrêlj|m w}m ® cm|hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m vmr|ikkm| mp `m ojmk| aikp c‚iodmp `‚}km jkairhgpjikw}gcjpgpjqm 4 kihorm `m vmr|ikkm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik# aiklpjik mp `}rêm ¾+

Cm rm|vmlp `m lm| iocjegpjik| m|p egrgkpj vgr c‚iocjegpjik `m lmrpjajlgpjik vgr g} hijk| }k lihhj||gjrm g} lihvpm| mp }k |}vvcêgkp êpgocjm vgr c‚grpjlcmC+ ?7<=(1 `} li`m `} prgqgjc+

Cg cij `} 75 hgj ?677 vrêljpêm vrêqijp g}||j `m| hi`gcjpê| |jhvcjajêm| `m vrê|mkpgpjik `m| lihvpm| vi}r cm| |zk`jlgp| gzgkp `m| rm||i}rlm| cjhjpêm| 4

“ vi}r cm| |zk`jlgp| gzgkp hijk| `m ?<6 666 m}ri| `m rmlmppm| gkk}mccm|#cm| lihvpm| vm}qmkp äprm êpgocj| |mcik }km vrê|mkpgpjik |jhvcjajêm# gqml cg vi||jojcjpê `m k‚mkrmej|prmr cm}r| lrêgklm| mp cm}r| `mppm| w}‚æ cg lcðp}rm `mc‚mmrljlm >

“ vi}r cm| |zk`jlgp| gzgkp hijk| `m < 666 m}ri| `m rmlmppm| gkk}mccm|# cm|lihvpm| vm}qmkp vrmk`rm cg airhm `‚}k cjqrm mkrmej|prgkp lbrikiciejw}mhmkpc‚mk|mhocm `m| hi}qmhmkp| gaamlpgkp cm}r vgprjhijkm+

?+ C‚mkprêm mk qje}m}r vrierm||jqm `‚}km iocjegpjik `m v}ocjljpê

Vgr gjccm}r|# cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| ikpc‚iocjegpjik `‚g||}rmr cg v}ocjljpê `m cm}r| lihvpm| "grpjlcm C+ ?7<=(= `} li`m `}prgqgjc*+ Cm `êlrmp `} ?2 `êlmhorm ?66: "7* vrêqijp `m} hi`gcjpê| `m hj|m mk

Ŝ}qrm lmppm iocjegpjik 4 “ cg vrmhjârm lik|j|pm# vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp

vriam||jikkmccm| ìkp cm| rm||i}rlm| |ikp êegcm| i} |}vêrjm}rm| æ ?<6 666 m}ri|# æ`êvi|mr cm}r| ìl}hmkp| lihvpgocm| |}r cm |jpm jkpmrkmp `} Di}rkgc iaajljmc"@JCG* "?*+

“ cg `m}jâhm lik|j|pm# vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| ìkp cm| rm||i}rlm| |ikpjkaêrjm}rm| æ ?<6 666 m}ri| mp w}j km v}ocjmrgjmkp vg| cm}r| lihvpm| |}r cm virpgjc

"7* @êlrmp k¶ ?66:(7110 `} ?2 `êlmhorm ?66: rmcgpja æ cg lmrpjajlgpjik `m| lihvpm| `m| |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| mp g||iljgpjik| `m |gcgrjê| i} `%mhvcizm}r|

"?* Cg |mlpjik `m lm |jpm lik|glrêm g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| g êpê i}qmrpm mk gqrjc ?677+



‐ 77 ‐

`m cg @JCG i} |}r cm}r vrivrm |jpm jkpmrkmp # æ `êvi|mr cm}r| lihvpm| g}vrâ| `m cg`jrmlpjik rêejikgcm `m| mkprmvrj|m|# `m cg lik|ihhgpjik# `m cg likl}rrmklm# `}prgqgjc mp `m c‚mhvcij lihvêpmkpm+

Cm pgocmg} |}jqgkp rgvvmccm cm lgcmk`rjmr `m cg hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `m lmppm

iocjegpjik `m v}ocjljpê# pmc w}m vrêq} vgr c‚grpjlcm 7= `m cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662 4

Iocjegpjik `m v}ocjljpê `m| lihvpm|

Kjqmg} likaê`êrgc mp aê`êrgc `m| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm|

Mmrljlm lihvpgocm ?676

Kjqmg} rêejikgc mp `êvgrpmhmkpgc Mmrljlm lihvpgocm ?677

G}prm| kjqmg} Mmrljlm lihvpgocm ?67?

G} pmrhm| `m| grpjlcm| @+ ?7<=(5 "7* mp @+ ?7<=(2 "?* `} `êlrmp ?66:(711= vrêljpê# cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| |ikp pmk}m| `m v}ocjmr cm}r| lihvpm| ® `gk| }k `êcgj `m prij| hij| æ lihvpmr `m c‚gvvriogpjik `m|lihvpm| vgr c‚iregkm `êcjoêrgkp |pgp}pgjrm ¾+ Cm `êvðp `m| lihvpm| `m|iregkj|gpjik| `m kjqmg} likaê`êrgc mp kgpjikgc `mqrgjp ìkl jkpmrqmkjr `‚jlj cg ajk`m lmppm gkkêm# }k `êcgj `m |j hij| êpgkp eêkêrgcmhmkp io|mrqê mkprm cg ajk `mc‚mmrljlm lihvpgocm mp cg `gpm `‚gvvriogpjik `m| lihvpm|+

$

Cm rgvvirpm}r |gc}m cm| vrierâ| rêgcj|ê| mk hgpjârm `m prgk|vgrmklm erïlm æcg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662+ Jc rmermppm kêgkhijk| w}‚}km jkairhgpjik m||mkpjmccmlihhm cm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m vmr|ikkm| km ag||mkp c‚iodmp w}m `‚}kmjkairhgpjik w}gcjpgpjqm+ Vgr gjccm}r|# cm| r}orjw}m| lihvpgocm| mp cm| jhv}pgpjik|qgrjmkp |mcik cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# lm w}j km agljcjpm vg| }km q}m`‚mk|mhocm `m| `jaaêrmkpm| rm||i}rlm| ìkp mccm| oêkêajljmkp+ Mkajk# ojmk w}‚jc|‚gej||m `‚}km jkairhgpjik mprglihvpgocm# cm kihorm `m lipj|gkp| vi}rrgjp äprmprâ| }pjcmhmkp jk`jw}ê mk gkkmm `m lm| lihvpm|+

\j cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mkpmk`}m| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm ikprmlikk} cm| vrierâ| rêgcj|ê| mk hgpjârm `m prgk|vgrmklm# mccm| ikp g}||j |i}cjekê cm|`jaajl}cpê| rmklikprêm| vi}r hmpprm mk Ŝ}qrm lmppm rêairhm kipghhmkp `gk| cm|iregkj|gpjik| cilgcm| iú cm| prê|irjmr| km |ikp vg| kêlm||gjrmhmkp g||mt airhê| mkhgpjârm `m rêecmhmkpgpjik lihvpgocm+ Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik cm7< ilpiorm# Hhm Cgklmppm# prê|irjârm `m cg Aê`êrgpjik |zk`jlgcm }kjpgjrm# g gjk|jrmlikk} w}m cg lik|icj`gpjik# `gk| cm| lihvpm| `m cg aê`êrgpjik# `m lm} `m| }kjpê|rêejikgcm| mp `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| |i}cmqgjp `m| `jaajl}cpê| 4 ® cm| |mlpjik|`êvgrpmhmkpgcm| A\] k‚gzgkp vg| cg vmr|ikkgcjpê d}rj`jw}m# ki}| |ihhm| iocjeê|#

vi}r |gpj|agjrm g} mjemklm| `m cg cij# `m eciogcj|mr cm| ajkgklm| `m cg A\]

"7* Vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| ìkp cm| rm||i}rlm| |ikp êegcm| i} |}vêrjm}rm| æ ?<6 666 m}ri|+

"?* Vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| ìkp cm| rm||i}rlm| |ikp jkaêrjm}rm| æ ?<6 666 m}ri|+



‐ 7? ‐

kgpjikgcm# lmccm| `m| 766 |mlpjik| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| mp lmccm| `m| ?= lik|mjc| aê`êrg} rêejikg} "LA_*+ Lmcg rmvrê|mkpm }k eri| prgqgjc+ @gk| }k vrmhjmr pmhv|# ki}| gqjik| agjp gvvmc æ kiprm lgojkmp `‚mvmrpj|m lihvpgocm+ \ik `mqj|gvvrilbgkp `m 766 666 m}ri|# ki}| gqik| `êlj`ê `m agjrm gqml ki| vrivrm|hizmk|+ Hgj| lmcg `mhgk`m omg}li}v `m pmhv| mp `‚êkmrejm "‡*+ Jc ag}p äprmlik|ljmkp w}m cm| prê|irjmr| `m| 766 `êvgrpmhmkp| mp `m| ?= LA_ km |ikp vg| `m|

vriam||jikkmc| mp w}m ki}| `mqik| cm| airhmr# lm w}j rmvrê|mkpm }k eri| maairp+ Ojmk |i}qmkp cg lihvpgojcjpê êpgjp pmk}m æ c‚gj`m `‚}k lgbjmr mp `‚}km vc}hm+++ ¾+

Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm ?5 ilpiorm# H+ Hjlbmc @ikm``}# prê|irjmr `m cgLEP# g g}||j vgrpgeê cm hähm lik|pgp mk rmermppgkp w}m cm| r}orjw}m| lihvpgocm|rmpmk}m| |ijmkp êcijekêm| `m cg rêgcjpê `m cg qjm |zk`jlgcm 4 ® ki}| km |ihhm| vg|

vgrqmk}| æ agjrm g`hmpprm lm vijkp æ c‚G}pirjpê kgpjikgcm `m cg lihvpgojcjpê# w}j gm} cg lbgrem `m rê`jemr cm `êlrmp `‚gvvcjlgpjik `m cg cij `m ?662+ _ê|}cpgp# cm|

jkpjp}cê| `m kiprm ìl}hmkp km rmacâpmkp mk rjmk lm w}‚m|p }km glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm+Lmrpm|# cg Likaê`êrgpjik g `m w}ij |‚g`gvpmr# mccm `j|vi|m `‚}k |mrqjlm `mlihvpgojcjpê mp }pjcj|m cm| hähm| ciejljmc| w}m cm| ergk`m| mkprmvrj|m|+ Lm k‚m|p

vg| cm lg| `m| vmpjp| |zk`jlgp|# æ c‚jkpmkpjik `m|w}mc| ki}| |ihhm| likprgjkp| `m`êqmcivvmr }k ciejljmc vmrhmppgkp `‚iopmkjr `m} vrê|mkpgpjik| æ vgrpjr `m| hähm|lbjaarm| 4 c‚iaajljmccm mp lmccm w}j m|p vgrcgkpm vi}r cm| |zk`jw}ê| ¾+

Mkajk# cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| g}`jpjikkêm| ikp g}||j |i}cjekê cm liþpw}m rmvrê|mkpgjmkp c‚êpgocj||mhmkp mp cg lmrpjajlgpjik `m cm}r| lihvpm|+ Æ pjprm`‚mmhvcm# cg lik|icj`gpjik mp cg lmrpjajlgpjik `m| lihvpm| `m cg LA@P g kêlm||jpê

`m agjrm gvvmc æ `m} lgojkmp| `m lihhj||gjrm| g} lihvpm| vi}r }k liþp pipgc `m?7= 666 m}ri|+

Lmppm iocjegpjik `m v}ocjlgpjik `m| lihvpm| k‚mk m|p w}‚æ |m| `êo}p|+ Mkmaamp# cg `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `} prgqgjc g jk`jw}ê æ cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm w}m7?1 lihvpm| ikp êpê `êvi|ê| æ cg ajk `} hij| `m |mvpmhorm+ Æ lm di}r# vgrhj cm|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} kjqmg} kgpjikgc#|m}cm Airlm i}qrjârm k‚g vg| mklirm v}ocjê |m| lihvpm| vi}r ?676+ \‚gej||gkp `m|iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|# c‚]kjik kgpjikgcm `m| vriam||jik| cjoêrgcm|"]KGVC* km |‚m|p vg| mklirm |i}hj|m æ lmppm iocjegpjik mp lmrpgjk| |zk`jlgp|

gerjlicm| g}`jpjikkê| vgr cg lihhj||jik “ vgrhj cm|w}mc| cg Likaê`êrgpjik vgz|gkkm mp cg Aê`êrgpjik kgpjikgcm `m| |zk`jlgp| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm|"AK\MG* “ ikp agjp rmhgrw}mr w}‚jc| km |m |i}hmpprgjmkp æ lmppm iocjegpjik `m v}ocjlgpjik w}m c‚gkkêm vrilbgjkm+

Vgr gjccm}r|# cg w}m|pjik `m c‚gvvcjlgpjik `m cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662 g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m |‚m|p êegcmhmkp vi|êm# lgr cm|`j|vi|jpjik| `} li`m `} prgqgjc# lihhm lmccm| j||}m| `m cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662# km|‚gvvcjw}mkp kirhgcmhmkp vg| æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# hähm |‚jc mj|pm `m|mlmvpjik| ìkp cm| grpjlcm| C+ ?7<=(7 mp |}jqgkp|# lihvpm pmk} `m cg eêkêrgcjpê `m



‐ 7< ‐

cm}r rê`glpjik "7*# vi}rrgjmkp agjrm vgrpjm+ Cg w}m|pjik k‚g vg| êpê prgjpêm vgr cg cij`} = d}jccmp ?676 rmcgpjqm æ cg rêkiqgpjik `} `jgcie}m |iljgc "?*+ Mk rmqgklbm#c‚grpjlcm =: `} vridmp `m cij rmcgpja æ c‚gllâ| æ c‚mhvcij pjp}cgjrm mp æ c‚ghêcjirgpjik`m| lik`jpjik| `‚mhvcij `m| gemkp| likprglp}mc| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m "<* likajrhm c‚gvvcjlgpjik g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `mc‚iocjegpjik vrêq}m vgr cm li`m `} prgqgjc mk hgpjârm `m lihvpm|# pi}p mk vrêqizgkp`m| g`gvpgpjik|+ C‚mvi|ê `m| hipja| `} vridmp `m cij vrêlj|m# mk maamp# w}m ® cm|`j|vi|jpjik| rmcgpjqm| æ cg lmrpjajlgpjik mp æ cg v}ocjljpê `m| lihvpm| ìjqmkp äprmg`gvpêm|# vgr `êlrmp mk Lik|mjc `‚Êpgp# g} |vêljajljpê| `m| iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m+ Mk vgrpjl}cjmr# vi}r pmkjr lihvpm `m cg vrêìhjkgklm `m| hizmk| b}hgjk| gllir`ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m aiklpjikkgjrm|# `m| râecm| |vêljajw}m| vi}rrikp äprm vrêq}m| mk hgpjârm `mqgcirj|gpjik ajkgkljârm `m| hizmk| gllir`ê| æ lm| iregkj|gpjik| ¾+

O+ ]KM @JAAJL]CPÊ JKP_JK\ÂW]M# CG \P_]LP]_GPJIK @MLMKP_GCJ\ÊMMP AÊ@Ê_GPJQM V_IV_M G]R I_EGKJ\GPJIK\ @M \GCG_JÊ\ LIHHM@‚MHVCIZM]_\

Cikepmhv| jkpmr`jp| vgr cg cij ® Cm Lbgvmcjmr ¾ `m| 70(75 d}jk 75:7# cm||zk`jlgp| qikp vrierm||jqmhmkp rmkgëprm `gk| cg |mlik`m hijpjê `} RJRm |jâlcm+ Cgcij ® Iccjqjmr ¾ `m 7210 qg mk maamp goicjr cm `êcjp `m ligcjpjik mp# `m agjp# g}pirj|mr cm `rijp `m erâqm# v}j| cg cij ® Ugc`mln(_i}||mg} ¾ `} ?7 hgr| 7220 qg cm}r gllir`mr }km qêrjpgocm rmlikkgj||gklm# mk mk agj|gkp }km airhm `‚iregkj|gpjik `m`êamk|m mp `m vrihipjik `‚jkpêräp| lihh}k| gllm||jocm æ pi}| cm| eri}vm|

vriam||jikkmc|# mp kik g} |m}c| prgqgjccm}r| |gcgrjê|+

Aje}rgkp g} |mjk `} pjprm JJJ `} cjqrm Jmr `m cg `m}jâhm vgrpjm `} li`m `}prgqgjc# cm| `j|vi|jpjik| j||}m| `m cg cij `m 7220 liklmrkmkp gjk|j jk`jaaêrmhhmkpcm| eri}vmhmkp| `m lihhmrågkp|# `‚jk`}|prjmc|# `‚grpj|gk|# `m vriam||jikkmc|cjoêrg}# `‚iaajljmr| hjkj|pêrjmc|# `‚gerjl}cpm}r|# z lihvrj| mk cm}r w}gcjpê`‚mhvcizm}r|# mp kik cm| |m}c| prgqgjccm}r| |}oirìkkê|+ Mk rmqgklbm# cm| râecm|aje}rgkp g} pjrm| JJ mp JQ `} hähm cjqrm# rmcgpjqm| æ cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm mpæ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m|# km liklmrkmkp mvcjljpmhmkp#mccm|# w}m cm| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê|+

G lihvpmr `} `êo}p `} RRm |jâlcm# c‚bj|pijrm `} |zk`jlgcj|hm |gcgrjê mkArgklm m|p hgrw}êm vgr }k ì}ocm hi}qmhmkp 4 }k êlcgpmhmkp `m vc}|jm}r|

"7* Cm cêej|cgpm}r g rmpmk}# æ `m||mjk# }km rê`glpjik prâ| cgrem gajk `m qj|mr c‚mk|mhocm `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| 4 cm| |zk`jlgp| rmvrê|mkpgkp cm| jkpêräp| `m| |gcgrjê| mp `m| mhvcizm}r|# cm| }kjik| |zk`jlgcm|# mp cm| g||iljgpjik| `m |gcgrjê| i} `‚mhvcizm}r| rêejm| vgr cg cij `} 7mr d}jccmp 7:67 rmcgpjqm g} likprgp `‚g||iljgpjik+

"?* Cij k¶ ?676(5=7 `} = d}jccmp ?676 rmcgpjqm æ cg rêkiqgpjik `} `jgcie}m |iljgc mp lihvirpgkp `jqmr|m|`j|vi|jpjik| rmcgpjqm| æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m+

"<* Vridmp `m cij rmcgpja æ c‚gllâ| æ c‚mhvcij pjp}cgjrm mp æ c‚ghêcjirgpjik `m| lik`jpjik| `‚mhvcij `m| gemkp|likprglp}mc| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# æ cg c}ppm likprm cm| `j|lrjhjkgpjik| mp virpgkp `jqmr|m| `j|vi|jpjik|rmcgpjqm| æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m+



‐ 70 ‐

iregkj|gpjik| ìhjkgkpm| "7*# g} vcgk kgpjikgc lihhm g} kjqmg} `m| orgklbm| mp`m| mkprmvrj|m|# pi}p `‚goir` > }k maarjpmhmkp likpjk} `m| g`bê|jik|# mk|}jpm# cmpg} `m |zk`jlgcj|gpjik gqij|jkgkp `ê|irhgj| cm| 2 - mk hizmkkm+ Cgrmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| mhvcizm}r|# ojmk w}m `jaaêrmkpm `gk| |ik vrjkljvm mp |m|hi`gcjpê|# k‚m|p mccm(hähm vg| êvgrekêm vgr cg `j|vmr|jik `m |m| lihvi|gkpm|+

@gk| lm| lik`jpjik|# jc k‚m|p vg| gj|ê `m `rm||mr }k êpgp `m| cjm} vrêlj| `mcg lihvi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| cm| vc}| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| mp# æ vc}| airpm rgj|ik#`‚êqgc}mr `m hgkjârm lik|icj`êm cm| hizmk| ìkp mccm| `j|vi|mkp+

7+ C‚êhjmppmhmkp `} vgz|gem |zk`jlgc mp rmvrê|mkpgpja `m| |gcgrjê|gjk|j w}m `m| mhvcizm}r| 4 }km rêgcjpê vrêekgkpm

Cm |zk`jlgcj|hm argkågj| k‚ioêjp vg| æ }km iregkj|gpjik lmkprgcj|gprjlm mp dgliojkm |jhjcgjrm æ lmccm w}j g vrê|j`ê æ cg lik|pjp}pjik `m c‚Êpgp+ Jc |‚m|p hähmcgremhmkp lik|pjp}ê |}r cg og|m `‚}km vbjci|ivbjm rg`jlgcmhmkp ivvi|êm# ìkkgkp}km cgrem vcglm g} |pr}lp}rm| mk vcglm `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| mp g} kjqmg} pmrrjpirjgc+Gjk|j# ojmk vm} `m likaê`êrgpjik| `jpm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| ikp }km qj|jik vrêlj|m `m cgpipgcjpê `m cm}r| lihvi|gkpm|+

Lm lik|pgp qg}p êegcmhmkp vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# w}j|‚gvv}jmkp mccm| g}||j |}r `m| |pr}lp}rm| pmrrjpirjgcm| i} vriam||jikkmccm| vgraij|prâ| kihorm}|m|+

g* ]k bêrjpgem bj|pirjw}m

Jc g |}aaj `‚}km `jtgjkm `‚gkkêm| |m}cmhmkp vi}r w}m cg rmlikkgj||gklm `mcg cjomrpê |zk`jlgcm vgr cg cij `} ?7 hgr| 7220 lik`}j|m g} rg||mhocmhmkp `m| vrmhjmr| |zk`jlgp| mp `m| oi}r|m| `} prgqgjc g} |mjk `m cg Likaê`êrgpjik eêkêrgcm`} prgqgjc "LEP*# mk 72:=+ C‚}kjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m| |gcgrjê| rmvi|gjp gcir| |}r cg vrilcghgpjik `m c‚jk`êvmk`gklm `m lmppm likaê`êrgpjik aglm g} vgrpj| vicjpjw}m|# airhgcj|êm `gk| cg Lbgrpm `‚Ghjmk| `m 7:61+

Vi}rpgkp# cg rêqic}pjik r}||m `m 7:75 qg lrêmr cm| vrmhjârm| `j||mk|jik| g}|mjk `m cg LEP# mkprm cm| pmkgkp| `‚}k |zk`jlgcj|hm rêqic}pjikkgjrm mp lm} `‚}kmcjekm likam||jikkmccm jhvrêekêm vgr cg ìlprjkm |iljgcm `m c‚êecj|m 4 mk 7:7:# kgëpgjk|j cg Likaê`êrgpjik argkågj|m `m| prgqgjccm}r| lbrêpjmk| "LAPL*+ G cg |}jpm `}Likerâ| `m Pi}r| mp `m cg kgj||gklm `} vgrpj lihh}kj|pm argkågj|# cg LEP |}ojp}km ki}qmccm |lj||jik gqml c‚gvvgrjpjik `m cg LEP] "LEP }kjpgjrm*# lmppm `mrkjârmrmeri}vgkp cm| rêqic}pjikkgjrm| pgk`j| w}m cm| rêairhj|pm| `mhm}rmkp æ cg LEP+ CmArikp viv}cgjrm lik`}jp kêgkhijk| æ }km rê}kjajlgpjik `m cg lmkprgcm |zk`jlgcm+

Gvrâ| cg lcgk`m|pjkjpê jhvi|êm vgr cg vribjojpjik `m Qjlbz# cm| |zk`jlgp|rêgvvgrgj||mkp æ cg cjoêrgpjik+ L‚m|p æ lmppm `gpm w}m cg Likaê`êrgpjik eêkêrgcm `m|

lg`rm| "LEL* qijp cm di}r+ W}mcw}m| gkkêm| vc}| pgr`# c‚mhvrj|m `} vgrpj

"7* LEP mp LAPL v}j| LEP mp AI > LAPL mp LA@P > mkajk vc}| rêlmhhmkp LA@P mp \]@+



‐ 7= ‐

lihh}kj|pm |}r cg LEP ajkjp vgr `êoi}lbmr |}r }km ki}qmccm |lj||jik 4 mk 7:02#lmrpgjk| |zk`jlgp| |m rmeri}vmkp g} |mjk `m cg LEP(Airlm i}qrjârm+ Cg LAPL kmrm|pm vg| ojmk cikepmhv| æ c‚gorj `m| pjrgjccmhmkp| 4 mk 7:10# cg hgdirjpê `m |m|g`bêrmkp| `êlj`m# cir| `‚}k likerâ|# `m rma}|mr pi}pm rêaêrmklm likam||jikkmccm mp`m vrmk`rm c‚gvvmccgpjik `m Likaê`êrgpjik argkågj|m `êhilrgpjw}m `} prgqgjc"LA@P*+ Cg LAPL vmr`}rm kêgkhijk|# mk `êvjp `m lmppm bêhirrgejm+

Lmppm qge}m `m `jqj|jik| m|p |}jqjm `‚}km vêrji`m `m rmcgpjqm gllgchjm+ Ir#c‚grräpê `} <7 hgr| 7:11 mkpêrjkm cg |jp}gpjik mk likaêrgkp }km rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpêkgpjikgcm mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm g} ljkw iregkj|gpjik| ìhjkgkpm| gcir| `} lðpê`m| |gcgrjê| "LEP# LA@P# AI# LEL# LAPL*+

@mv}j|# vi}rpgkp# c‚êhjmppmhmkp g likpjk}ê+ @m} ki}qmccm| iregkj|gpjik|jhvirpgkpm| ikp mk maamp q} cm di}r 4 c‚]kjik |zk`jlgcm \icj`gjrm|# `gk| cglikpjk}jpê `m c‚}kjik lrêêm mk 7:27 g}pi}r `m `j |zk`jlgp| mp aê`êrgpjik|g}pikihm| "E 76* > c‚]kjik kgpjikgcm `m| |zk`jlgp| g}pikihm| "]K\G*# lrêêm mk7::< vgr cm rg||mhocmhmkp `m |zk`jlgp| g}pikihm| mp `‚}km vgrpjm `m cgAê`êrgpjik `m c‚ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm+

@} lðpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgkp cm| mhvcizm}r|# cg pmk`gklm g}hirlmccmhmkp g êpê |mk|jocmhmkp êw}jqgcmkpm# hähm |j cg `jqmr|jpê `m|lihvi|gkpm| êpgjp `‚mhocêm vc}| hgrw}êm# `} agjp kipghhmkp `m| |vêljajljpê||mlpirjmccm|+ Gqgkp cm| cij| `m 7220 mp `m 7:67 "|}r cm likprgp `‚g||iljgpjik*# cm|rmeri}vmhmkp| vgprikg} |m |ikp rêgcj|ê| `gk| cm lg`rm `m lmrlcm| jkairhmc|# `m

lihjpê| "lihjpê| `m| ajcgpm}r| `m Cjccm# mk 72?6# vgr mmhvcm* i} `m |iljêpê|lihhmrljgcm|# `gk| cm o}p `m ki}mr `m| liivêrgpjik| êlikihjw}m| v}j|# g} kjqmg}jkpmrvriam||jikkmc cilgc# gajk `m virpmr `m| vridmp| i} `m| `mhgk`m| lihh}km|+ Cmhi}qmhmkp g êpê agqirj|ê vgr cm hgjccgem lik|}cgjrm `m| lbghorm| mp `m| prjo}kg}`m lihhmrlm# kê| |i}| cm Jmr Mhvjrm kgvicêikjmk+

@}rgkp cg |mlik`m hijpjê `} RJRm |jâlcm# gvvgrgj||mkp cm| gkläprm| `m|aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| glp}mccm| 4 gjk|j# kipghhmkp# cm Lihjpê `m| airem| m|p virpê |}r cm| aik`| ogvpj|hg} mk 7210 > `m hähm# mk 7:67# kgëp c‚]kjik `m|jk`}|prjm| hêpgcc}rejw}m| mp hjkjârm| "`mqmk}m c‚glp}mccm ]JHH*+ @m|

likaê`êrgpjik| kgpjikgcm| ajkj||mkp vgr |‚jhvi|mr lihhm jkpmrcil}pm}r| `m| vi}qijr| v}ocjl|# kipghhmkp æ c‚illg|jik `m| erâqm| `m 7:<1+ Gvrâ| cg |mlik`me}mrrm hik`jgcm# cm Lmkprm kgpjikgc `} vgprikgp argkågj| "LKVA*# vrê`êlm||m}r `mc‚glp}mc Hi}qmhmkp `m| mkprmvrj|m| `m Argklm "HM@MA*# |}llâ`m æ cgLikaê`êrgpjik eêkêrgcm `} vgprikgp argkågj|+ Jc |mrg c}j g}||j rmlikk} rmvrê|mkpgpja g} vcgk kgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc mk 7:11+

Gqml cm HM@MA# `m} g}prm| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| ikp êpêlik|j`êrêm| lihhm rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m| mhvcizm}r| g} vcgk jkpmrvriam||jikkmc 4 cgLikaê`êrgpjik eêkêrgcm `m| vmpjpm| mp hizmkkm| mkprmvrj|m| "LEVHM*# gvvgr}m mk

7:00# mp c‚]kjik vriam||jikkmccm grpj|gkgcm "]VG*# kêm mk 7:11+ Lmcg km |jekjajm vg| vi}r g}pgkp w}m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| mhvcizm}r| mp `m| mkprmvrj|m| |m rê|}hmæ lm| glpm}r|+ Mk maamp# lm}(lj k‚mkeciomkp kj cm| |zk`jlgp| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm|



‐ 71 ‐

"Aê`êrgpjik kgpjikgcm `m| |zk`jlgp| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm| “ AK\MG#Liir`jkgpjik r}rgcm# likaê`êrgpjik vgz|gkkm kipghhmkp*# kj cm| |zk`jlgp| `m| vriam||jik| jk`êvmk`gkpm| i} cjoêrgcm| "rmeri}vêm| g} |mjk `‚}km }kjik æ vgrp#c‚]kjik kgpjikgcm `m| vriam||jik| cjoêrgcm| “ ]KGVC*# kj lmrpgjk| vgk| `mc‚êlikihjm |iljgcm "rmvrê|mkpê| kipghhmkp vgr c‚]kjik `m |zk`jlgp| mperi}vmhmkp| `‚mhvcizm}r| rmvrê|mkpgpja| `gk| c‚êlikihjm |iljgcm “ ]\EM_M\*+

Cg `jqmr|jajlgpjik lrij||gkpm `m| glpm}r| `m c‚êlikihjm g lik`}jp# `mv}j|}k vm} vc}| `‚}km qjkepgjkm `‚gkkêm|# æ }km `jaaêrmkljgpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| mklbgrem `m cm}r rmvrê|mkpgpjik+ Jc mk rê|}cpm# cæ g}||j# }k hirlmccmhmkp mp }kmlihvcmjpê lrij||gkpm vi}r c‚gvvrêbmk|jik `} rðcm mp `m| hizmk| `m lm|iregkj|gpjik|+

o* ]k vbêkihâkm vm} lirrjeê vgr cm rmeri}vmhmkp g} kjqmg} `m|orgklbm| mp æ c‚êlbmcik jkpmrvriam||jikkmc

Cg qjpgcjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| rmvi|m mkergk`m vgrpjm |}r cm aij|ikkmhmkp `m| jkjpjgpjqm| `m pmrrgjk+ Lm hi`m `maiklpjikkmhmkp# w}j cgj||m }km cgrem vcglm æ c‚g}pikihjm `m| mkpjpê| gvvgrpmkgkp æ}km }kjik# }km aê`êrgpjik i} hähm }km likaê`êrgpjik `m |zk`jlgp|# k‚mhvälbm vg| cm rmeri}vmhmkp `m| airlm| g} |mjk `m |pr}lp}rm| `m päpm# |m}cm| æ hähm `m vm|mr `gk| cm `jgcie}m |iljgc+ Vi}r g}pgkp# likprgjrmhmkp æ }km j`êm rmå}m# cm|ergk`m| likaê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i} vriam||jikkmccm| k‚mmrlmkp vg| |}r cm}r|g`bêrmkp| }km g}pirjpê bjêrgrlbjw}m æ cg hgkjârm `‚}km |iljêpê hârm |}r |m| ajcjgcm|+

@m lm vijkp `m q}m# cm| rgvvirp| mkprm cm| aê`êrgpjik|# cm| }kjik| cilgcm| i} cm||mlpjik| `‚mkprmvrj|m mp cm |jâem likaê`êrgc |‚gvvgrmkpmkp `gqgkpgem æ }km rmcgpjik`m argklbj|ê æ `êpmkpm}r `m argklbj|m# lm w}j jcc}|prm g||mt ojmk cm| cjhjpm| `} vi}qijr `m| lmkprgcm| qj|(æ(qj| `m cm}r| lihvi|gkpm|+

◉ Cg |pr}lp}rgpjik |zk`jlgcm# `m| |mlpjik| `‚mkprmvrj|m d}|w}‚g}likaê`êrgpjik|

D}rj`jw}mhmkp# }k |zk`jlgp m|p }k pzvm `m vmr|ikkm hirgcm |vêljajw}m#ìkp cm| lgrglpêrj|pjw}m| mp cm| lik`jpjik| `m airhgpjik |ikp vrêq}m| vgr cm| grpjlcm|

C+ ?7<7(7 mp |}jqgkp| `} li`m `} prgqgjc+ Mk rgj|ik `m |ik iodmp `m rmvrê|mkpgpjikmp `m `êamk|m `‚jkpêräp| liccmlpja| `‚ir`rm vriam||jikkmc|# |ik |pgp}p |}j emkmrj|#lrêêm qjkep gk| gqgkp cg rmlikkgj||gklm `m cg cjomrpê `‚g||iljgpjik# m|p g||irpj `m vripmlpjik| mp `m `rijp| vgrpjl}cjmr| "cjomrpê `‚g`bê|jik `m| hmhorm|# gpprjo}p| `m cg vmr|ikkgcjpê ljqjcm# `êcjp `‚mkprgqm æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc# mpl+*+

Cg `êlcjkgj|ik `m cg vrê|mklm |zk`jlgcm `gk| cm| cjm} `m prgqgjc vrmk` `m|rghjajlgpjik| kihorm}|m| mp `jqmr|m|+

G} |mjk `m| mkprmvrj|m| "qijrm `m| êpgocj||mhmkp| `m lmccm|(lj*# aje}rmkp cm|

|mlpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# w}j rmeri}vmkp c‚mk|mhocm `m| g`bêrmkp| æ }k hähm |zk`jlgp vriam||jikkmc+ Vi}r cm}r lrêgpjik# cg lik`jpjik `‚mhvcij bgojp}mc `m =6 |gcgrjê| gêpê |}vvrjhêm vgr cg cij k¶ 2?(:7= `} ?2 ilpiorm 7:2? rmcgpjqm g} `êqmcivvmhmkp`m| jk|pjp}pjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `} vmr|ikkmc# `m |irpm w}‚mccm| vm}qmkp qijr cm di}r



‐ 75 ‐

w}mcw}m |ijp cg pgjccm `m| mkprmvrj|m|+ \}jpm æ c‚mkprêm mk qje}m}r `m cg cijk¶ ?662(52: `} ?6 giþp ?662# cm| |zk`jlgp| rmvrê|mkpgpja| k‚ikp vc}| cm hikivicm`m cg lrêgpjik `m lm| |pr}lp}rm|# |m}c| c‚jk`êvmk`gklm# cm rm|vmlp `m| qgcm}r|rêv}ocjlgjkm| mp }km mjemklm `‚gkljmkkmpê `m `m} gk| êpgkp ivvi|gocm| g}g}prm| |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc|+

\j mccm| rmvrê|mkpmkp cm| jkpêräp| `m| hmhorm| `} |zk`jlgp `‚gvvgrpmkgklm#cm| |mlpjik| |zk`jlgcm| k‚ikp pi}pmaij| vg| cg vmr|ikkgcjpê hirgcm+ Mccm| `j|vi|mkphgcerê pi}p `‚}k vmpjp lrê`jp `‚bm}rm| "`m 76 vgr gk# g} `m||}| `m =66 |gcgrjê|# d}|w}‚æ 7= vgr gk# g}(`mcæ `m 7 666 "7** mp `m cilg} vi}r cm}r glpjqjpê+ @m vc}|#cm}r mj|pmklm lik`jpjikkm cg vi||jojcjpê vi}r cm| |zk`jlgp| `m `ê|jekmr# |mcik cm|lg| mp |i}| lmrpgjkm| lik`jpjik|# }k rmvrê|mkpgkp `m cg |mlpjik |zk`jlgcm"?* i} }k`êcêe}ê |zk`jlgc "<*+

Jc grrjqm# g||mt arêw}mhhmkp `} rm|pm# w}‚}km |mlpjik |zk`jlgcm# vrjkljvgcmmkpjpê w}m rmlikkgëp cm li`m `} prgqgjc# |m likaik`m gqml }k |zk`jlgp `‚mkprmvrj|m#ìpê `m cg vmr|ikkgcjpê hirgcm mp `m |pgp}p|+ Lmcg gdi}pm# g||}rêhmkp# æ cglihvcmjpê `m c‚ê`jajlm pi}p mk egrgkpj||gkp }km liklir`gklm cg vc}| êprijpm vi||jocm mkprm cm| |gcgrjê| mp cm}r |zk`jlgp+

G c‚êlbmcik |}vêrjm}r# cm| |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| vm}qmkp |m rmeri}vmr#|}r }k vcgk |mlpirjmc i} eêiergvbjw}m# g} |mjk `‚}kjik| w}j di}j||mkp `m| hähm|`rijp| w}‚m}+ Ik `j|pjke}m mk c‚m|vâlm 4

“ `‚}km vgrp# cm| aê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vriam||jikkmccm|# w}j rmeri}vmkp cm||zk`jlgp| `m cg hähm vriam||jik i} `m vriam||jik| |jhjcgjrm|# eêkêrgcmhmkp æc‚êlbmccm kgpjikgcm+ Gjk|j# cg LA@P mp AI lihvirpmkp `m| aê`êrgpjik| vgr hêpjmr|i} aiklpjik|# pmccm c‚]kjik likaê`êrgcm `m| lg`rm| `m cg LA@P i} cg Aê`êrgpjik `m|mhvcizê| mp lg`rm| `m AI+ Pi}pmaij|# lm| `m} likaê`êrgpjik| gjk|j w}m cm}r|bihicie}m| lihvrmkkmkp êegcmhmkp `m| aê`êrgpjik| `m orgklbm|# rmeri}vgkp vgraij| `jqmr| |mlpm}r| `‚glpjqjpê "Aê`êrgpjik |mrqjlm| vi}r cg LA@P# Aê`êrgpjikêw}jvmhmkp# prgk|virp| mp |mrqjlm| `m AI# Aê`êrgpjik `m| jk`}|prjm| geri(gcjhmkpgjrm| `m cg LEP# Aê`êrgpjik lihhmrlm(|mrqjlm|(airlm `m qmkpm vi}r cgLAPL# vgr mmhvcm*+ @} lðpê `m| mhvcizm}r|# lmppm pzviciejm m|p pi}p g}pgkp

qgcgocm# lihhm mk gppm|pm c‚]JHH# w}j rg||mhocm 777 |zk`jlgp| `m orgklbm > “ `‚g}prm vgrp# cm| }kjik| cilgcm| i} `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| `m |zk`jlgp|# `m

kgp}rm jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm+ Gjk|j# æ pjprm `‚jcc}|prgpjik# cg LEP lihvrmk` w}mcw}m:= }kjik| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm|# w}j rg||mhocmkp cm| |zk`jlgp| mp |mlpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `mpi}pm| vriam||jik| `‚}k hähm `êvgrpmhmkp# mp :66 }kjik| cilgcm| rêvgrpjm| |}r c‚mk|mhocm `} pmrrjpijrm mp lik|pjp}êm| vgr cm| |zk`jlgp| mp |mlpjik| |zk`jlgcm|`‚}km hähm tikm eêiergvbjw}m "cilgcjpê# og||jk `‚mhvcij# tikm| jk`}|prjmccm| i}lihhmrljgcm|# mpl+*+ ]km aij| mklirm# cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| vrilâ`mkp `}

"7* Grpjlcm C+ ?70<(71 `} li`m `} prgqgjc+

"?* Grpjlcm C+ ?70?(7(7 `} li`m `} prgqgjc+

"<* Grpjlcm C+ ?70<(< `} li`m `} prgqgjc+



‐ 72 ‐

hähm hgjccgem pmrrjpirjgc 4 gjk|j# c‚]JHH qijp(mccm |ik glpjik rmcgzêm vgr w}mcw}m52 lbghorm| |zk`jlgcm| pmrrjpirjgcm| mp cm HM@MA vgr 77? HM@MA pmrrjpirjg} i}êw}jqgcmkp|+

G} |ihhmp `m lm| }kjik| `m |zk`jlgp|# ik rmpri}qm cm vc}| |i}qmkp `m|

likaê`êrgpjik|# qijrm `m| likaê`êrgpjik| `m likaê`êrgpjik| "LEP# LA@P# AI#LAPL# LAM(LEL# ]K\G# \]@# vi}r cm| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê|# HM@MA# LEVHM#]VG# ]KGVC# ]\EM_M\ vi}r cm| mhvcizm}r|# kipghhmkp*+ Omg}li}v `maê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| i} `‚}kjik| `m |zk`jlgp| |‚z gaajcjmkp# hgj| vg| pi}pm|+Gjk|j# lihhm cm rmcâqmkp lmrpgjk| d}rj|pm| 4 ® vi}r gqijr }km q}m }k vm} vc}|lihvcâpm `m cg lihvcmjpê `} vgz|gem |zk`jlgc argkågj|# jc ag}p mklirm hmkpjikkmr c‚mj|pmklm `m |zk`jlgp| `‚mkprmvrj|m|# `m hêpjmr|# `m aê`êrgpjik| mp `‚}kjik|# kikrgppglbê| g} likaê`êrgpjik| mp }kjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| |}|qj|êm|+ Jc mj|pm `m

vc}| `‚g}prm| iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| `m vmpjpm# qijrm `m prâ| vmpjpm

pgjccm+ Mp lm| `jaaêrmkp| hirlmg} `} hi}qmhmkp |zk`jlgc km |ikp vg| pi}|kêecjemgocm|# cijk |‚mk ag}p+ Lmrpgjk| |zk`jlgp| ikp }k rðcm hgdm}r `gk| pmccmorgklbm i} pmc hêpjmr |gk| vi}r g}pgkp gvvgrpmkjr æ }km ergk`mlikaê`êrgpjik ¾ "7*+

G} ajkgc# lmp mklbmqäprmhmkp `m rmeri}vmhmkp| bm}rpm w}mcw}m vm}c‚io|mrqgpm}r lgrpê|jmk+ Jc rmacâpm kêgkhijk| `m} lgrglpêrj|pjw}m| m||mkpjmccm| `}hi}qmhmkp |zk`jlgc 4 cg cjomrpê `‚iregkj|gpjik `m| |pr}lp}rm| |zk`jlgcm| mp cgergk`m g}pikihjm lik|mrqêm vgr lbgl}km `‚mkprm mccm| `gk| |ik aiklpjikkmhmkp+

◉

@m| iregkj|gpjik| lihvi|êm| `‚}km hzrjg`m `‚mkpjpê| 4 pmkpgpjqm `mlbjaargem

Cg lihvi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i} rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| mk Argklmgvvgrgëp vi}r cm hijk| lika}|m# cm `êpgjc `m| mkpjpê| gaajcjêm| g} likaê`êrgpjik|cgj||gkp gvvgrgëprm }km ergk`m bêpêrieêkêjpê `m |jp}gpjik|# z lihvrj| `} lðpê `m|mhvcizm}r|+

Vi}r lm w}j liklmrkm cm| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê|# cm di}rkgcj|pm Mrugk \mtkml virpm# `gk| |ik i}qrgem ®\zk`jlgp|# ergk`| `j|li}r| mp vmpjpm| lihojkm| ¾# lm

lik|pgp# lmrpm| lrjpjw}m hgj| g||mt qêrj`jw}m 4 ® Cm| likaê`êrgpjik| LEP# LA@P# AI# LAPL i} LEL |ikp `m| iregkj|gpjik| êvi}qgkpgocmhmkp lihvcmm| mp w}g|jhmkp jkeêrgocm|+ Lbgl}km lijaam }km hzrjg`m `m aê`êrgpjik|# `m |zk`jlgp|# mp `‚}kjik| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| i} rêejikgcm|+ Cm| rmcgpjik| `m vi}qijr w}j cm| cjmkp |ikp æ vm} vrâ| g}||j |jhvcm| æ rê|}hmr w}m cm| cjmk| `m aêi`gcjpê `gk| c‚M}rivmillj`mkpgcm `} RJJ m |jâlcm ¾ "?*+

Cm| g}`jpjik| maamlp}êm| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm ikp likairpê lmppmjhvrm||jik+ Mk maamp# vm} `m rm|vik|gocm| `m| ergk`m| likaê`êrgpjik|

"7* Mhhgk}mc @ilnâ|# Mc|g Vm|njkm# Lzrjc Uichgrn 4 ® @rijp `} prgqgjc ¾# @gccit# = m ê`jpjik# ?676# v+ 0=1+

"?* Mrugk \mtkml 4 ® \zk`jlgp|# ergk`| `j|li}r| mp vmpjpm| lihojkm| ¾# Bglbmppm Cjppêrgp}rm# v 76: "lbgvjprmQJJ*+



‐ 7: ‐

jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|# æ c‚mlmvpjik kipgocm `} vrê|j`mkp `m cg LAM(LEL# `}prê|irjmr `m cg LEP i} `m cg prê|irjârm `m cg Aê`êrgpjik |zk`jlgcm }kjpgjrm "A\]*ikp êpê mk hm|}rm `‚jk`jw}mr gqml mglpjp}`m lihojmk `m |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc|#`‚}kjik| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| i} rêejikgcm| mp `m aê`êrgpjik| cm}r |ikp gaajcjê|+

G `êag}p `m vi}qijr |z|pêhgpjw}mhmkp |m aik`mr |}r cm| lbjaarm| `m| vmr|ikkm| g}`jpjikkêm|# jc k‚m|p vi||jocm `m |m agjrm }km j`êm w}m vgr rmli}vmhmkp`‚jkairhgpjik| rmk`}m| v}ocjw}m|+ Mk rê|}cpm# hgcerê pi}p# }k êpgp `m| cjm} vi}r cmhijk| êlcgjrgkp `m cg hi|géw}m `m |pr}lp}rm| rg||mhocêm| |i}| cg ogkkjârm `m| vrjkljvgcm| likaê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| kiprm vgz|+ Lihvpm pmk} `m| êcêhmkp|ai}rkj| cir| `m| g}`jpjik| mp `m| ìkkêm| v}ocjêm|# kipghhmkp vgr c‚Jk|pjp}p|}vêrjm}r `} prgqgjc# c‚ik m|p gjk|j mk hm|}rm `‚jk`jw}mr w}m 4

“ cg LEP rmeri}vm <6 aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|# := }kjpê|`êvgrpmhmkpgcm|# ?6 lihjpê| rêejikg}# w}mcw}m :66 }kjpê| cilgcm| mp vrâ| `m71 666 |zk`jlgp|# |ijp ?= 666 æ <6 666 mkpjpê| |j c‚ik jklc}p cm| |mlpjik|`‚mkprmvrj|m| >

“ cg LA@P rg||mhocm 7< aê`êrgpjik|# ?7 }kjpê| rêejikgcm|# 776 }kjik|`êvgrpmhmkpgcm| i} jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| `m |mlpm}r|# < }kjik| likaê`êrgcm| mpw}mcw}m 7 <?< |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| >

“ AI lihvirpm ?: aê`êrgpjik| mp 760 }kjik| pmrrjpirjgcm| mp`êvgrpmhmkpgcm| >

“ cg LAM(LEL rê}kjp# |mcik cm| vrivrm| pmrhm| `m H+ Omrkgr` QgkLrgmzkm|p# cm 0 ilpiorm ?677# ® 767 |pr}lp}rm| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| “ ki}| |ihhm|

vrê|mkp| i}prm(hmr# z lihvrj| æ Hgzippm “# ?1 rêejikgcm|# gjk|j w}‚mkqjrik<=6 }kjik| cilgcm| mp ?= |pr}lp}rm| vriam||jikkmccm| ¾ >

“ cg LAPL lihvrmk` 71 aê`êrgpjik|# :: }kjpê| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm|# ?? }kjpê|rêejikgcm| mp vrâ| `m 7 70= |zk`jlgp| >

“ c‚]K\G aê`ârm 2 vðcm| `‚glpjqjpê vriam||jikkmccm mp := }kjpê|`êvgrpmhmkpgcm| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| >

“ cg aê`êrgpjik |zk`jlgcm \icj`gjrm| rmeri}vm# |mcik cm| vrivi| `m |gprê|irjârm Êcjgkm Cgklmppm# cm 7< ilpiorm ?677# ® ?0 |zk`jlgp| kgpjikg} `m pgjccm|prâ| `jqmr|m|# 766 |mlpjik| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| mp ?= lik|mjc| aê`êrg} rêejikg}"LA_* ¾+

Lmp êlcgpmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| pri}qm }k lmrpgjk êlbi `} lðpê `m|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|+

Gjk|j# |}r cg aij `m c‚g}`jpjik# cm 7< ilpiorm ?677# `m Hhm Cg}rmklm

Vgrj|ip# cm HM@MA lihvpm g}di}r`‚b}j 5= aê`êrgpjik| g`bêrmkpm| mp 77? HM@MApmrrjpirjg} i} êw}jqgcmkp|# i}prm(hmr lihvrj|+ Cm| aê`êrgpjik| i} orgklbm| vriam||jikkmccm| rmeri}vmkp# æ prgqmr| 166 iregkj|gpjik| |mlpirjmccm|# `m|



‐ ?6 ‐

mkprmvrj|m| `‚}km hähm vriam||jik+ @m hähm# æ mk lrijrm cm| jk`jlgpjik| `m |ik vrê|j`mkp# cm 7? ilpiorm ?677# cg LEVHM lihvrmk` 71 likaê`êrgpjik|rmvrê|mkpgkp <== |zk`jlgp| `m hêpjmr|# 1< aê`êrgpjik| jk`êvmk`gkpm| mp:7 :5< g`bêrmkp| `jrmlp| `gk| cm| `êvgrpmhmkp|# `‚iú }k pipgc `m =25 <2=mkprmvrj|m| gaajcjêm|+ C‚]VG# vi}r |g vgrp# aê`ârm “ vgr cm ojgj| `m |m| prij|likaê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| g`bêrmkpm| “ w}mcw}m| =6 aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| mp 0 =66 |zk`jlgp|+

G kipmr mkajk w}m c‚]kjik kgpjikgcm `m| vriam||jik| cjoêrgcm| "]KGVC*rê}kjp 1= iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| “ ìkp ? likaê`êrgpjik| jhvirpgkpm|# æc‚jk|pgr `m cg likaê`êrgpjik `m| |zk`jlgp| hê`jlg} argkågj|# mccm(hähm lik|pjp}êm`m 76? |zk`jlgp| `êvgrpmhmkpg} i} êw}jqgcmkp|# ?1 |zk`jlgp| rêejikg} mp1 |zk`jlgp| kgpjikg}# mp `m cg likaê`êrgpjik `m| |zk`jlgp| `mkpgjrm|# w}j rmeri}vm766 |zk`jlgp| `êvgrpmhmkpg} “ gjk|j w}m ?6 g||iljgpjik| rêejikgcm| gerêêm| `m|

vriam||jik| cjoêrgcm| "G_GVC*# pgk`j| w}m c‚]kjik `m |zk`jlgp| mp eri}vmhmkp|`‚mhvcizm}r| rmvrê|mkpgpja| `gk| c‚êlikihjm |iljgcm "]\EM_M\* rg||mhocm?1 |zk`jlgp| `‚mhvcizm}r| j||}| `‚g||iljgpjik|# liivêrgpjqm| mp h}p}mccm|+

]k pmc vgkirghg ìkkm cg hm|}rm `m c‚êhjmppmhmkp |pr}lp}rmc `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| mk Argklm+ Ir# lm vbêkihâkm k‚m|p vg| vi}r agljcjpmr }km gvvrêbmk|jik eciogcm `} hi}qmhmkp rmvrê|mkpgpja `m||gcgrjê| mp `m| mhvcizm}r|+

l* ]km |jp}gpjik w}j k‚m|p vg| vrivrm æ cg Argklm

C‚êhjmppmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| kmlik|pjp}m vg| }km |jke}cgrjpê argkågj|m+ @m kihorm} vgz| m}rivêmk|# z lihvrj|lm} iú cm| |zk`jlgp| gaajlbmkp }km g}`jmklm vc}| airpm# vrê|mkpmkp cm| hähm|lgrglpêrj|pjw}m|+

Gjk|j# mk Gccmhgekm# cm| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê|# cjormhmkp lik|pjp}ê| mp`mqgkp vrê|mkpmr }k kihorm |jekjajlgpja `‚g`bêrmkp|# |ikp `mv}j| cm| gkkêm| 7:=6iregkj|ê| mk aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| "hêpgcc}rejm# |mrqjlm|# lbjhjm#lik|pr}lpjik# |mrqjlm| v}ocjl|* > cg hgdirjpê m|p rmeri}vêm g} |mjk `m cg

Likaê`êrgpjik `m| |zk`jlgp| gccmhgk`| " @m}p|lbmr Emumrn|lbgap|o}k` “ @EO*#w}j rmqmk`jw}m 26 - `m| |zk`jw}ê|+ Cm| g||iljgpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# mccm|#|‚}kj||mkp |}r }km og|m qicikpgjrm# cæ g}||j vgr orgklbm| `‚glpjqjpê# mp `j|vi|mkp`‚}km iregkj|gpjik aê`êrgcm# cg Aê`êrgpjik `m| g||iljgpjik| vgprikgcm| gccmhgk`m|" O}k`m|qmrmjkje}ke `mr @m}p|lbmk Gromjpemomrqmroàk`m “ O@G* > lmppm `mrkjârmrmvrê|mkpm cm| jkpêräp| |iljg} `m| mkprmvrj|m|# mk liccgoirgpjik gqml c‚]kjikaê`êrgcm `m c‚jk`}|prjm gccmhgk`m " O}k`m|qmrogk` `mr @m}p|lbmk Jk`}|prjm “ O@J*#lbgreêm `m cg `êamk|m `m| jkpêräp| jk`}|prjmc| 4 mccm rmeri}vm =0 |zk`jlgp| vgprikg}# pi}| |mlpm}r| jk`}|prjgcj|ê| likaik`}|# iregkj|ê| g} kjqmg} aê`êrgc mp70 aê`êrgpjik| `m Cgk`# 26 - `m| mkprmvrj|m| vrjqêm| z g`bêrgkp æ pjprm qicikpgjrm+

Mk G}prjlbm# cm hirlmccmhmkp m|p gllmkp}ê vgr cm agjp w}‚jc mj|pm `m}kjqmg} `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik 4 }k kjqmg} cêegc mp }k kjqmg} qicikpgjrm+ G} kjqmg}



‐ ?7 ‐

cêegc# cg lbghorm `m| prgqgjccm}r| " Gromjpmrnghhmr “ GN* lihvpm <#? hjccjik| `mhmhorm|# j||}| `m| |mlpm}r| vrjqê mp v}ocjl# pgk`j| w}m cg lbghorm êlikihjw}maê`êrgcm "Ujrp|lbgap|nghhmr Ñ|pmrrmjlb “ UNÑ* lihvpm 066 666 mkprmvrj|m|+ G}kjqmg} qicikpgjrm# aje}rmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| w}j vgrpjljvmkp æ cg kêeiljgpjikliccmlpjqm mp jkpmrqjmkkmkp `gk| cm lg`rm `m kihorm}|m| lik|}cpgpjik| 4 cglikaê`êrgpjik g}prjlbjmkkm `m| |zk`jlgp| "Ñ|pmrrmjlbj|lbmr Emumrn|lbgap|o}k` “ ÑEO*# }kjw}m likaê`êrgpjik# rmeri}vm 7#? hjccjik `m |zk`jw}ê|# rêvgrpj| mk |mvp|zk`jlgp| `m hêpjmr| "7* > cg aê`êrgpjik `m c‚jk`}|prjm g}prjlbjmkkm" Jk`}|prjmqmrmjkje}ke “ JQ*# mccm# `êkihorm w}mcw}m < =66 hmhorm|# ? ?66mkprmvrj|m| mhvcizgkp vrâ| `m 0=6 666 vmr|ikkm| mp 7 <66 mkpjpê| æ pjprm jk`jqj`}mc+

G} _izg}hm(]kj# cm vgz|gem |zk`jlgc m|p hikivicj|ê vgr cm likerâ| `m||zk`jlgp| orjpgkkjw}m| "Prg`m ]kjik Likerm|| “ P]L*+ Glp}mccmhmkp =2 |zk`jlgp|z |ikp gaajcjê|# lm w}j rmvrê|mkpm 1#? hjccjik| `‚g`bêrmkp|+ Vgrhj lm}(lj# `m} |ikp

ìhjkgkp| 4 ]KJ\IK "7 <50 =66 g`bêrmkp|*# w}j rmvrê|mkpm m||mkpjmccmhmkp cm|gemkp| v}ocjl| `} |mlpm}r `m cg |gkpê mp `m| liccmlpjqjpê| cilgcm|# mp ]KJPM"7 050 =10 g`bêrmkp|*# ìkp cm| hmhorm| |ikp vrê|mkp| `gk| }k ergk` kihorm `m|mlpm}r| jk`}|prjmc| `} vrjqê+ Jc rm|pm w}m# hgcerê |ik jhvirpgklm vicjpjw}m# cm P]Lk‚g vg| vi}r aiklpjik `m vgrpjljvmr æ cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm g} kih `m pi}| cm||zk`jlgp| w}j z |ikp gaajcjê|+ \j cm `mrkjmr rgvvirp `} Lmrpjajlgpjik Iaajlmr rmlmk|m755 |zk`jlgp| "likprm =6? mk 7:2<*# |m}c| 70 gaajlbmkp }k kihorm `m |zk`jw}ê||}vêrjm}r æ 766 666# mp |ikp gjk|j |jekjajlgpja|+ @} lðpê `m| mhvcizm}r|# cgLikam`mrgpjik ia Orjpj|b Jk`}|prz "LOJ* m|p c‚iregkj|gpjik hjrijr `} P]L+ Jc mj|pmpi}pmaij| }km iregkj|gpjik |vêljajw}m vi}r cm| vmpjpm| mkprmvrj|m|# cg Am`mrgpjik ia

\hgcc O}|jkm||m| "A\O*+ Cm `mrkjmr rgvvirp `} Lmrpjajlgpjik Iaajlmr rmlmk|m vgr gjccm}r| 761 g||iljgpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| "likprm <5= mk 7:2<*+

Mk Jpgcjm# cm| prij| vrjkljvg} |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê|# cg Likam`mrgtjikmEmkmrgcm Jpgcjgkg `mc Cgqiri "LEJC > =#5 hjccjik| `‚g`bêrmkp|*# cgLikam`mrgtjikm Jpgcjgkg \jk`glgpj Cgqirgpirj "LJ\C > 0#= hjccjik|* mp c‚]kjikm

Jpgcjgkg `mc Cgqiri "]JC > ?#? hjccjik|*# lihvpgojcj|mkp æ m} |m}c| vc}| `m7? hjccjik| `‚g`bêrmkp| > cm}r |pr}lp}rm m|p cm vc}| |i}qmkp grpjl}cêm mkprm `m|aê`êrgpjik| lgpêeirjmccm| mp }k kjqmg} pmrrjpirjgc+ Cm| likaê`êrgpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|#mccm|# rmeri}vmkp vc}|jm}r| aê`êrgpjik| mp g||iljgpjik| vgprikgcm|# g}w}mccm| cm|

mkprmvrj|m| |‚g||iljmkp |mcik cm}r |mlpm}r `‚glpjqjpê# cg `jhmk|jik mp cg kgp}rm v}ocjw}m i} vrjqêm `m cm}r glpjikkgrjgp 4 cg Likajk`}|prjg# vrjkljvgcm `‚mkprm mccm|#rmvrê|mkpm 701 601 mkprmvrj|m| hgk}aglp}rjârm| > Likagrpjejgkgpi mp cgLikam`mrgtjikm Kgtjikgcm `mcc‚Grpjejgkgpi m `mccg Vjllicg m Hm`jg Jhvrm|g `êamk`mkp cm| jkpêräp| `m rm|vmlpjqmhmkp vc}| `m 566 666 mp 156 666 mkprmvrj|m|grpj|gkgcm| > Likalihhmrlji mp Likam|mrlmkpj rmlmk|mkp vgrhj cm}r| g`bêrmkp| vc}|

"7* G |gqijr 4 EVG(@DV "|mlpm}r vrjqê# jhvrjhmrjm mp hêpjmr| `m cg vrm||m > ?1: 76< hmhorm|# ??#? -*# EÑ@"|mlpm}r v}ocjl > ?<? 61= hmhorm|# 7:#? -* > EHKP "jk`}|prjm > ?<6 67= hmhorm|# 7: -*# EÈ"g`hjkj|prgpjik| cilgcm|# l}cp}rm mp `} |virp > 7=1 77= hmhorm|# 7?#: -*# Qj`g "prgk|virp mp |mrqjlm| >7=? 016 hmhorm|# 7?#1 -*# EOB "lik|pr}lpjik mp oij| > 775 1?< hmhorm|# :#5 -* mp EVA "vi|pm mp pêcêlihh}kjlgpjik| > =< 5<6 hmhorm|# 0#0 -*+



‐ ?? ‐

`m 566 666 mp `m <=6 666 mkprmvrj|m| `} lihhmrlm# `} pi}rj|hm mp `m| |mrqjlm|+ G ojmk êegr`|# cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| mkprmvrj|m| gvvgrgëp ìkl argehmkpêm+

G} Vgz| Og|# :6 - `m| |gcgrjê| |zk`jw}ê| |ikp gaajcjê| æ c‚}km `m| prij|ergk`m| aê`êrgpjik| kgpjikgcm|# |m}cmhmkp 7:0 666 gzgkp vrêaêrê c‚g`bê|jik æ }k

|zk`jlgp lgpêeirjmc+ Vgrhj lm| |zk`jlgp|# cg aê`êrgpjik kêmrcgk`gj|m `} hi}qmhmkp|zk`jlgc " Am`mrgpjm Km`mrcgk`|m Qgnomumejke “ AKQ* m|p cg vc}| ergk`maê`êrgpjik# gqml 7#? hjccjik `m hmhorm| mp 71 iregkj|gpjik| jk`êvmk`gkpm|+Qjmkkmkp mk|}jpm cg Likaê`êrgpjik kgpjikgcm `m| |zk`jlgp| lbrêpjmk| "Lbrj|pmcjdn

Kgpjikggc Qgnqmroik` “ LKQ*# aê`êrgpjik |zk`jlgcm lbrêpjmkkm æ c‚jhgem `m cgLAPL# gqml <<= 666 hmhorm| mp 77 }kjik|# gjk|j w}m cg Aê`êrgpjik |zk`jlgcm vi}r cm| prgqgjccm}r| jk`êvmk`gkp| mp cm| lg`rm| "Qgnlmkprgcm qiir hj``mkerimvmk mkbiemr vmr|ikmmc “ HBV*# likaê`êrgpjik `m| lg`rm| hizmk| mp |}vêrjm}r|#rmqmk`jw}gkp 715 666 hmhorm| mp rmeri}vgkp = }kjik| `‚iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|

" @m ]kjm ) ]IQ 4 jk`êvmk`gkp| > LHBA 4 |mlpm}r v}ocjl > QKQ 4 vjcipm| > OOQ 4 ogkw}m| mp g||}rgklm| > QBNV 4 lg`rm| `m NCH*+ \‚gej||gkp `m| mhvcizm}r|# cmQKI(KLU "Qmroik` qgk Km`mrcgk`|m Ik`mrkmhjkemk ( Km`mrcgk`| Lbrj|pmcjdn Umrnemqmr|qmroik` * lihvirpm 726 g||iljgpjik| `m orgklbm| rmvrê|mkpgkp 77= 666mkprmvrj|m|# ìkp cm| w}gprm ljkw}jâhm| |ikp `m| VHM# iregkj|êm| |}r }km og|m `maê`êrgpjik| rêejikgcm| > jc gejp `m liklmrp gqml cg aê`êrgpjik `m| vmpjpm| mphizmkkm| mkprmvrj|m| "HNO Km`mrcgk` * mp cm| `m} |zk`jlgp| gerjlicm| " Cgk`(mkP}jkoi}u Iregkj|gpjm Kiir` “ CPI(Kiir` mp Cgk`(mk P}jkoi}u Iregkj|gpjm

T}j` “ CPI(T}j`*+

Mkajk# mk M|vgekm# cg Likaê`êrgpjik m|vgekicm `m| iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm| “ Likaê`êrgpjik m|vgekicm `m| vmpjpm| mp hizmkkm| mkprmvrj|m|"Likam`mrgljük M|vg÷icg `m Iregkjtgljikm| Mhvrm|grjgcm| LMIM “ Likam`mrgljük M|vg÷icg `m cg Vmw}m÷g z Hm`jgkjg Mhvrm|g LMVZHM*lihvrmk` ? hjccjik| `‚mkprmvrmkm}r| g} |mjk `m ??6 iregkj|gpjik| mp# mk \}â`m#prij| likaê`êrgpjik| `m |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| ìhjkmkp 4 cg Likaê`êrgpjik |zk`jlgcm`m \}â`m " Cgk`|iregkj|gpjikmk j \qmrjem “ CI*# w}j aê`ârm 70 iregkj|gpjik|jhvcgkpêm| `gk| cm v}ocjl mp cm vrjqê mp rg||mhocm gjk|j 7#5 hjccjik `‚g`bêrmkp|# cgLikaê`êrgpjik |}êìj|m `m| mhvcizê| vriam||jikkmc| "Pdàk|pmhàkkmk|Lmkprgciregkj|gpjik “ PLI*# w}j rmeri}vm 71 aê`êrgpjik| hmhorm| rmvrê|mkpgkp

}k pipgc `m 7#? hjccjik `m hmhorm| “ ìkp 16 666 êp}`jgkp| “ mp cg Likaê`êrgpjikeêkêrgcm `m| g||iljgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| "\qmrjem| Gng`mhjnmr|Lmkprgciregkj|gpjik “ \GLI*# w}j rê}kjp ?< iregkj|gpjik| jk`êvmk`gkpm| gaajlbgkp}k pipgc `m vc}| `m 166 666 hmhorm|+

Mk `êajkjpjqm# mk `êvjp `m |vêljajljpê| vrivrm| æ lbgw}m vgz|# cglik|pr}lpjik `m| hi}qmhmkp| |zk`jlg} mp `m `êamk|m `m| jkpêräp| `m| mhvcizm}r|`gk| cm| g}prm| vgz| m}rivêmk| g ioêj æ cg hähm ciejw}m `êlmkprgcj|êm mp æ cghähm pmk`gklm æ cg argehmkpgpjik w}m lmccm| w}j ikp vrêqgc} mk Argklm+



‐ ?< ‐

?+ C‚go|mklm `m qêrjpgocm qj|jik lik|icj`êm 4 }k vriocâhm d}rj`jw}mmp lihvpgocm

Jc k‚mj|pm vg|# æ lm di}r# `m vrê|mkpgpjik eciogcj|gkpm `m| rm||i}rlm| mp `m|`êvmk|m| `m| `jaaêrmkp| hi}qmhmkp| |zk`jlg} mj|pgkp mk Argklm+ Cm| päpm| `m

rê|mg}# mccm| hähm|# |‚gqârmkp cm vc}| |i}qmkp jklgvgocm| `m ìkkmr `m|jk`jlgpjik| lbjaarêm| vrêlj|m| |}r cm| hg||m| ajkgkljârm| hiojcj|êm| vgr cm||zk`jlgp| w}j cm| lihvi|mkp+ Vc}| mklirm w}‚æ c‚êhjmppmhmkp vgraij| mprähm `m||pr}lp}rm| gaajcjêm|# cg rgj|ik pjmkp æ `m| lik|j`êrgpjik| d}rj`jw}m| mp lihvpgocm|lik`}j|gkp æ cgj||mr æ lbgw}m |zk`jlgp }km ergk`m g}pikihjm+

g* C‚jk`êvmk`gklm `m| mkpjpê| gaajcjêm| g} ergk`m| aê`êrgpjik| i}likaê`êrgpjik|

@ipê| `m cg vmr|ikkgcjpê hirgcm# cm| |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| di}j||mkp

`‚}km g}pikihjm d}rj`jw}m lihvcâpm vgr rgvvirp g} }kjik| i} eri}vmhmkp|g}w}mc| jc| vm}qmkp |m pri}qmr rgppglbê|+ Mk maamp# c‚grpjlcm C+ ?7<?(7 `} li`m `}prgqgjc cm}r likaârm cg vmr|ikkgcjpê ljqjcm mp c‚grpjlcm C+ ?7<<(7 vrêqijp w}m cm|}kjik| k‚ikp vi}r iodmp w}m `m vmrhmpprm cg liklmrpgpjik `m| |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| vi}r c‚êp}`m mp cg `êamk|m `m cm}r| jkpêräp| hgpêrjmc| mp hirg}#cm}r| gpprjo}p| êpgkp `‚gjccm}r| cm| hähm| w}m lm} `m lm| |zk`jlgp| "grpjlcmC+ ?7<<(< `} hähm li`m*+

Lm agj|gkp# cg |jp}gpjik `m| |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| m|p prâ| `jaaêrmkpm `mlmccm| `m ajcjgcm| `‚}k eri}vm `m |iljêpê|# `gk| cg hm|}rm iú g}l}k hêlgkj|hm `m

|}oir`jkgpjik æ c‚}kjik# æ cg aê`êrgpjik i} hähm æ cg likaê`êrgpjik k‚m|p vrêq}gcir| w}m cm| grpjlcm| C+ ?<<(< mp C+ ?<<(71 `} li`m `m lihhmrlm rmlikkgj||mkp cm|lg| `gk| cm|w}mccm| }km |iljêpê ìpêm `m cg vmr|ikkgcjpê hirgcm m|p likprðcêm i}jkac}mklêm vgr }km g}prm |iljêpê mp vrm|lrjqmkp# mk lik|êw}mklm# c‚êpgocj||mhmkp `mlihvpm| lik|icj`ê| æ c‚êlbmccm `} eri}vm+ Lihhm cm |i}cjekm lmp mprgjp `‚}kmêp}`m v}ocjêm vgr c‚Jk|pjp}p |}vêrjm}r `} prgqgjc# mk ?66= 4 ® `mv}j| w}mcw}m|`jtgjkm| `‚gkkêm|# vgr vgrm||m# vgr jekirgklm g}||j# ik g vrj| c‚bgojp}`m `m`ê|jekmr cm| likaê`êrgpjik| |i}| cm kih `m |zk`jlgp mp lmcg d}|w}m `gk| cm|

di}rkg} |zk`jlg}+ "‡* Lm ecj||mhmkp `m |mk| k‚m|p vg| jkkilmkp+ Jc lik`}jp æ

lik|j`êrmr cm| likaê`êrgpjik| lihhm `m| iregkj|gpjik| prâ| lmkprgcj|êm|# prâ|bihieâkm|# `gk| cm|w}mccm| cm| |zk`jlgp| km |mrgjmkp vc}| w}m cm| |mlpjik| `‚}kmiregkj|gpjik lmkprgcm# cm}r| iregkm| `‚mêl}pjik |}r cm vcgk cilgc i}

vriam||jikkmc+ Liklmvpjik likprgjrm æ c‚m|vrjp `} hi}qmhmkp |zk`jlgc c}j(hähm#ìkp c‚m|vrjp irjejkgc m|p aê`êrgcj|pm mp w}j rmlikkgëp g} |zk`jlgp| vrivrmhmkp `jp|}km pipgcm g}pikihjm# `} hijk| |}r cm vcgk d}rj`jw}m+ Lm km |ikp vg|# mk `rijp# cm|likaê`êrgpjik| w}j airhmkp cm| |zk`jlgp| mp cm}r likaârmkp cm}r mj|pmklm cêegcm+ Lm

|ikp cm| |zk`jlgp|# vmr|ikkm| hirgcm| æ vgrp mkpjârm# w}j# vgr cm}r gccjgklmqicikpgjrm# lik|pjp}mkp cg Likaê`êrgpjik ¾ "7*+

"7* ® \zk`jlgp# |zk`jw}ê# |zk`jlgcj|pm# |zk`jlgcj|hm ¾# Jk|pjp}p |}vêrjm}r `} prgqgjc# 70 dgkqjmr ?66=# v+ ? mp <+



‐ ?0 ‐

Lmp êpgp `} `rijp mvcjw}m vi}r }km cgrem vgrp vi}rw}ij jc m|p |j `jaajljcm vi}r cm| likaê`êrgpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| `‚gqijr }km qj|jik lihvpgocmmkeciogkp c‚mk|mhocm `m| mkpjpê| w}j cm}r |ikp gaajcjêm|+

Lihhm c‚g rê|}hê cm prê|irjmr `m cg LEP# H+ Hjlbmc @ikm``}# cir| `m

|ik g}`jpjik cm ?5 ilpiorm ?677 4 ® cm |zk`jlgcj|hm m|p aik`ê |}r cm aê`êrgcj|hm+ Cm| aê`êrgpjik| |m eârmkp mccm|(hähm|+ Cg LEP k‚m|p vg| }k eri}vm w}j g}rgjp `m| ajcjgcm| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| ¾+

Cm| g}prm| rm|vik|gocm| |zk`jlg} g}`jpjikkê| vgr cg lihhj||jik`‚mkw}äpm k‚ikp vg| `jp g}prm lbi|m+ G pjprm `‚jcc}|prgpjik# cg prê|irjârm `m cgAê`êrgpjik |zk`jlgcm }kjpgjrm "A\]*# Hhm Êcjgkm Cgklmppm# g mccm(hähm jk`jw}ê cm7< ilpiorm ?677 4 ® ki| ?0 |zk`jlgp| kgpjikg} ikp cm}r vrivrm o}èmp+ Cm \KM\#w}j g c}j g}||j `m| mvmrp| lihvpgocm|# |‚m|p hj| mk likairhjpê+ Pi}| cm| |zk`jlgp|cm aikp# `m hgkjârm g}pikihm+ Mk rmqgklbm# cm| |mlpjik| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| A\] k‚gzgkp vg| cg vmr|ikkgcjpê d}rj`jw}m# ki}| |ihhm| iocjeê|# vi}r |gpj|agjrm g}mjemklm| `m cg cij# `m eciogcj|mr cm| ajkgklm| `m cg A\] kgpjikgcm# lmccm| `m| 766

|mlpjik| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| mp lmccm| `m| ?= LA_+ Lmcg rmvrê|mkpm }k eri| prgqgjc+ ¾

@} lðpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm|# êegcmhmkp# cg `jaajl}cpê |m agjp |mkpjr#gjk|j w}m c‚g rmlikk} cg vrê|j`mkpm `} HM@MA g} li}r| `m c‚êlbgkem |}jqgkp# æc‚illg|jik `m |ik g}`jpjik# cm 7< ilpiorm ?677 4

® H+ cm vrê|j`mkp _jlbgr` Hgccjê+ Dm h‚êpikkm w}m lm| `jaaêrmkp| lihvpm|km |ijmkp vg| gerêeê|+

® Hhm Cg}rmklm Vgrj|ip+ Dm k‚gj g}l}km iodmlpjik æ cm agjrm# hgj| jc k‚mj|pm g}l}km og|m d}rj`jw}m vi}r lmcg+

® H+ cm vrê|j`mkp _jlbgr` Hgccjê+ L‚m|p vi}rpgkp lm w}j |m vg||m vi}r cm| vgrpj| vicjpjw}m|# hähm |j cm vgrgccâcm qg}p lm w}‚jc qg}p+

® Hhm Cg}rmklm Vgrj|ip+ ]k |mlrêpgjrm `m aê`êrgpjik `êvgrpmhmkpgcm`êvmk` `} vgrpj# hgj| cm `êcêe}ê eêkêrgc `‚}k HM@MA pmrrjpirjgc km `êvmk` vg|`m cg `jrmlpjik kgpjikgcm 4 l‚m|p pi}pm cg `jaaêrmklm+

® H+ cm vrê|j`mkp _jlbgr` Hgccjê+ Hgj| cm| HM@MA pmrrjpirjg} km vm}qmkp agjrm `m ® oäpj|m| ¾ w}‚gqml }km lmrpgjkm oêkê`jlpjik `} HM@MA kgpjikgc+

® Hhm Cg}rmklm Vgrj|ip+ Kik# cm| HM@MA pmrrjpirjg} km |ikp cjê| g}HM@MA kgpjikgc w}m vgr }k gllir` `m hgrw}m+ D‚gjhmrgj| omg}li}v cm| jkpêermr#hgj| jc k‚mj|pm g}l}k hizmk d}rj`jw}m `m cm agjrm+ ¾

Lmppm |jp}gpjik pri}qm `‚gjccm}r| }k êlbi `gk| cm `rijp mk qje}m}r# v}j|w}m

c‚grpjlcm C+ ?7<=(< `} li`m `} prgqgjc |m oirkm æ i}qrjr cg vi||jojcjpê# vi}r cm||zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| `m |gcgrjê| i} `‚mhvcizm}r|# cm}r| }kjik| mp cm|g||iljgpjik| `m |gcgrjê| i} `‚mhvcizm}r|# mp |m}cmhmkp |j cm}r| |pgp}p| cm vrêqijmkp#



‐ ?= ‐

`‚êpgocjr `m| lihvpm| lihojkê| jkpêergkp cg lihvpgojcjpê `m| vmr|ikkm| hirgcm| mpmkpjpê| gqml cm|w}mccm| jc| ikp `m| cjmk| `‚g`bê|jik i} `‚gaajcjgpjik+ Mk `‚g}prm|pmrhm|# mk c‚êpgp glp}mc `m| lbi|m|# cg vrê|mkpgpjik `m| lihvpm| geecihêrê| `mrê|mg} mkpjmr| `‚iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| g`bêrgkp æ }km hähm likaê`êrgpjik vriam||jikkmccm i} jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm km vm}p rmvi|mr w}m |}r cm qicikpgrj|hm mpc‚gllir` `m lbgl}km `m| mkpjpê| mk lg}|m+ L‚m|p `jrm cm| cjhjpm| `‚}km pmccm`êhgrlbm mp cm| cgl}km| `m cg prgk|vgrmklm jk|pjp}êm vgr cg cij k¶ ?662(52: `}?6 giþp ?662+

o* @m| hi`gcjpê| `m lik|icj`gpjik lihvpgocm ivpjikkmccm|# w}j rmk`mkp vgraij| vc}| ̀ jaajljcm c‚gvvrêljgpjik eciogcm ̀ m| ̀ ikkêm| ajkgkljârm|

G}(`mcæ hähm `m cg virpêm cgremhmkp jk`jqj`}mccm `m cg v}ocjlgpjik `m|lihvpm|# w}j mhvälbm pi}pm eciogcj|gpjik `m| hg||m| `m ajkgklmhmkp æ c‚êlbmccm`m c‚mk|mhocm `m| mkpjpê| lihvi|gkp }km likaê`êrgpjik `m |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| i}}km likaê`êrgpjik `‚iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# airlm m|p `m lik|pgpmr w}m cm|pmlbkjw}m| `m vrê|mkpgpjik cgj||êm| æ c‚gvvrêljgpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|i} vriam||jikkmccm| vm}qmkp vgraij| lik`}jrm æ }k gvmrå} jklihvcmp i}jk|gpj|agj|gkp `m| hizmk| ìkp lmccm|(lj `j|vi|mkp+ Mk c‚m|vâlm# c‚grpjlcm C+ ?7<=(?`} li`m `} prgqgjc iaarm g} |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc|# g} }kjik| `m |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| mp g} g||iljgpjik| `m |gcgrjê| i} `‚mhvcizm}r|# w}j likprðcmkp }kmi} vc}|jm}r| vmr|ikkm| hirgcm| |gk| vi}r g}pgkp mkprmpmkjr gqml mccm| `m| cjmk|`‚g`bê|jik i} `‚gaajcjgpjik “ airh}cm w}j mlc}p mvcjljpmhmkp pi}pm lik|icj`gpjikgqml `‚g}prm| mkpjpê| |zk`jlgcm| likaê`êrêm| “ cm lbij mkprm `m} hêpbi`m| vi}r

êpgocjr cm| lihvpm| g} kjqmg} `} eri}vmhmkp+Cg vrmhjârm hêpbi`m# `jpm `m cg lik|icj`gpjik# lik|j|pm æ êpgocjr vgr

gerêegpjik `m| lihvpm| lik|icj`ê| |}r cm hi`âcm `m lm} vrêq}| vi}r cm| eri}vm|`m |iljêpê|# |}r cm aik`mhmkp `m c‚grpjlcm C+ ?<<(71 `} li`m `m lihhmrlm+ @gk| lmlg|# mk gvvcjlgpjik `m| grpjlcm| C+ 2?<(? mp C+ 2?<(: `} hähm li`m# lm| lihvpm|lik|icj`ê| ìjqmkp äprm lmrpjajê| vgr g} hijk| `m} lihhj||gjrm| g} lihvpm|+

@gk| }k |i}lj `m |jhvcjajlgpjik# }km |mlik`m hêpbi`m# `jpm `m c‚gergagem#m|p êegcmhmkp i}qmrpm g} |zk`jlgp|# æ cm}r| }kjik| mp g} g||iljgpjik| `m |gcgrjê|

i} `‚mhvcizm}r|+ Lmppm hêpbi`m jhvi|m `‚g`dijk`rm g} lihvpm| `} |zk`jlgp i}`m c‚mkpjpê v}ocjlgprjlm lm} `m| mkpjpê| likprðcêm|+ Vc}| vrêlj|êhmkp# jc |‚gejp `mai}rkjr mk gkkmm cm| lihvpm| `m| |pr}lp}rm| likprðcêm| gjk|j w}‚}km jkairhgpjik|}r cg kgp}rm `} cjmk `m likprðcm+ Jk ajkm# |j c‚gergagem m|p vrjqjcêejê# cm| lihvpm|`m| mkpjpê| likprðcêm| ìjqmkp pi}p `m hähm gqijr agjp c‚iodmp `‚}k likprðcm cêegc#l‚m|p(æ(`jrm gqijr êpê lmrpjajê| vgr g} hijk| }k lihhj||gjrm g} lihvpm|+

@} vijkp `m q}m `m cg prgk|vgrmklm# |m}cm cg lik|icj`gpjik vmrhmp `m`j|vi|mr `‚}km gvvrêljgpjik g||mt iodmlpjqm mp vmrpjkmkpm `m| hizmk| æ cg`j|vi|jpjik `m c‚iregkj|gpjik v}ocjgkp |m| lihvpm|+ Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik# cm

?0 ilpiorm ?677# cg prê|irjârm `m cg LA@P# Hhm Gki}|bmb Ngrqgr mk g `‚gjccm}r|likqmk} |gk| ghogem| 4 ® ki}| gqik| ivpê vi}r cg lik|icj`gpjik# vgrlm w}m ki}|m|pjhik| w}m l‚m|p cg |m}cm hêpbi`m w}j vmrhmppm }km cmlp}rm |zkpbêpjw}m `m cg



‐ ?1 ‐

rêgcjpê `m c‚mk|mhocm `m| glpjqjpê| `m cg Likaê`êrgpjik mp w}j ìkkm# mkkm}prgcj|gkp cm| glpjqjpê| mkprm cg LA@P mp lmccm| `m |m| |pr}lp}rm| ajccm|# }km qj|jik

eciogcm `m kiprm glpjqjpê+ ¾

Vi}rpgkp# omg}li}v `m lihvpm| v}ocjê| æ lm di}r vrjqjcêejmkp cg hêpbi`m

`m c‚gergagem æ cg lik|icj`gpjik+ Jc mk qg gjk|j# vgr mmhvcm# `m lm} `m cg LEP"vi}r cg |iljêpê `‚ê`jpjik Cg qjm i}qrjârm# kipghhmkp*# `m lm} `m cg LAPL "vi}r cm| \LJ C‚jhhiojcjârm LAPL mp Hgj|ik lihh}km# c‚ Jk|pjp}p `m airhgpjik `m|lik|mjccmr| vr}`‚bihhm|# cm Eri}vmhmkp `m hizmk| `m| argj| lihh}k| mp cmEri}vmhmkp `m hizmk| `} vmr|ikkmc *# `m lm} `} HM@MA "vi}r cg |iljêpêgkikzhm Ê`jpjik| mp |mrqjlm| pmlbkjw}m| vriam||jikkmc|* i} mklirm `m lm} `m cgLEVHM "vi}r cm| \LJ Omccjkj mp Airp}kz# cg |iljêpê `‚ê`jpjik \I@MV VHM# cg|iljêpê VHM lihh}kjlgpjik# c‚g||iljgpjik GEMAG VHM mp cm| jk|pjp}p| `mairhgpjik JAV mp JA\*+ @‚g}prm| iregkj|gpjik|# æ c‚jk|pgr `m cg LA@P# `m cg LAM(

LEL i} `m cg Aê`êrgpjik argkågj|m `} oïpjhmkp# |‚mk pjmkkmkp kêgkhijk| æ cghêpbi`m `m cg lik|icj`gpjik jkpêergcm# vc}| cj|jocm mp vmrpjkmkpm+

Cm rmli}r| æ c‚gergagem |m qijp cm vc}| |i}qmkp d}|pjajê vgr cm agjp w}m cm|mkpjpê| ìkp cm| lihvpm| |ikp gkkmê| ikp }k |pgp}p `m |iljêpê i} `‚g||iljgpjik “ mccm| vi||â`mkp# æ lm pjprm# }km vmr|ikkgcjpê hirgcm “ mp vi}r|}jqmkp }k iodmp`j|pjklp “ arêw}mhhmkp# lihhmrljgc i} jhhiojcjmr “ `m lmc}j `m c‚iregkj|gpjik|zk`jlgcm w}j cm| likprðcm+ @m hähm# `gk| `m kihorm} lg|# lm| mkpjpê| km |ikp vg| jkpêergcmhmkp likprðcêm| vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i} vriam||jikkmccm|w}j gergamkp cm}r| lihvpm|+

Pi}pmaij|# `â| cir| w}‚mccm| lik|pjp}mkp cm |}vvirp d}rj`jw}m `} vgprjhijkmjhhiojcjmr i} ojmk w}‚mccm| |mrqmkp æ cg `jaa}|jik `m v}ocjlgpjik| mk cjmk gqmlc‚glpjqjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i} vriam||jikkmccm| g||}dmppjm| æ c‚iocjegpjik`m v}ocjmr cm}r| lihvpm| “ cm lg| êlbêgkp# gqml `m| rmqmk}| `‚goikkmhmkp i} `m v}ocjljpê æ cg lcê “# ik vm}p cêejpjhmhmkp lik|j`êrmr w}m lm| mkpjpê| mkprmkp`jrmlpmhmkp `gk| cm lbghv `m| hizmk| `m lm| hähm| iregkj|gpjik|+ @gk| lm lg|#}km |jhvcm gkkmjik `m cm}r| lihvpm| km |}aajp vg| æ rmacêpmr c‚jhvirpgklm w}‚mccm| vm}qmkp gqijr vi}r cm aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i}`‚mhvcizm}r|+

Mk `êajkjpjqm# c‚gcpmrkgpjqm mkprm lik|icj`gpjik mp gergagem `m| lihvpm| vrê|mkpm `m} jklikqêkjmkp| hgdm}r| 4 mk vrmhjmr cjm}# cg cjomrpê `m lbij w}‚mccmjhvcjw}m rmk` hgcgj|êm pi}pm lihvgrgj|ik `‚}km mkpjpê æ c‚g}prm# cm| ivpjik|rmpmk}m| êpgkp qgrjgocm| g}||j ojmk g} |mjk `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m |gcgrjê|w}‚g} |mjk `m| iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m| mhvcizm}r| > mk `m}jâhm cjm}# mkagqirj|gkp cm rmli}r| æ cg hêpbi`m `m c‚gergagem# mccm gppêk}m w}mcw}m vm} cg virpêmjkairhgpjqm `m cg v}ocjlgpjik mp rmvirpm cg lbgrem `m cg lik|icj`gpjik |}r lm} w}jqm}cmkp mk gqijr }km j`êm# hähm gvvrijhgpjqm+



‐ ?5 ‐

L+ ]KM @MHG_LBM LIHVCJW]MM VG_ CG H]CPJVCJLJPM @M\ LGKG]R @MAJKGKLMHMKP

C‚êqgc}gpjik `m| ajkgklmhmkp| æ `m|pjkgpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|`m |gcgrjê| mp rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m| mhvcizm}r| |i}câqm cg w}m|pjik `m

c‚j`mkpjajlgpjik `m| |i}rlm| `m lm| ajkgklmhmkp|+ Lmrpgjkm| prgk|vgrgj||mkpkmppmhmkp æ cg cmlp}rm `m| ojcgk| lihvpgocm| v}ocjê| hgj| `‚g}prm|# vc}| jk`jrmlpm|#km aikp vg| pi}di}r| c‚iodmp `‚}km qgcirj|gpjik mk pgkp w}m pmccm# lm w}j lik`}jp æill}cpmr }km vgrpjm `m| hikpgkp| ìkp oêkêajljmkp cm| iregkj|gpjik| mk lg}|m+

\lbêhgpjw}mhmkp# gjk|j w}m c‚g |i}cjekê cm ?6 ilpiorm ?677 H+ Bmkrj_i}jccmg}cp# gkjhgpm}r `m eri}vm| `m prgqgjc `m cg aik`gpjik Pmrrg kiqg |}r cg`êhilrgpjm |iljgcm 4 ® cm| |i}rlm| `} ajkgklmhmkp |zk`jlgc |ikp g} kihorm `mw}gprm 4 cm| g`bêrmkp|# cm| mhvcizm}r|# c‚Êpgp mp cm| iregkj|gpjik| vgrjpgjrm|+

® Cm| |zk`jlgp| |ikp `‚goir` ajkgklê| vgr cm| lipj|gpjik| `m| g`bêrmkp|+"‡*

® \‚gej||gkp `} ajkgklmhmkp vgr cm| mhvcizm}r|# "‡* jc| vm}qmkp vrmk`rm`m| airhm| h}cpjvcm| 4 bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik# |ijp cêegcm|# |ijp vgr gllir` `‚mkprmvrj|m “ l‚m|p cm lg| vi}r cm| `êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} “ > hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `mcilg}# `‚gllâ| jkprgkmp i} `‚g}prm| hizmk|# |i}qmkp vgr qijm `‚gllir`+ Jc ag}p

|jekgcmr c‚mvêrjhmkpgpjik vgr Gg `} lbâw}m |zk`jlgc# rmhj| vgr cg `jrmlpjik g} |gcgrjê|+ Jc |‚m|p gqêrê w}m =6 - `m| |gcgrjê| rmhmppmkp lm lbâw}m æ }kmiregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm > l‚m|p lmrpm| hjm} w}m = - `‚g`bê|jik| maamlpjqm| æ }k

|zk`jlgp# hgj| lmcg hikprm w}‚jc z g mklirm }km hgrem `m vrierâ| > mp rmhmpprm }klbâw}m vgzê vgr c‚mhvcizm}r km |jekjajm vg| g`bêrmr mk qmr|gkp |ij(hähm }kmlipj|gpjik+ "‡*

® C‚Êpgp m|p cg prij|jâhm |i}rlm `m ajkgklmhmkp# mp kik vg| |m}cmhmkp mkpgkp w}‚mhvcizm}r# qjg kipghhmkp cm ajkgklmhmkp `m vmrhgkmkp|+ Cg `ê`}lpjik

aj|lgcm `m 11 - `m cg lipj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm m|p cg qijm vrjkljvgcm `m ajkgklmhmkp `mc‚Êpgp+ \j mccm lik|pjp}m jk`êkjgocmhmkp }k gqgkpgem vi}r cm| |gcgrjê| i} cm|`mhgk`m}r| `‚mhvcij w}j |ikp |i}hj| æ c‚jhvðp |}r cm rmqmk}# mccm k‚jkljpm vg| æc‚g`bê|jik lm} w}j km cm vgjmkp vg|+

® G}prm airhm `m ajkgklmhmkp# cm| |}oqmkpjik| v}ocjw}m| liklmrkmkp kipghhmkp cg airhgpjik |zk`jlgcm+ "‡*

® Cm| iregkj|gpjik| vgrjpgjrm| i} prjvgrpjpm| lik|pjp}mkp cg w}gprjâhm |i}rlm `m ajkgklmhmkp+ Cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} vgrpjljvmkp æ }k prâ| ergk` kihorm `‚iregkj|hm| ìkp cg em|pjik m|p vgrjpgjrm “ cm| vc}| likk}| êpgkp c‚]kê`jl # c‚GEJ_L# c‚G__LI‡ “ i} prjvgrpjpm “ vgr mmhvcm# Vðcm mhvcij “ i}`‚jk|pgklm| `m liklmrpgpjik “ cm Lik|mjc kgpjikgc `m c‚mhvcij# cg Lihhj||jikkgpjikgcm `m cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm# cm Lik|mjc kgpjikgc `m cg airhgpjik

vriam||jikkmccm pi}p g} cike `m cg qjm# mpl+ “ mp `‚iregkj|hm| `m vri|vmlpjqmliklmrpêm “ cm Lik|mjc `‚irjmkpgpjik `m| rmprgjpm|# cm Lik|mjc `‚irjmkpgpjik `mc‚mhvcij# cm Bg}p lik|mjc `m c‚g||}rgklm hgcg`jm# Bg}p lik|mjc `m cg aghjccm# mpl+



‐ ?2 ‐

® Êpgkp ìkkê w}‚jc |‚gejp `‚iregkj|hm| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc# jc m|p pi}p æ agjp kirhgc w}m cg rêh}kêrgpjik mp cm| argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp `m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| |ijmkp

vrj| mk lbgrem vgr lm| iregkj|hm|# `‚g}pgkp w}‚ik li}rrgjp |jkik cm rj|w}m `‚}km |}rrmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| aiklpjikkgjrm| mp `m| rmprgjpê| ¾+

Kikio|pgkp cg vgragjpm jkpmccjejojcjpê `m lmppm gkgcz|m# }km erjccm `m cmlp}rmlihvcêhmkpgjrm `m| rm||i}rlm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m |gcgrjê| i}`‚mhvcizm}r| vgrgëp `mqijr äprm mkqj|geêm# `m hgkjârm æ vgrqmkjr æ }km q}m`‚mk|mhocm g}||j mbg}|pjqm w}m vi||jocm+ Mk c‚ill}rrmklm# jc |mhocm kêlm||gjrm`‚jkpri`}jrm `gk| c‚gvvrilbm cm| kipjik| `m rm||i}rlm| vrivrm|# `m rêh}kêrgpjik`m| hj||jik| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc gjk|j w}m `‚gj`m hgpêrjmccm `m| liccmlpjqjpê| v}ocjw}m| mp `m| mkprmvrj|m| æ c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm i} rmvrê|mkpgpjqm > mp vi}r äprmlihvcmp# c‚jhvg||m km vm}p êegcmhmkp äprm agjpm |}r `m| hêlgkj|hm| æ cg hgrem i}mk `mbir| `m cg cêegcjpê w}j km |ikp |gk| ì}pm vg| vrêvik`êrgkp| hgj| w}j ikp omc

mp ojmk li}r|+Gjk|j# lihhm cm| jkqm|pjegpjik| `m cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm cm

`êhikprmrikp# cm| rm||i}rlm| vrivrm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i}`‚mhvcizm}r| km rmvi|mkp vg| }kjw}mhmkp |}r cm| lipj|gpjik|+ Mccm| vm}qmkpêegcmhmkp rê|}cpmr `‚glpjqjpê| `jqmr|m| "v}ocjlgpjik|# v}ocjljpê|# êqêkmhmkpjmc* i}`m| vri`}jp| ajkgkljmr| eêkêrê| vgr cm}r vgprjhijkm ajkgkljmr vgraij| lik|êw}mkp+

@m hähm# êqiw}mr c‚gvv}j `m| mhvcizm}r| }kjw}mhmkp æ prgqmr| cm| bm}rm|`m `êcêegpjik i} cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `m cilg} |mrgjp |gk| ì}pm rê`}lpm}r# `gk|

cg hm|}rm iú }km vgrpjm `‚mkprm m} “ mp kik `m| hijk`rm| “ likprjo}mkp g}rm||i}rlm| `m lmrpgjkm| aê`êrgpjik| i} likaê`êrgpjik|# vgr cm ojgj| `‚mklgrp| `m v}ocjljpê `gk| cm| rmq}m| |zk`jlgcm| i} `m |}oqmkpjik| `jqmr|m| kêeiljêm| |}r }km og|m likqmkpjikkmccm+

Cm rðcm `m c‚Êpgp# w}gkp æ c}j# m|p maamlpjqmhmkp hgdm}r mk lm w}‚jc gllir`mmk |g w}gcjpê `‚mhvcizm}r `m| aiklpjikkgjrm|# |gk| priv pmkjr `‚jkqmkpgjrm |}r cgw}m|pjik `‚gjccm}r|# }k lmrpgjk kihorm `m `êlbgrem| jkpêergcm| `m |mrqjlm w}jlikprjo}mkp g||mt |jekjajlgpjqmhmkp g} aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| likaê`êrgpjik| mp `m|aê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m |gcgrjê|# pi}p mk lik|mkpgkp `m| gqgkpgem| aj|lg} g}

likprjo}gocm| lipj|gkp|+ Jc jkpmrqjmkp g}||j lihhm }k vi}rqizm}r lr}ljgc `m|}oqmkpjik|# kipghhmkp `gk| cm lg| `m| |zk`jlgp| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm|+

Cm| ajkgklmhmkp| j||}| `} vgrjpgrj|hm# mkajk# km |m rê|}hmkp vg| g}`êargjmhmkp `m| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `gk| cm| jk|pgklm| `êlj|jikkmccm|`m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm+ Jc ag}p jklc}rm# kipghhmkp# cm| |ihhm| rmqmr|êm| `gk| cmlg`rm `m cg liccmlpm `m| aik`| `m airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# |}|vmlpêm| kik |gk|rgj|ik `‚gcjhmkpmr `m| |pr}lp}rm| `m airhgpjik vi}qgkp `êvmk`rm `‚iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| i} rmvrê|mkpgpjqm|+

G} pipgc# cm| hêlgkj|hm| `m ajkgklmhmkp w}j jrrje}mkp cm aiklpjikkmhmkp`m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m |gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r| |ikp vc}| `jaajljcm| æm|pjhmr w}‚jc z vgrgëp+ Cg rgj|ik pjmkp hijk| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i}



‐ ?: ‐

vriam||jikkmccm| mccm|(hähm| w}‚g} rmcgpja `ê|jkpêräp virpê vgr cg v}j||gklm v}ocjw}m æ cg w}m|pjik d}|w}‚æ ?662+

@gk| }k |i}lj `‚jkpmccjejojcjpê# cm |lbêhg lj(gvrâ| pmkpm `m |zkpbêpj|mr mp `mq}cegrj|mr lm| ljrl}jp| `m ajkgklmhmkp+ Pmkpgkp `m `êlrjrm cm ajkgklmhmkp `m|

iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê|# jc m|p prgk|vi|gocm# h}pgpj| h}pgk`j|# æ lmccm|`‚mhvcizm}r|+ Jc mk rm||irp }km jhvrm||jik `m ergk`m lihvcmjpê# w}j km vm}p w}magjrm cm dm} `m c‚ivgljpê+ Pi}pmaij|# qj|}gcj|mr cm| hêlgkjw}m| æ c‚Ŝ}qrm m|p mk |ij}km vrmhjârm êpgvm |}r cm lbmhjk `‚}km vc}| ergk`m prgk|vgrmklm > }km êpgvmjhvirpgkpm vi}r }km êqgc}gpjik vc}| d}|pm `m| hizmk| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m|mhvcizm}r|# `‚}km vgrp# mp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# `‚g}prm vgrp+



‐ <6 ‐

C m | l j r l } j p | ` m a j k g k l m h m k p ` m c ‚ g l p j q j p ê | z k ` j l g c m m k A r g k

l m

L i k a ê

` ê r g p j i k |

A ê ` ê r g p j i k |

v r i a m | | j i k k m c c m |

] k j i k | p m r r j p i r j g c m |

\ z k ` j l g p | ` m o g | m

J k | p j p } p j i k |

r m v r ê | m k p g p j q m | ` }

v m r | i k k m c

\ m l p j i k |

| z k ` j l g c m |

J _ M \

V g r j p g r j | h m

A I K E M A I _

I V L G

_ m | | i } r l m |

v r i v r m |

V } o c j l g p j i k |

v g r p m k g r j g p | ‡

V r i ` } j p |

a j k g k l j m r |

L i p j | g p j i k |

I r e g k j | h m | ` j q m r | ` m

v r i p m l p j i k | i l j g c m m p

` ‚ m h v c i j

M h v c i z m } r | 4 `

r i j p | z k ` j l g c

" ` ê l b g r e m | b i r g j r m | # | } o q m k p j i k | ` m

a i k l p j i k k m h m k p g }

L M # 6 # 6 2 ‶ ` m

l i k e ê a i r h g p j i k # c i l g } *

L i c c m l p j q j p ê |

p m r r j p i r j g c m | #

L M \ M _

" j k ` m h k j p ê | *

Ê p g p

L M \ M

" j k ` m h

k j p ê | *

\ } o q m k p j i k | @ E P 4

a i r h g p j i k | z k ` j l g c m #

a i r h g p j i k

v r } ` ‚ b i h g c m # ê c m l p j i k |

@ r i j p | z k ` j l g c 4

` ê l b g r e m | ` m | m r q j l m #

g } p i r j | g p j i k |

` ‚ g o | m k l m #

h i z m k | h

g p ê r j m c | #

| } o q m k p j i k | v i } r c g

a i r h g p j i k m p c m

a i k l p j i k

k m h m k p

_ ê ` } l p j i k

` ‚ j h v ð p

J k | p j p } p |

` } p r g q g j c



‐ <7 ‐

JJ+( CM\ @JAAÊ_MKPM\ _M\\I]_LM\ @M\ I_EGKJ\GPJIK\@‚MHVCIZM]_\ MP V_IAM\\JIKKMCCM\

L}rjm}|mhmkp# cm rgvvirp g} vrmhjmr hjkj|prm `m H+ _gvbgîc Bg`g|(Cmomc|}r cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê mp cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| mp|zk`jlgcm|# v}ocjê mk hgj ?661# g agjp c‚jhvg||m |}r cm| rm||i}rlm| `m|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| argkågj|m|+ Cm |}dmp m|p vi}rpgkpg}||j jhvirpgkp# `â| cir| w}m c‚ik |‚jkpêrm||m g} aiklpjikkmhmkp `} vgrjpgrj|hm#w}m lmc}j `m| rm||i}rlm| `m| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê|+

Mk gppm|pm kipghhmkp c‚gaagjrm `m| vrêcâqmhmkp| mk m|vâlm| |}r cm|lihvpm| `m c‚]JHH# vi}r }k hikpgkp `m w}mcw}m 7: hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mkprm ?666mp ?665# w}j g ìkkê cjm} æ c‚i}qmrp}rm `‚}km mkw}äpm d}`jljgjrm ajk |mvpmhorm

?665+ \gk| |‚jkpêrm||mr vrêlj|êhmkp æ `m| agjp| |}r cm|w}mc| jc gvvgrpjmk`rg æ cg d}|pjlm `m |m vrikiklmr# cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm km vi}qgjp êlgrpmr `m |ik lbghv`‚jkqm|pjegpjik c‚êp}`m `m| |i}rlm| mp `m| ljrl}jp| `m ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik|`m| mhvcizm}r| mp `m| jk`êvmk`gkp|# km |mrgjp(lm w}m vi}r `rm||mr }k êpgp `m| cjm}`m cm}r `merê `‚jk`êvmk`gklm mp agjrm cg c}hjârm |}r }k g|vmlp jhvirpgkp `m cm}r jhvcjlgpjik `gk| cm `jgcie}m |iljgc+

Mk c‚m|vâlm# c‚gkgcz|m km |‚m|p vg| pi}di}r| rêqêcêm gj|êm# ag}pm kipghhmkp`m qj|jik lik|icj`êm mp lihojkêm `m| lihvpm|+ Jc rm|pm w}m cm| jkairhgpjik| v}ocjêm| vgr cm| vrjkljvgcm| iregkj|gpjik| liklmrkêm|# gjk|j w}m cm| jk`jlgpjik|

ai}rkjm| cir| `m| g}`jpjik|# vmrhmppmkp `‚z qijr vc}| lcgjr+

G+( CM\ _M\\I]_LM\ V_IV_M\

C‚j`mkpjajlgpjik `m| rm||i}rlm| vrivrm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| jhvcjw}m `m |‚jkpêrm||mr g}||j ojmk g} hizmk| ajkgkljmr|"prê|irmrjm# rê|mrqm|# rmqmk}| `jqmr|*# w}‚g} hizmk| hgpêrjmc| w}j mikârmkp lm|iregkj|gpjik| `m `êvmk|m| vgraij| jhvirpgkpm| "hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `m cilg}# `m vmr|ikkmc cm lg| êlbêgkp*+

Hgdirjpgjrm|# lm| rm||i}rlm| k‚mk rmqäpmkp vg| hijk| }km rêgcjpê prâ|likprg|pêm# |mcik cm| |mlpm}r| mp g`bêrmkp| liklmrkê| hgj| g}||j |mcik cg em|pjik vrjqjcêejêm vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| mk lg}|m+



‐ <? ‐

7+ Cm| lipj|gpjik| 4 rm||i}rlm ojmk |i}qmkp vrjkljvgcm hgj| vg|vrêvik`êrgkpm

Cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| oêkêajljmkp# lihhm cm||zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê|# `m lipj|gpjik| `m cm}r| g`bêrmkp|+ Lmccm|(lj |‚maamlp}mkp pi}p

`‚goir` g}vrâ| `‚}km iregkj|gpjik pmrrjpirjgcm v}j| `‚}km aê`êrgpjik li}qrgkp cg ogklbm `‚glpjqjpê mp# cm lg| êlbêgkp vgr c‚jkpmrhê`jgjrm `m lmppm `mrkjârm# g}vrâ|`‚}km |pr}lp}rm likaê`êrgcm jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm+

C‚g`bê|jik `jrmlpm `‚}km mkprmvrj|m æ }km likaê`êrgpjik rmvrê|mkpgpjqmjkpmrvriam||jikkmccm "HM@MA# LEVHM mp ]VG* m|p pi}di}r| mlc}m > mk rmqgklbm# vgr cm dm} `m| g`bê|jik| `m aê`êrgpjik| mp `m likaê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|# }kmhähm mkprmvrj|m vm}p |m rmpri}qmr gaajcjêm æ vc}|jm}r| pjprm| æ }km hähm i} æ vc}|jm}r| likaê`êrgpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|+

Cm qic}hm `m| lipj|gpjik| qmr|êm| lbgw}m gkkêm g} iregkj|gpjik|`‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| rmvrê|mkpm }k lrjpârm jkpêrm||gkp `} `merê`‚jk`êvmk`gklm ajkgkljârm `m lmccm|(lj mp g}||j# `gk| }km lmrpgjkm hm|}rm# `m cm}r rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê+

g* ]km vrivirpjik qgrjgocm |mcik cm vriajc `m| iregkj|gpjik| mp `m cm}r|g`bêrmkp|

G} li}r| `m| g}`jpjik| lik`}jpm| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cg vc}vgrp`m| rm|vik|gocm| `‚iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| g jk|j|pê |}r

c‚jhvirpgklm `m| rm||i}rlm| j||}m| `m| lipj|gpjik| `m| mkprmvrj|m|# Hhm Cg}rmklmVgrj|ip |i}bgjpgkp hähm w}‚mccm| ill}vmkp }km vcglm ® vrêvik`êrgkpm ¾ `gk| cm}r ajkgklmhmkp+

Cm agjp m|p w}m |j mccm| lik|pjp}mkp |i}qmkp cg vrmhjârm |i}rlm `m rmqmk}|`m| iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| mp `m| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|argkågj|m|# }km vgrpjm kik kêecjemgocm `m lm| `mrkjârm|# æ c‚mlmvpjik kipgocm `}HM@MA# `m cg AA\G "g||}rm}r|*# `m cg AOA "ogkw}m|*# `m cg AAO "oïpjhmkp*# `m cgAKGJH "gemkp| jhhiojcjmr|*# `} V_J\HM "jkpêrjh# |mrqjlm| mp hêpjmr| `mc‚mhvcij* mp `m cg aê`êrgpjik kgpjikgcm `m| prgqg} v}ocjl|# gaajlbm }k pg} `m

lipj|gpjik jkaêrjm}r æ =6 - `m cm}r| hizmk| gkk}mc| `m ajkgklmhmkp+

Vjrm mklirm# lmrpgjkm| ergk`m| iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|rmvrê|mkpgpjqm|# pmccm| w}m cg LEVHM i} c‚]VG# vrê|mkpmkp }k kjqmg} `mlipj|gpjik| k‚mlê`gkp vg| }k eri| pjmr| `m cm}r| rm||i}rlm|+



‐ << ‐

Vgrp ̀ m| lipj|gpjik| ̀ gk| cm| rm||i}rlm| ̀ m ̀ jqmr|m| iregkj|gpjik| ̀ ‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| argkågj|m|# mk ?676

Iregkj|gpjik| Kihorm`‚mkprmvrj|m| i}

`‚g`bêrmkp|rmvrê|mkpê|

Hikpgkp| kmp| `m|lipj|gpjik|

Vrivirpjik`m|

rm||i}rlm|

HM@MA 566 æ 5=6 666 ?0#6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 1?#5 -

LEVHM =25 <2= 7#12 hjccjik `‚m}ri| 72#5 -

GAMV :6 =#6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 766#6 -

]VG <66 666 77#00 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| <=#? -

]KGVC 766 æ ?66 666 6#<5 hjccjik `‚m}ri| 7=#: -

AK\MG ?66 666 1#71 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| <6#? -

Likaê`êrgpjik vgz|gkkm 76 666 <66 666 m}ri| 2#= -

]\EM_M\ "êlikihjm |iljgcm* 16 666 6#6= hjccjik `‚m}ri| 0#5 -]JHH "hêpgcc}rejm* 7= 666 2#<7 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 7<#5 -

AAO "oïpjhmkp* =5 666 1?#50 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 50#5 -

AA\G "g||}rgklm|* ?0= 7=#=? hjccjik| `‚m}ri| :5#2 -

AOA "ogkw}m|* 0<6 ?<#12 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 25#? -

GAO "ogkw}m|* ?06 ?#?2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 16#2 -

AJH "hêpgcc}rejm* 77 666 ?#5 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| <=#7 -

V_J\HM "jkpêrjh* 166 ?#< hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 15#1 -

]HJB "bðpmccmrjm(rm|pg}rgpjik* 26 666 ?#6: hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 02#= -

\ZKBI_LGP "bðpmcjmr|#rm|pg}rgpm}r|# lgampjmr|*

76 666 6#:1 hjccjik `‚m}ri| 05#< -

AKGJH "jhhiojcjmr* 7? 666 76#10 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 56#? -

AKPV "prgqg} v}ocjl|* 2 666 ?<#7? hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 50#= -

\ZKPML "jkeêkjmrjm#jkairhgpjw}m*

7 ?=6 ::5 666 m}ri| <?#0 -

Lbghorm |zk`jlgcm `m|mkprmvrj|m| `m `êhêkgemhmkp

266 51= :5: m}ri| 2<#5 -

@gk| lm vgkirghg# cm lg| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm| m|pw}mcw}m vm} vgrpjl}cjmr 4 mk |ij# jc k‚z g rjmk `‚irjejkgc æ lm w}m cg AK\MG gaajlbm}k kjqmg} `m lipj|gpjik| vc}| êcmqê w}m `m| iregkj|gpjik| likl}rrmkpm| lihhm cgLikaê`êrgpjik vgz|gkkm "2#= -* i} cm HI@MA "?= -*+ Cm agjp m|p# lmvmk`gkp# w}mc‚g`bê|jik æ lm |zk`jlgp |m pri}qmrgjp mkli}rgeêm vgr cg vi|jpjik w}‚jc ill}vm `gk|cm| `jaaêrmkpm| jk|pgklm| cilgcm| lbgreêm| `m vrihi}qijr c‚jk|pgccgpjik `m|gerjl}cpm}r|# lmrpgjk| gccgkp d}|w}‚æ gaajrhmr w}m `m| gj`m| |mrgjmkp |}oirìkkêm| æ}km |i}|lrjvpjik `m lipj|gpjik+ Mk gppm|pmkp lm| vrivi|# pmk}| cm ?6 ilpiorm ?677# æc‚illg|jik `m c‚g}`jpjik `m| rm|vik|gocm| `m cg Likaê`êrgpjik gerjlicm `m||zk`jlgp| `%mvcijpgkp| aghjcjg} "HI@MA* 4

® H+ Gcgjk Egjekmrip+ @gk| cm |zk`jlgcj|hm hgdirjpgjrm# c‚g`bê|jik vgrgëp w}g|j iocjegpijrm 4 jc m|p `m kipirjêpê v}ocjw}m w}m# |gk| g`bê|jik æ cg



‐ <0 ‐

AK\MG i} g} DG# jc m|p `jaajljcm `‚iopmkjr `m| vräp| “ ojmk w}‚jc z gjp m} }kmêqic}pjik mk cg hgpjârm `mv}j| cg ajk `} hikivicm `} Lrê`jp gerjlicm “# `‚gergk`jr

|ik mvcijpgpjik# qijrm `‚iopmkjr `m| lik|mjc| d}rj`jw}m| 4 `gk| lmrpgjkm| lbghorm|`‚gerjl}cp}rm# cm lik|mjccmr d}rj`jw}m |}eeârm `‚goir` æ c‚gerjl}cpm}r `m vrmk`rm

|g lgrpm æ cg aê`êrgpjik `êvgrpmhmkpgcm# cg A@\MG+ Ojmk |þr# `m pmccm| lik`jpjik|km |ikp dghgj| mvi|êm| vgr êlrjp+ "‡*

® Hhm M|pmccm _izmp+ \glbmt w}m cir|w}m dm hm |}j| jk|pgccêm# hikjk|pgccgpjik g êpê w}gcjajêm `m ® bir| lg`rm aghjcjgc ¾ 4 d‚gj rmvrj| cm| pmrrm| `m hik

ergk`(vârm æ |ik `êlâ|# hgj| hm| vgrmkp| k‚êpgjmkp vg| gerjl}cpm}r|+ Cir|w}m dm |}j| rmqmk}m æ cg pmrrm mp cir|w}m d‚gj agjp hik vgrli}r| `‚jk|pgccgpjik mk pgkp w}m dm}km gerjl}cpm}r# dm k‚gqgj| w}‚}km kipjik cijkpgjkm `} hik`m |zk`jlgc+ Cm® vijkp jkai jk|pgccgpjik ¾ êpgjp eêrê vgr cm| Dm}km| gerjl}cpm}r| mp c‚ik h‚g`mhgk`ê “ |gk| w}m# ojmk |þr# lmcg km |ijp dghgj| êlrjp “ `‚g`bêrmr æ lmppm

iregkj|gpjik vi}r w}m cg lihhj||jik `êvgrpmhmkpgcm `‚irjmkpgpjik `mc‚gerjl}cp}rm "L@IG* hm |ijp vc}| agqirgocm+ Lmppm lihhj||jik# dm cm rgvvmccm#mghjkm cm| ì||jmr| `‚jk|pgccgpjik `gk| cm lg`rm `‚}km vrilê`}rm w}j vmrhmp `‚iopmkjr `m| gj`m|# |i}| airhm `m vräp| oikjajê| m}rivêmk| kipghhmkp+ Lihhm

d‚gj rma}|ê `‚g`bêrmr g} DG# d‚gj vmrå} }km ìpgpjik `‚jk|pgccgpjik g} dm}km|gerjl}cpm}r| "@DG* hjkjhgcm+

® H+ cm rgvvirpm}r+ \j qi}| gqjmt g`bêrê# qi}| g}rjmt m} }k gqgkpgem vc}|jhvirpgkp 9

® Hhm M|pmccm _izmp+D‚gj agjp hik |pgem `m airhgpjik lbmt cm vrê|j`mkp `m| Dm}km| gerjl}cpm}r| mp dm qi}| gqi}m w}m lmcg km |‚m|p vg| prâ| ojmk vg||ê+++

® H+ cm rgvvirpm}r+ Jc qi}| g rmvrilbê `m km vg| gqijr g`bêrê 9

® Hhm M|pmccm _izmp+Pi}p æ agjp ¾+

@m pmccm| lrjpjw}m| dmppmkp cm pri}ocm# kipghhmkp mk lm w}‚mccm| vijkpmkp }khêlgkj|hm likprg`jlpijrm gqml cm vrjkljvm `m cjorm g`bê|jik æ }km iregkj|gpjikrmvrê|mkpgpjqm+

Cm| rgj|ik| `m cg qgrjgojcjpê `m c‚jhvirpgklm `m| lipj|gpjik| `gk| cm|rm||i}rlm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| pjmkkmkp æ vc}|jm}r|mvcjlgpjik| 4

“ mk vrmhjmr cjm}# cm kjqmg} eciogc `} hikpgkp `m| lipj|gpjik| vmrå}m|`êvmk` hijk| `} kihorm `‚mhvcizm}r| g`bêrmkp| i} rmvrê|mkpê| w}m `} vij`|ajkgkljmr `m cm}r |mlpm}r `‚glpjqjpê+ Gjk|j# c‚]VG mp cg LEVHM# w}j |m aikp cm| virpm(qij `m w}mcw}m <66 666 grpj|gk| mp =:6 666 VHM `m `jhmk|jik rê`}jpm#`j|vi|mkp `m rm||i}rlm| ojmk hijk`rm| w}m c‚G||iljgpjik argkågj|m `m| ogkw}m| mpcg Aê`êrgpjik argkågj|m `m| |iljêpê| `‚g||}rgklm "hijk| `m ?=6 g`bêrmkp|lbgl}km*# i} mklirm cg Aê`êrgpjik kgpjikgcm `m| prgqg} v}ocjl| mp lmccm `m|jk`}|prjm| hêlgkjw}m| "hijk| `m 76 666 g`bêrmkp|*# w}j |ikp `m |}rlriëp`‚jhvirpgkp| vi}rqizm}r| `m lipj|gpjik| vi}r cm HM@MA >



‐ <= ‐

“ mk `m}jâhm cjm}# cm| ogrâhm| `m lipj|gpjik gjk|j w}m cm| hi`gcjpê| `mqmr|mhmkp qgrjmkp airpmhmkp `‚}km aê`êrgpjik æ c‚g}prm mp `‚}km likaê`êrgpjik æc‚g}prm+ Lmcg |‚mvcjw}m kipghhmkp vgr cm `merê qgrjgocm `m c‚gpprglpjqjpê `m|iregkj|gpjik| liklmrkêm|# `êvmk`gkp `m cm}r jkac}mklm mp `m cm}r maajlgljpê|}vvi|êm|+ Gjk|j# w}gk` cm HM@MA jhvi|m }km lipj|gpjik hjkjhgcm `m<6 666 m}ri| g} aê`êrgpjik| w}j |i}bgjpmkp z g`bêrmr# cg LEVHM# vi}r |g vgrp# |mlikpmkpm `‚}km lipj|gpjik `m w}mcw}m| hjccjmr| `‚m}ri| |m}cmhmkp > lik|êw}mklm#}km hähm iregkj|gpjik lipj|gkp g} `m}# mk c‚ill}rrmklm c‚]JHH# qmr|m?#7 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| g} HM@MA mp |m}cmhmkp “ `m c‚gqm} hähm `m |ik vrê|j`mkpArê`êrjl \gjkp(Emi}r|# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 70 kiqmhorm ?677 “ 7=6 666 m}ri|"likprm 7:< 666 m}ri| mk ?676* æ cg LEVHM+ Vc}| êlcgjrgkp mklirm# c‚G||iljgpjikargkågj|m `m| mkprmvrj|m| vrjqêm| "GAMV*# lihvi|êm `m |m}cmhmkp :6 |iljêpê|lipêm|# `j|vi|m `‚}k ajkgklmhmkp `m vrâ| `m = hjccjik| `‚m}ri| w}g|j(mlc}|jqmhmkp g||}rê vgr cm| lipj|gpjik| `m |m| hmhorm| >

“ mk prij|jâhm cjm}# lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik|# erïlm æ cm}r| g}prm| rm||i}rlm| vrivrm| mp g} hikpgkp vc}| w}m |}o|pgkpjmc `m cm}r| rê|mrqm|# vrjqjcêejmkp }k kjqmg}likpmk} `m| lipj|gpjik| w}‚mccm| mjemkp `m cm}r| hmhorm|+ L‚m|p cm lg| kipghhmkp`m c‚]JHH# ìkp cg prê|irmrjm `j|vikjocm gqij|jkm cm| <?7 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| "mkqgcm}r `‚glbgp* >

“ mkajk# `gk| cm lg| `} |zk`jlgcj|hm gerjlicm# lmrpgjk| hêlgkj|hm| `mlipj|gpjik| iocjegpijrm| jk`jrmlpm| "7*# vrêcmqêm| kipghhmkp vgr `m| liivêrgpjqm| g} vriajp `‚g||iljgpjik| `m vri`}lpm}r| w}j mk rmqmr|mkp cm hikpgkp æ c‚iregkj|gpjik

oêkêajljgjrm# vrjqjcêejmkp cm| g`bê|jik| g} |zk`jlgp| ìhjkgkp| "cg AK\MG mp cmLmkprm kgpjikgc `m| dm}km| gerjl}cpm}r|* mp mkprmpjmkkmkp gjk|j cg vi|jpjik `m airlm`m lm}(lj# pgkp |}r cm vcgk ajkgkljmr w}m |}r lmc}j `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê+

o* @m| hi`gcjpê| `m ajgpjik vi}r cm hijk| gcêgpijrm|

G} li}r| `m| prgqg} `m cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# jc m|p gvvgr} g||mtlcgjrmhmkp w}m cm hikpgkp `m| lipj|gpjik| `mhgk`êm| mk likprmvgrpjm `m c‚g`bê|jik

"7* G km vg| likaik`rm gqml cm| lipj|gpjik| qicikpgjrm| iocjegpijrm| "LQI* vrêcmqêm| |}r pi}p i} vgrpjm `m|glpm}r| `m ajcjârm| gerjlicm| "vri`}lpm}r|# prgk|airhgpm}r|# kêeiljgkp| mpl+* mk q}m `m ajkgklmr cm aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|+ Lm `j|vi|jpja `m vrêcâqmhmkp# lrêê vgr cg cijk¶ 5=(166 `} 76 d}jccmp 7:5= rmcgpjqm æ c‚iregkj|gpjik jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm gerjlicm# rmvi|m cm vc}| |i}qmkp |}r `m| gllir`| êpmk`}| mp rmk`}| iocjegpijrm| æ c‚mk|mhocm `m| hmhorm| `m cg ajcjârm vgr grräpê `m|hjkj|prm| lbgreê| `m c‚gerjl}cp}rm mp `m| ajkgklm|+ @gk| |ik rgvvirp v}ocjl gkk}mc `m ?665# cg Li}r `m|lihvpm| m|pjhgjp cm hikpgkp pipgc `m| lipj|gpjik| qicikpgjrm| iocjegpijrm| æ w}mcw}m <66 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mp |i}cjekgjp cm `zkghj|hm `m lm| rmlmppm|+ Mk i}prm# `gk| |ik rgvvirp v}ocjl `m ?66?# mccm gqgjp rmcmqê cm agjp w}m cm aik`| `‚glpjik |prgpêejw}m `m| icêgejkm} "AG\I*# eêrê vgr cg |iljêpê ajkgkljârm `m| icêgejkm} mp vripêgejkm} "\iajvripmic*# gqgjp |mrqj æ likprjo}mr g} ajkgklmhmkp `} o}rmg} `m cg AK\MG æ Or}mccm| mk7::= mp 7::1+ Lm| agjp| ikp ìkkê cjm} æ }km vrilê`}rm d}`jljgjrm mp æ }km rêe}cgrj|gpjik `mv}j|+ Jc rm|pmw}m# vi}r rmvrmk`rm cm| io|mrqgpjik| airh}cêm| vgr cg Li}r mk ?665 4 ® Cm| jkpmrvriam||jik| ajkgklmkp

vgraij| cm| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| w}j cm| lihvi|mkp mk cm}r rmqmr|gkp }km vgrp `m| LQI w}mlmccm|(lj ikp `êlj`êm|+ Cm hipja mk m|p |ijp `‚jk`mhkj|mr cm}r vgrpjljvgpjik g} ajkgklmhmkp `m c‚iregkj|hm#lmlj |gk| aik`mhmkp êqj`mkp# |ijp `m rêprjo}mr c‚mêl}pjik `m hj||jik| w}m c‚jkpmrvriam||jik cm}r `êcâe}m+@gk| lmppm `mrkjârm bzvipbâ|m# cm| qmr|mhmkp| maamlp}ê| hêrjpmrgjmkp `‚äprm vrêlj|êhmkp likprðcê| vi}r êqjpmr w}m cm| LQI km |‚gqârmkp `m| lipj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m agjp+ ¾ "rgvvirp v}ocjl ?665# v+ 12*+



‐ <1 ‐

`‚}km mkprmvrj|m# `‚}km }kjik pmrrjpirjgcm i} `‚}km aê`êrgpjik vriam||jikkmccm ioêjprgrmhmkp æ `m| râecm| airhgcj|êm| mp }kjairhm| `m lgcl}c+ Gjk|j w}m c‚g jk`jw}ê cm vriam||m}r Hjlbmc Iaamrcê# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 70 |mvpmhorm ?677 4 ®cglipj|gpjik `m| mkprmvrj|m| m|p ajêm vgr cg aê`êrgpjik mccm(hähm+ Jc z g ìkl g}pgkp `m pzvm| `m lipj|gpjik| w}m `m aê`êrgpjik|+ \j cg lipj|gpjik m|p vgraij| airagjpgjrm#mccm m|p cm vc}| |i}qmkp qgrjgocm# }km og|m “ <66 m}ri| æ cg AAO# `m c‚ir`rm `m 7=6

|gk| ì}pm æ cg LGVMO “ êpgkp gaamlpêm `m lcg}|m| cg agj|gkp qgrjmr mk vc}| “ mk eêkêrgc mk aiklpjik `} kihorm `m |gcgrjê|# hgj| g}||j `} lbjaarm `‚gaagjrm| “ i}mk hijk|+ ¾ Mp cm vriam||m}r Hjlbmc Iaamrcê `‚gdi}pmr 4 ® dm km vm} e}ârm qi}|ìkkmr `m vrêlj|jik| |}r cm| lipj|gpjik| g} likaê`êrgpjik| `m| aê`êrgpjik| mp `m|}kjik| pmrrjpirjgcm|+ "‡* Lmvmk`gkp# cæ g}||j# jc mj|pm `m| kêeiljgpjik|+ "‡*

C‚g`bê|jik `m| mkprmvrj|m| m|p ìkl ojmk }k glpm `m em|pjik ¾+

]k pmc lik|pgp vm}p |m lihvrmk`rm |‚gej||gkp `m c‚g`bê|jik æ `m| |pr}lp}rm|

`m rmvrê|mkpgpjik `jaaêrmkpm|# hähm |‚jc lik`}jp æ lm w}m cm| g`bêrmkp| æ vc}|jm}r|likaê`êrgpjik| “ cg Aê`êrgpjik kgpjikgcm `} oïpjhmkp m|p g`bêrmkpm g} HM@MA mp æcg LEVHM# vgr mmhvcm “ vgjmkp `m| |ihhm| prâ| `jaaêrmkpm| vi}r }km gaajcjgpjiklmk|êm cm}r vril}rmr cm| hähm| gqgkpgem|+ Mk maamp# lihvpm pmk} `m cg|vêljgcj|gpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m `êamk|m `m| jkpêräp| `m| mkprmvrj|m| vgr |mlpm}r `‚glpjqjpê mp vgr vriajc `‚mkprmvrj|m|# lbgl}km `‚mkprm mccm| g`gvpm |g erjccm pgrjagjrmæ cg lgvgljpê likprjo}pjqm vipmkpjmccm `m |m| g`bêrmkp| 4 jc qg |gk| `jrm w}m cm eri|`m| g`bêrmkp| g} aê`êrgpjik| gaajcjêm| æ c‚]VG i} æ cg LEVHM km vrê|mkpm vg| cm|hähm| agljcjpê| ajkgkljârm| w}m cm| |iljêpê| g`bêrmkpm| æ c‚GAMV# vgr mmhvcm+

Cg hi`}cgpjik `m| lipj|gpjik| qmr|êm| g} |mjk `‚}km hähm likaê`êrgpjik|‚mvcjw}m mccm g}||j# `gk| c‚go|ic}# vgr `m| lik|j`êrgpjik| g||mt iodmlpjqm|+ Ojmk|i}qmkp# mkprmkp ciejw}mhmkp mk cjekm `m lihvpm cg qgcm}r gdi}pêm `} |mlpm}r `‚glpjqjpê `m lbgw}m orgklbm gjk|j w}m cm kihorm `m |gcgrjê| mhvcizê|+ Cir| `mcm}r g}`jpjik# cm 7< ilpiorm ?677# cg vrê|j`mkpm mp cm prê|irjmr `} HM@MA ikp gjk|jmvcjw}ê w}m cg lipj|gpjik `m| g`bêrmkp| æ lmppm iregkj|gpjik `‚mhvcizm}r| êpgjplgcl}cêm |}r cg og|m `m 7#61 `j hjccjâhm| `m cg qgcm}r gdi}pêm# vi}r lm w}jliklmrkm cm| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|# mp `m 6#7= lmkpjhm| `‚m}ri| vgr |gcgrjê`} rm||irp eêiergvbjw}m `m| HM@MA pmrrjpirjg} i} g||jhjcê|# |‚gej||gkp `m lm|`mrkjmr|+

@‚g}prm| iregkj|gpjik| |m |ikp pi}pmaij| hikprêm| hijk| vrêlj|m| mplgrpê|jmkkm| `gk| cg ajgpjik `m| râecm| `m lipj|gpjik w}‚mccm| gvvcjw}mkp+ Vi}r vrm}qm# cm| vrivi| lj(gvrâ| pmk}| vgr cm prê|irjmr mp cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg LEVHM# cir|`m cm}r g}`jpjik cm 7? ilpiorm ?677 4

® H+ Dmgk(Ci}j| Dghmp + Cm| airh}cm| |ikp `jqmr|m| 4 i} ojmk cm hikpgkp m|p `êlj`ê æ cg päpm `} lcjmkp i} ojmk jc rmvi|m |}r `m| lrjpârm| iodmlpja|# lihhm cmkihorm `m vmrhgkmkp| i} `‚g`bêrmkp|‡

® H+ Dmgk(Argkåij| _i}og}` + Ik m||gzm g}di}r`‚b}j `m rgpjikgcj|mr cm|lbi|m|+ Ki}| z |ihhm| vgrqmk}| g} kjqmg} `m| pmrrjpijrm|# iú cg râecm m|p `ê|irhgj| ajm+ Cm vriocâhm m|p vc}| `êcjlgp g} kjqmg} `m| orgklbm| lgr ik km



‐ <5 ‐

likkgëp w}‚jhvgragjpmhmkp cm}r g||j|m+ Cm| lipj|gpjik| |ikp ìkl ajêm| |}r cg og|m`‚}km m|pjhgpjik `} vij`| êlikihjw}m `m lbgw}m orgklbm# vi}qgkp lik`}jrm æ?6 666# =6 666 i} 766 666 m}ri| vgr gk ¾+

@m agjp# æ `mhj(hip# jc g omc mp ojmk êpê rmlikk} w}m cm| lipj|gpjik| vm}qmkp

äprm kêeiljêm| `gk| cm lg`rm `‚}km vicjpjw}m pgrjagjrm `m|pjkêm æ gppjrmr `m|g`bêrmkp|+ Lm lbij mvcjw}m g}||j# `gk| }km lmrpgjkm hm|}rm# cg qgrjgpjik `m lm|rm||i}rlm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm|# lmrpgjkm| `‚mkprmmccm| km |m pri}qgkp vg| mk |jp}gpjik `m `mhgk`mr `gqgkpgem# |g}a æ vrmk`rm cmrj|w}m `m vmr`rm w}mcw}m|(}k| `m cm}r| hmhorm|+ Cm rêlmkp `êvgrp `m c‚G||iljgpjikkgpjikgcm `m| jk`}|prjm| gcjhmkpgjrm| "GKJG* `} HM@MA# mk `êlmhorm ?66:# vi}r rmdijk`rm cg LEVHM# mk rgj|ik `m lik|j`êrgpjik| d}|pmhmkp cjêm| g} hikpgkp `m |glipj|gpjik# jcc}|prm `‚gjccm}r| gqml airlm w}‚}km likl}rrmklm jkgqi}êm mj|pm |}r lm vcgk# g} hijk| g} kjqmg} `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm+

l* ]k lrjpârm ajkgcmhmkp vg| prâ| vmrpjkmkp `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê

Cm| lipj|gpjik| g} iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| ìjqmkp vmrhmpprm `m hm|}rmr c‚g}`jmklm rêmccm `m lmccm|(lj+ Cg rêgcjpê hikprm lmvmk`gkpw}‚jc k‚m|p vg| vi||jocm `‚mk agjrm }k jk|pr}hmkp `‚êqgc}gpjik `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê#`gk| cg hm|}rm iú cm| g`bê|jik| vm}qmkp äprm h}cpjvcm| mp êegcmhmkp vgrlm w}m cm|gaajcjgpjik| jk`jrmlpm|# vgr c‚jkpmrhê`jgjrm `‚}kjik| pmrrjpirjgcm| i} `m aê`êrgpjik||mlpirjmccm|# |‚maamlp}mkp vgraij| æ c‚jk|} `m| vrjkljvg} jkpêrm||ê|+

G cg `jaaêrmklm `m c‚g`bê|jik æ }k |zk`jlgp `m |gcgrjê|# c‚g`bê|jik æ }kmiregkj|gpjik rmvrê|mkpgpjqm `‚mkprmvrj|m| i} vriam||jikkmccm k‚m|p vg| mlc}|jqm`‚}km g`bê|jik æ }km g}prm iregkj|gpjik `‚mhvcizm}r|+ Vgr cm dm}# kipghhmkp# `mc‚gaajcjgpjik `m| aê`êrgpjik| `m orgklbm|# jc k‚m|p vg| rgrm w}m `m| |mlpm}r| mkpjmr|`‚glpjqjpê |m pri}qmkp `êlihvpê| vgrhj cm| g`bêrmkp| æ c‚}km i} c‚g}prm `m|iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|+ Gjk|j# cg Aê`êrgpjik argkågj|m `} oïpjhmkp# w}jrmeri}vm w}mcw}m =5 666 vriam||jikkmc|# ìkp 0? 666 æ |pgp}p grpj|gkgc# m|p(mccmpi}p æ cg aij| g`bêrmkpm `} HM@MA mp `m cg LEVHM+ @m hähm# c‚]kjik `m|hêpjmr| mp `m| jk`}|prjm| `m c‚bðpmccmrjm "]HJB* lipj|m æ cg aij| g} HM@MA# æ cgLEVHM mp æ c‚]VG+ Mp jc km |‚gejp cæ w}m `m w}mcw}m| jcc}|prgpjik| vgrhj `m

kihorm} mmhvcm| vi||jocm|+G}||j lihvrêbmk|jocm |ijp(mccm# kipghhmkp g} rmegr` `m cg vc}rgcjpê `m|

mkprmvrj|m| `m| `jaaêrmkp| |mlpm}r| vriam||jikkmc|# lmppm |jp}gpjik k‚mk vi|m vg|hijk| w}mcw}m| `jaajl}cpê| hêpbiìciejw}m| `gk| cg hm|}rm iú mccm ojgj|mkêlm||gjrmhmkp c‚g}`jmklm ìkp cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| |m rmqmk`jw}mkp+Mk maamp# cm l}h}c `m| g`bêrmkp| `m| `jaaêrmkpm| iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m|mkprmvrj|m| mk Argklm "vc}| `m ? hjccjik|* mlâ`m `m cijk cm kihorm iaajljmc `m|mkprmvrj|m| mhvcizgkp g} hijk| }k |gcgrjê+

W}j vc}| m|p# cm vrilê`ê vi|m êegcmhmkp }k vriocâhm `‚ir`rm`êikpiciejw}m# `â| cir| w}‚jc gvvgrgëp vgpmkp w}m `m kihorm}|m| mkprmvrj|m| |mpri}qmkp g`bêrmkpm| `‚iregkj|gpjik| aê`êrgcm| i} likaê`êrgcm| |gk| gqijr ìkkê



‐ <2 ‐

cm}r lik|mkpmhmkp kj hähm# vgraij|# |gk| cm |gqijr+ @gk| lm| lik`jpjik|# jc vm}p|mhocmr jkgvvrivrjê `‚gaajrhmr vgrcmr mk cm}r kih+

Lihhm c‚g rê|}hê cm vriam||m}r Hjlbmc Iaamrcê# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm70 |mvpmhorm ?677 4 ® c‚g`bê|jik `‚}k |gcgrjê æ }km iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm m|p

qicikpgjrm mp |m hgpêrjgcj|m mk eêkêrgc vgr }km lgrpm+ G} likprgjrm# }k lbma `‚mkprmvrj|m vm}p jekirmr w}‚jc m|p g`bêrmkp `} HM@MA# `m c‚]VG i} `m cgLEVHM 4 c‚iregkj|gpjik æ cgw}mccm jc g}rg g`bêrê# l‚m|p cg aê`êrgpjik vgprikgcm`m |ik |mlpm}r `‚glpjqjpê “ cg Aê`êrgpjik argkågj|m `} oïpjhmkp# vgr mmhvcm “ qijrm cg |mlpjik cilgcm `m lmppm aê`êrgpjik ¾+ Mp c‚jkpêrm||ê `m vi}r|}jqrm 4 ® Cm|h}cpj(g`bê|jik| rmk`mkp prâ| `jaajljcm cg ai}rkjp}rm `m lbjaarm| `‚g`bêrmkp|+ Gjk|j#c‚]kjik `m| hêpjmr| mp `m| jk`}|prjm| `m c‚bðpmccmrjm "]HJB*# vgrpjm vrmkgkpm æ cg

aij| `} HM@MA# `m cg LEVHM mp `m c‚]VG# rmqmk`jw}m 26 666 g`bêrmkp|+ Hgj|ìjp(ik lik|j`êrmr w}m lm| g`bêrmkp| cm |ikp pi}| æ cg aij| `m lbgl}km `m lm|

likaê`êrgpjik|# i} rêvgrpjr cm}r maamlpja mkprm mccm| 9 Vi}r hij# cm kihorm`‚g`bêrmkp| `} HM@MA mp `m cg LEVHM `mqrgjp äprm `jqj|ê `m hijpjê vgr rgvvirp g} lbjaarm| w}‚jc| gkkiklmkp > gcir| w}m cm HM@MA rmqmk`jw}m 5=6 666g`bêrmkp|# cm kihorm `m lm}(lj m|p |gk| ì}pm vc}pðp# g} hgjh}h# `m <66 666 >cm rm`rm||mhmkp `m| maamlpja| gkkiklê| vgr c‚]VG `mqrgjp |gk| ì}pm äprmhijk`rm ¾+

Cg qêrjpê |m |jp}m qrgj|mhocgocmhmkp æ hj(lbmhjk mkprm cm| lbjaarm|iaajljmc| `m| g`bêrmkp| mp lm} gqgklê| vgr cm vriam||m}r Hjlbmc Iaamrcê+ ]kmlbi|m m|p lmrpgjkm# lmvmk`gkp 4 pgkp w}m cm| g`bê|jik| h}cpjvcm| rm|pmrikp vmrhj|m|#

jc km |mrg vg| vi||jocm `m vgrqmkjr æ `m| |pgpj|pjw}m| vc}| mglpm|+ G} rmegr` `mc‚mkdm} w}m lik|pjp}m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm|# c‚ik km vm}p |m |gpj|agjrm `‚}km pmccm |jp}gpjik+

?+ Cm| rm||i}rlm| lihvcêhmkpgjrm|# vgccjgpja| `‚}km rmcgpjqm`ê|gaamlpjik

Cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| `j|vi|mkp# æ lðpê `mcm}r| rm||i}rlm| gkk}mccm| j||}m| `m| g`bê|jik|# `m ajkgklmhmkp| lihvcêhmkpgjrm|#w}j cm}r vmrhmppmkp `‚êw}jcjormr cm}r| lihvpm|+ Cg hgdm}rm vgrpjm rmvi|m |}r cm|

rmqmk}| cjê| æ `m| vcglmhmkp| > mccm |‚gllihvgekm kêgkhijk| `m rmlmppm| `jqmr|m|#rê|}cpgkp `m `êhgrlbm| `m lihh}kjlgpjik i} `m c‚iaarm `m |mrqjlm| æ `m|pjkgpjik`m| mkprmvrmkm}r|+

Lm| ajkgklmhmkp| km lik|pjp}mkp vg| mk |ij }k vriocâhm+ Jc| |}|ljpmkppi}pmaij| `m| jkpmrriegpjik| cir|w}‚jc| vrmkkmkp c‚g|lmk`gkp |}r cm| rm||i}rlm|jkbêrmkpm| g} g`bê|jik|+

g* Cm| rmqmk}| ajkgkljmr| mp vgprjhikjg}

C‚gaagjrm `m c‚]JHH g hj| mk c}hjârm c‚mj|pmklm `m rê|mrqm| ajkgkljârm|g||mt lik|j`êrgocm| `gk| lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|+ Cm| iocjegpjik|cêegcm| jhvi|êm| mk ?662 vmrhmppmkp `‚z qijr }k vm} vc}| lcgjr mk cg hgpjârm mp#



‐ <: ‐

|}rpi}p# `m lik|pgpmr w}m cm lg| cm vc}| rmpmkpj||gkp k‚m|p vg| g}||j mlmvpjikkmc w}mlm w}j g v} äprm gqgklê gcir|+

Mk maamp# lmrpgjkm| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| jhvirpgkpm| gaajlbmkp }kmprê|irmrjm `j|vikjocm `m vc}|jm}r| `jtgjkm| `m hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# li}qrgkp gjk|j vc}|

w}‚}km |m}cm gkkêm `m aiklpjikkmhmkp+ L‚m|p cm lg| kipghhmkp `m c‚]JHH# ojmk|þr "vrâ| `m <?7#< hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `m prê|irmrjm*# hgj| g}||j `m cg Aê`êrgpjikargkågj|m `} oïpjhmkp "700#0 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|*# `m c‚G||iljgpjik argkågj|m `m| ogkw}m| "?2#1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|*# `m cg Aê`êrgpjik `m| jk`}|prjm| hêlgkjw}m|"1<#2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|* i} mklirm `m cg Aê`êrgpjik kgpjikgcm `m| prgqg} v}ocjl|"vc}| `m <2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|*+

Cm| hikpgkp| vm}qmkp hähm äprm vc}| jhvirpgkp| mklirm# |j c‚ik z jkpâermcm| vc}|(qgc}m| cgpmkpm| æ cg qgcm}r kihjkgcm `‚glbgp `m| qgcm}r| hiojcjârm| 4 vm}`‚iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| i} vriam||jikkmccm| virpmkp `‚gjccm}r| lm|jkairhgpjik| æ cg likkgj||gklm `} v}ocjl+ @gk| cg vc}vgrp `m| lg|# cm| qgrjgpjik| virpmkp |}r w}mcw}m| `jtgjkm| `m hjccjmr| `‚m}ri| "16 666 vi}r cg AA\G# <6 666 vi}r c‚]HJB* i} |}r w}mcw}m| lmkpgjkm| `m hjccjmr| `‚m}ri| "0?6 666# `gk| cm lg|`m cg aê`êrgpjik `m| jk`}|prjm| hêlgkjw}m|*+ _m|pm cm lg|# bir| kirhm# `m c‚]JHH#ìkp cm| rê|mrqm| gppmjekmkp# vc}|(qgc}m| cgpmkpm| jklc}|m|# kik vc}| <?7#< hjccjik|`‚m}ri|# hgj| =60#2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

Cm| ergk`m| likaê`êrgpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|# vi}r cm}r vgrp# rm|pmkp æc‚êlgrp `m| mlâ|# hähm |j c‚gvvrêljgpjik cm| liklmrkgkp |m pri}qm w}mcw}m vm}

lihvcjw}êm vgr c‚go|mklm `m lik|icj`gpjik `m cm}r| lihvpm| gqml cm}r| rmcgj|cilg}+ G pjprm `‚jcc}|prgpjik# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 7? ilpiorm ?667# cm vrê|j`mkp`m cg LEVHM g rmlikk} w}‚}km lihojkgj|ik `m| `jaaêrmkp| êlbmcik| lihvpgocm|`mqrgjp vmrhmpprm `m ® vgrqmkjr æ }k pipgc `m ?= i} <6 hjccjik| vi}r c‚mk|mhocm `}pmrrjpijrm ¾# gcir| w}m cg likaê`êrgpjik gaajlbm cm vc}| vmpjp kjqmg} `m rê|mrqm| `m|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|+

Liriccgjrm `m lm| |jp}gpjik| vgprjhikjgcm| g||mt |i}qmkp gqgkpgem}|m|#lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| pjrmkp `m| rmqmk}|ajkgkljmr| gkk}mc| kik kêecjemgocm| `m cm}r| vcglmhmkp|+ Cm| lg| cm| vc}| argvvgkp

|ikp lm} `m c‚]JHH mp `m cg Aê`êrgpjik `m| jk`}|prjm| hêlgkjw}m|# gqmlrm|vmlpjqmhmkp `m}(pjmr| mp }k pjmr| `m cm}r| rm||i}rlm| gkk}mccm| vriqmkgkp `mcm}r vgprjhijkm ajkgkljmr+ @gk| `m pmccm| lik`jpjik|# ik lihvrmk` hjm} cm|rgj|ik| vi}r cm|w}mccm|# `gk| lm| aê`êrgpjik|# cm vij`| `m| lipj|gpjik| k‚m|p vg| vrêvik`êrgkp "7<#5 - mp <=#7 - `m cm}r| rm||i}rlm|*+

@‚g}prm| aê`êrgpjik| |mlpirjmccm| pjrmkp êegcmhmkp gqgkpgem# |}r cm vcgkajkgkljmr# `m cm}r prê|irmrjm# æ c‚jhgem `m| aê`êrgpjik| `m| ogkw}m| mp `mc‚g||}rgklm "AOA# AA\G*# hgj| g}||j `m lmccm| `} oïpjhmkp# `m c‚jkpêrjh "V_J\HM*i} `m| prgqg} v}ocjl|+ Vi}r g}pgkp# cm| rmlmppm| w}‚mccm| mk pjrmkp |ikp cijk `m

rjqgcj|mr gqml lmccm| `} |mlpm}r `m c‚jk`}|prjm hêlgkjw}m+



‐ 06 ‐

_mqmk}| ajkgkljmr| mp vgprjhikjg} ̀ m| vrjkljvgcm| iregkj|gpjik| ̀ ‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| argkågj|m|# mk ?676

Iregkj|gpjik| Pipgc `mojcgk kmp "7*

Prê|irmrjm`j|vikjocm "7*

Prê|irmrjm mkgkkêm| `m

aiklpjikkmhmkp

Vri`}jp|ajkgkljmr| "7*

Vgrp `m|vri`}jp|

ajkgkljmr|`gk| cm|

rm||i}rlm|

HM@MA 15#27 <5#: 7#7 gkkêm 6#< 6#2 -

LEVHM =#:1 0#0= 6#= gkkêm 6#6? 6#? -

]VG =?#1: 75#6 6#= gkkêm 6#6< 6#7 -

]KGVC 7#?= 6#=0 6#? gkkêm 6#6< 7#< -

AK\MG <6#=1 7=#?2 6#5= gkkêm 6#=1 ?#5 -

]\EM_M\ 7#67 6#52 6#2 gkkêm 6#6? 7#1 -

]JHH "lik|icj`êm* <2:#=1 <07#21 1#2 gkkêm| <2#6? 1?#2 -

AAO "lik|icj`êm* ?66#11 700#06 7#: gkkêm =#1= 1#5 -

AA\G 7?#=? 1#?0 6#0 gkkêm 6#67 ‐

AOA 0:#?? 77#:1 6#0 gkkêm 6#77 6#0 -

AL@ 72#25 7<#=< ?#7 gkkêm| 6#65 7#? -

GAO ?:#:5 ?2#1= 2#= gkkêm| 6#75 0#= -

AJH 10#05 1<#20 2#1 gkkêm| <#62 <:#2 -

V_J\HM 0#05 <#02 7#6 gkkêm 6#62 ?#< -

]HJB <#== 6#07 6#7 gkkêm 6#67 6#? -

\ZKBI_LGP 7#:< 7#7? 6#1 gkkêm 6#67 6#1 -AKGJH 71#50 6#2: 6#7 gkkêm 6#?0 6#0 -

AK prgqg} v}ocjl| 2<#76 <2#71 7#0 gkkêm 6#:7 7#? -

\ZKPML 0#51 6#7< 6#= gkkêm 6#? 6#1 -

Liir`jkgpjik r}rgcm 7#?: 7#60 6#= gkkêm 6#6? 7#? -

Lbghorm `m|mkprmvrj|m| `m`êhêkgemhmkp

7#12 7#07 7#= gkkêm 6#< ?#= -

AK gqjgpjik hgrlbgk`m 6#27 6#<< 6#< gkkêm 6#< 7#6 -

AK `j|prjo}pm}r| `majch| 7#07 6#2? 7#7 gkkêm 6#667 ‐

GAACML "ar}jp| mpcêe}hm|# êvjlmrjm|#lrêhmrjm|*

7#?6 6#2: 7#? gkkêm 6#66< ‐

AJLGH 6#=2 6#?= 6#< gkkêm 6#667 ‐ "7* Mk hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

G} vgprjhijkm ajkgkljmr# æ vrivrmhmkp vgrcmr# |‚gdi}pm cg vc}vgrp `} pmhv|}k vgprjhijkm jhhiojcjmr prâ| |jekjajlgpja+ Cm| g}`jpjik| ikp gjk|j vmrhj| `m hmpprmæ di}r w}m cm |jâem `} HM@MA# vrivrjêpê `m lmc}j(lj# m|p qgcirj|ê æ ?0 hjccjik|`‚m}ri|# pgk`j| w}m lm} `m `m} `m| prij| aê`êrgpjik| g`bêrmkpm| `m c‚]VG “ |m}cmcg Likaê`êrgpjik eêkêrgcm `m c‚gcjhmkpgpjik êpgkp cilgpgjrm “ mp `m c‚]VG mccm(hähm cm |ikp æ bg}pm}r `m <? hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+ W}gkp æ cg LEVHM# |ik vrê|j`mkp



‐ 07 ‐

g vrêlj|ê w}m cg |iljêpê ljqjcm jhhiojcjârm "\LJ* Airp}kz# vrivrjêpgjrm `m7 =66 hâprm| lgrrê| `m o}rmg} æ Cg @êamk|m# gaajlbm }k hikpgkp `m aik`| vrivrm|`m 7#7 hjccjik `‚m}ri|# mp w}m cg \LJ Omccjkj# bj|pirjw}mhmkp vrivrjêpgjrm `m cilg}gkkmm|# vrê|mkpm ?67 666 m}ri| `m aik`| vrivrm|# |ijp `m| qgcirj|gpjik| g||mtagjocm| mk lihvgrgj|ik gqml cm| g}prm| iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|+

Cm| ojcgk| lihvpgocm| vi}r ?676 `m| vrjkljvgcm| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| |ikp êegcmhmkp prâ| vgrcgkp|+ C‚ik z gvvrmk`# kipghhmkp# w}m cgqgcirj|gpjik `} vgprjhijkm jhhiojcjmr `m c‚]JHH gppmjkp =#1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk vrivrm mp ?0#: hjccjik| `‚m}ri| |‚gej||gkp `m prij| \LJ likprðcêm| vgr c‚iregkj|gpjik > cm| m|pjhgpjik| gppmjekmkp ??#: hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r cg Aê`êrgpjikargkågj|m `} oïpjhmkp# <5#? hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r cg Aê`êrgpjik kgpjikgcm `m|prgqg} v}ocjl|# 5#? hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r cg AKGJH# 0#1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r cgAê`êrgpjik `} lihhmrlm mp `m cg `j|prjo}pjik# <#1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r cg AA\G mp

<6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mkqjrik vi}r cg Aê`êrgpjik ogklgjrm argkågj|m+ Cg Aê`êrgpjik`m| jk`}|prjm| hêlgkjw}m| |m pri}qm# w}gkp æ mccm# g} |ihhmp `m lmppm êk}hêrgpjik#erïlm æ cg \LJ Hêlg Bilbm# qgcirj|êm æ bg}pm}r `m 17#< hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

@gk| lmrpgjk| lg|# cm| aê`êrgpjik| liklmrkêm| pjrmkp `m likairpgocm|rmqmk}| cilgpja| `m cm}r vgprjhijkm jhhiojcjmr 4 l‚m|p cm lg|# mkprm g}prm|# `m cgAê`êrgpjik `m| jk`}|prjm| hêlgkjw}m|# gqml }k vri`}jp `m ?#: hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# `mcg Aê`êrgpjik argkågj|m `} oïpjhmkp# æ bg}pm}r `m ?#2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# mp `m cgAê`êrgpjik kgpjikgcm `m| prgqg} v}ocjl|# vi}r }k hikpgkp vc}| agjocm `m5= ?<= m}ri|+

G} pipgc# jc gvvgrgëp g||mt lcgjrmhmkp w}m cm| rm||i}rlm| vgprjhikjgcm| mpajkgkljârm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| rmvrê|mkpmkp }km vgrp |jekjajlgpjqm `m cm}r| rmlmppm| gkk}mccm|+ Bêrjpgem `} vg||ê# lik|êw}mklm`‚}km em|pjik `m ® vârm `m aghjccm ¾ “ vi}r rmvrmk`rm }km mvrm||jik mhvcizêm`mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm “# c‚ghvcm}r `m lm| rm||i}rlm| vi|m `gk| lmrpgjk|lg| cm vriocâhm `m cg cêejpjhjpê `m cg likprjo}pjik v}ocjw}m# qjg cm| aik`| `} vgrjpgrj|hm# g} aiklpjikkmhmkp `‚mkpjpê| g} hizmk| vc}| w}m |}aaj|gkp|+

o* Cm| v}ocjlgpjik| mp v}ocjljpê|

G c‚jk|pgr `m| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê|# cm| vrjkljvgcm| iregkj|gpjik|`‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| g`rm||mkp æ cm}r| g`bêrmkp| `m| v}ocjlgpjik|# vgraij| vgzgkpm|# `gk| cm|w}mccm| aje}rmkp êegcmhmkp `m| v}ocjljpê| rêh}kêrêm|+Lm| ajkgklmhmkp| km |ikp vg| pi}di}r| hgrejkg} > jc| rmvrê|mkpmkp hähm# vgraij|#}km vgrp hgdm}rm `m| rmlmppm| mkrmej|prêm| g} ojcgk lihvpgocm+

Gjk|j# `gk| cm lg| `m c‚]VG# cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m lmppm iregkj|gpjik#H+ Vjmrrm O}rogk# g jk`jw}ê cm 7< ilpiorm ?677 æ cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm w}m cm|g}prm| rm||i}rlm| vrivrm| aje}rgkp g} ojcgk lihvpgocm# æ bg}pm}r `m vrâ| `m

1#= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676 “ |ijp pi}p `m hähm ?6 - `m| rm||i}rlm| `mc‚iregkj|gpjik “ rê|}cpmkp `m v}ocjlgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| i} `ê`jêm| g} grpj|gk|i} g} lihhmrågkp| `m vrijhjpê# mk l}h}cgkp cm vri`}jp `m| goikkmhmkp| mp



‐ 0? ‐

lmc}j `m| v}ocjljpê|+ Cm 72 ilpiorm |}jqgkp# cm vrê|j`mkp `m c‚]kjik kgpjikgcm `m| vriam||jik| cjoêrgcm| "]KGVC*# H+ @gqj` Eirìk(Nrjma# g w}gkp æ c}j jk`jw}ê w}mlmppm `mrkjârm |m cjqrgjp æ }km glpjqjpê `‚ê`jpjik# æ prgqmr| cg `jaa}|jik `m cg rmq}m

C‚mkprmvrj|m cjoêrgcm mp `m bir| |êrjm| lik|glrê| æ `jqmr|m| airhgcjpê| "aj|lgcm| mp|iljgcm|# kipghhmkp*# vi}r }k lbjaarm `‚gaagjrm| `m 7#62 hjccjik `‚m}ri|# |ijp 01 -`m| rm||i}rlm| aje}rgkp g} ojcgk# cijk `mqgkp cm| lipj|gpjik| "7=#: -*+

Cm vc}| |i}qmkp# cm| glpjqjpê| `‚ê`jpjik mp v}ocjljpgjrm| `m| iregkj|gpjik|`‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| |ikp `j||iljêm| `m c‚glpjqjpê `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik æ vrivrmhmkp vgrcmr+ Cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg LEVHM g gjk|j jk`jw}ê cm 7? ilpiorm ?677w}m lmppm iregkj|gpjik likprðcm }km |iljêpê `m vrm||m "cg \I@MV* lbgreêm `‚ê`jpmr cg rmq}m hmk|}mccm Cg Qicikpê `m| VHM + Mp H+ Dmgk(Argkåij| _i}og}` `m vrêlj|mr 4

® Cm| rmlmppm| v}ocjljpgjrm| `m cg \I@MV# w}j ê`jpm kiprm rmq}m hmk|}mccm# |ikp# mk maamp# cm| |m}cm| rmlmppm| v}ocjljpgjrm| `m cg LEVHM+

® Cm| aik`| vrivrm| `m cg \I@MV |‚êpgocj||mkp æ :1: 666 m}ri|# vi}r }k vri`}jp `‚mvcijpgpjik `m 7#<21 hjccjik `‚m}ri|+ Cg rmq}m rmlbmrlbm kgp}rmccmhmkp pi}| cm| iregkj|hm| |}|lmvpjocm| `m c}j glbmpmr `m c‚m|vglm v}ocjljpgjrm mp dm

vrmk`| |i}qmkp hik oïpik `m vâcmrjk ¾+

Cm HM@MA g c}j g}||j agjp cm lbij `m ciemr |m| glpjqjpê| ê`jpirjgcm| g} |mjk`‚}km |iljêpê lihhmrljgcm g` bil 4 cg |iljêpê gkikzhm Ê`jpjik| mp |mrqjlm|pmlbkjw}m| vriam||jikkmc| "MPV*# w}j g kêgkhijk| vi}r vrjkljvgc iodmp `m virpmr cm

|vik|irjke `m c‚]kjqmr|jpê `‚êpê `m lmppm iregkj|gpjik+ Cm| lihvpm| ?676 `m lmppm|iljêpê# rgppglbê| g} rgvvirp `m em|pjik `} HM@MA# aikp gvvgrgëprm }k lbjaarm`‚gaagjrm| kmp `m 7#: hjccjik `‚m}ri| mp }km vmrpm `m ?0 175 m}ri|# `m |irpm w}mc‚glpjqjpê ê`jpirjgcm km |mhocm vg| lik|pjp}mr# æ lm di}r mk pi}p lg|# }km |i}rlm `megjk| kmp|+ @gk| cm| |mlpm}r| `m cg ogkw}m mp `m c‚g||}rgklm# mk rmqgklbm# cm|rê|}cpgp| |mhocmkp vc}| agqirgocm| æ cg AOA mp æ cg AA\G# v}j|w}m cm}r| |iljêpê| Cgrmq}m ogklgjrm mp \M@@JPG ikp rêgcj|ê mk ?676 `m| lbjaarm| `‚gaagjrm| rm|vmlpja|`m <#6< hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mp 5?: 666 m}ri|# gqml æ cg lcê `m| mlê`mkp| `m 50 52: mp16 666 m}ri|+

Jc m|p g}||j qrgj# kêgkhijk|# w}m lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| |mlpirjmccm| g} o}èmp hijk| lik|êw}mkp rmli}rmkp vm} æ lm pzvm `‚mvê`jmkp|+ Cir| `m |ikg}`jpjik cm 1 ilpiorm ?677# cm vrê|j`mkp `m c‚]kjik `m |zk`jlgp| mp eri}vmhmkp|`‚mhvcizm}r| rmvrê|mkpgpja| `gk| c‚êlikihjm |iljgcm "]\EM_M\*# H+ GcgjkLir`m||m# g gaajrhê mk lm| pmrhm| w}m c‚]\EM_M\ km oêkêajljm `‚g}l}kmrm||i}rlm v}ocjljpgjrm 4 ® ki}| li}qrik| lmrpm| `m| |mlpm}r| prâ| jhvirpgkp|# w}jrmvrê|mkpmkp `m kihorm} |gcgrjê|# v}j|w}m ki}| lihvpik| `gk| ki| g`bêrmkp|pi}pm cg orgklbm `m c‚gj`m æ ìhjljcm mp c‚mk|mhocm `m cg h}p}gcjpê argkågj|m# gjk|jw}m cg orgklbm `} |virp# c‚gkjhgpjik# cm| lmkprm| |iljg}# cm| rg`ji| cjorm| mp prij|

`m| w}gprm |zk`jlgp| rmvrê|mkpgpja| `gk| cm pi}rj|hm |iljgc‡ Hgj| jc k‚z g cæg}l}km ergk`m mkprmvrj|m |}|lmvpjocm `m vrmk`rm }k mklgrp v}ocjljpgjrm ¾+



‐ 0< ‐

@m hgkjârm vc}| eêkêrgcm# jc m|p g||mt mlmvpjikkmc w}m cm| rmqmk}| cjê|g} v}ocjlgpjik| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| i} vriam||jikkmccm| mp g} v}ocjljpê| `jqmr|m| w}j z aje}rmkp rmvrê|mkpmkp }k lihvcêhmkp `m rm||i}rlm|go|ic}hmkp jk`j|vmk|gocm æ c‚êw}jcjorm `m| lihvpm|+ Lm| ajkgklmhmkp| k‚mk`mhm}rmkp vg| hijk|# cg vc}vgrp `} pmhv|# |}o|pgkpjmc|+

l* Cg lihhmrljgcj|gpjik `m |mrqjlm|

Jkprjk|âw}mhmkp# cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| km|ikp vc}| lik|j`êrêm|# vgr cm}r| g`bêrmkp|# }kjw}mhmkp lihhm `m| jk|pgklm| `mrmvrê|mkpgpjik g}vrâ| `m| vi}qijr| v}ocjl| i} jkpmrcil}prjlm| `m| |zk`jlgp| `m|gcgrjê|+ Cm vgjmhmkp `‚}km lipj|gpjik jhvcjw}m `m cm}r vgrp# `m vc}| mk vc}|# cgai}rkjp}rm `m |mrqjlm| j`mkpjajê| "lik|mjc d}rj`jw}m# g||j|pgklm vi}r lmrpgjkm|airhgcjpê| g`hjkj|prgpjqm|# mpl+* lgr# gjk|j w}m c‚g |i}cmqê H+ Bmrqê Cghomc# vrê|j`mkp `m c‚g||iljgpjik Lrêgpm}r| `‚mhvcij| mp `m rjlbm||m `m Argklm "LM_A*# cm1 ilpiorm ?677 4 ® cg vrmhjârm w}m|pjik `m| mkprmvrj|m| m|p# mk maamp# `m |gqijr æw}mc| |mrqjlm| cm}r| lipj|gpjik| i}qrmkp `rijp ¾+

Lmppm êqic}pjik g ciejw}mhmkp lik`}jp cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| æ vrierm||jqmhmkp `jqmr|jajmr mp êpiaamr cm}r iaarm `m |mrqjlm|# gajk`‚mkemk`rmr `m| rmlmppm| |}vvcêhmkpgjrm|+ Limj|pmkp gjk|j `m} kjqmg} `m vrm|pgpjik| 4 lmccm| êqmkp}mccmhmkp jklc}|m| `gk| cg lipj|gpjik `m og|m mp `‚g}prm|ivpjikkmccm|# w}j jhvcjw}mkp }km hgdirgpjik `m lipj|gpjik i} }km rêh}kêrgpjik æc‚glpm+

@gk| cm lg| `} LM_A# cm vrê|j`mkp Bmrqê Cghomc g kipghhmkp jk`jw}ê æcg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm w}m ® cg lipj|gpjik `m og|m m|p `m prmkpm m}ri|# hikpgkp

vi}r cmw}mc ki}| km vi}qik| kgp}rmccmhmkp vg| ai}rkjr `m |mrqjlm|# mlmvpjik agjpm`m kiprm prgqgjc w}ipj`jmk vi}r agjrm likkgëprm ki| vi|jpjik| mp ki| vrivi|jpjik|+]km |mlik`m lipj|gpjik# `‚}k hikpgkp `m ?66 m}ri|# i}qrm `rijp æ }k |mrqjlm`‚jkairhgpjik| d}rj`jw}m| mp æ cg egrgkpjm |iljgcm `} lbma `‚mkprmvrj|m "E\L*+Lmppm g||}rgklm lbðhgem qicikpgjrm rêvik` kik |m}cmhmkp æ }km `jaajl}cpê# hgj|mccm vmrhmp g}||j `m aj`êcj|mr cm| g`bêrmkp| “ pi}| km |ikp vg| `m| hjcjpgkp|

|i}pmkgkp cm| iregkj|gpjik| erïlm g}w}mccm| jc| oêkêajljmkp `m cg E\L+ Lihhm

kiprm `rijp æ vrivi|mr lm |mrqjlm g êpê likpm|pê# ki}| gqik| `êqmcivvê }k ki}qmg} vri`}jp# g}di}r`‚b}j iaamrp |}r }km vgrpjm `} pmrrjpijrm# w}j vmrhmp `‚iopmkjr }kêw}jqgcmkp vi}r }k liþp }k vm} rê`}jp ¾+

Pi}p mk likajrhgkp lm lik|pgp `‚}k `êqmcivvmhmkp `m c‚iaarm `m |mrqjlm| vgzgkp|# cm vriam||m}r Hjlbmc Iaamrcê g pi}pmaij| cgj||ê mkpmk`rm# cm 70 |mvpmhorm?677# w}m cg virpêm `m lm| ivpjik| `mhm}rm cjhjpêm# km |mrgjp(lm w}‚mk rgj|ik `‚}kmqgcm}r gdi}pêm `j|l}pgocm g} rmegr` `} rmli}r| `jrmlp `m| g`bêrmkp| æ `m| vriam||jikkmc| |}|lmvpjocm| `m rêvik`rm æ cm}r| om|ijk|# gjk|j w}m `m| w}m|pjik| `mlikl}rrmklm w}m lmcg vi|m qj|(æ(qj| `m lm| hähm| vriam||jikkmc| 4

® Cm| |mrqjlm| rmk`}| cm |ikp mvcjljpmhmkp lihhm pmc|+ C‚m||mkpjmc `mc‚gre}hmkpgjrm `m| Q_V `} |zk`jlgcj|hm vgprikgc g}vrâ| `m mkprmvrmkm}r| m|p



‐ 00 ‐

m||mkpjmccmhmkp aik`ê |}r m}+ C‚j`êiciejm km lihvpm w}m vi}r }km vgrp hi`m|pm+ Cm| gre}hmkpgjrm| |ikp gjk|j `jaaêrmkljê| |mcik cm| pzvm| `‚mkprmvrj|m| mp cm| |mrqjlm| vrê|mkpê| mk `êpgjc+ Jc |‚gejp vgr mmhvcm `‚gj`m| cir| `m kêeiljgpjik|gqml cm aj|l# c‚]_\\GA i} cg ogkw}m+ Cm rmpi}r |}r jkqm|pj||mhmkp gppmk`} `m cglipj|gpjik m|p hähm vgraij| vrêlj|ê+

® @m| |mrqjlm| |}vvcêhmkpgjrm| |ikp g}||j rmk`}| likprm }km rêh}kêrgpjik |vêljajw}m+ Cm| cjhjpm| `m lmppm iaarm `m |mrqjlm| g} rmegr` `m c‚iaarm `} |mlpm}r vrjqê# kipghhmkp `m| gqilgp| mp `m| lik|}cpgkp|# aikp c‚iodmp `‚}k `êogp hgdm}r mkprm iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm| mp mkprm lmccm|(lj mp lbma| `‚mkprmvrj|m+ Cm| vijkp|`m q}m km |ikp vg| pi}di}r| likljcjgocm|+ ¾

Jc k‚mk rm|pm vg| hijk| w}m# `‚}k vijkp `m q}m ajkgkljmr# c‚ivêrgpjik k‚m|p vg| kêecjemgocm vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm|+ Cm|lihvpm| `m rê|}cpgp km |ikp hgcbm}rm}|mhmkp vg| pi}| êlcgjrgkp| |}r lm vijkp# hgj|w}gk` c‚jkairhgpjik z aje}rm# jc gvvgrgëp g||mt kmppmhmkp w}m cm| |mrqjlm| ai}rkj|mkemk`rmkp `m| rm||i}rlm| vgraij| jhvirpgkpm|+ Mk ?676# lmccm|(lj |m |ikp gjk|jhikpêm| æ :5: 7:2 m}ri| vi}r c‚]HJB "?<#5 - `m| vri`}jp| `‚mvcijpgpjik*#?#1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r cm V_J\HM "5=#: - `m| vri`}jp| `‚mvcijpgpjik*#=26 <5: m}ri| vi}r cg aê`êrgpjik `m| jk`}|prjm| hêlgkjw}m| "7=#? - `m| vri`}jp|`‚mvcijpgpjik*# =5< <?0 m}ri| vi}r cg AKVBV “ birpjl}cp}rm “ "1<#= - `m| vri`}jp| `‚mvcijpgpjik* i} mklirm <? 0=< m}ri| vi}r cg Liir`jkgpjik r}rgcm "7#= -`m| vri`}jp| `‚mvcijpgpjik*+

G} pipgc# |‚jc m|p jk`êkjgocm w}m cm| vrm|pgpjik| `m |mrqjlm| `m|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| km lik|pjp}mkp vg| vi}r mccm| }kmrm||i}rlm hgdm}rm# jc ag}p w}gk` hähm z qijr }k hi`m `m ajkgklmhmkp w}j |m`êqmcivvm+ @m lm vijkp `m q}m# }km vc}| ergk`m prgk|vgrmklm `gk| cm| lihvpm| `mrê|}cpgp km |mrgjp vg| jk}pjcm# `m hgkjârm æ vi}qijr êqgc}mr vc}| vrêlj|êhmkpc‚jhvirpgklm vrj|m vgr lm pzvm `m rm||i}rlm|+

<+ Cm| hizmk| j||}| `m| mkprmvrj|m| 4 }km rêgcjpê `jaajljcm æ êqgc}mr

Ojmk w}‚mccm| |‚mk `êamk`mkp mp w}m lmcg k‚gvvgrgj||m vg| mvrm||êhmkp

`gk| cm}r| ojcgk| lihvpgocm|# cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm|iopjmkkmkp `m| |i}pjmk| hgpêrjmc| `jqmr| `m cg vgrp `m| mkprmvrj|m|+ \}r lm vijkp# jck‚mj|pm vg| `m vrm}qm|# hgj| }k agj|lmg} `‚jk`jlm| g||mt pri}ocgkp| w}j pmk`mkp ælikajrhmr cg qêrgljpê `m lmrpgjkm| lrjpjw}m| airh}cêm| `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik`‚mkw}äpm+

Gjk|j w}m c‚g mvcjw}ê cm vriam||m}r Hjlbmc Iaamrcê# cm 70 |mvpmhorm ?677#® lm vijkp m|p rgrmhmkp hj| mk gqgkp “# `m| mkprmvrj|m| vm}qmkp gvvirpmr `m|

ajkgklmhmkp| g} iregkj|gpjik|+ Gjk|j# cm |jâem `} HM@MA g(p(jc êpê vgrpjmccmhmkp ajkgklê vgr `m| ìk| `‚mkprmvrj|m|# ìkp cm| kih| |ikp jk|lrjp| æ lm pjprm `gk| |m|

li}cijr|+ Jc vm}p grrjqmr g}||j w}m `m| mkprmvrj|m| ajkgklmkp mk vgrpjm `m|hgkjam|pgpjik|+ Lmvmk`gkp# jc ag}p |}rpi}p ljpmr cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `m

vmr|ikkmc|# ìkp cg rêh}kêrgpjik k‚m|p gcir| vg| o}èêpêm `gk| cm| lihvpm|



‐ 0= ‐

|zk`jlg}+ \j# ik cm |gjp# `gk| cm |mrqjlm v}ocjl# qijrm cm |mlpm}r vrjqê# }k lmrpgjkkihorm `m |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| qjqmkp erïlm æ lm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik# lm |z|pâhmmj|pm g}||j `gk| cm| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| vgprikgcm|+ \j vm} `‚mkprmmccm| cm rmlikkgj||mkp# }km aê`êrgpjik mvi|m `gk| |m| lihvpm|# w}m d‚gj lik|}cpê|#`j|vi|mr `m <1 |gcgrjê| ìkp 0 hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik vgr cm| mkprmvrj|m| `m |ik

|mlpm}r ¾+

@m agjp# lmppm likprjo}pjik# ajkgkljârm i} “ vc}| qrgj|mhocgocmhmkp “ hgpêrjmccm "qjg cg ai}rkjp}rm# æ pjprm ergljm} i} æ `m| lik`jpjik| gqgkpgem}|m|# `mcilg}# `m hgpêrjmc jkairhgpjw}m i} g}prm# `m pmhv| `m prgqgjc `m lmrpgjk| lg`rm|*jkpmrqjmkp |}rpi}p g} kjqmg} `m| |pr}lp}rm| cilgcm| i} vriam||jikkmccm|+ Mk maamp# cm|ergk`m| likaê`êrgpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| ikp vrj| |ijk `m |i}cjekmr `mqgkp cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm w}‚mccm| km oêkêajljmkp vg| `m pmc| gqgkpgem|+ W}jp}| vm}p`‚gjccm}r| cm}r äprm ìkkê |}r cm vijkp `m| vmrhgkmkp|# cm}r| rmvrê|mkpgkp| gzgkp

hj| mk gqgkp `m| gre}hmkp| vc}pðp likqgjklgkp|+Vi}r lm w}j liklmrkm cm HM@MA# |g vrê|j`mkpm g lcgjrmhmkp jk`jw}ê# cm

7< ilpiorm ?677# w}m cm| vmr|ikkmc| mlmvpjikkmccmhmkp mp viklp}mccmhmkp hj| æ cg`j|vi|jpjik vmrhgkmkpm `m c‚iregkj|gpjik vgr }km mkprmvrj|m g`bêrmkpm c‚êpgjmkp`gk| cm lg`rm `‚}km likqmkpjik `êajkj||gkp# kipghhmkp# cm| lik`jpjik| `m cm}r rêh}kêrgpjik 4

® Hhm Cg}rmklm Vgrj|ip+ ]km vgrpjm `m| glpjqjpê| `m rêacmjik# `m vrêvgrgpjik mp `m kêeiljgpjik `} HM@MA m|p hmkêm vgr `m| lbma| `‚mkprmvrj|m|

i} `m| lg`rm| `jrjemgkp| æ pjprm pipgcmhmkp oêkêqicm+ D‚mmrlm hm| aiklpjik| æ cgpäpm `} HM@MA `gk| lm lg`rm# `m hähm w}m Dmgk(Ci}j| \lbjcgk|nz mp Omkiëp _iemr(Qg||mcjk+ Lm pmhv| lik|glrê g} HM@MA km agjp vg| c‚iodmp `‚}kmqgcirj|gpjik+

® Jc g v} grrjqmr# mklirm prâ| rêlmhhmkp# w}‚}k lg`rm `jrjemgkp |ijp hj| ækiprm `j|vi|jpjik prâ| viklp}mccmhmkp mp vi}r }km `}rêm prâ| cjhjpêm 4 }km vmr|ikkm

vgr gk mp vmk`gkp w}mcw}m| hij|# pi}p g} vc}|+ ]km likqmkpjik m|p gcir| |jekêmgqml c‚mkprmvrj|m+ \g}a mrrm}r `m hg vgrp# ki}| km oêkêajljik| vg| g}di}r`‚b}j `mhj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik+

® H+ Dmgk(Ci}j| \lbjcgk|nz+ Ki}| gqik| êvri}qê }k om|ijk viklp}mc `gk| }k `m ki| ìhgjkm| `‚glpjqjpê# hgj| cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik w}j mk g rê|}cpê m|p g}di}r`‚b}j pmrhjkêm+

® Hhm Cg}rmklm Vgrj|ip+ L‚m|p prâ| rgrm+ D‚gdi}pm w}m ki}| gqik| m} æ eêrmr }k lg| jkqmr|m “ }k hmhorm `} vmr|ikkmc `} HM@MA hj| æ cg `j|vi|jpjik`‚}km g}prm mkpjpê mk gvvcjlgpjik `‚}km likqmkpjik+ Lmppm |jp}gpjik g vrj| ajk g}`êo}p `m c‚gkkêm ?677 ¾+

@m hähm# |‚gej||gkp `m c‚]VG# cm vrê|j`mkp Cgr`jk g hj| mk mmre}m# cm7< ilpiorm ?677# c‚jkliker}jpê `‚}km hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `‚grpj|gk| g}vrâ| `m|aê`êrgpjik| hmhorm| mp `m cg likaê`êrgpjik# ìkp cm| om|ijk| virpmkp



‐ 01 ‐

m||mkpjmccmhmkp |}r `m| vmr|ikkmc| lihvêpmkp| `gk| cm| |vbârm| d}rj`jw}m mpg`hjkj|prgpjqm 4

® H+ Dmgk Cgr`jk+ "‡* c‚]VG `j|vi|m `m |ik vrivrm vmr|ikkmc# `m hähmw}m cg LGVMO# cg LKGH\ mp cg LEG@+

® H+ cm vrê|j`mkp _jlbgr` Hgccjê+Cg w}m|pjik m|p `m |gqijr |j `m|mkprmvrj|m| g`bêrmkpm| hmppmkp æ qiprm `j|vi|jpjik lmrpgjk| `m cm}r| |gcgrjê|+

® H+ Dmgk Cgr`jk+ Êpgkp ìkkê cm pzvm `‚mkprmvrj|m| w}j g`bârmkp æ ki|likaê`êrgpjik|# dm km qij| vg| lihhmkp lm |mrgjp vi||jocm+ Lm k‚m|p vg| `mlbgrl}pjmr| kj `m hgåik| ìkp ki}| gqik| om|ijk æ c‚]VG# hgj| `m vmr|ikkmc g`hjkj|prgpja mp `m d}rj|pm| ' ¾

Jc rm|pm w}m# g} kjqmg} `m| gkpmkkm| pmrrjpirjgcm|# kipghhmkp `} HM@MA mp

`m cg LEVHM# jc |mhocm mk gccmr `jaaêrmhhmkp+ H+ Mrugk \mtkml g gjk|j m|pjhê# cm0 ilpiorm ?677# w}‚® }km vgrpjm `m c‚gremkp `m cg hê`mljkm `} prgqgjc m|p "‡*`êpi}rkêm æ prgqmr| cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `m vmrhgkmkp| lmk|ê| prgqgjccmr vi}r lmppm `mrkjârm gcir| w}‚jc| |ikp g} |mrqjlm `} HM@MA + ¾

@m hähm# |j cg vc}vgrp `m| ergk`m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| km|mhocmkp vg| `j|vi|mr `m vmrhgkmkp| æ pmhv| vcmjk hj| æ cm}r |mrqjlm mp rêh}kêrê| vgr lm}(cæ hähm| w}‚mccm| rmvrê|mkpmkp# mccm| vm}qmkp hgcerê pi}p oêkêajljmr `}likli}r| viklp}mc "}km `mhjm di}rkêm i} di}rkêm# `m pmhv| mk pmhv|* `m lg`rm||vêljgcj|ê| `gk| cm `rijp i} cm| rm||i}rlm| b}hgjkm|# gajk `m hmkmr æ ojmk lmrpgjkm|

`m cm}r| iocjegpjik|+ Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik# cm ?5 ilpiorm ?677# cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc`m cg LEP# H+ Omrkgr` Pbjog}cp# g êqiw}ê æ lmp êegr` }km |jp}gpjik `‚® jkjw}jpê ¾|}r cm| hizmk| lik|glrê| æ cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| |gcgrjê| mp `m| mhvcizm}r| `gk|cm| h}cpjvcm| jk|pgklm|# jk|pjp}pjik| i} cjm} `m liklmrpgpjik mj|pgkp|# mk agj|gkpqgcijr w}m ® lm |ikp cm| `jrmlpjik| `m| rm||i}rlm| b}hgjkm| "@_B*# qijrm cm|`jrmlpm}r| m}(hähm|# cm| mvmrp| pmlbkjw}m|# cm| lg`rm| |}vêrjm}r|# pi}| vgzê|

vgr c‚mkprmvrj|m# w}j g||}rmkp lm rðcm# lihhm |‚jc êpgjp vgrpjm jkpêergkpm `} hêpjmr vi}r cmw}mc jc| |ikp rêh}kêrê|+ Æ kiprm likkgj||gklm# cm HM@MA# w}j m|p cg vrmhjârm `m| iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm|# km rmhoi}r|m vg| g} mkprmvrj|m| cm|

lihvêpmklm| w}m lmccm|(lj c}j ai}rkj||mkp vi}r }km hj||jik `m lgrglpârm |zk`jlgc ¾+

@m agjp# jc vm}p maamlpjqmhmkp mj|pmr }km jhvcjlgpjik oêkêqicm# æ pmhv| vgrpjmc# qijrm prâ| vgrpjmc# `m lg`rm| mp `m rm|vik|gocm| `‚mkprmvrj|m| `gk| cm`jgcie}m |iljgc lik`}jp# æ }k êlbmcik pmrrjpirjgc i} vriam||jikkmc# vgr cm|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|+ Mccm km agjp vg| c‚iodmp `‚}km qgcirj|gpjik ajkgkljârm æ vrivrmhmkp vgrcmr mp rm|pm# cm vc}| |i}qmkp# |i}hj|m g} gcêg| `m c‚jkpmk|jpê `mc‚gemk`g |iljgc+ Mccm k‚mk lik|pjp}m vg| hijk| }km airhm `‚gj`m `m cg vgrp `m|mkprmvrj|m|+

Jc m|p vriogocm# g} `mhm}rgkp# w}m `‚g}prm| airhm| `m |i}pjmk viklp}mc v}j||mkp jkpmrqmkjr `m cg vgrp `m| mkprmvrj|m| g`bêrmkpm|# kipghhmkp cir| `mhiojcj|gpjik| |}r `m| mkdm} |iljg} jhvirpgkp|+ Lmvmk`gkp# cæ g}||j# g}l}km



‐ 05 ‐

qgcirj|gpjik lihvpgocm `m pmc| gqgkpgem| k‚m|p rêgcj|êm+ Mk pi}p êpgp `m lg}|m# lm|gj`m| vrê|mkpmkp }k lgrglpârm rmcgpja vgr rgvvirp g} rm||i}rlm| jk|lrjpm| `gk| cm o}èmp `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| liklmrkêm| hgj| mccm| km |ikpqrgj|mhocgocmhmkp vg| kêecjemgocm|+

O+ CM ® VG_JPG_J\HM ¾ 4 @M\ _M\\I]_LM\ @ZKGHJW]M\ VI]_ @M\HJ\\JIK\ @‚JKPÊ_ÄP EÊKÊ_GC G]R LIKPI]_\ VG_AIJ\ ACI]\

Ik vm}p rmeri}vmr |i}| c‚gvvmccgpjik `m ® ajkgklmhmkp| `} vgrjpgrj|hm ¾}k lmrpgjk kihorm `m rm||i}rlm| w}j ikp mk lihh}k `‚äprm vgrpgeêm|# cm vc}||i}qmkp æ vgrjpê# mkprm iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê|+ Lmppmlgrglpêrj|pjw}m hähm lik`}jp æ km vg| cm| lik|j`êrmr lihhm `m| ® rm||i}rlm| vrivrm| ¾ `m lbgw}m iregkj|gpjik+

Maamlpjqmhmkp# cm| lihvpm| vrê|mkpê| vgr cg vc}vgrp `m| iregkj|gpjik| vcglmkp cm| ajkgklmhmkp| `jp| `} vgrjpgrj|hm `gk| cm}r r}orjw}m ® |}oqmkpjik| ¾+Lmppm ivpjik rmk` lihvpm `‚}km g}prm lgrglpêrj|pjw}m `m lm| ajkgklmhmkp| 4 jc|mj|pmkp vgrlm w}m cg v}j||gklm v}ocjw}m cm qm}p ojmk# lmrpgjk| êpgkp cg likprmvgrpjm`m hj||jik| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc likajêm| g} iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m|gcgrjê|# mp pi}|# mk pi}p êpgp `m lg}|m# êpgkp vmrhj| vgr `m| vrêcâqmhmkp|iocjegpijrm| vrêq}| vgr cg cij i} `} hijk| gerêê| "® êpmk`}| ¾ vi}r äprm vc}| vrêlj|* vgr cm Ei}qmrkmhmkp+

Lm| rm||i}rlm| |ikp `m `m} kgp}rm| `jaaêrmkpm|+ Jc likqjmkp `m `j|pjke}mr 4

“ cm| `êargjmhmkp| mp rêh}kêrgpjik|# |i}qmkp gvvmcê| ® vrêljv}p| ¾# w}m cm|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| rmåijqmkp g} pjprm `m cm}r vgrpjljvgpjik æcg em|pjik `‚}k lmrpgjk kihorm `‚iregkj|hm|# eêkêrgcmhmkp w}gcjajê| `m® vgrjpgjrm| ¾ mp ajkgklê| cm vc}| |i}qmkp vgr `m| lipj|gpjik| iocjegpijrm| |}r cm||gcgjrm| >

“ cm vri`}jp `m| lipj|gpjik| iocjegpijrm| |vêljajw}mhmkp êpgocjm|# `gk| `m| orgklbm| i} `m| |mlpm}r|# g} hipja `m ajkgklmr cm `êqmcivvmhmkp `} `jgcie}m|iljgc i} `m cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm# vri`}jp vgrpgeê æ vgrjpê mkprm iregkj|gpjik|

`‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê|+

7+ Cg pzviciejm `m| vrêcâqmhmkp| êpgocj| g} pjprm `m cg vgrpjljvgpjikæ cg em|pjik `‚iregkj|hm| vgrjpgjrm|# i} ® vrêljv}p| ¾

Cm| lihvpm| `m| vrjkljvgcm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# mk vgrpjl}cjmr cm|likaê`êrgpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|# aikp gvvgrgëprm `m |}o|pgkpjmc| qmr|mhmkp| mk vriqmkgklm `‚iregkj|hm| lbgreê| `‚}km hj||jik `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc# lihhm jcrm||irp `} pgocmg} lj(gvrâ|# iú gvvgrgj||mkp cm| prij| iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm|g} vcgk kgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc# cm|w}mccm| |ikp# æ lm pjprm# cm| vrjkljvgcm|

oêkêajljgjrm| `m lm| qmr|mhmkp|+



‐ 02 ‐

Vgrhj cm| g}prm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| g}`jpjikkêm| vgr cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# c‚]\EM_M\ g agjp êpgp# vi}r ?676# `‚}k vrêljv}p `m6#575 hjccjik `‚m}ri| vmrå} g} pjprm `m cg em|pjik `m c‚iregkj|hm liccmlpm}r `m cgairhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm "IVLG* ]kjairhgpjik# c‚]KGVC `m 6#==0 hjccjik`‚m}ri| j||}| `m `jqmr| ajkgklmhmkp| vgrjpgjrm| mp c‚]JHH `‚}k vrêljv}p `m7#1<7 hjccjik `‚m}ri| g} pjprm `m cg em|pjik `m c‚IVLG `m cg hêpgcc}rejm"IVLGJH*+

_m||i}rlm| mk vriqmkgklm ̀ ‚iregkj|hm| ̀ jqmr| ̀ gk| cm| lihvpm| vi}r ?676`m| iregkj|gpjik| ̀ ‚mhvcizm}r| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc

"mk hjccjmr| ̀ ‚m}ri|*

HM@MA LEVHM ]VGAIKEMAI_ 2 <:5 0 =:: 7 016IVLG "7* 05< 720

\i}|(pipgc 4 airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm 2 <:5 = 65? 7 100GLI\\ ??7 7=: 715LKGA ?01 71? 75:LKGH 7 <2: <01 :::LKGQ =: =: =:\i}|(pipgc 4 rêejhm eêkêrgc `m |êl+ |il+ 7 :7= 5?5 GEJ_L 12 12 (G__LI 10 10 10]kê`jl =5: 01: 01:GEMAJVB 705 ?7 (

GVML 0=2 ( (G}prm| 16 55 (\i}|(pipgc 4 vripmlpjik |iljgcm mp mhvcij < ?:7 7 0?= 7 :<1Ciemhmkp |iljgc "]M\C mp GKVMML* =21 <76 (PIPGC EÊKÊ_GC 7? ?50 1 265 < =26

"7* Cm| lihvpm| `} HM@MA kgpjikgc km aikp vg| gvvgrgëprm `m vrêljv}p mk vriqmkgklm`‚IVLG+ Pi}pmaij|# jc m|p æ kipmr w}m |mcik }k ìl}hmkp prgk|hj| vgr cg `êcêegpjik eêkêrgcm æ c‚mhvcij mp æ cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# IVLGCJG g qmr|ê mk ?676 }k vrêljv}p æ bg}pm}r `m ?#? hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# ìkp ik vm}p vmk|mr w}m cg hijpjê# |ijp 7#7 hjccjik# g êpê qmr|êm æ |ik liccâem vgprikgc# l‚m|p(æ(`jrm g} HM@MA+ Vm}p(äprm cg em|pjik rêejikgcj|êm `‚IVLGCJG g(p(mccm vi}r liriccgjrm }km gpprjo}pjik `} vrêljv}p kik g} HM@MA kgpjikgc# hgj| æ `m| mkpjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm|+

Cm| iregkj|hm| æ c‚irjejkm `m lm| qmr|mhmkp| g} iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| vm}qmkp äprm rmeri}vê| |mcik cm}r lbghv `‚glpjqjpê+

g* Cm lbghv `m cg vripmlpjik |iljgcm

Gjk|j w}‚ik cm lik|pgpm |}r cm pgocmg} lj(gqgkp# likprjo}mkp kipghhmkp g}ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| 4

“ cm| `jaaêrmkpm| orgklbm| `} rêejhm eêkêrgc `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm#rmvrê|mkpêm| vgr c‚Gemklm lmkprgcm `m| iregkj|hm| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm "GLI\\*#w}j lmkprgcj|m cm| rm||i}rlm| `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm# mp cm| prij| lgj||m| kgpjikgcm|# cg



‐ 0: ‐

Lgj||m kgpjikgcm `m| gccilgpjik| aghjcjgcm| "LKGA*# cg Lgj||m kgpjikgcm `mc‚g||}rgklm hgcg`jm `m| prgqgjccm}r| |gcgrjê| "LKGH* mp cg Lgj||m kgpjikgcm`‚g||}rgklm qjmjccm||m `m| prgqgjccm}r| |gcgrjê| "LKGQ* >

“ cm| rêejhm| `m rmprgjpm lihvcêhmkpgjrm| iocjegpijrm| `m c‚mk|mhocm `m|

|gcgrjê| mp `m| lg`rm| |vêljajw}mhmkp# |ijp rm|vmlpjqmhmkp c‚G__LI mp c‚GEJ_L+

Cm| qmr|mhmkp| mk lg}|m |ikp cjê| æ c‚mmrljlm `m hgk`gp| `gk| cm|jk|pgklm| `êcjoêrgpjqm| `m| iregkj|hm| |}|hmkpjikkê|+

◉ Cm| iregkj|hm| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm

\‚gej||gkp `} rêejhm eêkêrgc `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm# cm| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| `m|iregkj|hm| |ikp `ê|jekê|# lmrpgjk| c‚êpgkp vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m|gcgrjê|+ Cm li`m `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm `êajkjp cg lihvi|jpjik `m| `jaaêrmkp|

lik|mjc| `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik > mk vgrpjl}cjmr# |m| grpjlcm| _+ ?77(7# @+ ?<7(? mp @+ ?<7(<ajmkp vrêlj|êhmkp cm kihorm `m hgk`gp| gpprjo}ê| æ lbgw}m iregkj|gpjik#rêlgvjp}cê `gk| cm pgocmg} lj(gvrâ|+

_êvgrpjpjik `m| hgk`gp| `gk| cm| lik|mjc| `m| iregkj|hm| `} rêejhm eêkêrgc `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm

LKGA LKGH LKGQ GLI\\ LGA L_GH LVGH ]_\\GAIregkj|gpjik|`‚mhvcizm}r|)prgqgjccm}r|

jk`êvmk`gkp|

7< 7< 7< 7< 2 2 2 2

HM@MA 1 5 5 1 < 0 0 <LEVHM < < < < ? ? ? ?]VG < < < < ? ? ? ?]KGVC 7 ( ( 7 7 ( ( 7Iregkj|gpjik|`m |gcgrjê|

7< 7< 7< 7< 2 2 2 2

LA@P < < < < ? ? ? ?LEP < < < < ? ? ? ?AI < < < < ? ? ? ?

LAPL ? ? ? ? 7 7 7 7LAM(LEL ? ? ? ? 7 7 7 7G}prm| "7* "ìkp lmrpgjk|gqml qijlik|}cpgpjqm*

7? 7? 2 5 77 : 76 5

"7* _mvrê|mkpgkp| `m cg Aê`êrgpjik kgpjikgcm `m cg h}p}gcjpê argkågj|m# `m| g||iljgpjik| aghjcjgcm|# `} vmr|ikkmc# vmr|ikkgcjpê| w}gcjajêm|‡

Lihhm ik c‚io|mrqm |}r cm pgocmg} lj(`m||}|# cm| lik|mjc| `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik`m| iregkj|hm| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm lihvirpmkp æ vgrjpê `m| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê|# hgj| jc km |‚gejp vi}r g}pgkp vg|mglpmhmkp `‚iregkj|hm| ® vgrjpgjrm| ¾# `gk| cg hm|}rm iú z |jâemkp êegcmhmkp `m|



‐ =6 ‐

pjmr| "vmr|ikkgcjpê| w}gcjajêm|# rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} vmr|ikkmc gqml qij lik|}cpgpjqm#mpl+*+

Vi}r lm w}j m|p `m| iregkj|hm| kgpjikg} "cm| prij| lgj||m| kgpjikgcm| mpc‚GLI\\*# ik qijp w}m cm| lik|mjc| lihvrmkkmkp prmjtm rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m lbgl}k

`m| `m} liccâem|+ \‚gej||gkp `} liccâem vgprikgc# cg rêvgrpjpjik `m lm| |jâem|agqirj|m cm HM@MA# w}j g gjk|j |mvp |jâem| g} lik|mjc| `m cg LKGH mp `m cgLKGQ# vgr rgvvirp g} `m} g}prm| iregkj|gpjik| rmlikk}m| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g}kjqmg} kgpjikgc jkpmrvriam||jikkmc# cg LEVHM mp c‚]VG# w}j z ikp lbgl}kmprij| |jâem|+

Jc m|p êegcmhmkp æ kipmr w}m cm| pmpm| rmcgpja| æ cg Lgj||m kgpjikgcm `m|gccilgpjik| aghjcjgcm| mp æ c‚GLI\\ vrêqijmkp }km rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m c‚]KGVC"likdijkpmhmkp gqml cg Lbghorm kgpjikgcm `m| vriam||jik| cjoêrgcm|* æ cm}r lik|mjc`‚g`hjkj|prgpjik# `} agjp `m cg `j|pjklpjik w}‚jc| êpgocj||mkp mkprm cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp|`m| ® mhvcizm}r| ¾ mp lm} `m| ® prgqgjccm}r| jk`êvmk`gkp| ¾# vgrhj cm|w}mc|aje}rm c‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r `ê|jekê vgr c‚]KGVC+ Jc ag}p mk maamp rgvvmcmr w}m cgLKGA eârm c‚mk|mhocm `m| vrm|pgpjik| aghjcjgcm|# w}j vm}qmkp liklmrkmr `m||gcgrjê| lihhm `m| jk`êvmk`gkp|+ L‚m|p ìkl vgr lm ojgj| w}m c‚]KGVC iopjmkp }k|jâem g} lik|mjc `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik `m cg LKGA# pgk`j| w}m cm HM@MA mk ill}vm |j"g} cjm} `m |mvp `gk| cm| g}prm| lgj||m|*+ Cg |jp}gpjik m|p cg hähm vi}r c‚GLI\\#cm| lipj|gpjik| aghjcjgcm| êpgkp êegcmhmkp vrêcmqêm| |}r cm| rmqmk}| `m|jk`êvmk`gkp|# mp kik |}r cm| |m}c| |gcgjrm|+

Gqml hijk| `‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r| "b}jp vgr liccâem mp kik prmjtm*# ik rmpri}qmcm hähm pzvm `m rêvgrpjpjik `m| hgk`gp| `gk| cm| jk|pgklm| pmrrjpirjgcm| 4 }kkihorm vc}| êcmqê `‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r| vi}r cm HM@MA w}m vi}r cg LEVHM mpc‚]VG > }km rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m c‚]KGVC `gk| cm| |m}c| lik|mjc| `m| lgj||m|`‚gccilgpjik| aghjcjgcm| mp `m| }kjik| vi}r cm rmli}qrmhmkp `m| lipj|gpjik| `m|êl}rjpê |iljgcm mp `‚gccilgpjik| aghjcjgcm| "]_\\GA*+

Cm| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| `} rêejhm gerjlicm mp `m lmc}j `m| jk`êvmk`gkp| |ikpmk rmqgklbm êc}| vgr cm}r| rm||irpj||gkp|+

Cm li`m `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm vi|m cm vrjkljvm `m cg ergp}jpê `m| aiklpjik|`‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r `m lgj||m 4 |mcik |ik grpjlcm C+ ?<7(7?# ® cm| iregkj|hm| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm km vm}qmkp# mk g}l}k lg|# gcci}mr }k prgjpmhmkp æ cm}r| hmhorm|`} lik|mjc i} g`hjkj|prgpm}r| ¾+

Hgj| jc vrêqijp êegcmhmkp# g} hähm grpjlcm# cm rmhoi}r|mhmkp `m| argj| `m`êvcglmhmkp `m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r|# gjk|j w}‚® g} mhvcizm}r| `m| hmhorm| `}lik|mjc i} g`hjkj|prgpm}r| |gcgrjê|# ^lmc}j `m|X |gcgjrm| hgjkpmk}| vi}r cm}r

vmrhmpprm `‚mmrlmr cm}r| aiklpjik| vmk`gkp cm pmhv| `m prgqgjc gjk|j w}m cm|gqgkpgem| mp cm| lbgrem| |iljgcm| z gaaêrmkp| ¾ > `m hähm# ® cm| hmhorm| `}

lik|mjc i} g`hjkj|prgpm}r| `m| iregkj|hm| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm gzgkp cg w}gcjpê `mprgqgjccm}r jk`êvmk`gkp vm}qmkp vmrlmqijr `m| jk`mhkjpê| vi}r vmrpm `m cm}r| egjk|# ajêm| vgr grräpê hjkj|pêrjmc ¾+ Mkajk# `m hgkjârm vc}| eêkêrgcm# c‚grpjlcm



‐ =7 ‐

C+ 7?7(? `} hähm li`m `j|vi|m w}m ® cm| hmhorm| `} lik|mjc i} cm|g`hjkj|prgpm}r| `j|vi|mkp vi}r c‚mmrljlm `m cm}r aiklpjik `m pi}| cm| hizmk|kêlm||gjrm|# kipghhmkp mk hgpjârm `‚jkairhgpjik# `m ìl}hmkpgpjik mp `m

|mlrêpgrjgp# g}vrâ| `m cg lgj||m i} `m c‚iregkj|hm `gk| cm lik|mjc i} cm lik|mjc `%g`hjkj|prgpjik `m|w}mc| jc| |jâemkp ¾+

\‚gej||gkp `} rêejhm eêkêrgc# l‚m|p gvvgrmhhmkp }k grräpê `} 7< gqrjc7:22# w}j k‚g vg| êpê hi`jajê `mv}j|# w}j ajmrgjp cm| râecm| `m vrj|m mk lbgrem+ Lmpgrräpê vrêqijp kipghhmkp# æ |ik grpjlcm :# cm qmr|mhmkp g} g`hjkj|prgpm}r| `‚® }kmjk`mhkjpê airagjpgjrm lihvmk|gprjlm `m argj| ajêm vgr cm lik|mjc `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik`gk| cg cjhjpm `m 7?= argkl| vgr di}r ¾ "7: m}ri|*+ Jc m|p vgr gjccm}r| vrêq} `m|rmhoi}r|mhmkp| `m argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp mp `m |êdi}r# gjk|j w}m `m| vmrpm| `m egjk|`m| jk`êvmk`gkp|+

Jkpmrrieêm |}r cm| liþp| gaaêrmkp| mk ?676# vi}r c‚mk|mhocm `m| rêejhm| `m|êl}rjpê |iljgcm "rêejhm eêkêrgc `m| |gcgrjê|# hgj| g}||j rêejhm gerjlicm# rêejhm|iljgc `m| jk`êvmk`gkp| mp rêejhm| |vêljg} `m lmrpgjk| |gcgrjê|*# cg `jrmlpjik `m cg|êl}rjpê |iljgcm g prgk|hj| cm| êcêhmkp| |}jqgkp|+

Mprglpjik lihvpgocm `m| ® argj| cjê| g} g`hjkj|prgpm}r| ¾ `gk| cm| iregkj|hm| `m|êl}rjpê |iljgcm


_êejhmeêkêrgc

_êejhm|iljgc `m|

jk`êvmk`gkp|

"_\J*

H}p}gcjpê|iljgcmgerjlicm

"H\G*

_êejhm`m|

hjkm|

_êejhm||vêljg}

Pipgc Mk -

G||}rgklm| `m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| ?6= = 757 ? 77 <:= 7Qglgpjik| = <=7 ?16 0 6<5 02 767 : 5:1 7=Vmrpm| `m |gcgjrm| mp `m egjk| < ?52 =<? :?? << <:6 = 7== 2Lipj|gpjik| |iljgcm| 7 =67 70 <?5 ?6 ?7 7 22< <Qizgem| mp `êvcglmhmkp| 76 ?7: 7 :=: 1 016 =:6 7 7<: ?6 <11 <?Argj| ̀ ‚iregkj|gpjik ̀ m| êcmlpjik| ( ( < ?<= ( <=: < =:= 1 G}prm| argj| < 6<7 7?1 77 061 < <76 70 255 ?<Airhgpjik `m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| < 502 7=2 ( :<1 ( 0 20? 2\mlrêpgrjgp pmlbkjw}m ? 26: ( ( ?2? 5 < 6:2 =

Pipgc <6 707 < 6=0 ?1 =16 7 :70 ? <<2 10 661 766

\i}rlm 4 `jrmlpjik `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm+

Ik qijp w}m cm| ® argj| cjê| g} g`hjkj|prgpm}r| ¾ rmvrê|mkpmkp }k pipgc `m10 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+ C‚mk|mhocm `m lmppm |ihhm km rmqjmkp |gk| ì}pm vg|mlc}|jqmhmkp æ `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r|# lihvpm pmk} `m cg vrê|mklm# `gk| cm| lik|mjc| `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik# `‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r| kik |zk`jlg}+Lmvmk`gkp# l‚m|p vc}| `m| `m} pjmr| `m lm hikpgkp# |ijp mkqjrik =6 hjccjik|`‚m}ri|# w}j |ikp qrgj|mhocgocmhmkp gpprjo}ê| g} pjprm `m| hgk`gp| |zk`jlg}# gqml

}k vgrpgem æ vgrjpê mkprm iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê|+



‐ =? ‐

Vgr gjccm}r|# }km vgrp `m lm| |ihhm| m|p lik|glrêm g} `êargjmhmkp `jrmlp`m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| mp }km arglpjik |m}cmhmkp qg# vgr mmhvcm g} pjprm `m| argj| `m® |mlrêpgrjgp pmlbkjw}m ¾# gcjhmkpmr cm| pmlbki|pr}lp}rm| |zk`jlgcm|+ Ik rmcâqm cm vij`|# `gk| cg hg||m `m 10 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# `m| ® qglgpjik| ¾# l‚m|p(æ(`jrm `m|jk`mhkjpê| airagjpgjrm| |}|hmkpjikkêm| "vrâ| `m 76 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|* mp `m| argj|`m `êvcglmhmkp "vc}| `m ?6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|*+ Jkpmrrieê |}r lm `mrkjmr hikpgkpcir| `m |ik g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# H+ @ihjkjw}m Cjog}cp#`jrmlpm}r `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm# g rmlikk} w}m ® l‚m|p maamlpjqmhmkp g||mtjhvirpgkp ¾# pi}p mk |i}cjekgkp }km êqic}pjik vi|jpjqm 4 ® cg `jhjk}pjik `} kihorm`m lik|mjc| mp `‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r| mkprm ?662 mp ?676 jhvcjw}m }km `jhjk}pjik `m lm

vi|pm `gk| cm| argj| `m| lgj||m| ¾+

Ik lik|pgpm êegcmhmkp cm liþp prâ| êcmqê# w}j gvvgrgëp `j|vrivirpjikkê# `m|argj| `m vgrjpgrj|hm eêkêrê| vgr cg em|pjik `} rêejhm gerjlicm 4 vc}| `m ?1 hjccjik|

`‚m}ri|# likprm <6 hjccjik| vi}r cm rêejhm eêkêrgc# |ijp æ vmjkm hijk|+ Ir cgH}p}gcjpê |iljgcm gerjlicm "H\G* rmqmk`jw}m "lbjaarm `m d}jccmp ?676* =#1 hjccjik|`m oêkêajljgjrm| `m |m| vrm|pgpjik|# w}gk` cm rêejhm eêkêrgc lihvpm vrâ| `m=6 hjccjik| `m vmr|ikkm| li}qmrpm| mk g||}rgklm hgcg`jm mp 7= hjccjik| `m vmk|jikkê|+ Cm hähm êlgrp `m c‚ir`rm `m }k æ `j |m rmpri}qm |j c‚ik lihvgrm cm|hg||m| ajkgkljârm| eciogcmhmkp hiojcj|êm| vgr cm| rêejhm| 4 mk ?676# c‚mk|mhocm`m| rm||i}rlm| `} rêejhm eêkêrgc# rêlgvjp}cêm| `gk| cm| gkkmm| g} vridmp `m cij `majkgklmhmkp `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm vi}r ?67?# g gppmjkp vc}| `m ?25 hjccjgr`|`‚m}ri|# w}gk` vi}r cm| `m} rêejhm| gerjlicm| "|gcgrjê| mp kik(|gcgrjê|* l}h}cê|#ik gppmjekgjp æ vmjkm ?2 hjccjgr`| `‚m}ri|+

\j ik cm| rghâkm g} oêkêajljgjrm|# cm| argj| `m vgrjpgrj|hm |ikp `m c‚ir`rm`m ljkw m}ri| vgr rm||irpj||gkp `} rêejhm gerjlicm# likprm w}mcw}m| `jtgjkm| `mlmkpjhm| `gk| cm rêejhm eêkêrgc+

Cm liþp `m| êcmlpjik| w}j rm|pmkp iregkj|êm| `gk| cm rêejhm gerjlicm# mp kik`gk| cm rêejhm eêkêrgc# km |}aajp vg| æ mvcjw}mr lmp êlgrp# lgr jc km |‚gejp w}m `m< hjccjik| `‚m}ri| |}r cm| ?1 hjccjik| mk lg}|m+

◉ Cm| rêejhm| lihvcêhmkpgjrm| iocjegpijrm| `m rmprgjpm `m| |gcgrjê|

C‚G__LI "G||iljgpjik vi}r cm rêejhm `m rmprgjpm lihvcêhmkpgjrm `m||gcgrjê|* mp c‚GEJ_L "G||iljgpjik eêkêrgcm `m| jk|pjp}pjik| `m rmprgjpm `m| lg`rm|*eârmkp cm| rêejhm| kgpjikg} iocjegpijrm| `m rmprgjpm lihvcêhmkpgjrm `m| |gcgrjê|`} |mlpm}r vrjqê+ Lm| jk|pjp}pjik| ikp }km ei}qmrkgklm vgrjpgjrm+

@‚gvrâ| cm| êcêhmkp| prgk|hj| mk rêvik|m æ }k w}m|pjikkgjrm `} rgvvirpm}r#cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| hgk`gp| `gk| cm| jk|pgklm| lmkprgcm| `m ei}qmrkgklm agjp cg vgrp omccm g} HM@MA |‚gej||gkp `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| mhvcizm}r|# lihhm ik cm qijp|}r cm pgocmg} lj(`m||i}|+ Lmppm rêvgrpjpjik m|p mk rmqgklbm êegcjpgjrm "`gk| cm lg|

`m c‚G__LI* i} w}g|j(êegcjpgjrm mkprm cm| ljkw lmkprgcm| `m |gcgrjê|+



‐ =< ‐

_êvgrpjpjik `m| hgk`gp| `gk| cm| jk|pgklm| `m ei}qmrkgklm lmkprgcm mk ?676 "7*

HM@MA LEVHM ]VG LA@P LAM(LEL LAPL LEP AIG__LI

1= 76 76 75 75 75 75 75

HM@MA LEVHM (LA@P(

Lg`rm|

LAM(LEL]EJLG(

LAPL

]EJLP(

LEP

AI(

Lg`rm|GEJ_L 1: : ( 71 ?7 70 70 7<

"7* Lik|mjc `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik# lihhj||jik vgrjpgjrm# lihhj||jik vgrjpgjrm êcgrejm mp lihhj||jik `m likprðcm+

Cm| em|pjikkgjrm| `m| rêejhm| ikp êegcmhmkp jk`jw}ê w}m lihvpm pmk} `}l}h}c `m| hgk`gp|# cm| hgk`gp| jk`jw}ê| |}r lm pgocmg} lirrm|vik`gjmkp mk ?676 æ}k kihorm vc}| rê`}jp `m rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m| iregkj|gpjik| 4 7<7 æ c‚G__LI vi}r 756 hgk`gp| mp 76? æ c‚GEJ_L vi}r 7=1 hgk`gp|+ Vgr gjccm}r|# c‚G__LI mpc‚GEJ_L |ikp `m| aê`êrgpjik| jkpêergkp `m| jk|pjp}pjik| `m rmprgjpm êegcmhmkpeêrêm| vgrjpgjrmhmkp+ Ik `êlihvpm :1? hgk`gp| `gk| cm rê|mg} G__LI mp 1=6

`gk| cm rê|mg} GEJ_L+

@gk| cm| `m} jk|pjp}pjik|# cm| |pgp}p| vrêqijmkp cg ergp}jpê `m| aiklpjik|`‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r# hgj| g}||j `m| `êargjmhmkp| vi}r cm| argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp mp `m|êdi}r gjk|j w}m cm| vmrpm| `m |gcgjrm|+ Mk ?676# |mcik cm| rêvik|m| lihh}kjw}êm|g} rgvvirpm}r# cm| aê`êrgpjik| GEJ_L mp G__LI ikp rmhoi}r|ê g} pipgc?=6 1== m}ri| æ lm pjprm "77< :?< m}ri| vi}r c‚GEJ_L mp 7<1 5<? m}ri| vi}r c‚G__LI*+

Cm| `m} jk|pjp}pjik| gpprjo}mkp g}||j æ cm}r| iregkj|gpjik| hmhorm|# mk

gvvcjlgpjik `m `êlj|jik| vrj|m| vgr cm}r| jk|pgklm| `êcjoêrgpjqm| `gk| cm| gkkêm|7:56# `m| likprjo}pjik| airagjpgjrm| `m ajkgklmhmkp `m ® lik|mjccmr| pmlbkjw}m| ¾ 4mk ?676# c‚G__LI g qmr|ê æ lm pjprm =7? ?6< m}ri|# |ijp 10 6?= m}ri| vgr iregkj|gpjik# mp c‚GEJ_L 050 6:1 m}ri|# |ijp 15 5?2 m}ri| vgr iregkj|gpjik+

Jc mj|pm êegcmhmkp `m| jk|mrpjik| `gk| cm| rmq}m| |zk`jlgcm| mp `m| vgrpjljvgpjik| g} likerâ| `m| iregkj|gpjik| hmhorm|# cm|w}mccm|# |mcik cg kipmêlrjpm prgk|hj|m ® mkprmkp `gk| cm vcgk `m lihh}kjlgpjik ^`m c‚GEJ_L mp `mc‚G__LIX g} hähm pjprm w}m cm| vgrpjljvgpjik| æ `m| |gcik| |vêljgcj|ê| "‡* i} æ`m| jk|mrpjik| `gk| cm| hê`jg| ¾+ Mk ?676# c‚G__LI g lik|glrê =5 21: m}ri| g}jk|mrpjik| `gk| cm| rmq}m| |zk`jlgcm| mp qmr|ê : 701 m}ri| vi}r |g vgrpjljvgpjik æ`m| likerâ| |zk`jlg} > c‚GEJ_L hmkpjikkm }k hikpgkp `m =: 22= m}ri| vi}r cm|hähm| iodmp|+

Mkajk c‚G__LI# `mv}j| 7::2# gllir`m g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|hmhorm| }km |}oqmkpjik `m < 6=6 m}ri|# `m|pjkêm æ li}qrjr cm| argj| g`hjkj|prgpja|# vi}r }km |m||jik `m airhgpjik vgr gk+ Mk i}prm# }k airagjp `m 76 157 m}ri| m|pqmr|ê# |}r d}|pjajlgpja|# g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vgprikgcm| vi}r cm}r vmrhmpprm `‚iregkj|mr `m| di}rkêm| `‚êp}`m| }km aij| vgr gk+ Vi}r ?676# lm|

`j|vi|jpja| ikp eêkêrê 56 :01 m}ri| `m `êvmk|m|+\j c‚ik g``jpjikkm pi}pm| lm| |ihhm|# l‚m|p g} pipgc 7#0< hjccjik `‚m}ri|

`m ® argj| `} vgrjpgrj|hm ¾ w}m c‚G__LI mp c‚GEJ_L ikp `êoi}r|ê mk ?676+ Vgr



‐ =0 ‐

iregkj|gpjik# cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| vrm|w}m 7#? hjccjik `‚m}ri| qmr|ê| `jrmlpmhmkp æ`m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| "mk `mbir| `m| ?=6 666 m}ri| `m `êargjmhmkp| `jrmlp|g} g`hjkj|prgpm}r|* m|p ìkkêm vgr cm pgocmg} lj(gvrâ|+

_êvgrpjpjik vgr iregkj|gpjik `m| |ihhm| qmr|êm| vgr c‚G__LI mp c‚GEJ_L mk ?676

"mk m}ri|*

HM@MA LEVHM ]VG LA@P "7* LAM(LEL LAPL "7* LEP "7* AI "7* PipgcG__LI 10 6?= 57 =?= 10 6?= 2: 1:? :6 <7: :7 7<= 2< 111 := 550 1=6 717GEJ_L 15 5?2 5= ??2 ( 51 272 := <1: 5< ??2 50 ?:0 57 <71 =<< :27

Pipgc 7<7 5=< 701 5=< 10 6?= 711 =76 72= 122 710 <1< 7=5 :16 715 6:6 7 720 70?

"7* I} aê`êrgpjik| `m lg`rm| `m lm| likaê`êrgpjik| |‚gej||gkp `m c‚GEJ_L+

◉ Cg hê`mljkm `} prgqgjc

_êlmhhmkp rêairhê| vgr cg cij k¶ ?677(215 `} ?6 d}jccmp ?677 rmcgpjqm æc‚iregkj|gpjik `m cg hê`mljkm `} prgqgjc# cm| |mrqjlm| `m |gkpê g} prgqgjc `j|vi|mkp#|mcik c‚grpjlcm C+ 01??(77 `} li`m `} prgqgjc j||} `m lmppm cij# `‚}km ei}qmrkgklm vgrjpgjrm# cm vrê|j`mkp# `ê|jekê `m `rijp vgr cg vgrpjm vgprikgcm# gzgkp pi}pmaij| }kmqij vrêvik`êrgkpm mk lg| `m vgrpgem `m| qij+

Jkpmrrieê |}r cm| |mrqjlm| jkpmrmkprmvrj|m| jkpmrqmkgkp `gk| lm ìhgjkm# cm di}rkgcj|pm |vêljgcj|ê Mrugk \mtkml g# `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm cm0 ilpiorm `mrkjmr# virpê |}r lm| iregkj|hm| }k d}emhmkp |êqârm 4 ® jc| di}mkp }krðcm m||mkpjmc# w}g|j mlc}|jqmhmkp g} oêkêajlm `} HM@MA v}j|w}m cg hê`mljkm`} prgqgjc ciem cm| gkpmkkm| cilgcm| `} HM@MA# lm w}j g||}rm æ lmc}j(lj`‚jhvirpgkpm| êlikihjm| `m cizmr ¾+ \vêljgcmhmkp jkpmrrieê |}r lm vijkp# jc gm|pjhê w}m cm vriocâhm rm|pm `‚glp}gcjpê+

H+ Bmkrj _i}jccmg}cp# mvmrp `m| w}m|pjik| `m `êhilrgpjm |iljgcm w}j gkipghhmkp gkjhê `m| eri}vm| `m prgqgjc `m cg aik`gpjik Pmrrg kiqg# g vi}r |g vgrpgvvmcê æ }km rêairhm vc}| jhvirpgkpm cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm ?6 ilpiorm `mrkjmr 4® ik `mqrgjp a}|jikkmr cm| |mrqjlm| `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm mk lbgrem `m cg

vrêqmkpjik# |ijp cm| lgj||m| `‚g||}rgklm rmprgjpm mp `m cg |gkpê g} prgqgjc

"LG_\GP*# gqml cg hê`mljkm `} prgqgjc `gk| `m| jk|pjp}p| rêejikg} vc}rj`j|ljvcjkgjrm| `m vrêqmkpjik `m| rj|w}m|# eêrê| `m agåik vgrjpgjrm+ @gk| cm|g}prm| vgz| m}rivêmk|# hê`mljk|# jkajrhjârm|# mreikihm|# pmlbkjljmk|# mpl+#prgqgjccmkp mk|mhocm+ G} cjm} `m |jêemr `gk| vc}|jm}r| |mrqjlm| `m hê`mljkm `}prgqgjc mp æ cg LG_\GP# cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} km |jâemrgjmkp vc}| w}m `gk| }kmlihhj||jik rêejikgcm }kjw}m ¾+

o* Cm lbghv `m c‚mhvcij

Vgrhj cm| jk|pjp}pjik| w}j likprjo}mkp g} ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik|

`‚mhvcizm}r| "mp `m |gcgrjê|*# ik mk pri}qm g}||j ìkp cm| hj||jik| |ikp `gk| cmìhgjkm `m c‚mhvcij# æ |gqijr kipghhmkp c‚]kê`jl# w}j eârm c‚g||}rgklm(lbðhgem#c‚G||iljgpjik vi}r c‚mhvcij `m| lg`rm| "GVML*# i} mklirm c‚G||iljgpjik `m



‐ == ‐

em|pjik `} aik`| vi}r c‚jk|mrpjik vriam||jikkmccm `m| vmr|ikkm| bgk`jlgvêm|"GEMAJVB*+

Cg rêairhm `} |mrqjlm v}ocjl `m c‚mhvcij hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm vgr cg cij k¶ ?662(7?1 `} 7< aêqrjmr ?662 g q} cg lrêgpjik `m Vðcm mhvcij vgr cg a}|jik `m c‚gkljmkkm

Gemklm kgpjikgcm vi}r c‚mhvcij "GKVM* mp `m| |mrqjlm| `m em|pjik `m c‚g||}rgklmlbðhgem w}‚g||}rgjmkp cm| G||ê`jl# |pr}lp}rm| pmrrjpirjgcm|+ Lmvmk`gkp# cg |pr}lp}rm`m päpm w}‚m|p c‚]kê`jl g |}o|j|pê# lbgreêm kipghhmkp `‚gvvcjw}mr "æ prgqmr| cg vri`}lpjik `m pmpm| `m rêecmhmkpgpjik* cg likqmkpjik `‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem+

Æ c‚êlbmcik rêejikgc# cg cij vrêljpêm g jk|pjp}ê `m| ® jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm| ¾#lbgreêm| `m qmjccmr æ c‚gvvcjlgpjik `m cg likqmkpjik `‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem mplik|}cpêm| |}r cg vrierghhgpjik `m| jkpmrqmkpjik| g} kjqmg} pmrrjpirjgc "grpjlcmC+ =<7?(76 `} li`m `} prgqgjc*+ @gk| cm lg`rm `m cm}r hj||jik `m |}rqmjccgklm `mc‚gvvcjlgpjik `m| râecm| `m c‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem# cm| jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm| rêejikgcm| vm}qmkp |gj|jr cm `jrmlpm}r rêejikgc `m Vðcm mhvcij `m| `jaajl}cpê| rmklikprêm|#mmrlmr }k `rijp `‚gcmrpm mp |pgp}mr |}r cm| rmli}r| jk`jqj`}mc| w}j cm}r |ikp |i}hj|+

◉ C‚]kê`jl

Cm lik|mjc `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik `m c‚]kê`jl lihvrmk` `m} liccâem|#® |gcgrjê| ¾ mp ® mhvcizm}r| ¾# `m ?= hmhorm| pjp}cgjrm| mp 7= |}vvcêgkp| lbgl}k >jc `ê|jekm vgrhj |m| hmhorm| }k o}rmg} `m `j vmr|ikkm|# vriqmkgkp æ vgrjpê `m|`m} liccâem|+ Cm| ljkw hmhorm| `} liccâem ® |gcgrjê| ¾ rmvrê|mkpmkprm|vmlpjqmhmkp lbgl}km `m| ljkw lmkprgcm| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgkkgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc > prij| `m| ljkw hmhorm| `} liccâem ® mhvcizm}r| ¾ vriqjmkkmkp `} HM@MA# }k `m cg LEVHM mp }k `m c‚]VG+ Ik rmpri}qm `‚gjccm}r|cm hähm êw}jcjorm `m ei}qmrkgklm `gk| cm| jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm| rêejikgcm|rgppglbêm| æ Vðcm mhvcij+

\mcik cm| |pgp}p| `m c‚]kê`jl# ® cm| aiklpjik| `‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r |ikp ergp}jpm|+ Pi}pmaij|# cm| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| ikp `rijp g} rmhoi}r|mhmkp `m| argj| `m`êvcglmhmkp mp `m |êdi}r# gjk|j w}‚êqmkp}mccmhmkp æ `m| jk`mhkjpê| vi}r vmrpm| `m

|gcgjrm i} `m pi}pm| vrjhm| |}ojm| æ c‚illg|jik `m c‚mmrljlm `m cm}r| aiklpjik|+

@gk| cm lg| iú c‚mkprmvrj|m æ cgw}mccm gvvgrpjmkkmkp cm| jkpêrm||ê| g}rgjp agjp c‚gqgklm `m| jk`mhkjpê| vi}r vmrpm| `m |gcgjrm i} `m pi}pm| vrjhm|# c‚]kê`jl mkg||}rmrgjp cm rmhoi}r|mhmkp ¾ "grpjlcm 77*+ Cm| hähm| râecm| |‚gvvcjw}mkp g}`jaaêrmkpm| lihhj||jik| pmlbkjw}m| w}m vm}qmkp lrêmr cg likqmkpjik `‚g||}rgklmlbðhgem mp |m| pmpm| `‚gvvcjlgpjik "grpjlcm ?6 `m| |pgp}p|*+

@gk| cm lg`rm `‚}k `m |m| likprðcm| virpgkp |}r cm| mmrljlm| ?667(?665#ìkl gkpêrjm}r| æ cg lrêgpjik `m Vðcm mhvcij# cg Li}r `m| lihvpm| gqgjp rmcmqê w}mcm| qmr|mhmkp| gkk}mc| g} iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r| em|pjikkgjrm|`} rê|mg} ]kê`jl(G||ê`jl rmvrê|mkpgjmkp g} hjkjh}h 76 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vgr gk#

ìkp cg hijpjê |i}| cg airhm `‚}km likprjo}pjik airagjpgjrm g} pjprm `m cg airhgpjikmp `m c‚jkairhgpjik `m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| w}j êpgjp `êvi}rq}m `m aik`mhmkp d}rj`jw}m+ @gk| }k rêaêrê `gpê `} 0 d}jk ?66: mp virpgkp cm k¶ =05=5# H+ Vbjcjvvm



‐ =1 ‐

\êe}jk# gcir| Vrmhjmr vrê|j`mkp `m cg Li}r# rmcmqgjp w}m ® cm| `jaaêrmkpm| jk|pgklm|`m ei}qmrkgklm `m c‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem rmvrê|mkpgjmkp# `} agjp `m cg vc}rgcjpê `m|

vmr|ikkm| hirgcm| "]kê`jl mp <7 G||ê`jl*# }k mk|mhocm `m vc}| `m 0 <66 hgk`gp|# vi}r }k maamlpja eciogc `m 70 =66 gemkp|+ Mk mghjkgkp cm| lihvpm| ?665# cg Li}r ^gqgjpX j`mkpjajê }km |ihhm `m 76#7? hjccjik| `‚m}ri| qmr|êm æ lm pjprm g}`jaaêrmkpm| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| mp |zk`jlgcm|# |i}| airhm `mrmhoi}r|mhmkp `m argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp|# `m lihvmk|gpjik `m vmrpm `mrêh}kêrgpjik# hgj| g}||j `‚}km likprjo}pjik airagjpgjrm æ c‚jkairhgpjik mp æ cg

airhgpjik `m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r|# qmr|êm |gk| aik`mhmkp d}rj`jw}m mp |gk| d}|pjajlgpjik| vgrpjl}cjârm|+ Cm| `êvmk|m| `m hähm kgp}rm mvi|êm| vgr c‚GKVM ^êpgjmkpX omg}li}v vc}| hi`m|pm|# `m c‚ir`rm `m 6#07 hjccjik `‚m}ri| mk ?662#g}w}mccm| |‚ ̂êpgjpX pi}pmaij| gdi}pê }k qmr|mhmkp lihvcêhmkpgjrm `m 6#<7 hjccjik`‚m}ri|# `gk| cm lg`rm `m| kêeiljgpjik| mk li}r| ¾+

Cm Vrmhjmr vrê|j`mkp gdi}pgjp w}m ® cg lrêgpjik `m Vðcm mhvcij |i}| airhm`‚}km |m}cm vmr|ikkm hirgcm `mqrgjp mkprgëkmr }km `jqj|jik vgr |j `} kihorm `m|hgk`gp|# lm w}j km |g}rgjp hgkw}mr `‚gqijr }km airpm jklj`mklm |}r lm pzvm `m`êvmk|m|# |i}| rê|mrqm `m qmjccmr æ km vg| rmlik|pjp}mr }k rê|mg} `‚jk|pgklm|`êvgrpmhmkpgcm|+ @gk| cm hähm ir`rm `‚j`êm# cg rê`}lpjik lik|j`êrgocm `}

vêrjhâprm `m c‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem km vi}rrgjp rm|pmr |gk| lik|êw}mklm |}r cm|hikpgkp| qmr|ê| vgr c‚]kê`jl g} `jaaêrmkpm| iregkj|gpjik| w}j vgrpjljvmkp æ |iklik|mjc `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik ¾+

@gk| }km rêvik|m êlrjpm |}jpm æ }k w}m|pjikkgjrm `} rgvvirpm}r# cm

vrê|j`mkp `m c‚]kê`jl g gvvirpê `m| vrêlj|jik| w}gkp g} ajkgklmhmkp glp}mc `} vgrjpgrj|hm `gk| lmppm jk|pjp}pjik+ Jc g jk`jw}ê w}m cm lik|mjc `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik `}?1 d}jk ?66: "ìkl vi|pêrjm}r æ cg lrêgpjik `m Vðcm mhvcij* gqgjp ® gìvpê cg hj|mmk vcglm `m ìpgpjik| ajkgkljârm| `m c‚]kê`jl g} iregkj|gpjik| em|pjikkgjrm| `mc‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem ¾# vrêlj|gkp w}‚® }km likqmkpjik lg`rm `êajkjp cm| hi`gcjpê|`m ajgpjik `} hikpgkp `m cg likprjo}pjik# cg kgp}rm `m| glpjqjpê| ajkgklêm|# cm|hi`gcjpê| `m qmr|mhmkp mp cm| d}|pjajlgpja| æ ai}rkjr ¾+

Vi}r ?66:# |mcik cg hähm |i}rlm# cg ìpgpjik eciogcm |‚êcmqgjp æ0 1:6 506 m}ri|# rêvgrpj| g} vrirgpg `m| |jâem| g} lik|mjc# lm w}j ìkkgjp

7 065 ??? m}ri| vi}r cm HM@MA mp 01: 650 m}ri| vi}r cg LEVHM# c‚]VG mplbgl}km `m| ljkw lmkprgcm| `m |gcgrjê|+ Cm| `êvmk|m| rêmccm| vi}r lmp mmrljlm |m|mrgjmkp êcmqêm| æ < 512 160 m}ri|+ Jc |mhocm ìkl ojmk w}m cm| argj| `m vgrjpgrj|hmgjmkp êpê |}o|pgkpjmccmhmkp rê`}jp| vgr rgvvirp æ cg |jp}gpjik `‚gqgkp ?662+

Vi}r c‚gkkêm ?676# cg ìpgpjik# `‚}k hähm hikpgkp eciogc `m0#1: hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# g êpê |ljk`êm mk `m} arglpjik|# c‚}km `m `m} pjmr| rmcgpjqmg} argj| mvi|ê| `gk| cm lg`rm `m cg em|pjik `m c‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem# c‚g}prmlirrm|vik`gkp æ cg vrj|m mk lbgrem `m| prgqg} |vêljajw}m| cjê| æ cg kêeiljgpjik `mcg likqmkpjik `‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem+ Jc g êpê jk`jw}ê w}m cm| `êvmk|m| rêmccm| vi}r lmp mmrljlm gqgjmkp rmvrê|mkpê }k hikpgkp pipgc `m < 205 2?= m}ri|+



‐ =5 ‐

Cm hikpgkp vrêqj|jikkmc eciogc `m 0#1: hjccjik| `‚m}ri| g êpê rmvrj| vi}r ?677+

\mcik cm vrê|j`mkp `m c‚]kê`jl# g}l}k g}prm hizmk kik ajkgkljmr k‚m|p hj|æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| em|pjikkgjrm| `m c‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem+ Pi}pmaij|#

`m| rmhoi}r|mhmkp| `m argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp `m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| |ikp ivêrê|# æbg}pm}r `m <7 570 m}ri| mk ?676+

Jc m|p mkajk vrêlj|ê w}m c‚]kê`jl ajkgklm cm| prgqg} `m| lihhj||jik| vgrjpgjrm| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| rêejikgcm| `m c‚mhvcij "LIVJ_M# qijr jkarg* vi}r cm liccâem |zk`jlgc mp g rmhoi}r|ê mk ?676# æ lm pjprm# `m| argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp æbg}pm}r `m 777 7?? m}ri| mp `m| lihvmk|gpjik| `m vmrpm `m |gcgjrm| vi}r 7? 5<0 m}ri|+

◉ Cm| jk|pgklm| rêejikgcm| lbgreêm| `m c‚mhvcij

Jc m|p vgr gjccm}r| vmrhj| `m |‚jkpmrriemr |}r cg |pr}lp}rgpjik `m| jk|pgklm||vêljgcmhmkp lbgreêm| `m `êcjoêrmr `m| vicjpjw}m| `m c‚mhvcij g} kjqmg} rêejikgc+

Ik g êqiw}ê cm| ® jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm| ¾ rêejikgcm|# lrêêm| mk ?662 vrjkljvgcmhmkp vi}r g||}rmr }km lmrpgjkm likpjk}jpê gqml cm| G||ê`jl w}j êpgjmkp|}vvrjhêm|+ Cg vmrpjkmklm `m cg hj||jik lik|}cpgpjqm `m lm| jk|pgklm| hêrjpmrgjp`‚äprm gkgcz|êm g} rmegr` `m cg h}cpjvcjlgpjik `m| g}prm| lik|mjc| mp lihhj||jik||vêljgcmhmkp lbgreê| `m `êcjoêrmr `m| vicjpjw}m| `m c‚mhvcij g} kjqmg} rêejikgc 4lihhm c‚g io|mrqê H+ Bmkrj _i}jccmg}cp `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# ik g

gjk|j# i}prm cg LIVJ_M `êdæ vrê|mkpêm# cm lihjpê `m liir`jkgpjik rêejikgc `mc‚mhvcij mp `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm "LL_MAV*# i} mklirm cm lik|mjcrêejikgc `m c‚mhvcij "lrêê c}j g}||j vgr cg cij `} 7< aêqrjmr ?662*‡ Cm hähmlik|pgp g êpê agjp kipghhmkp vgr Hhm Gki}|bmb Ngrqgr# prê|irjârm `m cg LA@P#cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm ?0 ilpiorm `mrkjmr+ Jc m|p qrgj w}m cg lihvi|jpjik `m lm|jk|pgklm| vm}p qgrjmr 4 gjk|j `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| lihhm cg AK\MG mpc‚]KGVC |ikp(mccm| vrê|mkpm| `gk| cm| lik|mjc| rêejikg} `m c‚mhvcij# gcir|w}‚mccm| |ikp êlgrpêm| `m| jk|pgklm| rê|mrqêm| g} iregkj|gpjik|® jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| ¾+

W}gkp g} rðcm `m| jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm| rêejikgcm| `m c‚]kê`jl `gk| cgem|pjik `m| ì||jmr| jk`jqj`}mc|# jc likqjmkp g}||j `m cm rmcgpjqj|mr g} rmegr` `m|`jaaêrmkpm| vi||jojcjpê| `m rmli}r| i}qmrpm| g} }|gemr| `m c‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem# vi}r cm|w}mc| g kipghhmkp êpê hj| mk vcglm }k |mrqjlm `m hê`jgpjik `m Vðcmmhvcij+ Jc m|p æ lmp êegr` |jekjajlgpja w}m `gk| }km ljrl}cgjrm rmcgpjqm g} hê`jgpm}r `m Vðcm mhvcij# cm `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc `m lmppm jk|pjp}pjik gjp d}eê kêlm||gjrm `m agjrm}k `êqmcivvmhmkp |}r c‚grpjl}cgpjik `m| qijm| `m rmli}r| w}m c‚ik vm}p ljpmr 4 ® cmhê`jgpm}r "‡* vm}p jkpmrqmkjr gqgkp# mk vgrgccâcm# qijrm gvrâ| pi}p g}prm rmli}r| “ rmli}r| ergljm} i} bjêrgrlbjw}m# rmli}r| d}rj`jlpjikkmc# jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm|

rêejikgcm|# lihhj||jik| prjvgrpjpm|# mpl+ "‡* ¾ "jk|pr}lpjik @E k¶ ?66:(756 `}7? d}jk ?66:(OIVM k¶ ?66:(00*+ Cm| qijm| `m rmli}r| |ikp ìkl kihorm}|m| mp



‐ =2 ‐

cm}r h}cpjvcjlgpjik k‚m|p vg| kêlm||gjrmhmkp }km egrgkpjm `m w}gcjpê mp `‚êw}jpê `m|`êlj|jik| vrj|m| vgr }km jk|pjp}pjik‡

◉ C‚GEMAJVB

C‚G||iljgpjik `m em|pjik `} aik`| vi}r c‚jk|mrpjik vriam||jikkmccm `m| vmr|ikkm| bgk`jlgvêm| "GEMAJVB* g êpê lrêêm vgr cg cij `} 76 d}jccmp 7:25 mk q}m`m rml}mjccjr cg likprjo}pjik iocjegpijrm `m| mkprmvrj|m| `‚g} hijk| qjkep |gcgrjê|w}j km |ikp vg| mk hm|}rm `m d}|pjajmr `m cm}r iocjegpjik `‚mhvcij `m prgqgjccm}r|bgk`jlgvê| "7*+ Cm| aik`| lik|j`êrgocm| “ `m c‚ir`rm `‚}k `mhj hjccjgr` `‚m}ri| vgr gk “ gjk|j liccmlpê| ìjqmkp äprm gaamlpê| æ `m| hm|}rm| `‚jk|mrpjik vriam||jikkmccm`m| vmr|ikkm| bgk`jlgvêm|+

Cg ei}qmrkgklm `m c‚GEMAJVB m|p w}g`rjvgrpjpm# |ik lik|mjc`‚g`hjkj|prgpjik lihvirpgkp 4

“ ljkw hmhorm| `} liccâem ® mhvcizm}r| ¾# vriqmkgkp `} HM@MA "prij|hmhorm|*# `m cg LEVHM "}k hmhorm* mp `m cg AK\MG "}k hmhorm* >

“ ljkw hmhorm| `} liccâem ® |gcgrjê| ¾# j||}| `m lbgl}km `m|ljkw lmkprgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc >

“ g}pgkp `m rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} liccâem airhê vgr cm| g||iljgpjik| `m vmr|ikkm| bgk`jlgvêm| >

“ ljkw vmr|ikkgcjpê| w}gcjajêm|# ìkp prij| |ikp kihhêm| vgr lbgl}k `m|liccâem| |}|hmkpjikkê| mp cm| `m} g}prm| vgr c‚Êpgp+

@gk| |ik rgvvirp v}ocjl gkk}mc vi}r ?66?# cg Li}r `m| lihvpm| gqgjp|êqârmhmkp lrjpjw}ê cg em|pjik `m c‚GEMAJVB# kipghhmkp |}r `m} vijkp| 4

“ cg Li}r gqgjp rmcmqê w}m cm| aiklpjik| `‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r êpgjmkp mmrlêm| æpjprm ergp}jp# hgj| w}m ® cm| iregkj|gpjik| w}j cm| `ê|jekmkp ^rmlmqgjmkpX }km

|}oqmkpjik `m c‚g||iljgpjik# lmk|êm lirrm|vik`rm g} argj| mkegeê| vi}r c‚mhvcij`‚g||j|pgkp| rmlr}pê| vgr mccm|# ìkp cm rðcm |mrgjp `m ai}rkjr jkairhgpjik| mp

gkgcz|m| g} g`hjkj|prgpm}r|+ ^L‚êpgjmkpX cm| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| m}(hähm| w}j# `â|7::<# ^gqgjmkpX qipê cm vrjkljvm `m lm| |}oqmkpjik| "‡*+ @gk| cm |jcmklm `m| |pgp}p|# }k pmc qmr|mhmkp ^êpgjpX `êvi}rq} `m og|m cêegcm+ M} êegr` æ cm}r d}|pjajlgpjik# jc k‚ ̂êpgjpX # `m vc}|# vg| ciejw}m w}m lm| |}oqmkpjik| |ijmkp qmr|êm|w}mccm w}m |ijp c‚g||j`}jpê `m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r|+ Mkajk# jc k‚ ̂ êpgjpX vg| gllmvpgocmw}‚g}l}km vjâlm d}|pjajlgpjqm vriogkpm km |ijp ai}rkjm vgr cm| oêkêajljgjrm|# lihhmlm a}p cm lg| d}|w}‚mk ?666 ¾ >

"7* Mk mhvcizgkp 1 - `m lm}(lj `gk| cm}r maamlpja mp)i} mk liklc}gkp `m| likprgp| `m |i}|(prgjpgklm# `m ai}rkjp}rm i} `m vrm|pgpjik| `m |mrqjlm| gqml `m| mkprmvrj|m| g`gvpêm| i} `m| êpgocj||mhmkp| mp |mrqjlm|`‚gj`m vgr cm prgqgjc# i} mklirm }k gllir` liccmlpja g` bil+



‐ =: ‐

“ cg Li}r |‚êpgjp êegcmhmkp vmklbêm |}r cm ajkgklmhmkp vgr c‚GEMAJVB`‚® glpjik| `‚jkairhgpjik mp `m |mk|jojcj|gpjik `} hik`m êlikihjw}m ¾ "g}bgk`jlgv*+ Mccm gqgjp lik|pgpê w}m# vi}r lm| glpjik|# ® cm| ivêrgpm}r| ^êpgjmkpX #

vi}r cg vc}vgrp# cm| |pr}lp}rm| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm| "‡*+ Cm `j|vi|jpja `m og|m ^rmvi|gjpX |}r }k lbgreê `m hj||jik# |gcgrjê `m c‚iregkj|hm vgprikgc mp ìpê `‚}k |mlrêpgrjgp+ C‚GEMAJVB âjkgkågjpX cm| argj| `m vmr|ikkmc lirrm|vik`gkp| gjk|j w}m cm| argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp mp cm| argj| eêkêrg}+ @gk| cgprâ| ergk`m hgdirjpê `m| ì||jmr| mghjkê|# "‡* lm| iregkj|hm| kmlihh}kjw}gjmkp vg| cg livjm `m| likprgp| `m prgqgjc `} lbgreê `m hj||jik mp `m

|m| êqmkp}mc| liccgoirgpm}r|# `m |irpm w}m c‚GEMAJVB âjkgkågjpX }km |pr}lp}rm |gk| gqijr cg lmrpjp}`m w}m cm| hizmk| gkkiklê| |ijmkp rêmccmhmkp hiojcj|ê|"‡* ¾+

Cg Li}r liklc}gjp w}m ® cm agjp w}m cm| ivêrgpm}r| mp cm| oêkêajljgjrm|

`‚}km cgrem vgrp `m| ajkgklmhmkp| `m c‚GEMAJVB |ijmkp `jrmlpmhmkp rmvrê|mkpê|g} lik|mjc `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik k‚ ̂gqgjpX # `m vc}|# vg| êpê `m kgp}rm æ |pjh}cmr }kmrêacmjik `m aik` |}r c‚êqgc}gpjik `m c‚jhvglp `m| hm|}rm| mp `m| hi`gcjpê| `m cm}r hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm‡ ¾+

Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# H+ Mrugk \mtkml# di}rkgcj|pm mp g}pm}r `m \zk`jlgp|# ergk`| `j|li}r| mp vmpjpm| lihojkm|# g `êlcgrêw}m lmrpgjkm| vrgpjw}m| rmvrilbêm| æ c‚GEMAJVB vgr cg Li}r `m| lihvpm|® vmr`}rmkp |gk| g}l}k ì}pm ¾+ Jc g gvvirpê cm| êcêhmkp| |}jqgkp| 4 ® d‚gj rml}mjccjcm pêhijekgem `m cg `êcêe}êm eêkêrgcm `m c‚GEMAJVB `} Kir`(Vg|(`m(Lgcgj|#

rêlmhhmkp êlgrpêm `m |ik vi|pm vi}r |‚äprm êcmqêm likprm `m| vrgpjw}m| w}j |‚gvvgrmkpgjmkp g} `êpi}rkmhmkp `m aik`| g} vriajp `m| iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm|`m cg rêejik# `m hähm w}m lmc}j `‚}km gkljmkkm lbgreêm `m hj||jik `mc‚GEMAJVB `gk| cm| Zqmcjkm| w}j# mccm g}||j# gqgjp lik|pgpê w}m `m| vmrhgkmkp|`} HM@MA êpgjmkp |gcgrjê| `m c‚g||iljgpjik gcir| w}‚jc| km prgqgjccgjmkp mk rjmk æc‚jk|mrpjik `m| vmr|ikkm| bgk`jlgvêm|# pgk`j| w}m `m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r|rmvrê|mkpgkp `m| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| oêkêajljgjmkp `m `êargjmhmkp| prâ| eêkêrm}

|gk| gqijr æ vrê|mkpmr cm hijk`rm d}|pjajlgpja ¾+ Æ }km w}m|pjik `} rgvvirpm}r |}r cm| hêpbi`m| }pjcj|êm| vi}r `êpi}rkmr cm| aik`|# jc g rêvik`} w}‚mccm| êpgjmkp® r}`jhmkpgjrm| mp km rê|j|pmrgjmkp vg| æ }k likprðcm êcêhmkpgjrm+ Lm vm}p äprm cg

|}raglp}rgpjik# æ bg}pm}r `m vc}|jm}r| `jtgjkm| `m hjccjmr| `‚m}ri|# `‚}k rgvvirp `‚}km pipgcm qgl}jpê w}j g}rg êpê lihhgk`ê æ }k lgojkmp `m lik|mjc gkjhê vgr }krm|vik|gocm `} HM@MA+ G}prm pmlbkjw}m 4 }k |gcgrjê m|p lmk|ê prgqgjccmr æ :6 -

vi}r c‚GEMAJVB mp æ 76 - vi}r cm HM@MA cilgc# w}j `mqrgjp rmqmr|mr æc‚g||iljgpjik cg vgrp `} |gcgjrm lirrm|vik`gkpm hgj| km cm agjp vg|# mp cm`jp |gcgrjêprgqgjccm mk agjp æ 766 - vi}r cm HM@MA ‡ ¾

C‚g}`jpjik `} vrê|j`mkp mp `} `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc `m c‚GEMAJVB vgr cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cm 70 kiqmhorm `mrkjmr# g hikprê w}m lmp iregkj|hm g hj|cikepmhv| æ rêairhmr |ik hi`m `m aiklpjikkmhmkp |}jpm g} io|mrqgpjik| `m cgLi}r `m| lihvpm|# vi}rpgkp rêjpêrêm| “ `m c‚gqm} hähm `m| jkpêrm||ê| “ mk ?665 4



‐ 16 ‐

“ vi}r lm w}j m|p `m| |}oqmkpjik| gpprjo}êm| g} iregkj|gpjik| |jêemgkp g}lik|mjc `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik# ìkp cm hikpgkp eciogc m|p `m 6#=2 hjccjik `‚m}ri|"vgrpgeê mkprm cm| prij| liccâem|# lm w}j lik`}jp ìkl æ vrâ| `m ?66 666 m}ri| vi}r lbgl}k `m| liccâem| ® |gcgrjê| ¾ mp ® mhvcizm}r| ¾*# jc g}rg agcc} gppmk`rm }kmg||mhocêm eêkêrgcm `} 70 gqrjc ?677 vi}r w}‚}km og|m cm}r |ijp ìkkêm# |jkik `gk|cg cij# `} hijk| `gk| cm| |pgp}p| `m c‚g||iljgpjik+ Vrêgcgocmhmkp# cm lik|mjc`‚g`hjkj|prgpjik gqgjp `êlj`ê mk ?667 w}m lbgw}m iregkj|gpjik oêkêajljgjrm `m lm||}oqmkpjik| `mqrgjp vri`}jrm }k rgvvirp `‚}pjcj|gpjik mp }km gppm|pgpjik `‚mhvcij`‚}k g||j|pgkp pmlbkjw}m mp w}m cm| |}oqmkpjik| vi}rrgjmkp äprm vrirgpj|êm| mk lg|`‚go|mklm vricikeêm `‚}k g`hjkj|prgpm}r > mk ?66=# cm o}rmg} `m c‚g||iljgpjikgqgjp g}`gljm}|mhmkp pjrê cm| lik|êw}mklm| `m lmppm vrmhjârm `êlj|jik mk vi|gkp cm vrjkljvm |mcik cmw}mc# mk c‚go|mklm `m vri`}lpjik `} rgvvirp `‚glpjqjpê `m cg|}oqmkpjik vgr }km iregkj|gpjik oêkêajljgjrm vi}r ® k “ 7 ¾# |g |}oqmkpjik |mrgjp|}|vmk`}m c‚gkkêm |}jqgkpm‡

“ vi}r lm w}j m|p `} lbij `m| ivêrgpm}r| vi}r cm| glpjik| `m |mk|jojcj|gpjikmp `‚gllihvgekmhmkp `m| mkprmvrj|m|# lm k‚m|p w}‚æ vgrpjr `m ?662(?66: w}‚}km vrilê`}rm prgk|vgrmkpm `m hgrlbê g}rgjp êpê hj|m mk vcglm# cgw}mccm# `‚gvrâ| cm|`êlcgrgpjik| `} `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc `m c‚g||iljgpjik# H+ Vjmrrm Ocgkl# k‚g vg|hgkw}ê `m |}|ljpmr w}mcw}m| `jaajl}cpê| gqml cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|hmhorm| `} lik|mjc 4 hähm |j `m kihorm}|m| |pr}lp}rm| cilgcm| `} HM@MA i} `mcg LEVHM likpjk}mkp æ äprm rmpmk}m| vi}r lm| glpjik|# `‚g}prm| ikp êpê êlgrpêm|+@‚gvrâ| cm| êcêhmkp| lihh}kjw}ê| æ cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# |}r cm|2#2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| gaamlpê| g} :1 pjp}cgjrm| `} hgrlbê prjmkkgc ® GCPBM_ ¾#

hj| mk Ŝ}qrm `mv}j| ?676# ?#:< hjccjik| oêkêajljmrgjmkp æ <? iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm| cilgcm|+ Vgr gjccm}r|# }km vgrpjm `m| aik`| `m|pjkê| g} jkpmrqmkpjik| `m|mk|jojcj|gpjik vgprikgcm k‚g vg| êpê jklc}|m `gk| cg vrilê`}rm `m hgrlbê# vi}r }k o}èmp gkk}mc `m ? hjccjik| `‚m}ri| "vrêqj|jik ?67?* w}j rm|pm gpprjo}ê |i}| airhm`m |}oqmkpjik|+

H+ Vjmrrm Ocgkl k‚g vg| `j||jh}cê æ cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm lihojmkêpgjp `êcjlgpm cg hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `m cg `êhgrlbm mkegeêm `gk| }k iregkj|hm iú|jâemkp mk kihorm cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# w}j ikpkipghhmkp cg bg}pm hgjk |}r cg kihjkgpjik `} `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc‡

W}gkp æ |gqijr |j# maamlpjqmhmkp# c‚GEMAJVB gqgjp v}# `gk| cm vg||ê# äprm}pjcj|êm vi}r cm ajkgklmhmkp `m ® vmrhgkmkp| ¾ vgprikg} cilg}# jc g m|pjhê w}m® lmcg g v} mj|pmr ¾# hgj| w}m lm k‚m|p vc}| cm lg|+

l* Cm ® 7 - ciemhmkp ¾

Lm w}‚jc m|p likqmk} `‚gvvmcmr cm ® 7 - ciemhmkp ¾# hähm |j cg lipj|gpjikg||j|m |}r cm| |gcgjrm| w}j cm ajkgklm k‚m|p w}m `m 6#0= -# `ê|jekm cm `j|vi|jpja hj|mk vcglm g} pjprm `m cg ® vgrpjljvgpjik `m| mhvcizm}r| æ c‚maairp `m lik|pr}lpjik ¾

"VMML*+ Lm `j|vi|jpja m|p lijaaê vgr }km jk|pjp}pjik `êajkjm vgr cg cij "æ c‚grpjlcmC+ <7<(72 `} li`m `m cg lik|pr}lpjik mp `m c‚bgojpgpjik*# c‚]kjik `‚êlikihjm|iljgcm `} ciemhmkp "]M\C*# ìkp cm| g||iljê| |ikp# æ pjprm iocjegpijrm# lbgw}m



‐ 17 ‐

iregkj|hm liccmlpm}r "LJC* mp lbgw}m lbghorm `m lihhmrlm mp `‚jk`}|prjm w}j|ikp gerêê| g} ajk| `m liccmlpmr mp `‚}pjcj|mr cm| aik`| `m cg VMML# gjk|j w}‚æ cm}r `mhgk`m# cm| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| mprmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc+ Jc mj|pm êegcmhmkp }km Gemklm kgpjikgcm vi}r cg vgrpjljvgpjik `m| mhvcizm}r| æ c‚maairp `m lik|pr}lpjik "GKVMML*# lbgreêm `mc‚êqgc}gpjik mp `} likprðcm "grpjlcm C+ <7<(5 `} hähm li`m*+

C‚]M\C# rêlmhhmkp rmogvpj|êm ® Glpjik ciemhmkp ¾# m|p }km |iljêpê æ`jrmlpijrm mp lik|mjc `m |}rqmjccgklm+ Lm `mrkjmr m|p lihvi|ê `m `m} liccâem|® mhvcizm}r| ¾ mp ® |gcgrjê| ¾ `m ljkw hmhorm| pjp}cgjrm| lbgl}k 4 w}gprmrmvrê|mkpgkp| `} HM@MA# }k `m cg LEVHM# }k `m lbgw}m lmkprgcm `m |gcgrjê|rmvrê|mkpgpjqm g} vcgk kgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc+ \j# bj|pirjw}mhmkp# cm ® 7 -ciemhmkp ¾ vriqjmkp `‚jkjpjgpjqm| vgprikgcm| mk|}jpm eêkêrgcj|êm| vgr cg cij mk 7:=<#cm| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| ikp mk maamp êpê vc}| rêlmhhmkp g||iljêm| æ |g

ei}qmrkgklm+Mk rmqgklbm# |‚gej||gkp `} liccâem ® mhvcizm}r| ¾# c‚]VG mk rm|pm

go|mkpm+ G} li}r| `m |ik g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm cm 7< ilpiorm`mrkjmr# H+ Dmgk Cgr`jk# vrê|j`mkp `m lmppm iregkj|gpjik# g lihhmkpê lmp êpgp `magjp 4 ® vi}r `m| rgj|ik| bj|pirjw}m|# ki}| |ihhm| mlc}| `m| iregkj|hm| lbgreê|`m eêrmr lm `j|vi|jpja gcir| hähm w}m omg}li}v `m ki| g`bêrmkp|# gzgkp vc}| `m`j |gcgrjê| "7* # |ikp g||}dmppj| g} 7 - ciemhmkp+ Ki}| |i}bgjpik| w}‚jc |ijp hj| ajkæ lmppm jkliker}jpê+ Cm vrê|j`mkp `m c‚]M\C# Dêrðhm Oê`jmr# gqgjp m|w}j||ê }kmi}qmrp}rm mk kiprm `jrmlpjik# w}m cm HM@MA |‚m|p mhvrm||ê `m qmrri}jccmr æ

ì}ocm pi}r+ Ki}| rêacêlbj||ik| ìkl g} hi`gcjpê| w}m vi}rrgjp vrmk`rm kiprm vgrpjljvgpjik æ cg lik|pr}lpjik `m ciemhmkp| vi}r ki| |gcgrjê| “ rjmk k‚g mklirmêpê `êlj`ê# pi}pmaij| “ 4 mk maamp# ki| mkprmvrj|m| ìjqmkp äprm g}||j gpprglpjqm| w}mcm| g}prm| ' ¾

Vi}r |g vgrp# c‚GKVMML gqgjp d}|w}‚mk ?676 }km ei}qmrkgklmw}g`rjvgrpjpm "iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r|# g`hjkj|prgpjik mpiregkj|hm| liccmlpm}r|*# gqgkp `‚äprm rmvrj|m mk hgjk vgr c‚Êpgp+

C‚grpjlcm C+ <7<(?= `} li`m `m cg lik|pr}lpjik mp `m c‚bgojpgpjik `j|vi|m

w}m c‚]M\C vm}p vrêcmqmr |m| argj| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp |}r cg liccmlpm `m cg VMML mpw}‚® }km arglpjik `m| |ihhm| vrêcmqêm| vm}p äprm rmqmr|êm vgr c‚}kjik g}iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| g||iljêm|# mk`êargjmhmkp airagjpgjrm `m| lbgrem| w}m rmvrê|mkpm cm}r vgrpjljvgpjik æ c‚mk|mhocm`m| prgqg} mp glpjqjpê| `m c‚}kjik mp `m |m| g||iljê| liccmlpm}r|+ C‚g||mhocêm

eêkêrgcm `m c‚}kjik `êpmrhjkm gkk}mccmhmkp cm hikpgkp `} `êargjmhmkp w}j m|p rêvgrpj vgr cm lik|mjc `m |}rqmjccgklm mkprm cm| iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|`‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| g||iljêm| |}r cg og|m `‚}k ì||jmr êpgocj vgr lbgw}miregkj|gpjik `êlrjqgkp cg kgp}rm `m| `êvmk|m| mkqj|geêm| mp rmk`gkp lihvpm `mc‚mhvcij `m| |ihhm| vmrå}m| g} pjprm `m c‚gkkêm vrêlê`mkpm+ Lm `êargjmhmkp m|p

"7* Mk agjp# cm |m}jc `‚g||}dmppj||mhmkp æ cg VMML m|p `m qjkep |gcgrjê|+



‐ 1? ‐

mlc}|ja `m pi}| g}prm| `êargjmhmkp|# jk`mhkj|gpjik| i} rêh}kêrgpjik| vgr c‚}kjik`m lm| iregkj|gpjik| mp `m cm}r| rmvrê|mkpgkp| vmrhgkmkp| ^# lm| `j|vi|jpjik| kmagj|gkpX vg| io|pglcm g} rmhoi}r|mhmkp `m| argj| `m hj||jik mvi|ê| `gk| cm lg`rm`m cm}r| aiklpjik| vgr cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| vmrhgkmkp| `m lm| iregkj|gpjik| ¾+

C‚grpjlcm _+ <7<(17 `} hähm li`m vrêqijp w}gkp æ c}j }k vcgaikkmhmkp `}hikpgkp gkk}mc `m lm ® vrêcâqmhmkp vi}r argj| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp ¾# vgr grräpê `}hjkj|prm lbgreê `} ciemhmkp+

@gk| }km rêvik|m g`rm||êm vgr cm vrê|j`mkp `} lik|mjc `m |}rqmjccgklm`‚Glpjik ciemhmkp |}jpm æ }k w}m|pjikkgjrm `} rgvvirpm}r# jc m|p vrêlj|ê w}‚gvrâ| cgrêvgrpjpjik `m| aik`| vgr lmppm jk|pgklm mkprm cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m|gcgrjê| g||iljêm|# jc m|p vrilê`ê ® g} qmr|mhmkp| gvrâ| rêlmvpjik `‚}k êpgp

d}|pjajgkp `m| `êvmk|m| mp gppm|pê vgr cm lihhj||gjrm g} lihvpm| `m lbgw}miregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm+ Lm| `êvmk|m| |ikp |ljk`êm| mk `m} vi|pm|# cm vrmhjmr rmcgpja æ c‚gkjhgpjik `m cm}r vgrpjljvgpjik mp cm |mlik` rmcgpja æ cg hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm`m vrierghhm| `m airhgpjik |vêljajw}m| æ cm}r| rmvrê|mkpgkp| g} |mjk `‚Glpjikciemhmkp ¾+ Jc m|p êegcmhmkp jk`jw}ê w}m cm hikpgkp eciogc hgjhgc `m`êargjmhmkp g êpê ajê# vi}r ?676# mk g||mhocêm eêkêrgcm# æ = 706 666 m}ri|+ Cmpgocmg} lj(gvrâ| `êpgjccm cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| aik`| gpprjo}ê| "vi}r }k hikpgkpjkaêrjm}r æ lmppm mkqmcivvm* |mcik cg hähm |i}rlm+

@êargjmhmkp| airagjpgjrm| qmr|ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|`‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| g||iljêm| mk ?676

"mk m}ri|*

Hikpgkp qmr|ê g} pjprm `mc‚gkjhgpjik `‚Glpjik

ciemhmkp

Hikpgkp qmr|êg} pjprm `m cg

airhgpjik

PIPGC

HM@MA =:1 71? ( =:1 71?

LEVHM 7=: ?=5 71 :?6 751 755

Pipgc iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm| 5== 07: 71 :?6 55? <<:

LA@P ==0 =56 :5 627 1=7 1=7

LAPL ==0 =56 ?2 <?5 =2? 2:5

LAM(LEL ==0 =56 ( ==0 =56

LEP ==0 =56 :5 627 1=7 1=7

Airlm i}qrjârm ==0 =56 7? 016 =15 6<6

Pipgc iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| ? 55? 2=6 ?<0 :0: < 665 5::PIPGC EÊKM_GC < =?2 ?1: ?=7 21: < 526 7<2

Vgr gjccm}r|# jc m|p jk`jw}ê w}m 7? 765 m}ri| `m argj| ikp êpê `jrmlpmhmkprmhoi}r|ê| g} hmhorm| `} lik|mjc `m |}rqmjccgklm mk ?676+

`* Cm| aik`| `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm

Cm |z|pâhm argkågj| `m airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm `m| |gcgrjê| m|p aik`ê |}r }km iocjegpjik `m ajkgklmhmkp 4 cm| mkprmvrj|m| ìjqmkp z lik|glrmr "g} hjkjh}h*}km vgrp `m cm}r hg||m |gcgrjgcm# |ijp 7#1 - vi}r cm| hizmkkm| mp ergk`m|# 7#6= -



‐ 1< ‐

vi}r lmccm| `m `j æ hijk| `m qjkep |gcgrjê| mp 6#== - vi}r cm| vc}| vmpjpm|+ Lmppmiocjegpjik |m `êlihvi|m mccm(hähm mk arglpjik| lik|glrêm| rm|vmlpjqmhmkp g} vcgk| `m airhgpjik `m| mkprmvrj|m|# æ cg vriam||jikkgcj|gpjik mp g} `rijp jk`jqj`}mcæ cg airhgpjik `m| |gcgrjê|# mkajk æ cm}r| likeê| jk`jqj`}mc| `m airhgpjik+

Vi}r c‚m||mkpjmc# c‚iocjegpjik `m airhgpjik ìjp äprm h}p}gcj|êm# mkgvvcjlgpjik `m cg cij i} `m likqmkpjik| liccmlpjqm| "cg arglpjik `‚iocjegpjikliklmrkgkp cm| vcgk| `m airhgpjik vm}p |mcik cg cij äprm rêgcj|êm mk `êvmk|m|jkpmrkm| vi}r cm| mkprmvrj|m| `‚g} hijk| `j |gcgrjê|# hgj| `m| likqmkpjik|liccmlpjqm| jhvi|mkp vgraij| |g h}p}gcj|gpjik g} hijk| vgrpjmccm*+ Lmppmh}p}gcj|gpjik m|p g||}rêm vgr cm qmr|mhmkp `m lipj|gpjik| iocjegpijrm| æ }km vmpjpmlmkpgjkm “ gqgkp cm| rmeri}vmhmkp| mk li}r| “ `‚iregkj|hm| vgrjpgjrm| liccmlpm}r|gerêê| "IVLG*+

Cm| mkprmvrj|m| ikp mk ?66: lik|glrê 7?#:= hjccjgr`| `‚m}ri| æ cgairhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm `m cm}r| |gcgrjê| "mk ergk`m vgrpjm g}(`mcæ `m cm}r iocjegpjik cêegcm*+ Cm| IVLG ikp vi}r cm}r vgrp liccmlpê 1#<= hjccjgr`| `‚m}ri| mk?676 4

“ 6#:? hjccjgr` g} pjprm `} likeê jk`jqj`}mc `m airhgpjik >

“ 7#:0 hjccjgr` g} pjprm `m cg vriam||jikkgcj|gpjik >

“ <#= hjccjgr`| g} pjprm `m| vcgk| `m airhgpjik+

Lihhm cm}r gvvmccgpjik c‚jk`jw}m# cm| IVLG# i}prm cm agjp w}‚jc| ikp vi}r hj||jik `m liccmlpmr cm| lipj|gpjik| `m| mkprmvrj|m| mp `m cm| gaamlpmr g}ajkgklmhmkp `m airhgpjik| g} oêkêajlm `m| |gcgrjê| `m lm| mkprmvrj|m|# ikp vi}r lgrglpêrj|pjw}m| `‚äprm `m| iregkj|hm| |}j emkmrj|# `êajkj| vgr cg cij "cm li`m `}prgqgjc*# eêrê| vgrjpgjrmhmkp vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| “ jc|rê|}cpmkp `‚}k gllir` liccmlpja lik|pjp}pja “ mp |i}hj| æ }k rêejhm `‚gerêhmkphjkj|pêrjmc+

Cm agjp `‚g||}rmr c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik `} |z|pâhm `m ajkgklmhmkp `m cgairhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm `m| |gcgrjê| æ prgqmr| cm| IVLG lik`}jp cm|

iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| æ gllê`mr æ `m} |i}rlm| `m ajkgklmhmkpw}m vrêqijmkp cm| pmpm| 4 cm| ® vrêljv}p| ¾ g} pjprm `m cg em|pjik `m| ILVG mp cm Aik`| kgpjikgc `m em|pjik vgrjpgjrm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm likpjk}m"AIKEMAI_*+

Cm pgocmg} lj(gvrâ| hikprm# IVLG vgr IVLG# cm hikpgkp `‚}km vgrp `m| vrêcâqmhmkp| AIKEMAI_# `‚g}prm vgrp `m| vrêljv}p| g} pjprm `m cg em|pjik `m|iregkj|hm| "licikkm ® vgrjpgrj|hm ¾ |}r cm pgocmg}*# cm pi}p mk ?676+ Ik qijp w}mcm| vrêljv}p| ikp gppmjkp }k pipgc `m vrâ| `m <5 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mp cm vrêcâqmhmkp vgr cm AIKEMAI_ ?: hjccjik|# lm w}j agjp mk pi}p 11 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# w}‚ik vm}p vmk|mr vgrpgeê| æ vgrjpê mkprm iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê|+



‐ 10 ‐



‐ 1= ‐

◉ Cm| vrêljv}p| g} pjprm `m cg em|pjik `m| IVLG

Cm li`m `} prgqgjc# g} grpjlcm| _+ 1<<?(0< mp |}jqgkp|# `j|vi|m w}m cm|IVLG ® vm}qmkp rêh}kêrmr cm| hj||jik| mp |mrqjlm| w}j |ikp maamlpjqmhmkp gllihvcj|# mk q}m `‚g||}rmr cg em|pjik vgrjpgjrm `m| aik`| `m cg airhgpjik

vriam||jikkmccm likpjk}m# vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| |jekgpgjrm| `m| gllir`| virpgkp lik|pjp}pjik `m lm| iregkj|hm| ¾+ Jc m|p vrêlj|ê w}m cm| hj||jik| mp |mrqjlm| mklg}|m ® liklmrkmkp cm| ìhgjkm| |}jqgkp| 4 vrêqj|jik `m| om|ijk| mk lihvêpmklm|mp mk airhgpjik > `êajkjpjik `m| râecm| w}j vmrhmppmkp `m `êpmrhjkmr cm| glpjik|ìkkgkp cjm} æ jkpmrqmkpjik `m| iregkj|hm| mp cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| rm||i}rlm| mkprmlm| jkpmrqmkpjik| > vrihipjik `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm g}vrâ| `m|mkprmvrj|m| > |}rqmjccgklm `} aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| iregkj|hm| liccmlpm}r|

vgrjpgjrm|# kipghhmkp `m cg oikkm }pjcj|gpjik `m| aik`| ¾+

Pi}di}r| |mcik cm li`m `} prgqgjc# c‚mhvcij `m|`jpm| rêh}kêrgpjik| ® agjp c‚iodmp `m likprðcm| ¾ `gk| cm lg`rm `} `j|vi|jpja `m likprðcm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm “ jc mj|pm }k |mrqjlm |vêljgcmhmkp lbgreê `m lm likprðcm “#likprðcm| w}j ìjqmkp `êoi}lbmr êqmkp}mccmhmkp |}r cm rmqmr|mhmkp `m| |ihhm|ìkp c‚mhvcij k‚g v} äprm d}|pjajê i} k‚m|p vg| likairhm g} ajkgcjpê||}|hmkpjikkêm|+

Mkajk# lm| vrêljv}p| km ìjqmkp vg| mlê`mr 6#5= - `} hikpgkp `m cgliccmlpm `m| iregkj|hm|+ Jc| |ikp vgrpgeê| mkprm iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp`‚mhvcizm}r|# g vrjirj æ vgrjpê+

@} lðpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# jc m|p æ kipmr w}m km |ikpkgp}rmccmhmkp liklmrkêm| w}m lmccm| w}j |ikp |jekgpgjrm| `m c‚gllir` lik|pjp}pja `m|IVLG mk lg}|m 4 lm vm}p ìkl äprm }km |m}cm iregkj|gpjik+ Vgr mmhvcm# |mcik |m|lihvpm|# c‚]JHH g vmrå} mk ?676 }k vrêljv}p `m 7#1< hjccjik `‚m}ri| g} pjprm `m|g em|pjik `m c‚IVLG `m cg hêpgcc}rejm "IVLGJH*+

Cg lik|pjp}pjik `‚}k IVLG vm}p `‚gjccm}r| äprm c‚illg|jik `m cg airhgpjik`‚}km iregkj|gpjik `‚mhvcizm}r| g` bil "rmeri}vgkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| vrêmj|pgkpm|*# i} `} hijk| `} `êqmcivvmhmkp `m lmppm iregkj|gpjik+ Cg

lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm g kipghhmkp g}`jpjikkê cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m c‚]\EM_M\#cgw}mccm airhm cm liccâem ® mhvcizm}r| ¾ vi}r cg em|pjik `m c‚IVLG]kjairhgpjik 4 cm vrêljv}p vmrå} mk lik|êw}mklm vgr c‚]\EM_M\# |ijp6#575 hjccjik `‚m}ri| mk ?676# rmvrê|mkpm 50 - `m cg pipgcjpê `m |m| rm||i}rlm| '

\‚gej||gkp `m| IVLG ìkp cm lbghv m|p eêkêrgcj|pm# `jp|® jkpmrvriam||jikkmc| ¾# cg em|pjik vm}p g}||j mk äprm g||}rêm vgr }km |m}cmiregkj|gpjik vi}r lm w}j m|p `m cg vgrpjm vgprikgcm+ IVLGCJG m|p gjk|j eêrê vgr cmHM@MA# mp GEMAI\(VHM vgr cg LEVHM+ @‚gjccm}r| jc g agcc}# `gk| cm lg`rm `mcg cij `} ?0 kiqmhorm ?66: rmcgpjqm æ c‚irjmkpgpjik mp æ cg airhgpjik

vriam||jikkmccm pi}p g} cike `m cg qjm# }km `j|vi|jpjik |vêljgcm vi}r hgjkpmkjr cg vi||jojcjpê `‚IVLG jkpmrvriam||jikkmc| ìkp cg vgrpjm vgprikgcm km lihvirpmrgjpw}‚}km iregkj|gpjik 4 c‚grpjlcm C+ 1<<?(7 `} li`m `} prgqgjc `j|vi|m mvcjljpmhmkp



‐ 11 ‐

w}m c‚gllir` lik|pjp}pja `‚}k IVLG jkpmrvriam||jikkmc ® m|p qgcj`m mp vm}p äprmgerêê hähm |‚jc k‚m|p |jekê# mk lm w}j liklmrkm cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| mhvcizm}r|#w}m vgr }km iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm ¾ 4 æ `êag}p `‚}km `j|vi|jpjik g` bil#c‚gvvcjlgpjik `m cg râecm eêkêrgcm jhvi|gkp w}m cm| gllir`| liccmlpja| |ijmkp® hgdirjpgjrm| ¾ "7* g}rgjp v} vi|mr vriocâhm vi}r cm| IVLG ® hiki(iregkj|gpjik ¾# v}j|w}‚jc mj|pm prij| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc‡

Cm| rm|vik|gocm| `m c‚GEMAI\(VHM ikp êpê g}`jpjikkê| vgr cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm cm 71 kiqmhorm ?677+ Jc| ikp æ lmppm illg|jik d}|pjajêc‚jhvirpgklm `} vrêljv}p `m vrâ| `m 0#2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| qmr|ê "mk ?676* vgr lmpIVLG æ |m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| lik|pjp}pjqm| mk jkqiw}gkpcg |pr}lp}rgpjik `m lmp iregkj|hm mp cm rðcm w}j z m|p `êqic} g} g`hjkj|prgpm}r|hgk`gpê| vgr lm| iregkj|gpjik| 4 pi}p mkegemhmkp `m| aik`| `m airhgpjik "æ cg

`jaaêrmklm `m| `êvmk|m| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp `m c‚iregkj|hm* ìjp iocjegpijrmhmkpäprm `êlj`ê vgr }km jk|pgklm vgrjpgjrm > vgr gjccm}r|# gajk `‚g||}rmr }k |mrqjlm `m vrijhjpê g} PVM(VHM w}j airhmkp c‚m||mkpjmc `m| mkprmvrj|m| gaajcjêm|# qijrm }k|}jqj jk`jqj`}gcj|ê# mp `gk| }k |i}lj `‚glpjik pmrrjpirjgcm# c‚GEMAI\(VHM g }kmprâ| cgrem jhvcgkpgpjik |}r cm| pmrrjpijrm| > mccm lihvpmrgjp mk lik|êw}mklm vc}| `mhjccm g`hjkj|prgpm}r|+

Gvvgrmhhmkp# lm lbij `‚}km vrê|mklm pmrrjpirjgcm `‚jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm| “ mp kik `m |jhvcm| gkpmkkm| eêrêm| vgr `m| |gcgrjê| “ g êpê c‚iodmp `‚}km likpriqmr|mgqml cg p}pmccm cir| `} rêlmkp rmki}qmccmhmkp `m c‚gerêhmkp `m c‚GEMAI\(VHM#

lgr cg `êcêegpjik eêkêrgcm æ c‚mhvcij mp æ cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm |i}bgjpgjprmhmpprm mk lg}|m lmppm iregkj|gpjik+

◉ Cm AIKEMAI_

Cm AIKEMAI_ pri}qm |ik irjejkm `gk| }k `êlrmp mp }k gllir` mkprm cm|iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| kgpjikgcm| `gpgkp `m 7::1+

Cm| `j|vi|jpjik| `m| grpjlcm| _+ 1<<?(:1 mp |}jqgkp| `} li`m `} prgqgjc`j|vi|mkp w}m lm aik`| m|p gcjhmkpê vgr }k vrêcâqmhmkp æ bg}pm}r `m 6#5= - |}r cm|

|ihhm| liccmlpêm| vgr cm| IVLG ® rmcmqgkp `} lbghv `‚gvvcjlgpjik `‚gllir`|rmcgpja| æ cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm likpjk}m liklc}| g} kjqmg}jkpmrvriam||jikkmc ¾+ Lmppm airh}cgpjik |jekjajm w}m lm vrêcâqmhmkp k‚m|p ivêrêw}m |}r cm| IVLG `jp| `} ® lbghv jkpmrvriam||jikkmc ¾ 4 lm |ikp cm| IVLG ìkp cmlbghv `‚jkpmrqmkpjik lirrm|vik` æ `m| |mlpm}r| g}w}mc| |‚gvvcjw}mkp cm| gllir`|`jp| kgpjikg} jkpmrvriam||jikkmc|# æ |gqijr vi}r gccmr qjpm c‚jk`}|prjm# cm lihhmrlm

"7* @mv}j| ?660# }km hgdirjpê `‚iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `gk| cm lbghv `‚}k gllir` vm}qmkp z agjrmivvi|jpjik > cg rêairhm virpêm vgr cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662 vrêqijp }k vg||gem æ cg hgdirjpê

® `‚mkegemhmkp ¾ "vi|jpjqm* gqml# `} hijk| vi}r cg vgrpjm ® |gcgrjê| ¾# c‚iocjegpjik vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| |jekgpgjrm| `m d}|pjajmr `‚}km g}`jmklm êcmlpirgcm `m <6 - `gk| cm lbghv `m c‚gllir` “ lmppm `j|vi|jpjik km`mqgkp pi}pmaij|# g} kjqmg} jkpmrvriam||jikkmc mp `m| orgklbm|# mkprmr mk qje}m}r w}‚gvrâ| cg ajk `}liccgpjikkmhmkp `m| rê|}cpgp| `m| êcmlpjik| `‚mkprmvrj|m vmrhmppgkp c‚gvvrêljgpjik ki}qmccm `m cgrmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê# |ijp mk ?67<+



‐ 15 ‐

mp cm| |mrqjlm| "æ c‚mlmvpjik `m w}mcw}m| rgrm| |mlpm}r| ìkp cm| iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm| k‚g`bârmkp vg| æ }km likaê`êrgpjik jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm*# hgj| æc‚mlc}|jik `m c‚gerjl}cp}rm# `m| vriam||jik| cjoêrgcm| mp `m c‚êlikihjm |iljgcm+ Cmlbghv jkpmrvriam||jikkmc lirrm|vik` æ mkqjrik 55 - `m cg liccmlpm `m| IVLG+

Cg rêvgrpjpjik `} vri`}jp `m lm vrêcâqmhmkp m|p maamlp}êm# ® æ vgrjpê# mkprmcm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m |gcgrjê| mp cm| iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|`‚mhvcizm}r| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} kjqmg} kgpjikgc ¾+ C‚gllir` liccmlpja vrêljpê#liklc} cm 7: kiqmhorm 7::1# vrêlj|m w}‚gvrâ| lmppm rêvgrpjpjik vgrjpgjrm mkprm cm|`m} liccâem|# cg qmkpjcgpjik mkprm iregkj|gpjik| ìjp |m agjrm mk aiklpjik `‚}km lcma `êlj`êm mk jkpmrkm vgr lbgw}m liccâem+ Cg qmkpjcgpjik mk qje}m}r m|p glp}mccmhmkpêegcjpgjrm mkprm cm| ljkw iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc mpjkpmrvriam||jikkmc "LA@P# LAPL# LAM(LEL# LEP# AI* > mk rmqgklbm# cg vgrp vgprikgcm `m| aik`| m|p gpprjo}êm æ =5#= - g} HM@MA# æ <?#= - æ cg LEVHM mp æ

76 - æ c‚]VG+\mcik cm li`m `} prgqgjc# cm| hizmk| rmå}| `} AIKEMAI_ |ikp d}|pjajê|

vgr cg likprjo}pjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| g} `êqmcivvmhmkp `m cgairhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm æ prgqmr| |j r}orjw}m| `‚glpjik| 4 ® c‚êcgoirgpjik mp cghj|m mk vcglm `} `j|vi|jpja jkpmrvriam||jikkmc liklmrkgkp c‚mhvcij mp cg airhgpjik

vriam||jikkmccm > cm| jkjpjgpjqm| kêlm||gjrm| æ cg hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `m| gllir`| >^c‚êqgc}gpjik `m|X lik|êw}mklm| `m| glpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| |}r c‚jk|mrpjik#c‚g`gvpgpjik mp cg vrihipjik `m| |gcgrjê| > ^c‚bgrhikj|gpjik mp cg libêrmklmX `}`j|vi|jpja vgrjpgjrm `m em|pjik mp `m vrihipjik `m cg airhgpjik likpjk}m > cg

liklmrpgpjik mkprm cm| orgklbm| vriam||jikkmccm| mp c‚Êpgp > ^cg vgrpjljvgpjikX g}jk|pgklm| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| `m liir`jkgpjik ¾+

Cm| iregkj|gpjik| oêkêajljgjrm| ìjqmkp g`rm||mr gkk}mccmhmkp }k lihvpm(rmk`} `m em|pjik g} AIKEMAI_# w}j cm prgk|hmp g} hjkj|prm lihvêpmkp+ C‚mhvcij`m| aik`| ìjp g}||j äprm likprðcê g} pjprm `} likprðcm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm+

Lihhm ik vm}p cm qijr |}r cm pgocmg} lj(`m||i}|# cm| hizmk| eciogcmhmkpgcci}ê| vgr cm AIKEMAI_ g} iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r| ikp

likk} }km êqic}pjik `zkghjw}m `mv}j| |g lrêgpjik 4 jc| ikp vc}| w}m ì}ocê mkhijk| `m w}jktm gk|+



‐ 12 ‐

Êqic}pjik `} vri`}jp `} AIKEMAI_


Hikpgkp æ rêvgrpjr Êqic}pjik mk - vgr rgvvirpæ c‚gkkêm vrêlê`mkpm

7::1 7? =507::5 7< 6=0 <#27::2 7< :?2 1#57::: 70 226 1#2?666 7= :=7 5#??667 75 720 5#5?66? 72 107 2#=?66< 7: 110 =#=?660 ?6 111 =#7?66= ?0 ?61 75#7

?661 ?= 1<2 =#:?665 ?5 <65 1#=?662 ?2 =75 0#0?66: ?: 771 ?#7?676 ?: 670 (6#0

\i}rlm 4 lihvpm| `} AIKEMAI_# ?676+

Mk ?676# cm AIKEMAI_ g gpprjo}ê g} iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m|gcgrjê| cm| hikpgkp| |}jqgkp|# lihvpm pmk} `m cg lcma `m rêvgrpjpjik

|}|hmkpjikkêm 4 \}oqmkpjik| ?676 ̀ } AIKEMAI_


HM@MA 2 <00LEVHM 0 571]VG 7 0=7Pipgc iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| 70 =77

LA@P ? :6?LAPL ? :6?

LAM(LEL ? :6?LEP ? :6?AI ? :6?Pipgc iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| 70 =77

\i}rlm 4 lihvpm| `} AIKEMAI_# ?676+

Lmrpm|# cm AIKEMAI_ g g} hijk| c‚gqgkpgem `‚äprm ® lgkpikkê ¾# lihhmc‚g io|mrqê cm ?2 |mvpmhorm `mrkjmr `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm H+ Omrprgk`Hgrpjkip# `êcêe}ê eêkêrgc æ c‚mhvcij mp æ cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm "@EMAV* 4

® g} hijk| |gjp(ik mglpmhmkp# æ c‚m}ri vrâ|# lm w}j m|p qmr|ê g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vgprikgcm| "‡*+ Jc z g ojmk `m| mk`rijp| iú# `gk| cm vgrjpgrj|hm# lmcgk‚m|p vg| |j lcgjr ‡ ¾



‐ 1: ‐

Lmvmk`gkp# cm| `jaaêrmkpm| hj||jik| `‚êcgoirgpjik `} `j|vi|jpja `mairhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# `‚êqgc}gpjik# `m hj|m mk libêrmklm i} mklirm `mliklmrpgpjik |}|hmkpjikkêm| d}|pjajmkp(mccm| }k o}èmp gkk}mc `m vrâ| `m<6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 9 Cg w}m|pjik hêrjpm `‚g}pgkp vc}| `‚äprm vi|êm w}m lm hikpgkpm|p d}|pjajê vgr cm| |m}cm| glpjik| lik`}jpm| g} kjqmg} ® jkpmrvriam||jikkmc ¾# v}j|w}m `êdæ# g} kjqmg} `m lbgl}k `m| IVLG# `m| vrêljv}p| mj|pmkp vi}r rêh}kêrmr cm| |mrqjlm| g||}rê| vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| w}j cm| eârmkp‡

@gk| cg vrgpjw}m# jc |mhocm w}m cm| iregkj|gpjik| oêkêajljgjrm| `m|gpprjo}pjik| `} AIKEMAI_ gjmkp “ i} `} hijk| gjmkp v} gqijr `gk| cm vg||ê “ w}mcw}m| `jaajl}cpê| æ `êvmk|mr c‚jkpêergcjpê `m| aik`| w}‚mccm| rmlmqgjmkp mp)i} æ d}|pjajmr `m cm}r }pjcj|gpjik+

Cm| lik|pgp| agjp| cir| `‚}k likprðcm hmkê vgr cg Li}r `m| lihvpm| “ w}jhmppgjmkp mk lg}|m }km iregkj|gpjik `‚mhvcizm}r| “ ikp gjk|j lik`}jp cg @EMAV æ`jcjemkpmr æ |ik pi}r }k likprðcm `m| `êvmk|m| mvi|êm| vgr cm AIKEMAI_ g}pjprm `m cg vêrji`m 7::5(?66<+

Mk rêvik|m æ }k w}m|pjikkgjrm êlrjp `} rgvvirpm}r# cg @EMAV g vrêlj|ê cm|êcêhmkp| |}jqgkp| 4

“ ® cm likprðcm g vrj| glpm w}m cg LEVHM k‚gqgjp vg| }pjcj|ê# lbgw}mgkkêm# cm| aik`| rmå}| `} AIKEMAI_ hgcerê cg vrê|mkpgpjik agjpm `m c‚}pjcj|gpjik`m lm| aik`| `gk| cm| lihvpm| rmk`}| g`rm||ê| æ cg @EMAV ¾+ Jc gvvgrgëp ìkl w}mlm| lihvpm|(rmk`}| êpgjmkp jkmglp|# vi}r km vg| mhvcizmr `m w}gcjajlgpja vc}||êqârm >

“ cm likprðcm ® g êegcmhmkp vrj| glpm w}m lmppm vrgpjw}m rêl}rrmkpm |}r cg vêrji`m 7::5(?66< gqgjp êpê likajrhêm vgr cg LEVHM `gk| }k li}rrjmr mk `gpm`} ?7 ilpiorm ?660 g`rm||ê æ cg ljkw}jâhm lbghorm `m cg Li}r `m| lihvpm| mkrêvik|m æ |ik jk|pr}lpjik+ Cm likprðcm g gjk|j lik|pgpê w}‚}km |ihhm `m? 0:1 26? m}ri| k‚gqgjp vg| êpê }pjcj|êm vi}r g||}rmr cm| hj||jik| `êajkjm| ^vgr cmli`m `} prgqgjc# |}|hmkpjikkêm|X ¾+ C‚mkdm} ajkgkljmr êpgjp ìkl lik|êw}mkp >

“ jc g gcir| êpê mkqj|geê `m `mhgk`mr æ cg LEVHM cm rmqmr|mhmkp `m lmppm|ihhm# likairhêhmkp æ cg rêecmhmkpgpjik+ Lmvmk`gkp# ® g} pmrhm| `‚}kli}rrjmr `gpê `} 76 dgkqjmr ?665 g`rm||ê g} vrê|j`mkp mp g} qjlm(vrê|j`mkp `}

AIKEMAI_# cm hjkj|prm `êcêe}ê æ c‚mhvcij# g} prgqgjc mp æ c‚jk|mrpjik vriam||jikkmccm# gvrâ| gqijr lik|pgpê w}m cg LEVHM |‚êpgjp mkegeêm g}vrâ| `} AIKEMAI_ æ rêgcj|mr }km lghvgekm `m vrihipjik |}r cg airhgpjik mp vc}| vgrpjl}cjârmhmkp |}r cm likprgp `m vriam||jikkgcj|gpjik# g `êlj`ê# æ pjprmmlmvpjikkmc# w}‚jc k‚êpgjp vg| ivvi|ê æ lm w}m lmppm iregkj|gpjik v}j||m `ê`}jrm`} qmr|mhmkp g} Prê|ir v}ocjl cg |ihhm `m 7 :5: 666 m}ri| lirrm|vik`gkp g}

ajkgklmhmkp `m lmppm lghvgekm ¾+ Cm rmhoi}r|mhmkp mjeê |m pri}qgjp ìkl rê`}jp

æ =75 26? m}ri|# |ijp æ vmjkm vc}| `m ?6 - `} hikpgkp jkjpjgc `m rm`rm||mhmkp > “ ® cg `jrmlpjik `m| |mrqjlm| aj|lg} `m Vgrj| I}m|p g likajrhê vgr

li}rrjmr mk `gpm `} 71 gqrjc ?665 w}m c‚gqj| `m hj|m mk rmli}qrmhmkp virpgkp |}r



‐ 56 ‐

}k hikpgkp `m =75 26? m}ri| gqgjp êpê g`rm||ê g} AIKEMAI_ ¾ > jkpmrrieê| cir|`m cm}r g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m cg @EMAV k‚ikp vg| êpê mk hm|}rm `m likajrhmr c‚mklgj||mhmkp maamlpja `m cg |ihhm# lgr lmc}j(ljrmcmqgjp `m cg |m}cm lihvêpmklm `m| |mrqjlm| aj|lg}+

Cm| `jrjemgkp| `m cg LEVHM# g}`jpjikkê| cm 7? ilpiorm ?677 vgr cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# ikp vgraij| m} `m| rêvik|m| mhogrrg||êm| |}r lmppm gaagjrm+

H+ Eêrgr` Ir|jkj# vrê|j`mkp `m cg lihhj||jik d}rj`jw}m `m c‚iregkj|gpjik#g g`hj| w}m cm| |ihhm| mk lg}|m gqgjmkp ® agjp c‚iodmp `m `j|l}||jik| gqml cmPrê|ir v}ocjl gajk w}‚}km vgrpjm `m lmccm|(lj ìkkmkp cjm} æ rmhoi}r|mhmkp# hgj|w}‚}km g}prm vgrpjm |ijp mhvcizêm æ ajkgklmr }km lghvgekm mlmvpjikkmccm `m

vrihipjik `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm+ Lgr# cir|w}m cg pipgcjpê `m| aik`| `} AIKEMAI_ k‚m|p vg| }pjcj|êm g} li}r| `‚}km gkkêm# cm rmcjw}gp m|p rmvirpgocm |}r c‚mmrljlm |}jqgkp mp rmhoi}r|gocm g}(`mcæ ¾+ H+ Dmgk(Ci}j| Dghmp# prê|irjmr `m cgLEVHM# g gvvirpê }k êlcgjrgem lihvcêhmkpgjrm 4 ® c‚gaagjrm rmhikpm æ cg lrêgpjik`} AIKEMAI_# jc z g }km ì}tgjkm `‚gkkêm|+ Cm| pmpm| aik`gpm}r| êpgjmkp

|jozccjk| mp ki}| gqik| rmå} cm| vrmhjmr| qmr|mhmkp| mk li}r| `‚mmrljlm# lm w}j g vriqiw}ê }k `êlgcgem `gk| c‚}pjcj|gpjik `m| aik`|+ Jc g vmr`}rê g} li}r| `m|gkkêm| |}jqgkpm|+ @gk| }k vrmhjmr pmhv|# ik km ki}| g vg| `mhgk`ê `mrmhoi}r|mhmkp mp ki}| gqik| lik|mrqê cm| |ihhm| lirrm|vik`gkpm|+ V}j| cg Li}r `m| lihvpm| g lik|j`êrê w}‚jc likqmkgjp `‚gv}rmr lmppm |jp}gpjik+ Jc g gcir| êpêg`hj| w}m c‚ik km vi}qgjp rmvirpmr w}‚}k pjmr| `m| |}oqmkpjik| vmrå}m| ¾+

\‚gej||gkp `m| lik`jpjik| `gk| cm|w}mccm| cm rm`rm||mhmkp mkqj|geê g v}äprm ergljm}|mhmkp rê`}jp `m| 0)=âhm|# H+ Ir|jkj g pi}p `‚goir` `êlcgrê km vc}| |m|i}qmkjr prâ| ojmk `m lm w}j |‚êpgjp vg||ê# rmlikkgj||gkp pi}pmaij| c‚mj|pmklm `m® `j|l}||jik| gqml }k hjkj|prm lihvêpmkp “ lmc}j `} prgqgjc i} `m| ajkgklm| ¾+ Cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg LEVHM# H+ Dmgk(Argkåij| _i}og}`# gzgkp mk|}jpm `êlcgrê 4 ®jc hm rmqjmkp mk hêhijrm w}m cg `j|l}||jik a}p hmkêm gqml cm hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc ¾#H+ Ir|jkj g likajrhê 4 ® jc z g ojmk m} `m| `j|l}||jik| g} hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc 4 cm

vrê|j`mkp _i}og}` g rmklikprê cm hjkj|prm mp hij(hähm }k `m| rm|vik|gocm| `m cg`jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `} prgqgjc ¾+ H+ Ir|jkj g êegcmhmkp |i}cjekê w}m ® cm hikpgkp `m| |ihhm| mk lg}|m êpgjp vgragjpmhmkp prgk|vgrmkp > ki}| k‚gqik| dghgj|

lbmrlbê æ lglbmr w}mcw}m aik`| w}m lm |ijp+ Cm| qmr|mhmkp| jk}pjcj|ê| `} AIKEMAI_ êpgjmkp emcê| `gk| ki| lihvpm|# lihhm `gk| kiprm prê|irmrjm ¾+

Vi} mk qmkjr æ `m| agjp| vc}| rêlmkp| “ hähm |j }k rm`rm||mhmkp |ic`ê mk?665 k‚m|p |gk| ì}pm vg| `‚}km gkljmkkmpê pmccm w}‚mccm d}|pjajm lmrpgjk| pri}| `mhêhijrm‡“# cm rgvvirpm}r |‚m|p vmklbê |}r cm| lihvpm|(rmk`}| vri`}jp| mk ?676 vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| oêkêajljgjrm| `} AIKEMAI_# likairhêhmkp g} li`m `}prgqgjc# vi}r d}|pjajmr `m c‚}pjcj|gpjik `m cm}r |}oqmkpjik+

Lm| lihvpm|(rmk`}| |ikp vgraij| “ l‚m|p |}rpi}p cm lg| vi}r cm|

iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| “ prâ| |}lljklp|# |m oirkgkp æ `êlihvi|mr cg `êvmk|m® d}|pjajêm ¾ mkprm cm| |j i} |mvp ergk`m| r}orjw}m| rê|}cpgkp `m| `j|vi|jpjik| `}li`m `} prgqgjc# g} jkpjp}cê| vi}r cm hijk| qge}m| lihhm ik c‚g q} "êcgoirgpjik



‐ 57 ‐

mp hj|m mk vcglm `} `j|vi|jpja `m airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# bgrhikj|gpjik mp hj|mmk libêrmklm `} hähm# liklmrpgpjik# mpl+ “ qijr |}vrg*+ Cm| ìl}hmkp| `m|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| |ikp }k vm} vc}| `êqmcivvê| 4 lmc}j `} HM@MA`êlihvi|m cm| `êvmk|m| jhv}pêm| |}r cg |}oqmkpjik `} AIKEMAI_ |mcik cm|lcma| `‚}km lihvpgojcjpê gkgczpjw}m# |gk| w}m c‚gaamlpgpjik liklrâpm `m| |ihhm| æ`m| ivêrgpjik| gvvgrgj||m lcgjrmhmkp > lm} `m c‚]VG mp `m cg LEVHM ikpc‚gqgkpgem `m vrê|mkpmr cm| vrjkljvgcm| glpjik| gjk|j ajkgklêm|+

Cg cmlp}rm `m lm| lihvpm|(rmk`}| `m cg LEVHM mp `m c‚]VG lik`}jp gjk|jæ `m| `êli}qmrpm| |}rvrmkgkpm| |}r c‚}pjcj|gpjik `m| hizmk| mk vriqmkgklm `}AIKEMAI_ “ |gk| w}m lmcg# kgp}rmccmhmkp# km ® `êì}gkm ¾ `‚g}prm|iregkj|gpjik| ìkp cm| lihvpm|(rmk`}| |ikp hijk| mvcjljpm|+

Gjk|j mk rm||irp(jc w}m cm| rê}kjik| `m| jk|pgklm| `m c‚]VG ® gzgkp prgjpê`m| w}m|pjik| `m airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm likpjk}m ¾ g}rgjmkp pi}p `m hähmrmvrê|mkpê mk ?676 }k liþp `m =01 =<? m}ri| “ mp lmlj km lihvrmk` vg| cm| liþp| vi}r c‚]VG# vgr gjccm}r| `êlihvpê|# `m| rê}kjik| vi}r cm| kêeiljgpjik| vgrjpgjrm|"7<7 ==0 m}ri|*# `m lmccm| `} Lihjpê vgrjpgjrm kgpjikgc vi}r cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm mp `m |m| eri}vm| `} prgqgjc "17 160 m}ri|*# `m cg ® vgrpjljvgpjikg} jk|pgklm| vriam||jikkmccm| `m liir`jkgpjik ¾ "7=? =55 m}ri|*# i} mklirm `mlmccm æ cg Lihhj||jik kgpjikgcm `m cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm# g} Lik|mjc kgpjikgc`m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm pi}p g} cike `m cg qjm mp g} eri}vm `m prgqgjc |}r cm|IVLG "7=: 22< m}ri|*‡ Cg liklmrpgpjik mp cg liir`jkgpjik ikp `êlj`êhmkp }kliþp '

W}gkp æ cg LEVHM# mk ?676# mccm g kipghhmkp ajkgklê |}r cg |}oqmkpjik`} AIKEMAI_ c‚goikkmhmkp `m |m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| `m c‚IVLG GEMAI\(VHMæ |ik vêrji`jw}m ® Cg Qicikpê ¾ “ vi}r }k liþp `m : <00 m}ri| |m}cmhmkp lmrpm|#hgj| c‚goikkmhmkp æ }k vêrji`jw}m |zk`jlgc ìjp(jc äprm ajkgklê vgr `m| aik`| j||}|`m c‚iocjegpjik w}g|j(aj|lgcm `m ajkgklmhmkp `m cg airhgpjik 9 “ i} mklirm# vi}r }km |ihhm rik`m `m <66 666 m}ri|# }km vgrp `} ® qicmp airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm ¾ `m |g hgkjam|pgpjik ® Vcgkâpm VHM ¾ “ hgkjam|pgpjik w}j g pi}p`m hähm vi}r iodmp vrjkljvgc# lihhm pi}p êqâkmhmkp `m lm emkrm# `m qgcirj|mr c‚iregkj|gpjik w}j mk m|p æ c‚irjejkm‡

◉ Cg rêairhm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm mk ?66: 4 `m| gqgklêm|#kipghhmkp mk hgpjârm `m prgk|vgrmklm mp `m likprðcm

Cg cij k¶ ?66:(70<5 `} ?0 kiqmhorm ?66: rmcgpjqm æ c‚irjmkpgpjik mp æ cgairhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm pi}p g} cike `m cg qjm# w}j prgk|vi|m }k gllir` }kgkjhm`m| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} rmvrê|mkpgpja| g} vcgk kgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc#lihvrmk` `m| hm|}rm| `m kgp}rm æ ghêcjirmr cg prgk|vgrmklm mp cm likprðcm `m|ljrl}jp| ajkgkljmr| `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm+

Cm| hm|}rm| cm| vc}| |jekjajlgpjqm| `m cg cij mp `m |m| pmpm| `‚gvvcjlgpjik# ælmp êegr`# liklmrkmkp cm| IVLG# æ prgqmr| kipghhmkp }k rmkairlmhmkp `m| lrjpârm|cm}r vmrhmppgkp `‚äprm gerêê| "pi}|# z lihvrj| lm} w}j mj|pmkp `êdæ# `mqrikp gqijr



‐ 5? ‐

êpê gerêê| i} rê(gerêê| gqgkp cg ajk `m c‚gkkêm ?677 mp cm| vrmhjmr| grräpê| g` bil ikp êpê vrj| cm ?6 |mvpmhorm `mrkjmr* 4

“ jc| ìjqmkp `ê|irhgj| `êqmcivvmr `m| |mrqjlm| `m vrijhjpê g} oêkêajlm`m| PVM(VHM# orma km vc}| |m likpmkpmr `m ajkgklmr cm| airhgpjik| `mhgk`êm|#

hgj| g}||j gvvirpmr }k lik|mjc >

“ jc| ìjqmkp |m rmeri}vmr “ cm |m}jc hjkjhgc `m rm||i}rlm| liccmlpêm| vmrhmppgkp c‚gerêhmkp g} pjprm `m cg vriam||jikkgcj|gpjik mp `m| vcgk| `m airhgpjik vg||gkp `m 7= æ 766 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| “# gajk# pi}p æ cg aij|# `m hgëprj|mr cm}r| argj|`m liccmlpm mp `m em|pjik mp `m vi}qijr `êqmcivvmr lm |mrqjlm `m vrijhjpê >

“ c‚mklg`rmhmkp `m cm}r| `êvmk|m|# kipghhmkp `m em|pjik# m|p rmkairlê"grpjlcm| _+ 1<<?(<1 mp |}jqgkp| `} li`m `} prgqgjc* >

“ jc| |ikp |i}hj| æ `m ki}qmccm| iocjegpjik| `m prgk|vgrmklm# w}m vrêlj|m cm`êlrmp k¶ ?676(7771 `} ?? |mvpmhorm ?676 "grpjlcm _+ 1<<?(?< `} li`m vrêljpê* 4jc| `mqrikp gqijr }k |jpm jkpmrkmp iú |mrikp v}ocjê| cg cj|pm `m| vrjirjpê|# `m| lrjpârm|mp `m| lik`jpjik| `m vrj|m mk lbgrem `m| `mhgk`m| `m ajkgklmhmkp "`m airhgpjik|* vrê|mkpêm| vgr cm| mhvcizm}r|# cm| liþp| `m| `jgeki|pjl| `m|pjkê| g} PVM(VHM#cm| |mrqjlm| vrivi|ê| ergp}jpmhmkp# cg cj|pm `m| iregkj|hm| `m airhgpjik w}‚jc|g}rikp ajkgklê|# gjk|j w}m cm}r| lihvpm| gkk}mc| mp cm rgvvirp `} lihhj||gjrm g}lihvpm|+ Jc m|p mk i}prm vrêq} "grpjlcm| _+ 1<<?(<6 mp _+ 1<<?(<7 `} li`m vrêljpê*w}m cm lihhj||gjrm g} lihvpm| gppm|pm `m cg rêgcjpê mp `m c‚mglpjp}`m `m|rmk|mjekmhmkp| ajkgkljmr| lihh}kjw}ê| vgr lbgw}m iregkj|hm liccmlpm}r g} vi}qijr| v}ocjl| mp lmrpjajm |ik rgvvirp `m em|pjik+ Mkajk# cm vcgk lihvpgocmgvvcjlgocm g} IVLG m|p rêqj|ê# lm w}j agljcjpmrg cm likprðcm `m| lihvpm|# zlihvrj| vgr cm| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| |zk`jlg} lihhm c‚g |i}bgjpê `mqgkp cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm Hhm Gki}|bmb Ngrqgr# prê|irjârm `m cg LA@P+

Vgr gjccm}r|# cm| IVLG `mqrikp liklc}rm gqml c‚Êpgp }km likqmkpjikprjmkkgcm `‚iodmlpja| mp `m hizmk| `êajkj||gkp cm| hi`gcjpê| `m ajkgklmhmkp mp `mhj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `m cm}r| hj||jik| "grpjlcm C+ 1<<?(7(7 `} hähm li`m*+

Mkajk# }km |prjlpm jklihvgpjojcjpê m|p êpgocjm mkprm cm| aiklpjik|`‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r i} `m |gcgrjê `gk| }k êpgocj||mhmkp `m airhgpjik mp `gk| }kIVLG "grpjlcm C+ 1<<?(?(7 `} hähm li`m*+

Mk rmqgklbm# cg rêairhm k‚g vg| hi`jajê cm| râecm| gvvcjlgocm| g} vrêljv}p|kj g} AIKEMAI_+

Cg cij `m ?66: lihvrmk` êegcmhmkp `m| hm|}rm| rmcgpjqm| g} iregkj|hm|`m airhgpjik 4

“ cm rêejhm `m `êlcgrgpjik vrêgcgocm iocjegpijrm `‚glpjqjpê vi}r lm|

iregkj|hm| m|p rmkairlê# cm| vi||jojcjpê| `m rma}| `‚mkrmej|prmhmkp vgr c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik êpgkp mvcjljpêm| mp cg vrilê`}rm `m prgjpmhmkp `m| ì||jmr|bgrhikj|êm >



‐ 5< ‐

“ c‚jkpmr`jlpjik `‚iaarjr `m| vrm|pgpjik| `m airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccmlikpjk}m vi}rrg `ê|irhgj| äprm jkacjeêm lihhm vmjkm lihvcêhmkpgjrm g} vmr|ikkm| lik`ghkêm| vi}r lmrpgjk| `êcjp| >

“ }km cj|pm kgpjikgcm mp glp}gcj|êm `m| iregkj|hm| `m airhgpjik `mqrgjp

vrilbgjkmhmkp äprm gllm||jocm |}r jkpmrkmp + Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik# Hhm HgrjmHirmc# |i}|(`jrmlprjlm `m| vicjpjw}m| `m airhgpjik mp `} likprðcm æ cg @EMAV# gjk|j|pê |}r c‚jhvirpgklm `m ìkkmr `m cg ® qj|jojcjpê ¾ g} hgrlbê `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm > lmppm qj|jojcjpê# |mcik mccm# `mqrgjp äprm g||}rêm `â| dgkqjmr ?67?+

Mkajk# cg rêairhm `m ?66: lbmrlbm æ `êqmcivvmr cm| hizmk| hgpêrjmc| mp d}rj`jw}m| `} likprðcm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm 4

“ c‚bgojcjpgpjik vi}r rêgcj|mr `m| ivêrgpjik| `m likprðcm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm k‚m|p vc}| rê|mrqêm g} |m}c| jk|vmlpm}r| mp likprðcm}r| `} prgqgjc

mp jk|vmlpm}r| `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# hgj| vm}p `ê|irhgj| äprm gllir`êm æ`‚g}prm| aiklpjikkgjrm| `m lgpêeirjm G+ @‚gvrâ| cm rgvvirp `‚jkairhgpjik |}r c‚gvvcjlgpjik `m cg cij `} ?0 kiqmhorm ?66: rê`jeê vgr HH+ Eêrgr` Lbmrvjik mpDmgk(Vgprjln Ejccm "7*# lmcg g}rgjp vmrhj| }k rmkairlmhmkp "cjhjpê* `m| hizmk| `m cg@EMAV 4 ® |mcik cm| |mrqjlm| `} Ei}qmrkmhmkp "‡*# g} |mjk `m cg hj||jik/iregkj|gpjik `m| likprðcm|/ `m cg `êcêegpjik eêkêrgcm æ c‚mhvcij mp æ cg

airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# prij| gemkp| ikp êpê gaamlpê| g} hj||jik| `m likprðcm#w}j |‚gdi}pmkp g} w}gprm jk|vmlpm}r| i} `jrmlpm}r| `} prgqgjc `êdæ gaamlpê| ¾ >

“ }km vrilê`}rm `‚êqgc}gpjik `‚iaajlm mk q}m `m rm`rm||mhmkp g êpêjk|pg}rêm vi}r cm| lg| `m rma}| `m |m |i}hmpprm g} likprðcm| `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm+

◉ Lmvmk`gkp# cg vmr|j|pgklm `‚}k qrgj vriocâhm `m likprðcm

Cg vrê|j`mkpm `} HM@MA# Hhm Cg}rmklm Vgrj|ip# g dicjhmkp mvrjhê`mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cm 7< ilpiorm `mrkjmr# cg lihvcmjpê `} |z|pâhm`m airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# w}j g vi}r liriccgjrm cg `jaajl}cpê `m cm likprðcmr# mkm|pjhgkp w}m cg airhgpjik ® m|p }k |}dmp |j lihvcmm w}m c‚ik vm}p pi}di}r|mkqj|gemr c‚mj|pmklm `‚}k vriocâhm æ }k mhorgklbmhmkp‡ ¾+

Cm ?0 ilpiorm# Hhm Gki}|bmb Ngrqgr# prê|irjârm `m cg LA@P# g vi}r |g vgrp |gc}ê lmrpgjk| êcêhmkp| `m vrierâ| `gk| cg rêairhm mkegeêm mk ?66:#kipghhmkp cg lcgrjajlgpjik `} vcgk lihvpgocm `m| IVLG# pi}p mk vgrgj||gkp`}ojpgpjqm |}r `‚g}prm| vijkp| 4 vi}r mccm# cg @EMAV ® g hj| }k vm} `‚ir`rm# hgj|lm km |mrg vg| |}aaj|gkp > lmcg kêlm||jpmrg }km ki}qmccm rêairhm ¾+

Cg qicikpê `m| g`hjkj|prgpjik| `} hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc `m rmkairlmr cm}r|likprðcm| m|p lcgjrm# hgj| cm}r| hizmk| |ikp cjhjpê|+

"7* G||mhocêm kgpjikgcm# RJJJ âhm cêej|cgp}rm# k¶ <?62# hgr| ?677+



‐ 50 ‐

Cm `êcêe}ê eêkêrgc æ c‚mhvcij mp æ cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm#H+ Omrprgk` Hgrpjkip# mp Hhm Hgrjm Hirmc# |i}|(`jrmlprjlm `m| vicjpjw}m| `mairhgpjik mp `} likprðcm |i}| |ik g}pirjpê# ikp lcgjrmhmkp likqmk} cir| `m cm}r g}`jpjik cm ?2 |mvpmhorm `mrkjmr w}m cm likprðcm k‚gqgjp vg| êpê cg vrjirjpê lm|`mrkjmr| pmhv|# lgr jc agccgjp gqgkp pi}p vrêvgrmr mp hmpprm mk Ŝ}qrm cg rêairhm `m cgairhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm glpêm vgr cg cij `} ?0 kiqmhorm ?66: 4 ® |}r cm| qjkep(w}gprm `mrkjmr| hij| "‡*# ki}| gqik| êpê vgrpjl}cjârmhmkp ill}vê| vgr cg rêairhm`m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm+ @m lm agjp# ki}| k‚gqik| vg| kêlm||gjrmhmkp jk|j|pê |}r cm likprðcm `m| IVLG+ Liklrâpmhmkp# jc g}rgjp êpê hgc qmk}# `} agjp `mcg rêairhm |}o|pgkpjmccm w}‚jc| `mqgjmkp hmpprm mk Ŝ}qrm# `m cm| likprðcmr ¾+

Cg hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `m cg rêairhm m|p g} `mhm}rgkp# |mcik cg @EMAV#c‚illg|jik `‚}km airhm `m likprðcm# gqml mk vgrpjl}cjmr c‚iocjegpjik vi}r cm| IVLG`m |iccjljpmr }k ki}qmc gerêhmkp mp `m liklc}rm `m| likqmkpjik| prjmkkgcm|

`‚iodmlpja| mp `m hizmk| "LIH*+ \mcik Hhm Hgrjm Hirmc# c‚}km `m| ® qmrp}| ¾`m| LIH m|p ® `m ojmk |‚g||}rmr “ lm w}j k‚g vg| pi}di}r| êpê cm lg| “ w}m cm| argj| `m em|pjik `m c‚iregkj|hm km lrij||mkp vg| vc}| qjpm w}m cg liccmlpm# cgw}mccmg}ehmkpm `êdæ `m hgkjârm |}o|pgkpjmccm ¾+ H+ Omrprgk` Hgrpjkip g êegcmhmkpjk`jw}ê w}m c‚mghmk mk li}r| `m cg |jp}gpjik `m pi}| cm| IVLG `gk| cm lg`rm `mlm| vrilê`}rm| gqgjp êpê c‚illg|jik `m lik|pgpmr `m| `êvg||mhmkp| `m argj| `mem|pjik# vgr rgvvirp g} vcgaik`| rêecmhmkpgjrm|# `gk| w}gprm i} ljkw IVLG# w}j|mrgjmkp cjê| g} agjp w}m cg ® lcjmkpâcm ¾ `m lm| IVLG |mrgjp lik|pjp}êm vrjkljvgcmhmkp `m vmpjpm| mkprmvrj|m|# lm w}j gllriëp cm| liþp| }kjpgjrm| `m em|pjikmp `m lik|mjc+

Lmvmk`gkp# lm rêmghmk `m cg |jp}gpjik `m| IVLG km |g}rgjp |gpj|agjrmc‚iocjegpjik `m likprðcm mp c‚ik mk m|p lik|ljmkp æ cg @EMAV+ Jc m|p qrgj w}m cmrmk`mhmkp `m| likprðcm| w}j mj|pmkp `êdæ vm}p cgj||mr vgkpij| 4 |mcik Hhm Hirmc#cg rêgcj|gpjik# mk ?676# `m 0 666 likprðcm| "hijpjê |}r vcglm# hijpjê |}r vjâlm|* g}pjprm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# |}r }k lbghv w}j rmvrê|mkpgjp vc}| `m?66 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# g}rgjp `êoi}lbê |}r <6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `m rm`rm||mhmkp|# lmw}j rmvrê|mkpm `m agjp }k pg} prâ| êcmqê `‚jrrêe}cgrjpê| `êli}qmrpm|+

Hhm Hirmc g ìkl liklê`ê w}m c‚ik mk grrjqgjp ® kêgkhijk| æ }k hihmkp

iú jc qg ki}| agccijr rmkairlmr cm| likprðcm| ¾+ Vi}r lm agjrm# |ikp mkqj|geêm| ® `m|liccgoirgpjik| jkpmrkm| g} |mjk `m ki| hj||jik|# mp `m| liccgoirgpjik| æ c‚mpmrkm#gqml `‚g}prm| jk|vmlpjik|+ Cg rê`}lpjik `} kihorm `‚IVLG ki}| agljcjpmrg cgpïlbm+ Jc m|p rêgcj|pm `m vmk|mr w}m ki}| vi}rrik| mk likprðcmr }k pjmr| lbgw}mgkkêm# lm w}j g}ehmkpmrg cg vrm||jik ¾+

Mccm g êegcmhmkp hj| mk c}hjârm `m| io|pglcm| hêpbiìciejw}m| g}`êqmcivvmhmkp `m lmrpgjk| likprðcm| 4 jc gvvgrgëp gjk|j w}m cg og|m }pjcj|êm vgr cg@EMAV# w}j rêvmrpirjm cm| iregkj|hm| `m airhgpjik `êlcgrê|# k‚iaarm vg| `m vi||jojcjpê `m rmw}äpm virpgkp |}r cm| iregkj|hm| `m airhgpjik cjê| g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+ \}r lm vijkp# mccm g io|mrqê w}m lm| iregkj|hm| ® |ikp mkrmej|prê| g} kjqmg} `m| |mrqjlm| rêejikg} `m likprðcm# v}j| gerêê| vgr cg`jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `} prgqgjc mp likqmkpjikkê| |}r prij| gk|+ Jc ag}`rgjp vm}p(äprm



‐ 5= ‐

mkqj|gemr }k rgvvrilbmhmkp gqml ki| liccâe}m| `m lmppm `jrmlpjik# vi}r vi}qijr cm| ljocmr+ Mk maamp# jc k‚m|p vg| }pjcm `m h}cpjvcjmr cm| likprðcm|# hgj| lm w}jjhvirpm# l‚m|p `m argvvmr d}|pm+ @j|vi|mr `m cg cj|pm km |}aajp vg| mp jc |mrgjp jhvirpgkp vi}r ki}| `‚gqijr lmrpgjkm| jkairhgpjik| mp `m `j|vi|mr `m lmrpgjk|jk`jlgpm}r| ¾+ Jc m|p qrgj w}m cm likprðcm `m lm pzvm `‚iregkj|hm| `m airhgpjik kmagjp hgkjam|pmhmkp vg| vgrpjm `m| vrjirjpê| glp}mccm| `m cg @EMAV 4 ® `gk| cm lg`rm`m ki| lghvgekm|# ki}| gik| ki| likprðcm| |}r cm| glpjik| lihvirpmhmkpgcm|#w}j |ikp `êqmcivvêm| vgr vrâ| `m w}gprm iregkj|hm| |}r `j mp |irpmkp |i}qmkp `}lbghv `m| glpjik| w}j vm}qmkp äprm ajkgklêm| g} pjprm `m cg airhgpjik

vriam||jikkmccm+ Cm| glpjik| `m airhgpjik w}j# ojmk w}m ajkgklêm|# km |ikp vg|rêgcj|êm| maamlpjqmhmkp lik|pjp}mkp }k g}prm gm `m likprðcm+ Orma# `gk| cg hm|}rmiú ki}| km |gqik| vg| ljocmr cm| iregkj|hm|# ki}| k‚gqik| vg| g}di}r`‚b}j `m

vcgk| `m likprðcm vrêlj| |}r lm} cjê| g} |zk`jlgp| ¾+

Cg w}m|pjik `m cg `jaajl}cpê `m cg @EMAV æ g||}rmr æ cg aij| cg hj|m mkŜ}qrm `m cg rêairhm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm mp cm `êqmcivvmhmkpkêlm||gjrm `m| likprðcm| m|p jcc}|prêm vgr |g em|pjik `‚}k g}prm ì||jmr# êqiw}êm`gk| }km rêvik|m agjpm æ }k w}m|pjikkgjrm êlrjp `} rgvvirpm}r+ Lm ì||jmr m|p lmc}j`m| |}jpm| æ ìkkmr g} lik|pgp| agjp| vgr cg Li}r `m| lihvpm| |}r c‚jk|}aaj|gklm `}|}jqj `m c‚}pjcj|gpjik `m| hizmk| `} AIKEMAI_ "la + |}vrg*+ Lm ì||jmr g vm}gqgklê# ag}pm `m hizmk| vi}r lm agjrm 4

“ ® g}(`mcæ `m| io|mrqgpjik| airh}cêm| vgr cg Li}r `m| lihvpm| æc‚illg|jik `m |ik likprðcm "‡*# cg @EMAV g g`rm||ê cm 75 `êlmhorm ?665 }k

li}rrjmr g} vrê|j`mkp mp g} qjlm(vrê|j`mkp `} AIKEMAI_ liklmrkgkp cm| |}jpm| æìkkmr g} lik|pgp| `m cg Li}r `m| lihvpm|+ @gk| lm li}rrjmr# cg @EMAV rgvvmcgjp w}m cm| lihvpm| rmk`}| `‚}pjcj|gpjik `m| aik`| qmr|ê| vgr cm

AIKEMAI_ vrê|mkpgjmkp `m| `êag}p| g}w}mc| jc likqmkgjp `m rmhê`jmr pi}p mk vmrhmppgkp `‚ghêcjirmr cm |}jqj `m c‚}pjcj|gpjik `m| |ihhm| vmrå}m| ¾ >

“ }km rê}kjik `m prgqgjc |m |mrgjp mk lik|êw}mklm `êri}cêm cm 72 |mvpmhorm?662 mp }k lmrpgjk kihorm `m vijkp| z g}rgjmkp êpê glpê|# kipghhmkp® c‚jkpri`}lpjik `‚}km lihvpgojcjpê vgr kgp}rm `gk| cm| lihvpm| rmk`}|`‚}pjcj|gpjik `m| aik`| vmrå}| `} AIKEMAI_ vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp

vriam||jikkmccm| "‡*# ìkp cm vrjkljvm gqgjp êpê g`hj| vgr c‚mk|mhocm `m| vgrpjljvgkp|# ^w}jX rm|vmlpmrgjp cm| vrjkljvm| eêkêrg} ajê| vgr cg cij rmcgpjqm æ cgrêkiqgpjik `m cg `êhilrgpjm |iljgcm ^mp ìkpX cm lgcmk`rjmr `m hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm

|‚gcjekmrgjp |}r lmc}j vrêq} vgr cm `êlrmp `‚gvvcjlgpjik ¾ >

“ hgj| mk|}jpm# ® ojmk w}‚}k rmcgpja lik|mk|}| gjp êpê pri}qê# lm| prgqg}ikp pi}pmaij| êpê |}|vmk`}| mk rgj|ik `‚}km vgrp `m cg vrêvgrgpjik `m| prgqg}

vgrcmhmkpgjrm| virpgkp |}r cg rêairhm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm "‡* mp `mc‚gppmkpm `m| pmpm| `‚gvvcjlgpjik `m cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662 "‡* rmcgpja| æc‚êpgocj||mhmkp# æ cg lmrpjajlgpjik mp æ cg v}ocjljpê `m| lihvpm| `m| iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| "‡*+ Cm lgcmk`rjmr mp cm vcgk `m lbgrem `m cg @EMAV# lihvpm pmk}kipghhmkp `m cg vrêvgrgpjik `m| pmpm| mp `m c‚mklg`rmhmkp `m| ki}qmccm|`j|vi|jpjik| j||}m| `m cg cij `} ?0 kiqmhorm ?66:# k‚g vg| vmrhj| `m rmcgklmr cm



‐ 51 ‐

eri}vm `m prgqgjc gajk `m vmrhmpprm }km hi`jajlgpjik `m| pmpm| rêecmhmkpgjrm| vi}r jkpri`}jrm cm| êcêhmkp| vrêljpê|+ Cg @EMAV mkqj|gem ojmk mkpmk`} `mrmvrmk`rm prâ| vrilbgjkmhmkp likpglp gqml cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} æ c‚j||}m `m|ivêrgpjik| `m rmki}qmccmhmkp `m| gerêhmkp| `m| IVLG mp `m| |jekgp}rm| `m|likqmkpjik| `‚iodmlpja| mp `m hizmk| vi}r glbmqmr lm ì||jmr "‡* ¾+

?+ Cm| w}m|pjikkmhmkp| lihh}k| g} `jaaêrmkp| vrêljv}p|

C‚gkgcz|m `m| `jaaêrmkp| vrêljv}p| agjp rm||irpjr vc}|jm}r| jkpmrriegpjik|lihh}km|# w}j hmppmkp mk lg}|m cg kgp}rm mp cg cêejpjhjpê `m lm pzvm `majkgklmhmkp|+

g* W}mccm rêvgrpjpjik 9

]k vrmhjmr w}m|pjikkmhmkp virpm |}r cm| aik`mhmkp|# ìkl cg cêejpjhjpê#`m cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| vrêljv}p| w}j mj|pm mkprm cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|+Lmppm rêvgrpjpjik km rêvik` vg| æ }km lcma vrê(êpgocjm mp m|p qgrjgocm |mcik cm| lg| 4

“ |‚gej||gkp `} AIKEMAI_# }k grrgkemhmkp mkprm iregkj|gpjik|`‚mhvcizm}r|# rmk`gkp lihvpm |gk| ì}pm `‚}k rgvvirp `m airlm æ }k lmrpgjkhihmkp# g gpprjo}ê# lihhm ik c‚g `jp# cg vc}| eri||m arglpjik g} HM@MA "=5#= -`m cg vgrp ® mhvcizm}r| ¾ `} aik`|*# v}j| æ cg LEVHM "<?#= - `m lmppm vgrp*# mkajkæ c‚]VG "76 -*# cm| g}prm| iregkj|gpjik|# kik rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk® jkpmrvriam||jikkmc ¾# êpgkp êlgrpêm| >

“ |‚gej||gkp `m| g}prm| vrêljv}p| “ IVLG# iregkj|hm| |iljg}‡ “# cgrêvgrpjpjik `m| ajkgklmhmkp| m|p cjêm æ lmccm `m| hgk`gp|# qgrjgocm lihhm ik c‚gq}+ Vi}r lm w}j m|p vc}| vgrpjl}cjârmhmkp `m| IVLG# jc| vm}qmkp gqijr êpêlik|pjp}ê| æ c‚jkjpjgpjqm `‚}km |m}cm iregkj|gpjik `‚mhvcizm}r|# w}j oêkêajljm gcir|`m c‚jkpêergcjpê `m cg vgrp ® mhvcizm}r| ¾ `} vrêljv}p# lmppm iregkj|gpjik aþp(mccm vgr gjccm}r| ìpêm `‚g}prm| rm||i}rlm| mp `m rê|mrqm| |}rgoik`gkpm| > jc mk m|p gjk|j`m c‚]JHH vi}r |g vgrpjljvgpjik æ cg em|pjik `m c‚IVLGJH+ @gk| cm lg| `mc‚GEMAI\(VHM# ìkp cm| rm|vik|gocm| ikp êpê g}`jpjikkê| vgr cg lihhj||jik`‚mkw}äpm cm 71 kiqmhorm ?677# c‚mkqmcivvm `m vrêljv}p gpprjo}êm æ cg vgrpjm

vgprikgcm# lik|pjp}êm vgr cg LEVHM# g gppmjkp ?#055 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# pgk`j| w}m cg vgrp ® |gcgrjê| ¾ m|p vgrpgeêm mkprm cm| ljkw lmkprgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgkkgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc# æ bg}pm}r `m 6#0:= hjccjik `‚m}ri| vi}r lbgl}km+

Jkpmrrieê| cm 7< ilpiorm ?677 |}r cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| hgk`gp| mp `m| vrêljv}p|# cm| rm|vik|gocm| `m c‚]VG ikp pmk} `m| vrivi| prâ| mvcjljpm| `mqgkp cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm 4 cm vrê|j`mkp `m lmppm iregkj|gpjik# H+ Dmgk Cgr`jk# g gjk|jio|mrqê w}m ® cm| pmrrm| cm| vc}| amrpjcm| ikp êpê ill}vêm| vgr cm| vrmhjmr|grrjqgkp| mp w}‚mccm| êpgjmkp `êcjhjpêm| vgr `m| vjw}mp| cir|w}m ki}| |ihhm|grrjqê|+ @mrkjmr| grrjqê|# ki}| gqik| m} ojmk `} hgc æ gqijr qij g} lbgvjprm mp

g}di}r`‚b}j ki}| km |ihhm| pi}di}r| vg| prgjpê| æ vrivirpjik `m lm w}m ki}|rmvrê|mkpik| ¾+ Æ vrivi| `m cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| hgk`gp| `‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r `gk| cm|iregkj|hm| |iljg}# cm hähm g rmcmqê w}m ® lm}(lj |ikp `ê|jekê|# mp kik vg| êc}|#



‐ 55 ‐

mp w}‚gjk|j cm lgcl}c m|p ojgj|ê `‚mkprêm ¾+ W}gkp g} g}prm| iregkj|hm|# |mcik cm|mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m c‚]VG# H+ Vjmrrm O}rogk# ® cg rêvgrpjpjik |m agjp vc}pðp g}ìjep hi}jccê+ L‚m|p cm lg| kipghhmkp vi}r cm AIKEMAI_# iú cg vgrp `m c‚]VGm|p cg vc}| rê`}jpm "‡*+ Jc m|p qrgj w}m lmppm rêvgrpjpjik rê|}cpm `m c‚bj|pijrm "‡* ¾+Orma# vi}r H+ Cgr`jk# ® êpgkp ìkkê w}‚jc k‚z g g}l}km lcê `m rêvgrpjpjik# pi}p |mkêeiljm+ Hähm cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| vi|pm| `‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r| mkprm cm HM@MA# cgLEVHM mp c‚]VG km |g}rgjp lik|pjp}mr }km qêrjpgocm lcê `m rêvgrpjpjik# v}j|w}‚ikkm |gjp vg| w}j c‚g `êlj`êm kj |}r w}mc aik`mhmkp d}rj`jw}m ¾+

Jkpmrrieêm cm hähm di}r |}r cg hähm w}m|pjik# Hhm Cg}rmklm Vgrj|ip g vrêaêrê# vi}r cm HM@MA# qgcirj|mr cm vrjkljvm `‚jk`êvmk`gklm `m| iregkj|gpjik|#w}j jhvcjw}m |mcik mccm }k ajkgklmhmkp rmvi|gkp hgdirjpgjrmhmkp |}r cm|lipj|gpjik| `m| g`bêrmkp|+ Mccm |‚m|p `êlcgrêm `}ojpgpjqm |}r c‚êpgocj||mhmkp `‚}kcjmk mkprm ajkgklmhmkp mp rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê 4 ® dm km |gj| vg| |j cg w}m|pjik `}

ajkgklmhmkp mp lmccm `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê |ikp cjêm|+ G} kih `} vrjkljvm `mcjomrpê# lbgl}k vm}p g`bêrmr æ c‚iregkj|gpjik `m |ik lbij mp hähm æ vc}|jm}r|iregkj|gpjik| ¾+ Mccm g êegcmhmkp rmcjê cm| ajkgklmhmkp| `} vgrjpgrj|hm æc‚jhvcjlgpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| 4 ® w}gkp g} |}oqmkpjik| `m| iregkj|hm|

vgrjpgjrm|# mccm| `êvmk`mkp `} prgqgjc w}m ki}| z maamlp}ik| > lmccm| `m c‚]kê`jl# vgr mmhvcm# |m d}|pjajmkp vgr kiprm vgrpjljvgpjik æ cg em|pjik vgrjpgjrm¾+ Cg|}rrmvrê|mkpgpjik `m |ik iregkj|gpjik `gk| cm| iregkj|hm| vgrjpgjrm|# vgr rgvvirpg} g}prm|# pjmk`rgjp g}||j ® æ cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `} HM@MA g} kjqmg} `m|orgklbm| vriam||jikkmccm|# kiprm hi}qmhmkp rê}kj||gkp vrm|w}m pi}| cm| |mlpm}r|`‚glpjqjpê `m c‚êlikihjm argkågj|m > `m |}rlriëp# pi}| cm| `êvgrpmhmkp| z |ikp

rmvrê|mkpê| g} |mjk `m| HM@MA pmrrjpirjg} ¾+ Hhm Vgrj|ip g liklc} mkio|mrqgkp w}m |j omg}li}v |‚jkpmrriemkp |}r cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê vgprikgcm# ® k}c k‚g

vrivi|ê `m hi`âcm w}j vmrhmpprgjp `m c‚mkqj|gemr `jaaêrmhhmkp+ D‚gj pi}di}r| `jp w}m ki}| rm|pjik| i}qmrp| g} `êogp hgj| `êajkjr }km g}prm ciejw}m hm |mhocm`jaajljcm# km |mrgjp(lm w}m vgrlm w}m lmrpgjkm| mkprmvrj|m| g`bârmkp æ vc}|jm}r|iregkj|gpjik| ¾+

o* W}mccm kgp}rm 4 |}oqmkpjik| airagjpgjrm|# aik`| `ê`jê| i}`êargjmhmkp| 9

]k |mlik` w}m|pjikkmhmkp virpm pi}p æ cg aij| |}r cm hi`m `m`êpmrhjkgpjik mp cm hi`m `‚gaamlpgpjik `m| |ihhm| mk lg}|m "c‚}k mp c‚g}prm êpgkpcjê|*+ Cm| vrêljv}p| ikp(jc| }k hikpgkp airagjpgjrm i} ojmk `êpmrhjkê mk aiklpjik `mlbgrem| lik|pgpêm| 9 \ikp(jc|# `gk| cm aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik|#maamlpjqmhmkp gaamlpê| æ lmrpgjk| pzvm| `m `êvmk|m|# lihhm cg rêecmhmkpgpjik vm}pc‚jhvi|mr# i} kik 9

@m| êcêhmkp| pmk`mkp æ êpgocjr cm lgrglpârm airagjpgjrm `m lmrpgjk| g} hijk|`m| vrêljv}p|+ Ik lik|pgpm# vgr mmhvcm# w}m cm| ajkgklmhmkp| iopmk}| `m| lgj||m||iljgcm| vgr cm| `jaaêrmkpm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| g} pjprm `m cg vrj|m mklbgrem `m ® lik|mjccmr| pmlbkjw}m| ¾ vm}qmkp äprm j`mkpjw}m| æ c‚m}ri vrâ|# lm w}jkm vm}p |‚mvcjw}mr w}m vgr cg ajgpjik vrêgcgocm `‚}k airagjp+ C‚gkgcz|m `m| vrêljv}p| g} pjprm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm ghâkm eciogcmhmkp æ cg hähm



‐ 52 ‐

liklc}|jik# cir|w}m c‚ik io|mrqm kipghhmkp# |}r cm pgocmg} `m| vrêljv}p| `m|IVLG vrê|mkpê vrêlê`mhhmkp# w}m cm vc}| ergk` kihorm `m| AIKEMLJA "w}jeârmkp cm likeê jk`jqj`}mc `m airhgpjik `m| |gcgrjê|* |ikp prâ| vrilbm| `} vcgaik`rêecmhmkpgjrm `m vrêcâqmhmkp `m 7#= - `m cg liccmlpm "g} pjprm `} l}h}cAIKEMAI_)vrêljv}p `m em|pjik `m c‚IVLG* "7*+ Vi}r lm w}j liklmrkm mk vgrpjl}cjmr c‚GEMAI\(VHM# jc rê|}cpm `m c‚g}`jpjik `m |m| `jrjemgkp| cm71 kiqmhorm ?677 w}m c‚mkqmcivvm eciogcm `m vrêljv}p m|p `êpmrhjkêmgkk}mccmhmkp mk aiklpjik `m cg liccmlpm iocjegpijrm+ \‚gej||gkp mkajk `} ® 7 -ciemhmkp ¾# cm vrjkljvm `‚}k `êargjmhmkp ® airagjpgjrm ¾ m|p vi|ê `jrmlpmhmkp vgr cgrêecmhmkpgpjik+ Cm prê|irjmr `m cg LEVHM# H+ Dmgk(Ci}j| Dghmp# g g} `mhm}rgkprmlikk} `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cm 7? ilpiorm `mrkjmr# w}m cm| |ihhm|qmr|êm| g} pjprm `} vgrjpgrj|hm ® rê|}cpmkp `m likqmkpjik| vrêqizgkp `m| hikpgkp|

eciog} ¾+

W}gkp g} vrjkljvm `‚gaamlpgpjik `m| aik`| æ `m| hj||jik| |vêljajw}m|# lmw}m c‚ik g v} `jrm |}vrg `} |}jqj `m| gpprjo}pjik| `} AIKEMAI_# mp mk vgrpjl}cjmr `m c‚jk|}aaj|gklm `m| lihvpm|(rmk`}| g`rm||ê| vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| mp `}rm`rm||mhmkp |}oj “ vgrpjmccmhmkp “ vgr c‚}km `‚mkprm mccm| jc z g w}mcw}m| gkkêm|#mk hikprm ojmk cm| cjhjpm|+

Pi}pmaij|# cm| iregkj|gpjik| g}`jpjikkêm| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm ikpagjp mk eêkêrgc êpgp `‚}k |i}lj# vm}p(äprm ki}qmg}# `m qêrjajmr mk jkpmrkmc‚gaamlpgpjik maamlpjqm `m| vrêljv}p|+ Hhm Cg}rmklm Vgrj|ip g gjk|j `êlcgrê w}m ® cmHM@MA êpgocjp# vi}r |g vgrp# }km lihvpgojcjpê gkgczpjw}m w}j m|p likprðcêm vgr }k

lihhj||gjrm g} lihvpm| mp w}j `j|pjke}m prâ| vrêlj|êhmkp cm pmhv| vg||ê vgr pmc liccgoirgpm}r |}r pmc ì||jmr rmcmqgkp `m pmccm jk|pjp}pjik vgrjpgjrm# gajk `‚êqgc}mr c‚g`êw}gpjik `m| rm||i}rlm| gpprjo}êm|+ Cir|w}m ki}| gqik| vmrå} priv `‚gremkp#ki}| cm rm|pjp}ik| "‡*+ C‚mmhvcm cm vc}| acgergkp |‚m|p `êri}cê mk ilpiorm ?66:+

Ki}| gqik| gcir| g`rm||ê cm li}rrjmr |}jqgkp g} `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc `m c‚]M\C#iregkj|hm mk lbgrem `} /7 - ciemhmkp/ 4 / |}r cg og|m `m| glpjik| mkegeêm| æ lm di}r# ki}| m|pjhik| w}m cm kjqmg} `m| argj| vrêq}|# æ bg}pm}r `m 22? 666 m}ri|#jk`jw}ê `gk| kiprm êpgp vrêqj|jikkmc ?66:# km |mrg vg| gppmjkp+ Ki}| gqik| `þ mkmaamp `jaaêrmr# d}|w}‚æ vrê|mkp# }km vgrp jhvirpgkpm `m| glpjik| mkqj|geêm|+ Vgr lik|êw}mkp# ki}| qi}| `mhgkìk| `m |}r|mijr g} râecmhmkp `} w}gprjâhm glihvpm

|}r `êargjmhmkp ?66:+ @gk| c‚gppmkpm `m kiprm grräpê `m lihvpm ?66:# ki}| qi}|g`rm||ik| }k râecmhmkp `m ?26 666 m}ri| mk rmhoi}r|mhmkp `} priv(vmrå}m|pjhê/ ¾+

Æ c‚GEMAI\(VHM# `m hähm# }k |i}lj `m rje}m}r gvvgrmhhmkp g||mtrêlmkp mp lik|êl}pja æ `m| likprðcm| g lik`}jp æ hmpprm mk vcglm }k qmr|mhmkp mk`m} aij| `m| mkqmcivvm| `m vrêljv}p# gqml }k glihvpm# v}j| }k |ic`m w}j k‚m|p vgzê w}m |}r vrê|mkpgpjik `m d}|pjajlgpja|+

"7* Cm lik|pgp |}r cm rgpji vrêljv}p|)liccmlpm m|p hijk| lcgjr vi}r cm| g}prm| IVLG `gk| cg hm|}rm iú }km vgrp `m cm}r liccmlpm# rê|}cpgkp `} qmr|mhmkp cjorm `m lmrpgjkm| mkprmvrj|m| vi}r cm}r vcgk `m airhgpjik# k‚m|p vg|g||}dmppj g} vrêljv}p| 4 mk lik|êw}mklm# cm rgpji vrêljv}p|)pipgcjpê `m cg liccmlpm m|p vc}| `jaajljcm ægkgcz|mr+



‐ 5: ‐

@‚g}prm| ikp agjp io|mrqmr# lm w}j vm}p lihvmk|mr cm lgrglpârm airagjpgjrm `mlmrpgjk| qmr|mhmkp|# w}m lmrpgjkm| hj||jik| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc g||mt vrilbm| `mlmccm| rêh}kêrêm| g} pjprm `} vgrjpgrj|hm# pmccm w}m cg vgrpjljvgpjik æ pi}pm| |irpm|`‚jk|pgklm| lik|}cpgpjqm|# k‚êpgjmkp vg| `êargzêm|+ Gjk|j cm vrê|j`mkp `m c‚]VG g(p(jc rgvvmcê w}m ® cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| |jâemkp `gk| `m kihorm} lihhj||jik| mp lihjpê|# pmc| w}m cg Lihhj||jik kgpjikgcm `m cgkêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm# cm Bg}p lik|mjc `} `jgcie}m |iljgc# cm Lik|mjc kgpjikgc `mcg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm pi}p g} cike `m cg qjm# mpl+ Ir# cm liþp `m lm| hj||jik|rm|pm jkpêergcmhmkp æ cg lbgrem `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| liklmrkêm|+\‚gej||gkp `m hj||jik| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc# c‚]VG lik|j`ârm w}‚mccm| `mqrgjmkp agjrmc‚iodmp `‚}k ajkgklmhmkp v}ocjl ¾+

l* @m| `êrjqm| jkêqjpgocm| 9

]k `mrkjmr lbghv `‚jkpmrriegpjik| liklmrkm cm| `êrjqm| w}j vm}qmkprê|}cpmr `m cg vgrpjljvgpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| “ lmcg qgcgkp g}||j vi}r lmccm| `m |gcgrjê| “ æ cg em|pjik `m| `jqmr| iregkj|hm| vgrjpgjrm|+

Hhm Gkkjln Cmvgem# gkljmkkm |gcgrjêm `‚}k lmkprm `m airhgpjik cjê æ cgAê`êrgpjik `m| jk`}|prjm| hêlgkjw}m| "AJH* mkprm 7::1 mp ?667# g `êlrjp æ cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# `}rgkp |ik g}`jpjik cm 76 ilpiorm ?677# c‚jklrizgocm|z|pâhm `m `êpi}rkmhmkp `m aik`| ìkp mccm `êlcgrm gqijr êpê pêhijk 4 ® cg

vrjkljvgcm arg}`m ^`êkiklêm vgr Hhm CmvgemX lik|j|pgjp mk cg aglp}rgpjik# vgr cmlmkprm `m airhgpjik# `m airhgpjik| kik `j|vmk|êm|# ^gqmlX `‚}km vgrp cg

aglp}rgpjik |z|pêhgpjw}m `} kihorm `‚bm}rm| vcgaik` ^`m airhgpjik# |gk|qêrjajlgpjik `m c‚birgjrm maamlpja `m airhgpjikX # `‚g}prm vgrp cg aglp}rgpjik `m airhgpjik æ `m| gvvrmkpj| agkpðhm|¾+ @gk| lm |z|pâhm# cm| hmhorm| `m cg`jrmlpjik `m cg AJH oêkêajljgjmkp mk likprmvgrpjm `m rêh}kêrgpjik| mk pgkp w}m® lik|mjccmr| ¾ `} lmkprm `m airhgpjik > vgr gjccm}r|# ® lm lmkprm `m airhgpjik `m cg

AJH# w}j vmrlmqgjp ìkl `m| aik`| jk`}|# rmlmqgjp c}j(hähm `m vc}|jm}r|g||iljgpjik| `m c‚]JHH `m| aglp}rm| w}j km lirrm|vik`gjmkp æ rjmk > cm/rglnmppm}r/ vrjkljvgc êpgjp c‚G||iljgpjik vi}r cg ìl}hmkpgpjik mp c‚g||j|pgklm`m| mkprmvrj|m| "G@G\M* ¾+

Jc k‚gvvgrpjmkp vg| æ cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm `m |m vrikiklmr |}r lm|gll}|gpjik|# w}j virpmkp |}r `m| agjp| gkljmk| mp aikp c‚iodmp `m vrilê`}rm| d}`jljgjrm|+

Hgj| cm pzvm `m |jp}gpjik `êlrjp vgr Hhm Cmvgem m|p |jekjajlgpja 4 `gk| cghm|}rm iú# `‚}km vgrp `m| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| vgrpjljvmkp æ cg em|pjik`‚IVLG "i} `‚iregkj|hm| liccmlpm}r| `m cg pgm `‚gvvrmkpj||gem*# ìkp cg hj||jikm|p `m ajkgklmr `m| |pgem| `m airhgpjik# `‚g}prm vgrp cm| hähm| iregkj|gpjik| |ikp|i}qmkp ghmkêm| æ lrêmr `gk| cm}r hi}qgklm `m| lmkprm| `m airhgpjik# jc |m airhm`m| |jp}gpjik| vipmkpjmccm| `m lika}|jik `m| jkpêräp| iú cm| hähm| vmr|ikkm| “ i}

`m| vmr|ikkm| gvvgrpmkgkp g} hähm| |pr}lp}rm| “ |ikp æ cg aij| lbgreêm|`‚gpprjo}mr `m| ajkgklmhmkp| mp `m eêrmr cm| iregkj|hm| w}j mk oêkêajljmkp‡ \jc‚ik gdi}pm æ lmcg cg agjocm||m `} `j|vi|jpja `m likprðcm `m cg airhgpjik



‐ 26 ‐

vriam||jikkmccm mp cg kgp}rm hähm `m| vrm|pgpjik| `m airhgpjik# w}j |m vräpmkp |gk|ì}pm vc}| w}m `‚g}prm| prgk|glpjik| æ `m| aglp}rgpjik| prâ| `jaajljcm| æ qêrjajmr# ik gcæ }k lilnpgjc w}j lik`}jp vipmkpjmccmhmkp æ `m| `êrjqm| ergqm| lbgw}m aij| w}‚jcpihom mkprm `m| hgjk| vm} |lr}v}cm}|m| “ lm w}j# jkêqjpgocmhmkp# grrjqm `m pmhv|mk pmhv|+

L‚m|p vi}r cjhjpmr lm pzvm `m rj|w}m| w}m cm cêej|cgpm}r# `gk| cm lg`rm `m cgrêairhm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# g mk ?66: êpgocj }km jklihvgpjojcjpê|prjlpm mkprm cm| mhvcij| i} hgk`gp| mmrlê| `‚}km vgrp `gk| }k IVLG# `‚g}prm vgrp `gk| }k iregkj|hm `m airhgpjik+

Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm cm 72 ilpiorm ?677#}km iregkj|gpjik `‚mhvcizm}r| g} hijk| g `‚gjccm}r| agjp êpgp `‚}km vrêill}vgpjikhgkjam|pm vgr rgvvirp æ lm `êogp 4 cm vrê|j`mkp `m c‚]KGVC# H+ @gqj` Eirìk(Nrjma# g jk|j|pê |}r c‚go|mklm ® `‚jkpmraêrmklm `gk| cg ei}qmrkgklm ¾ mkprm c‚}kjik`‚mhvcizm}r| w}‚jc vrê|j`m mp `m| iregkj|hm| pmc| w}m c‚IVLG `m| vriam||jik|cjoêrgcm| "IVLG(VC* i} cm aik`| jkpmrvriam||jikkmc `m airhgpjik `m| vriam||jik|cjoêrgcm| "AJA(VC*# w}j m|p c‚êw}jqgcmkp `‚}k IVLG vi}r cg airhgpjik `m| vriam||jikkmc| cjoêrg} m}(hähm|+ \‚gej||gkp `} AJA(VC# ®cm o}rmg} m|p lihvi|ê `m w}gprm hmhorm| kihhê| g} |mjk `} liccâem `m em|pjik mp `m w}gprmg}prm| vrivi|ê| vgr c‚]KGVC+ ]km aij| lm o}rmg} êc}# jc k‚z g vc}| g}l}kmjkpmraêrmklm kj likprðcm “ kj hähm `m likprðcm `m| lihvpm| “ `m cg vgrp `mc‚]KGVC+ C‚jk`êvmk`gklm `} AJAVC m|p pmccm w}m# vgr hihmkp|# ki}| mk |ihhm|hähm grrjqê| æ ki}| `mhgk`mr |‚jc z gqgjp mklirm }k `jgcie}m vicjpjw}m mkprm

ki}| "‡*+ Pi}p m|p êpgklbm "‡*+ ^@m| iregkj|hm| lihhm cm AJA(VC mp c‚IVLG(VCliccmlpgkpX `m| aik`| v}ocjl|# ki}| `mqik| qmjccmr æ km vg| vräpmr g} hijk`rm |i}våik `m lika}|jik `gk| cm| ajkgklmhmkp|+ Pi}p ìjp äprm prgk|vgrmkp+ Vmr|ikkmccmhmkp# dm km qm} vg| w}m c‚ik h‚jkpmrriem |}r cg vrj|m mk lbgrem `‚}km airhgpjik i} w}mcw}m lbi|m `m lm emkrm > lmcg k‚mkprm vg| `gk| hm| gpprjo}pjik| mp dm h‚z rma}|m "‡*+ Ki| `j|l}||jik| ^gqml c‚IVLG(VCX virpmkp |}r `m| w}m|pjik| vicjpjw}m| ^pmccm| w}m lmppm gkkêm c‚êqmkp}mcX rgvvrilbmhmkp gqml c‚IVLG `mc‚bi|vjpgcj|gpjik vrjqêm# qijrm gqml lmc}j `m| glpjqjpê| `m airhgpjik+ ^@gk| lm|`j|l}||jik|#X d‚gj jk`jw}ê w}m# mk pgkp w}m vrê|j`mkp `m c‚]KGVC# dm k‚êpgj| vg|liklmrkê vgr cm| w}m|pjik| ajkgkljârm| mp `m em|pjik+ Cm |m}c êcêhmkp w}jh‚jhvirpgjp êpgjp w}m cm| `êlj|jik| w}j |mrgjmkp vrj|m| km hmppmkp vg| mk `gkemr cg

|vêljajljpê `m| vriam||jik| cjoêrgcm| "‡*+ C‚IVLG(VC m|p ìkl qmk} ki}| vrê|mkpmr cm| lik|êw}mklm| vicjpjw}m| `m| rgvvrilbmhmkp| mkqj|geê|+ Ki}| gqik|gllmvpê |g vicjpjw}m# |i}| lmrpgjkm| rê|mrqm|+ Mk|}jpm# jc k‚z g vc}| m}`‚jkpmraêrmklm| mkprm c}j mp ki}| ¾+

Ik qijp ojmk `gk| lm| vrivi| “ pmk}| vgr }k gqilgp `m vriam||jik‡ “ w}ml‚m|p cg lrgjkpm `‚}k ® |i}våik `m lika}|jik `gk| cm| ajkgklmhmkp| ¾ w}j d}|pjajm}km qicikpê prâ| airpm `‚êpgklbêjpê mkprm cm| em|pjik| `m c‚iregkj|gpjik`‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m| aik`| `m airhgpjik+

Cm| lrjpjw}m| prâ| mvcjljpm| êhj|m| mk ?66? vgr cg Li}r `m| lihvpm| |}r cgem|pjik `m c‚GEMAJVB rmkqijmkp æ cg hähm vriocêhgpjw}m w}m vi}r cm| aik`| `m



‐ 27 ‐

airhgpjik 4 cm agjp w}‚}km jk|pjp}pjik æ cg ei}qmrkgklm `m cgw}mccm vgrpjljvmkp `m|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| v}j||m rmpmkjr# lihhm ivêrgpm}r| cilg}# `m| }kjik| vgprikgcm| vi|m mk |ij w}m|pjik+

<+ Cm| gllir`| `m ajkgklmhmkp `} `jgcie}m |iljgcg* ]km `êhgrlbm w}j m|p `‚goir` vgrpjm `m| orgklbm|

Æ vgrpjr `m| gkkêm| 7:26# }k kihorm jhvirpgkp `m likqmkpjik| liccmlpjqm|`m orgklbm ikp jkpêerê `m| gllir`| `jp| |i}qmkp `m ® ajkgklmhmkp `} vgrjpgrj|hm ¾i} `m ® ajkgklmhmkp `m cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm ¾+ Lm| gllir`| vrêqijmkp mkeêkêrgc }km likprjo}pjik iocjegpijrm `m| mkprmvrj|m| `m cg orgklbm# g||j|m |}r cm}r hg||m |gcgrjgcm# ìkp c‚iodmp vrmhjmr m|p cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm|lrêêm| vgr cg likqmkpjik liccmlpjqm “ cm| likqmkpjik| liccmlpjqm| jk|pjp}gkp cm vc}|

|i}qmkp `m| lihhj||jik| vgrjpgjrm| `jqmr|m|+ Jc |‚gejp `m li}qrjr cm| argj| `m`êvcglmhmkp mp `m |êdi}r `m| hmhorm| `m lm| lihhj||jik| vi}r cm}r| rê}kjik|# `mrmhoi}r|mr æ cm}r mhvcizm}r cm| rêh}kêrgpjik| `m| |gcgrjê| z vgrpjljvgkp#`‚jk`mhkj|mr `m hähm cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m| mhvcizm}r| vi}r cm}r vmrpm `m egjk#êqmkp}mccmhmkp `m li}qrjr `m| argj| `m |mlrêpgrjgp# `m airhgpjik æ cg kêeiljgpjikliccmlpjqm# mpl+ Eêkêrgcmhmkp# cm| gllir`| mk lg}|m lihvrmkkmkp êegcmhmkp `m|lcg}|m| `m `rijp |zk`jlgc 4 g}pirj|gpjik| `‚go|mklm mp vripmlpjik `m| hmhorm||gcgrjê| `m| jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm| `m orgklbm likprm cm| |gklpjik| mp cjlmkljmhmkp|‡

Lm pzvm `m |pjv}cgpjik| m|p `‚gjccm}r| mvcjljpmhmkp vrêq} vgr cm li`m `}

prgqgjc# ìkp c‚grpjlcm C+ ??<?(2 `j|vi|m w}m ® cm| likqmkpjik| `m orgklbm mp cm|gllir`| vriam||jikkmc| lihvirpmkp# mk agqm}r `m| |gcgrjê| `‚mkprmvrj|m| vgrpjljvgkp g} kêeiljgpjik|# `m hähm w}‚g} rê}kjik| `m| jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm|w}‚jc| jk|pjp}mkp# `m| `j|vi|jpjik| rmcgpjqm| g} hi`gcjpê| `‚mmrljlm `} `rijp `m

|‚go|mkpmr# æ cg lihvmk|gpjik `m| vmrpm| `m |gcgjrm| i} g} hgjkpjmk `m lm}(lj#gjk|j w}‚æ c‚jk`mhkj|gpjik `m| argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp ¾# pgk`j| w}m c‚grpjlcm C+ ??<?(<lihvirpm cm| hähm| `j|vi|jpjik| vi}r cm kjqmg} jkpmrvriam||jikkmc+

o* ]km `êhgrlbm rmvrj|m vgr cm |mlpm}r gerjlicm

C‚gllir` kgpjikgc liklc} cm ?7 dgkqjmr 7::? ® rmcgpja æ c‚iregkj|gpjik `m cgkêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm mk gerjl}cp}rm ¾ hgrw}m }km êqic}pjik# `‚}km vgrp mkliklmrkgkp pi}p }k |mlpm}r êlikihjw}m# `‚g}prm vgrp mk jk|pg}rgkp }k ajkgklmhmkp`jrmlp `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| vgr cm ojgj| `m lipj|gpjik|likqmkpjikkmccm|+ @gk| lmp gllir` |jekê vgr cg AK\MG# `jqmr| |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| |vêljgcj|ê| mp cm| aê`êrgpjik| gerjlicm| `m| ljkw ergk`m| lmkprgcm| `m|gcgrjê|# jc m|p mk maamp mvcjljpmhmkp vrêq} 4

“ `‚}km vgrp }k vgrpgem æ vgrjpê `} vri`}jp `m cg lipj|gpjik `m 6#6= -êpgocjm |}r cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm mkprm cm ® ajkgklmhmkp `m c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp æ cg

kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm `m| |gcgrjê| ¾ mp lmc}j `} ® `rijp æ cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm`m| mhvcizm}r| ¾ >



‐ 2? ‐

“ `‚g}prm vgrp mp |}rpi}p# }k vgrpgem `m lbgl}km `m| `m} vgrp| ® |gcgrjê| ¾mp ® mhvcizm}r| ¾ mkprm }km ® vgrp G `m|pjkêm g} ajkgklmhmkp `m| argj| mvi|ê|

vgr cm| |gcgrjê| mp cm| mhvcizm}r| æ c‚illg|jik `m cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm ¾ mp}km ® vgrp O `m|pjkêm g} ajkgklmhmkp `m| argj| mvi|ê| vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| |jekgpgjrm| `} vrê|mkp gllir`# vi}r c‚gkjhgpjik mp c‚jkairhgpjik `m| vgrpjljvgkp| æ cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm ¾+

\j cg vgrp G g vi}r iodmp# lcg||jw}mhmkp# cg li}qmrp}rm `m| argj| `m vgrpjljvgpjik g} rê}kjik| `m kêeiljgpjik# `m vrêvgrgpjik i} `m |}jqj# cg vgrp O m|p`jrmlpmhmkp rêvgrpjm mkprm iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| 4

“ vi}r lm w}j m|p `m lmccm| `m |gcgrjê|# jc m|p vrêq} }km rêvgrpjpjik }kjairhmmkprm iregkj|gpjik| |jekgpgjrm| `m ?6 - `m cg |ihhm gpprjo}êm# cm rm|pm êpgkpgpprjo}ê g} vrirgpg `} kihorm `m qij iopmk}m| cir| `m| `mrkjârm| êcmlpjik| g}lbghorm| `‚gerjl}cp}rm `gk| cm liccâem `m| |gcgrjê| `m| mvcijpgpjik| gerjlicm| >

“ vi}r lm w}j m|p `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# cg rêvgrpjpjik ìjp äprmmaamlp}êm mkprm iregkj|gpjik| |jekgpgjrm| `m c‚gllir` g} vrirgpg `} hikpgkp `m|lipj|gpjik| qmr|êm| vgr cm| mhvcizm}r| rmvrê|mkpê| vgr lbgl}km `m lm|iregkj|gpjik|+

]k g}prm gllir` |jekê }cpêrjm}rmhmkp `gk| cm hik`m gerjlicm vrêqijpêegcmhmkp }km lipj|gpjik g||j|m |}r cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm 4 c‚® gllir` kgpjikgc `}72 d}jccmp ?66? |}r cm| |gj|ikkjmr|# |}r `jqmr|m| `j|vi|jpjik| |}r cm| likprgp| æ`}rêm `êpmrhjkêm mp |}r c‚iregkj|gpjik `m cg em|pjik vrêqj|jikkmccm `m c‚mhvcij mkgerjl}cp}rm ¾+ Lmc}j(lj jk|pjp}m# ® vi}r cm ajkgklmhmkp `m cg em|pjik

vrêqj|jikkmccm ¾# }km lipj|gpjik ajêm æ 6#?6 - `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm# ìkp cm vri`}jp k‚m|p vg| rêvgrpj vgrjpgjrmhmkp# hgj| gpprjo}ê vi}r 5= - g} iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| `‚mhvcizm}r| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc mp |jekgpgjrm| `mc‚gllir`# mp vi}r ?= - æ lmccm| `m |gcgrjê|# gqml }k lrjpârm `m rêvgrpjpjik mkprmlmccm|(lj w}j rê|}cpm `‚}km hizmkkm mkprm cm}r| rê|}cpgp| g} `mrkjârm| êcmlpjik|g} lbghorm| `‚gerjl}cp}rm mp cm}r pg} `m vgrpjljvgpjik g} rê}kjik| vgrjpgjrm|+

C‚}pjcj|gpjik `m| aik`| m|p mk|}jpm prâ| cjorm 4 |mcik c‚gllir`# ® lbgl}k `m|

vgrpmkgjrm| `êlj`m `m c‚}pjcj|gpjik `m| aik`| vi}r rmhvcjr cm| iodmlpja| `êajkj| `gk|cm vrê|mkp gllir` mp gcjhmkpmr cm| êlbgkem| g} |mjk `m V_IQMG ^|pr}lp}rm g` bil lrêêmX+ Jc vm}p vgr mmhvcm iregkj|mr |m| |pr}lp}rm| jkpmrkm| kgpjikgcm| mp)i}rêejikgcm|# `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| vi}r `êqmcivvmr cm| likpglp| mp gkgcz|m| `m pmrrgjk#lihhm jc vm}p likajmr vgr likqmkpjik lmrpgjkm| hj||jik| i} êp}`m| æ `m|iregkj|gpjik|# iregkj|hm| i} vrm|pgpgjrm| gzgkp `m| lihvêpmklm| vgrpjl}cjârm| ¾+

@‚gvrâ| cm| `êlcgrgpjik| agjpm| vgr cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m cg AK\MG cir| `mcm}r g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cm vri`}jp j||} `m c‚gllir` `m 7::?`gk| cm}r| lihvpm| ?676 |‚êcâqmrgjp æ 7#772 hjccjik `‚m}ri| mp lmc}j j||} `m

c‚gllir` `m ?66? æ ?#=10 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| "mp æ vc}| `m |j hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r c‚mk|mhocm `m| iregkj|gpjik| gerjlicm| `‚mhvcizm}r| oêkêajljgjrm|*+



‐ 2< ‐

l* C‚® gllir` ]VG ¾ mp |g `jaajljcm mkprêm mk qje}m}r

C‚® gllir` `} 7? `êlmhorm ?667 rmcgpja g} `êqmcivvmhmkp `} `jgcie}m |iljgc `gk| c‚grpj|gkgp ¾# lihh}kêhmkp gvvmcê ® gllir` ]VG ¾# hgrw}m cm vg||gem `m cg vriocêhgpjw}m `} ajkgklmhmkp vgrjpgjrm g} kjqmg} jkpmrvriam||jikkmc#

v}j|w}‚jc m|p |jekê æ c‚jkjpjgpjqm `‚}km iregkj|gpjik `‚mhvcizm}r| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm ælm kjqmg}+ Jc hmp mk vcglm }km likprjo}pjik `m 6#7= - |}r cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm `gk|cm| orgklbm| `m c‚grpj|gkgp# likprjo}pjik w}j g qilgpjik æ |m `êlihvi|mr mk 4

“ }km vgrp `m 6#62 - vgrpgeêm g} kjqmg} jkpmrvriam||jikkmc# æ vgrjpê mkprmiregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| “ cg |i}|(rêvgrpjpjik mkprm iregkj|gpjik|`m |gcgrjê| |‚maamlp}gkp æ rgj|ik `m <)7<âhm| vi}r cg LA@P# cg LEP mp AI# ?)7<âhm|

vi}r cg LAM(LEL mp cg LAPL >

“ }km vgrp `m 6#65 - vgrpgeêm g} kjqmg} `m| orgklbm| vriam||jikkmccm|#

|mcik `m| hi`gcjpê| æ `êajkjr vgr `m| gllir`| `m orgklbm+

Lmp gllir`# |jekê mkprm c‚]VG mp cm| ljkw lmkprgcm| `m |gcgrjê|rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc jkpmrvriam||jikkmc# v}j| êpmk`} vgr grräpêhjkj|pêrjmc `} ?= gqrjc ?66?# g rmklikprê }km qjqm ivvi|jpjik `m| g}prm|iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm|+ Cm HM@MA mp cg LEVHM "gjk|j w}m cg Aê`êrgpjikargkågj|m `} oïpjhmkp mp c‚]kjik `m| jk`}|prjm| mp hêpjmr| `m cg hêpgcc}rejm* ikpairhê `m| rmli}r| likprm lmp gllir`# |}llm||jqmhmkp rmdmpê| mk vrmhjârm jk|pgklm#mk gvvmc# v}j| vgr cg Li}r `m lg||gpjik cm 0 `êlmhorm ?665 > `m hähm# cm Lik|mjc`‚Êpgp g rmdmpê cm rmli}r| airhê likprm c‚grräpê `‚mpmk|jik `m c‚gllir`+

@gk| cm vricikemhmkp i} kik “ lmrpgjk| êpgjmkp gkpêrjm}r| “ `m c‚gllir`kgpjikgc `} 7? `êlmhorm ?667# iktm gllir`| ikp êpê liklc}| |}r cm ajkgklmhmkp `} vgrjpgrj|hm `gk| cm| orgklbm| vriam||jikkmccm| `m c‚grpj|gkgp+ Lmrpgjk| `‚mkprm m}k‚ikp v} äprm êpmk`}| w}‚mk ?662# gvrâ| cg ajk `m| vrilê`}rm| likpmkpjm}|m| likprmc‚gllir` `} 7? `êlmhorm ?667 mp |}jpm æ c‚mkegemhmkp vrj| vgr cm Ei}qmrkmhmkpcir| `m| `êogp| g} Vgrcmhmkp |}r cg a}p}rm cij `} ?6 giþp ?662+

@gk| }km rêvik|m êlrjpm g} rgvvirpm}r# cm hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc g vrêlj|ê w}m vrêgcgocmhmkp g} grräpê| `‚mpmk|jik# c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik qêrjajgjp cm rm|vmlp `m|`j|vi|jpjik| cêegcm| "pmccm| w}‚jkpmrvrêpêm| vgr cg d}rj|vr}`mklm*# mk vgrpjl}cjmr cmagjp w}m cg likprjo}pjik hj|m mk vcglm m|p gaamlpêm mp eêrêm `gk| `m| lik`jpjik| vrêlj|m| mp w}‚mccm oêkêajljm æ pi}pm| cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê|rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `gk| cg orgklbm# hähm |j mccm| km |ikp vg| |jekgpgjrm| `m| pmpm|likqmkpjikkmc| "7*+

Mk ?676# vrmhjârm gkkêm vcmjkm `m lipj|gpjik# cm vrêcâqmhmkp rê|}cpgkp `mc‚ ® gllir` ]VG ¾ g rmvrê|mkpê# |mcik cm| lbjaarm| lihh}kjw}ê| vgr lmppm

"7* Cg Li}r `m lg||gpjik# `gk| }k grräp ® Lmemcml ¾ `} ?: hgj ?667 "k¶ :2(?<652*# g m|pjhê w}m ® cm vrjkljvm`‚êegcjpê# `m qgcm}r lik|pjp}pjikkmccm# km vmrhmp vg| æ }k mhvcizm}r `m |}oqmkpjikkmr }k |zk`jlgp rmvrê|mkpgpja mp kik }k g}prm# |mcik w}‚jc g |jekê i} kik }km likqmkpjik i} }k gllir` liccmlpja ¾+



‐ 20 ‐

iregkj|gpjik cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik# }k rmk`mhmkp `‚}k vm} vc}| `m 72 hjccjik|`‚m}ri|# rêvgrpj| æ vgrjpê mkprm cg vgrp ® mhvcizm}r| ¾ mp cg vgrp ® |gcgrjê| ¾+ Cm|lihvpm| `m c‚]VG vi}r lmp mmrljlm aikp rm||irpjr 2#7= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `mrm||i}rlm| ® `jgcie}m |iljgc ¾+ Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 7< ilpiorm ?677# cm vrê|j`mkp `m c‚]VG# H+ Dmgk Cgr`jk# g jk`jw}ê w}m cm lik|mjc kgpjikgc `mc‚iregkj|gpjik gqgjp ® `êlj`ê w}m cg vgrp w}j rmqjmkp æ c‚]VG ajkgklmrgjp `m} pzvm|`‚glpjik| 4 `m| glpjik| kgpjikgcm| mk hgpjârm `m `jgcie}m |iljgc# mp `m| glpjik| g}kjqmg} rêejikgc# kipghhmkp cg hj|m mk vcglm `m| lihhj||jik| vgrjpgjrm|rêejikgcm| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| `m c‚grpj|gkgp# cm| LV_JG ¾+

`* ]k `j|vi|jpja w}j |}|ljpm mklirm `m qja| `êogp|

Cm lbij w}‚g agjp c‚]VG `m vrihi}qijr c‚gllir` `m ?667 k‚êpgjp vm}p(äprm vg| `êvi}rq} `m lik|j`êrgpjik| pglpjw}m|# `gk| cm lg`rm `m cg likl}rrmklm mkprmiregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|+ L‚m|p lm w}‚g jk`jw}ê `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik`‚mkw}äpm H+ Omrkgr` Qjqjmr# `jrmlpm}r `m c‚Jk|pjp}p |}vêrjm}r `} prgqgjc# vi}r w}jcg `êhgrlbm `m c‚]VG vm}p äprm w}gcjajêm `‚® }pjcjpgjrm `} hihmkp ¾ 4 mk g||}rgkp}k ajkgklmhmkp g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m |gcgrjê|# jc |‚gejrgjp `m |‚gppjrmr }km|zhvgpbjm }pjcm vi}r mj|pmr aglm g} g}prm| jkpmrcil}pm}r| `gk| cm lghv vgprikgc+

Cm agjp m|p# g}||j# w}m cm vrêcâqmhmkp ivêrê gvvirpm }km rm||i}rlm|}o|pgkpjmccm æ c‚]VG 4 |mcik |m| lihvpm| ?676# vc}| `m 2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| |}r <? hjccjik| `m vri`}jp| g} pipgc+

C‚® gllir` ]VG ¾ rm|pm vgr gjccm}r| qjqmhmkp lrjpjw}ê vgr lmrpgjkm|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|+

Vi}r H+ Dmgk(Argkåij| _i}og}`# vrê|j`mkp `m cg LEVHM# g}`jpjikkê cm7? ilpiorm ?677# ® jc km rmcâqm vg| `‚iregkj|gpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| lihhm cgkðprm# c‚]VG i} cm HM@MA# `m `mhgk`mr }km g}ehmkpgpjik `m| lbgrem| `m|mkprmvrj|m|+ Dm hm |}j| ogpp} pi}pm hg qjm vi}r iopmkjr cm likprgjrm+ D‚êpgj| ìklbi|pjcm æ }k ki}qmg} vrêcâqmhmkp `m 6#7=- `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm + Dm ì}pm# `m

|}rlriëp# w}m lmc}j(lj vmrhmppm `‚ghêcjirmr cm `jgcie}m |iljgc+ \m hikpmkp glp}mccmhmkp# `gk| lmrpgjkm| rêejik|# `m| o}rmg} mpêrjm}r| g} mkprmvrj|m|+ Hgj|

dm qij| hgc lihhmkp# vgr mmhvcm# }k |zk`jlgcj|pm `m cg hêpgcc}rejm vi}rrgjp `êamk`rm }k egråik oi}lbmr‡ ¾

Vi}r Hhm Cg}rmklm Vgrj|ip# vrê|j`mkpm `} HM@MA# g}`jpjikkêm cm7< ilpiorm ?677# c‚® gllir` ]VG ¾ vi|m ® }k vriocâhm `m vrjkljvm# `gk| cghm|}rm iú cg likprjo}pjik `m| mkprmvrj|m|# æ bg}pm}r `m 6#7= - `m cm}r hg||m

|gcgrjgcm# |m agjp ojmk |i}qmkp æ cm}r jk|}+ Kiprm vbjci|ivbjm m|p lmccm `m c‚g`bê|jikqicikpgjrm mp cjormhmkp lik|mkpjm+ Ir# c‚gllir` ]VG k‚iaarm g}l}km cjomrpê `mlbij ¾+

Ik vi}rrgjp g}||j io|mrqmr w}m# `m agjp# lm `j|vi|jpja rmvi|gkp |}r }k vrêcâqmhmkp iocjegpijrm k‚gvvirpm g}di}r`‚b}j `m aik`|# vi}r lm w}j m|p `m cg vgrpjm ® mhvcizm}r| ¾# w}‚æ c‚]VG mp æ |m| likaê`êrgpjik| mp aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| gaajcjêm|+



‐ 2= ‐

Lmvmk`gkp# cm| `êamk|m}r| `m cg `êhgrlbm `m c‚]VG ikp g}||j `m|gre}hmkp| |icj`m|+ Pi}p `‚goir` cm vrê|j`mkp `m c‚]VG# w}j d}|pjajm lmppm `êhgrlbm vgr cg vmpjpm pgjccm `m cg ergk`m hgdirjpê `m| mkprmvrj|m| grpj|gkgcm| 4 ®`gk| cm| |mlpm}r| lihvi|ê| `m vmpjpm| mkprmvrj|m|# jc m|p "‡* kêlm||gjrm `m h}p}gcj|mr cm|hizmk| lik|glrê| g} `jgcie}m |iljgc+ Mk maamp# jc m|p `jaajljcm `‚z agjrm qjqrm }k`jgcie}m |iljgc |pr}lp}rê mp jrrêgcj|pm `‚z mkqj|gemr cg kêeiljgpjik `‚gllir`|`‚mkprmvrj|m ¾+ W}gkp g} lgrglpârm iocjegpijrm `m cg likprjo}pjik# ® cg qjmlikqmkpjikkmccm# w}j oêkêajljm æ pi}pm| cm| mkprmvrj|m| `‚}k lbghv vriam||jikkmc#km ìjp vg| äprm ajkgklêm vgr cm| |m}c| g`bêrmkp| `m| iregkj|gpjik|

vriam||jikkmccm| ¾+

\‚gej||gkp `m| gllir`| lihvgrgocm| vg||ê| `gk| cm |mlpm}r `m c‚gerjl}cp}rm"qijr |}vrg*# H+ Vgprjln Amrrârm# `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc `m cg AK\MG# g pmk} c}j g}||j æcg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cm 2 kiqmhorm ?677# }km gre}hmkpgpjik |}r cm| hizmk|

kêlm||gjrm| vi}r agjrm qjqrm cm `jgcie}m |iljgc `gk| }k |mlpm}r prâ| `êlmkprgcj|ê 4® c‚gerjl}cp}rm `êkihorm }k vm} vc}| `m ?=6 likqmkpjik| liccmlpjqm|+ Cm|likqmkpjik| liccmlpjqm| km |ikp mk maamp vg| kgpjikgcm| hgj| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm|+

@gk| }k hähm `êvgrpmhmkp limj|pmkp mk eêkêrgc prij| likqmkpjik| liccmlpjqm| 4}km vi}r cm| ergk`m| l}cp}rm|# }km g}prm vi}r c‚êcmqgem mp }km prij|jâhm vi}r cm|l}cp}rm| |vêljgcm|+ @m} vi||jojcjpê| mj|pmkp 4 |ijp “ hgj| lm k‚m|p vg| cg qicikpê`} rê|mg} g}di}r`‚b}j “ `m| likqmkpjik| |ikp kêeiljêm| mp |jekêm| g} kjqmg}kgpjikgc# mp mk|}jpm `êlcjkêm| g} kjqmg} `êvgrpmhmkpgc > |ijp cm vgrjpgrj|hm rm|pm`êvgrpmhmkpgc+ Hgj|# gqml prij| likqmkpjik| vgr `êvgrpmhmkp# jc ag}p `m |icj`m|hizmk| b}hgjk| vi}r agjrm qjqrm }k vgrjpgrj|hm `êvgrpmhmkpgc+ Vi}r w}m lm|

likqmkpjik| km |ijmkp vg| ogcgzêm| vgr cm li`m `} prgqgjc# jc ag}p ìkkmr æ lm}w}j kêeiljmkp “ rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} vgprikgp i} `m| lmkprgcm| i}qrjârm| “ cm| hizmk|`‚z vg||mr `} pmhv|+ Lmcg qg}p pi}p g}pgkp vi}r cm| |gcgrjê| gerjlicm|# ìkp cm|mhvcizm}r| |i}bgjpmkp w}m cm |gcgjrm |ijp hgjkpmk} w}gk` lm}(lj |‚go|mkpmkp

vi}r kêeiljmr ¾+

Cm 0 ilpiorm ?677# H+ Mrugk \mtkml g gdi}pê `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik`‚mkw}äpm }k gre}hmkp `m kgp}rm êlikihjw}m vi}r d}|pjajmr c‚jkpêräp w}m vm}qmkpgqijr `m| mkprmvrj|m| æ vrihi}qijr cm `jgcie}m |iljgc# mp lm `gk| }k lg`rmmpmrkgcj|ê 4 ® c‚]VG rmvrê|mkpm `m| |mlpm}r| w}j k‚ikp vg| cg rêv}pgpjik `‚äprm cm|

vc}| gqgklê| |iljgcmhmkp > vi}rpgkp# `m| mhvcizm}r| `m| |mlpm}r| `m cglik|pr}lpjik i} `m c‚bðpmccmrjm |m |ikp rmk`}| lihvpm w}m c‚go|mklm pipgcm `m

|zk`jlgp| vgrgcz|gjp cm}r lihvêpjpjqjpê mp w}‚jc| gqgjmkp om|ijk `‚jkpmrcil}pm}r|gajk `m vi}qijr# vgr mmhvcm# g}ehmkpmr `m liklmrp cm| rêh}kêrgpjik| vi}r rmk`rm cm}r |mlpm}r vc}| gpprglpja mp vgrqmkjr gjk|j æ rmlr}pmr `m| vmr|ikkmc| ¾+

C‚gre}hmkp mvrjhê vgr Hhm Vgrj|ip |mcik cmw}mc cm vrêcâqmhmkp vrêq} vgr c‚gllir` |m amrgjp æ c‚jk|} `m| mkprmvrj|m| vm}p g}||j äprm `j|l}pê 4 lm vrêcâqmhmkp# mvcjljpm# g lmrpgjkmhmkp vc}| `m ® qj|jojcjpê ¾ vi}r cm| mkprmvrj|m|w}m lm} ivêrê|# vgr mmhvcm# æ prgqmr| cm| vrêljv}p| `m airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm|}r cm| lipj|gpjik| qmr|êm| g} IVLG+



‐ 21 ‐

Vi}r |g vgrp# H+ @gqj` Eirìk(Nrjma g agjp êpgp# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm72 ilpiorm `mrkjmr# `m c‚jkpêräp `m c‚]KGVC vi}r }k `j|vi|jpja `m pzvm ® gllir`]VG ¾ 4 ® |j cm cêej|cgpm}r i} c‚g}pirjpê rêecmhmkpgjrm c‚gllmvpgjmkp# ki}| |mrjik|

vrmkm}r|+ Dghgj|# dm lrij|# cm| om|ijk| k‚ikp êpê g}||j airp| w}‚g}di}r`‚b}j+ "‡*+ Ki}| gqik| `êlj`ê `m vrierm||mr g}||j qjpm w}m vi||jocm mk hgpjârm `m ajkgklmhmkp `} `jgcie}m |iljgc# æ c‚mmhvcm `m lm w}‚g agjp c‚]VG+ Ki}| gqik| agjp qipmr cm vrjkljvm `‚}k vrêcâqmhmkp æ lmppm ajk+ Jc ag}p `ê|irhgj| mk ajmr cmhikpgkp > ìjp(jc äprm `m 6#76 -# 6#7= - i} 6#?6 - 9 ¾ H+ Eirìk(Nrjma gêegcmhmkp lcgjrmhmkp rmcjê lm `êogp gqml lmc}j |}r cm| g}prm| ajkgklmhmkp| vgrjpgjrm|# vmrå}| lihhm jkd}|pmhmkp rêvgrpj| 4 c‚]KGVC# k‚êpgkp vg| rmlikk}mrmvrê|mkpgpjqm g} vcgk kgpjikgc jkpmrvriam||jikkmc# k‚g ® vg| gllâ| g} kjqmg}

vgrjpgjrm kgpjikgc# kj g} ajkgklmhmkp `} vgrjpgrj|hm mp `} `jgcie}m |iljgc# mp lmgcir| hähm w}‚mk Argklm# :5 - `m| PVM rmcâqmkp `m| |mlpm}r| `m c‚gerjl}cp}rm# `mc‚grpj|gkgp mp `m| vriam||jik| cjoêrgcm| ' ¾

$

Cm| ajkgklmhmkp| `jp| `} vgrjpgrj|hm ikp êpê cm vc}| |i}qmkp `êamk`}| vgr cm| vmr|ikkm| g}`jpjikkêm| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# z lihvrj| vgr cm| bg}p|aiklpjikkgjrm| mp cm| vmr|ikkm| likqiw}êm| mk rgj|ik `m cm}r mvmrpj|m+ L‚m|p gjk|jw}m vi}r cm `êcêe}ê eêkêrgc æ c‚mhvcij mp æ cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm#H+ Omrprgk` Hgrpjkip# ® cm vgrjpgrj|hm m|p eciogcmhmkp }km lbgklm vi}r cm

aiklpjikkmhmkp `} |z|pâhm |iljgc argkågj|+ Jc g vc}| `‚gqgkpgem| w}m`‚jklikqêkjmkp|+ Æ vgrpjr `m cæ# l‚m|p }km hj||jik `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc# mp jc g }k

liþp ¾+ Vi}r H+ Bmkrj _i}jccmg}cp# êpgkp ìkkê w}m cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} vgrpjljvmkp æ cg em|pjik ® `‚iregkj|hm| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc# jc m|p pi}p æ agjp kirhgc w}m cg rêh}kêrgpjik mp cm| argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp `m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| |ijmkp vrj| mklbgrem vgr lm| iregkj|hm|# `‚g}pgkp w}‚ik li}rrgjp |jkik cm rj|w}m `‚}km

|}rrmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| aiklpjikkgjrm| mp `m| rmprgjpê| ¾+

Airlm m|p lmvmk`gkp `m lik|pgpmr w}m lm| ajkgklmhmkp| rmvrê|mkpmkp }km vgrp prâ| jhvirpgkpm `m| rm||i}rlm| `m lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# mk vgrpjl}cjmr `m| likaê`êrgpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} kjqmg} kgpjikgcjkpmrvriam||jikkmc 4 cg w}g|j(pipgcjpê `m| << hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `m ® |}oqmkpjik| ¾ w}j

gvvgrgj||mkp vi}r ?676 `gk| cm| rm||i}rlm| lihvpgocm| `} HM@MA# `m cg LEVHMmp `m c‚]VG rê}kj| vriqjmkkmkp |ijp `m vrêljv}p|# |ijp# `gk| cm lg| `m c‚]VG# `m cghj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `m c‚gllir` w}j virpm cm kih `m lmppm iregkj|gpjik+ Lm| |ihhm| ikplik|pjp}ê mk ?676 vrâ| `m 0? - `m| rm||i}rlm| l}h}cêm| `m lm| prij|likaê`êrgpjik|# |ijp }km vgrp vrm|w}‚êegcm æ lmccm `m| lipj|gpjik| "05 -*+ @mhgkjârm vc}| eêkêrgcm# vi}r c‚mk|mhocm `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m cm}r|hgk`gpgjrm|# cm| ajkgklmhmkp| vgrjpgjrm| rmvrê|mkpmkp gkk}mccmhmkp vrâ| `m26 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# lihvrmkgkp kipghhmkp "|gk| mbg}|pjqjpê* 4

“ cg hijpjê `m| hizmk| `} AIKEMAI_# |ijp 70#= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| >

“ `m hähm# cg hijpjê qrgj|mhocgocmhmkp `m| vrêljv}p| `m| IVLG# |ijp72#= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| >



‐ 25 ‐

“ mkqjrik ? hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk vriqmkgklm `m c‚]kê`jl >

“ vm}p(äprm ?= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vriqmkgkp `m| lgj||m| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm >

“ mkqjrik 6#0 hjccjik `‚m}ri| vriqmkgkp `m lmccm| `m rmprgjpm|

lihvcêhmkpgjrm| iocjegpijrm| > “ mkqjrik 6#? hjccjik `‚m}ri| vriqmkgkp `m c‚GEMAJVB |i}| airhm `m

|}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp# g}w}mc| jc ag}p gdi}pmr |gk| ì}pm vrâ| `m= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vriqmkgkp `m |}oqmkpjik| mp `m cg hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `‚}k hgrlbêg} pjprm `m| glpjik| `m |mk|jojcj|gpjik mp `‚gllihvgekmhmkp `m| mkprmvrj|m| mkhgpjârm `m bgk`jlgv >

“ vrâ| `m 6#2 hjccjik `‚m}ri| vriqmkgkp `} ® 7 - ciemhmkp ¾ >

“ vrâ| `m 0 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vriqmkgkp# vi}r cg AK\MG# `m| gllir`| |jekê|`gk| cm |mlpm}r gerjlicm >

“ mkqjrik : hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vriqmkgkp `m c‚gvvcjlgpjik `m c‚® gllir`]VG ¾ mp `m |m| `êlcjkgj|ik| “ jc ag}`rgjp z gdi}pmr cm vri`}jp# kik likk}# `m|gllir`| lihvgrgocm| vg||ê| `gk| `m| orgklbm| kik grpj|gkgcm|‡

Ir# cg vi|jpjik glw}j|m `m agjp# `gk| cm vgz|gem `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik vgprikgcm# vgr lbgw}m iregkj|gpjik vriam||jikkmccm `êvmk` mk vgrpjm `} kjqmg} `m|m| rm||i}rlm|# w}j c}j vmrhmppmkp# vgr mmhvcm# `‚iregkj|mr `m| ® êqâkmhmkp| ¾

hê`jgpj|ê| vc}| i} hijk| vrm|pjejm}+Lmrpm| cm| ajkgklmhmkp| `} vgrjpgrj|hm |ikp mk vrjkljvm gaamlpê| æ `m|

iodmp| |vêljajw}m|+ @m| mmhvcm| lihhm lm} w}m c‚ik g pjrê| `m c‚gkgcz|m `m|}pjcj|gpjik| `m| gpprjo}pjik| `} AIKEMAI_ hikprmkp lmvmk`gkp w}‚jc| vm}qmkpg}||j li}qrjr `m| `êvmk|m| |gk| rgvvirp êqj`mkp gqml cm}r iodmp# hgj| omg}li}v vc}| cjêm| g} aiklpjikkmhmkp li}rgkp mp æ cg vrihipjik `m| iregkj|gpjik|+

C‚mmhvcm `‚}km iregkj|gpjik# c‚]\EM_M\# ìkp vrâ| `m| prij| w}grp| `m|rm||i}rlm| lirrm|vik`mkp æ cg rêh}kêrgpjik `m cg em|pjik `‚}k IVLG# iaarm }km

jcc}|prgpjik prâ| vgrcgkpm `m c‚jklj`mklm `m| ajkgklmhmkp| `} vgrjpgrj|hm `gk| cg|pr}lp}rgpjik `} vgz|gem `m| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|+ Lmppm |jp}gpjik m|plmrpm| gj|êm æ lihvrmk`rm# c‚]\EM_M\ |‚êpgkp jkjpjgcmhmkp lik|pjp}êm mk pgkp w}mliccâem ® mhvcizm}r| ¾ `m c‚IVLG ]kjairhgpjik > hgj| lmppm iregkj|gpjik g}rgjp(mccm v} glw}êrjr cg qj|jojcjpê ìkp mccm oêkêajljm g}di}r`‚b}j# erïlm kipghhmkp æ|ik rðcm `m cmg`mr `gk| cg vrê|mkpgpjik `m cj|pm| `m c‚êlikihjm |iljgcm g}êcmlpjik| vr}`‚bihgcm|# |j mccm k‚gqgjp vg| `j|vi|ê `m| hizmk| gvvirpê| vgr cm ojgj| `m lm vrêljv}p 9

Ik vm}p ìkl vmk|mr w}m cm oêkêajlm `m| ajkgklmhmkp| `} vgrjpgrj|hm

likprjo}m |jekjajlgpjqmhmkp æ c‚mj|pmklm mp æ cg qj|jojcjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| > ir# lm oêkêajlm k‚m|p vg| qêrjpgocmhmkp cjê æ }km ® rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê ¾ iodmlpjqm# hgj||mhocm vrjkljvgcmhmkp rê|}cpmr# `‚}km vgrp `m c‚bj|pijrm “ gqml kipghhmkp cm|



‐ 22 ‐

vi|jpjik| gqgkpgem}|m| w}m |ikp vgrqmk}m| æ lik|mrqmr d}|w}‚æ vrê|mkp cm|iregkj|gpjik| cm| vc}| gkljmkkm| `gk| cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| `jqmr| hgk`gp| i} mklirm`m| hizmk| `} AIKEMAI_‡ “ # `‚g}prm vgrp `m c‚bgojcmpê gqml cgw}mccm `‚g}prm|iregkj|gpjik| ikp |} cêejpjhmr c‚jk|pg}rgpjik `m vrêcâqmhmkp| likqmkpjikkmc||mlpirjmc| w}j# |‚gej||gkp `m cg vgrpjm vgprikgcm# cm}r vriajpmkp vrjkljvgcmhmkp i}mlc}|jqmhmkp‡

L+ Æ PJP_M VC]\ HG_EJKGC# @M\ \]OQMKPJIK\ V]OCJW]M\ JK@J_MLPM\

Mk `mbir| `} lg`rm `} vgrjpgrj|hm# cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| oêkêajljmkp `m |}oqmkpjik|# eêkêrgcmhmkp jk`jrmlpm|# w}jlikprjo}mkp æ cm}r ajkgklmhmkp mp æ cm}r aiklpjikkmhmkp+ Lmccm|(lj rê|}cpmkp cm vc}||i}qmkp `m| |jâem| mp hgk`gp| iopmk}| `gk| cm lg`rm `‚jk|pgklm| `m rêacmjik "pmc cmLik|mjc êlikihjw}m# |iljgc mp mkqjrikkmhmkpgc “ LM\M* i} `m em|pjik "pmccm| cm|

lbghorm| `‚gerjl}cp}rm i} `m lihhmrlm mp `‚jk`}|prjm*+ Mccm| vm}qmkp êegcmhmkpjkpmrqmkjr# æ }k pjprm hijk| cêejpjhm# vgr cm ojgj| `‚gj`m| hgpêrjmccm| ai}rkjm| vgr cm| jk|pjp}pjik| lik|}cgjrm| æ c‚illg|jik `‚êqêkmhmkp| jhvirpgkp|# g} mkdm}ajkgkljmr| g||mt ci}r`|+

7+ Cm| |}oqmkpjik| g||}hêm| hgj| vg| mklirm |}aaj|ghhmkpprgk|vgrmkpm|

Cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp cm| |zk`jlgp| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm| oêkêajljmkp `m |}oqmkpjik| v}ocjw}m| h}cpjvcm| g} pjprm `m c‚mkegemhmkp `m cm}r|hmhorm| `gk| c‚gkjhgpjik êlikihjw}m `m| pmrrjpijrm|+ Mk |ij# lm| |}oqmkpjik| km|ikp vg| kêlm||gjrmhmkp lrjpjw}gocm| > jc rm|pm w}‚mccm| |ikp mkpglbêm| `‚}k hgkw}m`m prgk|vgrmklm vrêd}`jljgocm æ c‚gvvrêljgpjik `m cm}r ojmk(aik`ê mp æ c‚êqgc}gpjik`m cm}r }pjcj|gpjik+

g* Cm| rêprilm||jik| `‚jk`mhkjpê| `m hgk`gp

Cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| vgrpjljvmkp g} prgqg}`m `jqmr|m| jk|pjp}pjik| lik|}cgjrm| mp rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `} hik`m `} prgqgjc 4 g}LM\M# mccm| |m rêvgrpj||mkp mkprm cm eri}vm `m| mkprmvrj|m|# lik|pjp}ê `m?5 hmhorm| "vgrhj cm|w}mc| `m| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} HM@MA mp `m cg LEVHM*# cmeri}vm `m c‚grpj|gkgp# `m 76 hmhorm| "vgrhj cm|w}mc|# `m| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `mc‚]VG*# mp cm eri}vm `m c‚gerjl}cp}rm# w}j lihvirpm ?? vmr|ikkm| "ìkp `m|rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m cg AK\MG* > `gk| cm| lbghorm| `m lihhmrlm mp `‚jk`}|prjm i}# vi}r cm| |zk`jlgp| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm|# `gk| cm| lbghorm| `‚gerjl}cp}rm# lm|iregkj|gpjik| `j|vi|mkp êegcmhmkp `m rm|vik|gojcjpê|# |}r cg og|m `m cm}r| rê|}cpgp|g} êcmlpjik| lik|}cgjrm|+ G pjprm `‚jcc}|prgpjik# cir| `m| `mrkjârm| êcmlpjik| g}lbghorm| `‚gerjl}cp}rm# mk ?665# cg AK\MG mp cm Lmkprm kgpjikgc `m| dm}km|gerjl}cpm}r| ikp iopmk} 7 =65 hgk`gp|# cg Liir`jkgpjik r}rgcm 757# cg

Likaê`êrgpjik vgz|gkkm 711 mp cm HI@MA ?0+C‚jhvcjlgpjik `m rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| i}

vriam||jikkmccm| `gk| cg qjm `m lm| `jaaêrmkpm| jk|pgklm| ìkkm cjm} æ }km



‐ 2: ‐

jk`mhkj|gpjik# ìkp cm| jk|pjp}pjik| `m qmr|mhmkp km |m lglbmkp k}ccmhmkp+ Cm|hikpgkp| eciog} mk lg}|m |ikp `‚gjccm}r| g||mt |jekjajlgpja|+

Cm pgocmg} lj(gvrâ| rmprglm æ lmp êegr` cm| mkqmcivvm| lik|glrêm| g}jk`mhkj|gpjik| `m| `jaaêrmkp| eri}vm| `‚mhvcizm}r| `} LM\M 4 cm pipgc `m|

|ihhm| gqij|jkm gjk|j `ê|irhgj| cm| ?#2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

Hikpgkp ̀ m| jk`mhkjpê| qmr|êm| g} hmhorm| ̀ m| iregkj|gpjik| ̀ ‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| |jêemgkp g} LM\M ̀ mv}j| ?667 "7*

?667 ?66? ?66< ?660 ?66= ?661 ?665 ?662 ?66: ?676

Eri}vmgerjl}cp}rm

7#6<1 7#60: 7#6=5 7#61? 7#65< 7#621 7#6:1 7#76= 7#776 7#62?

Eri}vm

grpj|gkgp

6#070 6#0?6 6#0?< 6#0?= 6#0?: 6#0<= 6#0<2 6#00? 6#000 6#002

Eri}vmmkprmvrj|m|

7#?6? 7#?75 7#??1 7#?<? 7#?<: 7#?=7 7#?17 7#?15 7#?56 7#?26

PIPGC ?#0=? ?#121 ?#1=1 ?#57: ?#507 ?#55? ?#5:= ?#270 ?#2?0 ?#276"7* Mk hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik# cm ?7 |mvpmhorm ?677# cm vrê|j`mkp `} LM\M#H+ Dmgk(Vg}c @mcmqizm# g rmlikk} w}m cm| jk`mhkjpê| rmqmkgkp g} hmhorm| `}LM\M |ikp vgraij| `jrmlpmhmkp rmqmr|êm| g} iregkj|gpjik| ìkp jc| |ikp vgr

gjccm}r| hmhorm| > jc g êegcmhmkp gvvirpê `m| vrêlj|jik| w}gkp g} hizmk|hgpêrjmc|# kipghhmkp b}hgjk|# hj| æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m| eri}vm| vgr c‚jk|pjp}pjik 4

® Lbgl}k `m| ?<< hmhorm| `} Lik|mjc rmåijp mk pgkp w}m pmc }kmjk`mhkjpê# hgj| cm| |zk`jlgp| mp lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| w}m lm|hmhorm| rmvrê|mkpmkp `mhgk`mkp w}m cm Lik|mjc cm}r qmr|m `jrmlpmhmkp lmppmjk`mhkjpê# cm| hmhorm| mk w}m|pjik z pri}qgkp lmvmk`gkp cm}r lihvpm mk rgj|ik`} rêejhm `m rmprgjpm gqgkpgem} `} Lik|mjc# gqml }k |z|pâhm `m ì}ocmlipj|gpjik g} li}r| `} vrmhjmr hgk`gp `m ljkw gk| mp }k hjkjh}h qjmjccm||m

egrgkpj+

® "‡* Vgr gjccm}r|# ki}| gqik| hj| mk vcglm }km râecm `m ® vrê|mkpêj|hm ¾ |mcik cgw}mccm c‚jk`mhkjpê rmvrê|mkpgpjqm `m argj| w}m vmråijp lbgw}m lik|mjccmr mk |}| `m |g rêh}kêrgpjik vrivrmhmkp `jpm m|p lgcl}cêm mk aiklpjik `m |g vrê|mklm+ Ki}| gqik| êegcmhmkp cjhjpê cg vrj|m mk lbgrem `m| argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp `m|lik|mjccmr| mp rê`}jp cm| hizmk| hj| æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m lbgw}m eri}vm “ dmrgvvmccm w}m lbgw}m eri}vm `j|vi|m `‚}k o}rmg} mp `‚}k lbgreê `m hj||jik mp

vm}p iregkj|mr `m| hgkjam|pgpjik| `gk| cm| cilg} `} vgcgj| `‚Jêkg+

® "‡* Lbgw}m eri}vm m|p ìpê `‚}km mkqmcivvm airagjpgjrm# w}j c}j vmrhmp

kipghhmkp `m |gcgrjmr }k gppglbê mp w}j m|p ì}ocêm vi}r lmc}j `m| vmr|ikkgcjpê|w}gcjajêm| “ lgr jc m|p prâ| kihorm} “# gjk|j w}m `} hgpêrjmc jkairhgpjw}m mp o}rmg}pjw}m kêlm||gjrm g} aiklpjikkmhmkp `} eri}vm+ Cm| hmhorm| `} Lik|mjc



‐ :6 ‐

vm}qmkp `j|vi|mr `m |gccm| æ pjprm ergljm} |‚jc| qm}cmkp iregkj|mr }kmhgkjam|pgpjik `gk| cm vgcgj| `‚Jêkg# vi}rq} w}m lmccm(lj km likprmqjmkkm vg| æ cgqilgpjik `} LM\M ¾+

Cm rmqmr|mhmkp `m| jk`mhkjpê| `m| hmhorm| `} LM\M g} iregkj|gpjik|

`‚irjejkm |mhocm vgrpjl}cjârmhmkp li}rgkp vi}r cm| |zk`jlgp| `‚mvcijpgkp|gerjlicm|# v}j|w}m H+ Dmgk(Vg}c @mcmqizm g jk`jw}ê w}m cg AK\MG m|p `m|pjkgpgjrm`m| `êargjmhmkp| `m |m| rmvrê|mkpgkp| g} Lik|mjc+ @m hähm# cir| `m cm}r g}`jpjikcm ?6 ilpiorm ?677# cm| rm|vik|gocm| `} HI@MA ikp êegcmhmkp vrêlj|ê w}m cm|jk`mhkjpê| `}m| æ cm}r rmvrê|mkpgkp g} |mjk `} Lik|mjc `gk| |ik gkljmkkmlihvi|jpjik# |ijp ?6 666 m}ri|# êpgjmkp rmqmr|êm| æ cm}r iregkj|gpjik mprmvrê|mkpgjmkp gcir| 1 - `m |m| rm||i}rlm|+

\‚gej||gkp `m| jk`mhkjpê| vmrå}m| vgr cm| êc}| lik|}cgjrm|# jc likqjmkp `m`j|pjke}mr cm| jk`mhkjpê| `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik# w}j liklmrkmkp m||mkpjmccmhmkp cm o}rmg} qijrm cm |m}c vrê|j`mkp# `m| jk`mhkjpê| `m pmhv| vg||ê# w}j |‚g`rm||mkp æc‚mk|mhocm `m| hmhorm|+ Cm}r hikpgkp jk`jqj`}mc m|p cm vc}| |i}qmkp g||mtagjocm "7* mp cm}r rmqmr|mhmkp jkpmrqjmkp cm vc}| |i}qmkp |}r cg og|m `m lbij `êlj`ê|g} kjqmg} pmrrjpirjgc+ Mk gppm|pmkp kipghhmkp lm| vrivi| pmk}| vgr cm| virpm(vgricmmp prê|irjmr `m cg Likaê`êrgpjik vgz|gkkm# cm ?5 ilpiorm ?677 4

® H+ Vbjcjvvm Liccjk+ Ki}| k‚gqik| g}l}km cêejpjhjpê kj g}l}km g}pirjpê vi}r gejr |}r cg vicjpjw}m `m| aê`êrgpjik| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| mk hgpjârm`‚jk`mhkjpê| `m cm}r| êc}| g} lbghorm| `‚gerjl}cp}rm+ @gk| lmrpgjk|

`êvgrpmhmkp# dm cm |gj|# cm| vgz|gk| rmqmr|mkp g} |zk`jlgp c‚jk`mhkjpê w}j cm}r m|p qmr|êm vgr cg lbghorm `‚gerjl}cp}rm# lmc}j(lj cm}r ajkgkågkp mk êlbgkem `m| di}r|`m rmhvcglmhmkp vmk`gkp cm| |m||jik| `m| lbghorm| > hgj|# lihhm vi}r cm|lipj|gpjik|# lbgw}m |pr}lp}rm ajm mccm(hähm cm| râecm| w}‚mccm gvvcjw}m+ Ki| |m}c|g`bêrmkp| |ikp cm| |pr}lp}rm| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm|+

® H+ Dmgk(Argkåij| Ojgkli+ Dm |}j| hij(hähm rmvrê|mkpgkp æ cg lbghorm`‚gerjl}cp}rm `m hik `êvgrpmhmkp# cm Egr`+ Hik jk`mhkjpê m|p `m <= m}ri|mkqjrik vgr `mhj(di}rkêm+ Vi}r `m} |m||jik| gkk}mccm|# mccm |m hikpm ìkl æ 56m}ri|+ Æ lm `êargjmhmkp |‚gdi}pmkp cm| jk`mhkjpê| `m `êvcglmhmkp vi}r cm|

vmr|ikkm| rê|j`gkp æ vc}| `m <6 njcihâprm| `m cg cilgcjpê iú m|p jk|pgccêm cglbghorm+ Orma# lm| jk`mhkjpê| k‚mkrjlbj||mkp vg| airlêhmkp cm vgz|gk# kj cg |pr}lp}rm ̀ êvgrpmhmkpgcm ¾+

"7* Vm} `m lbghorm| lik|}cgjrm| lihh}kjw}mkp cm| lbjaarm| `m lm| jk`mhkjpê|+ Cm di}rkgc Cg Bg}pm(\gðkm

gerjlicm mp r}rgcm c‚g agjp cm ?1 dgkqjmr ?665 vi}r lmccm `m |ik `êvgrpmhmkp+ @gk| lm ìl}hmkp# jkpjp}cê® O}èmp lbghorm `‚gerjl}cp}rm 4 mvcjlgpjik| ¾# c‚ik gvvrmk` gjk|j w}m c‚jk`mhkjpê `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik `} vrê|j`mkp |‚m|p êcmqêm lmppm gkkêm cæ æ 75 77? m}ri| mp w}m c‚mkqmcivvm eciogcm `‚jk`mhkjpê| `m pmhv| vg||ê vi}r c‚mk|mhocm `m| hmhorm| `m cg lbghorm g gppmjkp <5 <05 m}ri|+ \‚z gdi}pgjp }km mkqmcivvm lik|glrêmg} argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp |‚êcmqgkp æ ?: 5?2 m}ri|+



‐ :7 ‐

o* Cm| |}oqmkpjik| g} iregkj|gpjik| ̀ ‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm|

@mv}j| 7:2?# `m| rê|}cpgp| g} êcmlpjik| lik|}cgjrm| `êvmk` cm hikpgkpgkk}mc `m |}oqmkpjik `} hjkj|pârm `m c‚gerjl}cp}rm g} |zk`jlgp| `‚mvcijpgkp|gerjlicm|+ Cm| râecm| mk qje}m}r rmvi|mkp |}r c‚grpjlcm 7?0 `m cg cij k¶ ?667(7?5=

`} ?2 `êlmhorm ?667 `m ajkgklm| vi}r ?66?# cmw}mc `j|vi|m w}m cm| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm| bgojcjpêm| g} vcgk `êvgrpmhmkpgc# g} |mk| `mc‚grpjlcm ? `m cg cij k¶ ::(=50 `} : d}jccmp 7::: `‚irjmkpgpjik gerjlicm# oêkêajljmkp`‚}k ajkgklmhmkp v}ocjl+

Lm ajkgklmhmkp m|p rêvgrpj g} vrirgpg `} kihorm `m |jâem| mp `m |}aargem|iopmk}| `gk| c‚mk|mhocm `m| `êvgrpmhmkp| cir| `m| `mrkjârm| êcmlpjik| g}lbghorm| `‚gerjl}cp}rm# rgvvirpê g} pipgc `m| |}aargem| mp `m| |jâem| iopmk}| vgr c‚mk|mhocm `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm|# mk gvvcjlgpjik`‚}km airh}cm ajêm vgr c‚grpjlcm 7mr `} `êlrmp k¶ ?66?(0=7 `} ? gqrjc ?66? rmcgpja g} ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm|+ Cm cêej|cgpm}r g mjeê w}m lm| ajkgklmhmkp| |ijmkp rmprglê| `gk| }km lihvpgojcjpê prgk|vgrmkpm mpw}‚}k êpgp `m c‚}pjcj|gpjik `m lm| |}oqmkpjik| |ijp lihh}kjw}ê g} hjkj|pârm `mc‚gerjl}cp}rm `gk| cm vrmhjmr |mhm|prm |}jqgkp cg lcðp}rm `m lbgw}m mmrljlm+

Cm qic}hm ajkgkljmr gllir`ê |}r lm| og|m| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|gerjlicm| vm}p gvvgrgëprm prâ| |}o|pgkpjmc+ Cg cmlp}rm `m| lihvpm| `m cg AK\MG mp`m cg Liir`jkgpjik r}rgcm “ rm|vmlpjqmhmkp ==#? -# gqml cm| Dm}km| gerjl}cpm}r|# mp72#5 - `m| qij g} êcmlpjik| `m ?665 “ m|p æ lmp êegr` jk|pr}lpjqm+ C‚ik z

gvvrmk` kipghhmkp w}m cg AK\MG g oêkêajljê `‚}km |}oqmkpjik `m 0#2 hjccjik|`‚m}ri| g} pjprm `} ajkgklmhmkp `} |zk`jlgcj|hm mp w}m cg Liir`jkgpjik r}rgcm grmå} =<6 27? m}ri| g} pjprm `m cg vrj|m mk lbgrem `jrmlpm `m| argj| `maiklpjikkmhmkp `m c‚iregkj|gpjik# gjk|j w}m 11 666 m}ri| g} pjprm `m| glpjik||zk`jlgcm| `m lihh}kjlgpjik+

L}rjm}|mhmkp# cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m| |zk`jlgp| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm|lik|j`ârmkp w}m lm| ajkgklmhmkp|# vgrlm w}‚j||}| `‚}km pgm vrêcmqêm |}r cm lbjaarm`‚gaagjrm| rêgcj|ê vgr cm| gerjl}cpm}r|# km |ikp vg| rêmccmhmkp v}ocjl|+ Vgrmjccmjkpmrvrêpgpjik# |}r cgw}mccm |m rmdijekmkp pi}p g}||j ojmk cm virpm(vgricm `m cg

Likaê`êrgpjik vgz|gkkm w}m cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg AK\MG# km hgkw}m vg|`‚jkpmrvmccmr+

\}|ljpmkp êegcmhmkp c‚jkpmrriegpjik cm| ìpgpjik| `} aik`| `‚jkljpgpjik mp`m lihh}kjlgpjik mk gerjl}cp}rm "AJLJG*# `‚}k hikpgkp `m 77#= hjccjik| `‚m}ri|mk ?677+ Gjk|j w}m cm cgj||mkp mkpmk`rm vc}|jm}r| pmpm| `m hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `m lm||}oqmkpjik| v}ocjw}m| g} g||iljgpjik| mp iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| gerjlicm|#cm| ìpgpjik| `m lm aik`|# gqgkp pi}p `m|pjkêm| æ vrihi}qijr c‚jk|pgccgpjik `mki}qmg} dm}km| gerjl}cpm}r|# likprjo}mkp g}||j æ c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm `gk| cmhik`m gerjlicm+

Mk gppm|pm# kipghhmkp# c‚grpjlcm 0 `m c‚grräpê rmcgpja g} vrierghhm rêejikgc vi}r c‚jk|pgccgpjik `m| dm}km| mk gerjl}cp}rm mp cm `êqmcivvmhmkp `m| jkjpjgpjqm|



‐ :? ‐

cilgcm| ?676(?67< `} vrêamp `m cg rêejik Lmkprm# w}j mvi|m w}m ® cm| gj`m|jk`jrmlpm| ajkgkågocm| g} pjprm `} AJLJG |ikp `m| glpjik| gzgkp vi}r iodmlpja 4

® “ c‚gkjhgpjik g} vriajp `m dm}km| v}ocjl| |}r cm| `j|vi|jpja|`‚gllihvgekmhmkp æ c‚jk|pgccgpjik mp æ cg |mk|jojcj|gpjik `m| gerjl}cpm}r| a}p}r|

lê`gkp mk q}m `‚irjmkpmr cm}r lbij qmr| }km `êhgrlbm `m prgk|hj||jik >

® “ cg lihh}kjlgpjik g}pi}r `} hêpjmr `‚mvcijpgkp ¾+

@mrkjmr lgkgc `m ajkgklmhmkp v}ocjl `jrmlp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|`‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm| 4 cm| |}oqmkpjik| `m| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm|+ Lmccm|(lj|ikp vgr `êajkjpjik qgrjgocm| mp km aikp vg| c‚iodmp `‚}km prgågojcjpê pipgcm# lm w}jrmk` `jaajljcm cm}r êqgc}gpjik eciogcm+ Mccm| k‚mk rmvrê|mkpmkp vg| hijk| `m|hikpgkp| vipmkpjmccmhmkp jhvirpgkp|+

Gjk|j# `gk| }km rmq}m jkpjp}cêm ® Vrihi}qijr 4 vrjirjpê æ cg w}gcjpê ¾# cmlik|mjc eêkêrgc `} Emr| jk`jw}gjp(jc mk ?665 4

® Cm @êvgrpmhmkp |i}pjmkp c‚glpjik |}r cm pmrrgjk `‚}k lmrpgjk kihorm `m |zk`jlgp| mp `‚g||iljgpjik| gerjlicm|# vgrhj cm|w}mc| 4

“ cm| |zk`jlgp| gerjlicm| "Likaê`êrgpjik vgz|gkkm# HI@MA# A@\MG#Liir`jkgpjik r}rgcm# L@DG*# vi}r }k hikpgkp pipgc `m 02 666 ₣ ¾ "7*+

Jc m|p vriogocm w}m pi}| cm| lik|mjc| eêkêrg} km |i}pjmkkmkp vg| `m cg

|irpm cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm|+ Pi}pmaij|# ik vm}p |gk| vmjkm lik|j`êrmr w}‚mkqjrik cg hijpjê `m| `êvgrpmhmkp| argkågj|# lihvpm pmk} `mcm}r vriajc r}rgc# gìvpmkp `m pmccm| `êlj|jik|+ @â| cir|# cm| hikpgkp| mk lg}|m km`mqjmkkmkp vg| hgrejkg}# hähm |‚jc m|p jklikpm|pgocm w}‚jc| |‚jk|lrjqmkp `gk| }kmciejw}m `m likprjo}pjik g} `êqmcivvmhmkp cilgc mp æ c‚ghêkgemhmkp `} pmrrjpijrm+

Cm| liccmlpjqjpê| rêejikgcm| |mhocmkp mccm| g}||j gllir`mr }k likli}r|ajkgkljmr g||mt |jekjajlgpja |j c‚ik mk d}em cm| rmermp| w}‚g airh}cê|# cir| `m |ikg}`jpjik cm 2 kiqmhorm ?677# cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg AK\MG æ c‚êegr` `m cm}r `jhjk}pjik vi}r |ik iregkj|gpjik# lm| `mrkjârm| gkkêm| 4 ® G} vg||gem “ dm km |gj|

|j dm |}j| g}pirj|ê æ qi}| cjqrmr lm lihhmkpgjrm# w}j |‚gvv}jm |}r }k lik|pgp vm}p(äprm }k vm} |}odmlpja hgj| vgpmkp “# d‚io|mrqm w}‚g}di}r`‚b}j cm |zk`jlgcj|hmbj|pirjw}m# g} vrmhjmr rgke `}w}mc aje}rm cg AK\MG# m|p rmcgpjqmhmkp hgc |mrqj

vgr cm| rm||i}rlm| lihvcêhmkpgjrm| w}m cm| rêejik| vm}qmkp ai}rkjr+ Lmccm|(lj |ikp agljcmhmkp mklcjkm| æ vrjqjcêejmr `m ki}qmccm| airhm| `‚iregkj|gpjik# `m|g||iljgpjik| kipghhmkp+ Ki}| mk vrmkik| glpm |gk| qrgjhmkp |gqijr w}mccm|liklc}|jik| mk pjrmr+ ¾

]km aij| mklirm# vc}| w}m cm vrjkljvm `m pi}pm| lm| |}oqmkpjik|# lm |ikp cm|hi`gcjpê| `‚}|gem mp cm hgkw}m `m prgk|vgrmklm w}j `mhm}rmkp |}dmp| æ lg}pjik+

"7* ® Vrihi}qijr 4 vrjirjpê æ cg w}gcjpê ¾# lik|mjc eêkêrgc `} Emr|# v+ 52# ?665+



‐ :< ‐

]km vc}| ergk`m cj|jojcjpê `m c‚mhvcij agjp `m lm| gj`m| |mrgjp æ lmp êegr` `m kgp}rm æcmqmr pi}pm |}|vjljik êqmkp}mccm+

?+ @m vi||jocm| |}oqmkpjik| `êe}j|êm|

Kikio|pgkp cm| gj`m| ajkgkljârm| w}‚mccm| vm}qmkp vmrlmqijr# `jrmlpmhmkpi} jk`jrmlpmhmkp# `m vmr|ikkm| hirgcm| `m `rijp v}ocjl "Êpgp# liccmlpjqjpê|#jk|pjp}pjik| `jqmr|m|*# cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| |mhocmkpêegcmhmkp oêkêajljmr `‚}k |i}pjmk hgpêrjmc vgraij| |jekjajlgpja `m cg vgrp`‚jk|pgklm| `gk| cg em|pjik `m|w}mccm| mccm| |m pri}qmkp jhvcjw}êm|+ L‚m|p cm lg|kipghhmkp `m| lbghorm| `m lihhmrlm mp `‚jk`}|prjm gjk|j w}m `m| lbghorm|`‚gerjl}cp}rm+

g* Cg vriogocm vgrpjljvgpjik `m| lbghorm| `m lihhmrlm mp `‚jk`}|prjm

æ lmrpgjkm| glpjqjpê| `m| iregkj|gpjik| ̀ ‚mhvcizm}r|Cm rê|mg} `m| lbghorm| `m lihhmrlm mp `‚jk`}|prjm |m `êlihvi|m mk

?5 lbghorm| rêejikgcm|# ìkp = i}prm(hmr# mp 7?1 lbghorm| pmrrjpirjgcm|# ìkp1 i}prm(hmr+ Jc m|p eêrê vgr w}mcw}m = 7=6 êc}|# vrê|mkpê| |}r `m| cj|pm| vgr cm|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm|# g||j|pê| `m <6 666 liccgoirgpm}r|+Mk ?66:# cm o}èmp lik|icj`ê `m lm rê|mg} gqij|jkgjp <#: hjccjgr`| `‚m}ri| > l‚m|p`jrm cm lgrglpârm |prgpêejw}m `m cg vi|jpjik mmrlêm vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik|`‚mhvcizm}r| hgdirjpgjrm| g} |mjk `m |m| jk|pgklm| `m `jrmlpjik+

Cg vc}vgrp |m `êamk`mkp `m pi}p |i}pjmk hgpêrjmc `m| lbghorm| `mlihhmrlm mp `‚jk`}|prjm æ cm}r glpjqjpê| i} cm}r| hgkjam|pgpjik| hê`jgpjw}m|+ Pmck‚m|p vi}rpgkp vg| c‚gqj| `‚iregkj|gpjik| likl}rrmkpm|# lihhm cm |i}cjekm lmpmprgjp `m| vrivi| pmk}| vgr H+ Bmrqê Cghomc# vrê|j`mkp `} LM_A# cm 1 ilpiorm?677 4

® Dm |}j| prâ| lbiw}ê# vgr mmhvcm# w}‚}k `m| vrjkljvg} vgrpmkgjrm| `mVcgkâpm VHM |ijp cg lbghorm `m lihhmrlm mp `‚jk`}|prjm `m Vgrj| 4 cg LEVHM iregkj|m }km hgkjam|pgpjik v}ocjw}m w}j g `m| rmpihoêm| vi|jpjqm| |}r |ik jhgem

erïlm g} ajkgklmhmkp `‚}km jk|pjp}pjik æ cg `jrmlpjik `m cgw}mccm mccm vgrpjljvm# æ

c‚j||}m `‚}k |lr}pjk+ Jc z g cæ# g} hijk|# }k likacjp `‚jkpêräp|+ Jhgejkmrgjp(ik# g} vcgk vicjpjw}m# w}m c‚}kjqmr|jpê `‚êpê `m c‚]HV i} lmccm `} Vgrpj |iljgcj|pm |ijp ajkgklêm vgr Omrlz i} vgr cm hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc 9

® "‡* Jc mk m|p `m hähm vi}r cm HM@MA# ìkp c‚}kjqmr|jpê `‚êpê m|p gll}mjccjm vgr cm lghv}| `‚BML# êlicm `m cg LLJ `m Vgrj|# w}m cm HM@MA `jrjemgqml cg LEVHM+ Gllir`mrgjp(ik }k hähm |i}pjmk g} LM_A |‚jc |i}bgjpgjp iregkj|mr }km pmccm hgkjam|pgpjik 9 ¾

G cg `jaaêrmklm `m| rm|vik|gocm| `m cg LEVHM# w}j ikp `êkjê pi}p

|vik|irjke `m Vcgkâpm VHM vgr cg LLJ `m Vgrj|# lm} `} HM@MA ikp g`hj| w}mcm| jkarg|pr}lp}rm| `} lghv}| BML vi}qgjmkp c}j äprm gllir`êm| vi}r cg pmk}m `m|ik }kjqmr|jpê `‚êpê# pi}p mk vrêlj|gkp w}m lmcg |‚maamlp}gjp `gk| cm lg`rm `‚}km



‐ :0 ‐

aglp}rgpjik mp `m likprgp| mk oikkm mp `}m airhm+ Pi}pm cg w}m|pjik m|p lmvmk`gkp`m |gqijr `gk| w}mccm hm|}rm lmppm aglp}rgpjik liklir`m gqml cm| vrj `} hgrlbê#ag}pm `m w}ij jc k‚m|p vg| hgcgj|ê `m lihvrmk`rm w}m cm| gqgkpgem| mk `êli}cgkp|‚gvvgrmkpmrgjmkp æ }km |}oqmkpjik jkgqi}êm > mk c‚go|mklm `m| |pjv}cgpjik|likprglp}mccm|# `jaajljcm `m |m airemr }km ivjkjik |}r lm lg| `‚m|vâlm+

W}j vc}| m|p# jc g êpê w}m|pjik `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm `majkgklmhmkp| lrij|ê| mkprm `m| g||iljgpjik| |i}pmkgkp lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik|`‚mhvcizm}r| æ c‚illg|jik `m| êcmlpjik| lik|}cgjrm| mp cm| lbghorm| `m lihhmrlmmp `‚jk`}|prjm# w}j |}oqmkpjikkmkp cm|`jpm| g||iljgpjik| }km aij| cm}r rmki}qmccmhmkp jkpmrqmk}+ Gjk|j# H+ Bmrqê Cghomc# vrê|j`mkp `} LM_A# g(p(jc agjpêpgp# vi}r cg LLJ `m Cjccm# ® `‚jrrêe}cgrjpê| ergqm|# kik likpm|pêm| mk gvvmc “ jc

|‚gej||gjp `m cg lrêgpjik `‚g||iljgpjik| `gk| cm|w}mccm| cg LLJ `j|vi|gjp `mhmhorm| `m `rijp mp ìkp mccm g||}rgjp cm ajkgklmhmkp# gcir| w}‚mccm| êpgjmkp

vgrpjm| vrmkgkpm| æ lmrpgjkm| cj|pm|# kipghhmkp lmccm| `} HM@MA mp `m cgLEVHM# mp w}‚mccm| cm| |i}pmkgjmkp+ ¾

Mp cm vrê|j`mkp `} LM_A `‚gdi}pmr 4 ® Vc}| rêlmhhmkp# mk ?676# cg cj|pmlik`}jpm vgr cg LEVHM mp cm HM@MA g êpê êc}m æ cg päpm `m cg LLJ `m cg Hi|mccmgqml cm |i}pjmk `m kihorm}|m| g||iljgpjik| cilgcm|+ \j di}r| gvrâ| cg

vrilcghgpjik `m| rê|}cpgp|# c‚g||mhocêm eêkêrgcm gllir`gjp ?=6 666 m}ri| `m |}oqmkpjik| g} g||iljgpjik| w}j gqgjmkp |i}pmk} lmppm cj|pm |irpgkpm‡ ¾+ \}r lm`mrkjmr vijkp# jc likqjmkp kêgkhijk| `m vrêlj|mr w}m cm rmli}r| mk gkk}cgpjikjkpmkpê `mqgkp cg d}|pjlm g`hjkj|prgpjqm g êpê rmdmpê mk vrmhjârm jk|pgklm vgr cm

prjo}kgc g`hjkj|prgpja `m \prg|oi}re# mk hgr| ?677# mp w}‚}k gvvmc `m lmp grräp g êpêjkpmrdmpê `mqgkp cg li}r g`hjkj|prgpjqm `‚gvvmc `m Kgklz# `mqgkp cgw}mccm cmrgvvirpm}r v}ocjl g liklc} g} rmdmp `m cg rmw}äpm+

Jc qg |gk| `jrm w}m# cir|w}‚mccm| |ikp gqêrêm| mp lik|j`êrêm| lihhm pmccm| vgr cg d}|pjlm# `m pmccm| vrgpjw}m| lik|pjp}mkp }k `êpi}rkmhmkp `m aik`| mp km vm}qmkp w}‚äprm |gklpjikkêm|+ Mk pi}p êpgp `m lg}|m# lmvmk`gkp# `m pmc| mmhvcm||ikp rgrmhmkp lirrioirê| vgr cm d}em# w}m lmcg rê|}cpm `m| `jaajl}cpê| jkbêrmkpm| æc‚g`hjkj|prgpjik `m cg vrm}qm i} `} lgrglpârm lgcihkjm} `m lmrpgjkm|`êkikljgpjik| > g} `mhm}rgkp# jc| |mhocmkp j|icê| mp rmkqijmkp æ `m| `êhgrlbm|

cilgcm|# kik lg}pjikkêm| vgr cm| likaê`êrgpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| i} vriam||jikkmccm|+

o* C‚gvv}j gvvirpê vgr cm| lbghorm| `‚gerjl}cp}rm g} glpjik| `m| vrjkljvgcm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm|

Vrê|mkpm| `gk| lbgw}m `êvgrpmhmkp mp lbgw}m rêejik# cm| lbghorm|`‚gerjl}cp}rm |ikp `m| êpgocj||mhmkp| v}ocjl| `jrjeê| vgr 0 ?66 êc}| vriam||jikkmc|#pi}| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m| `jqmr|m| glpjqjpê| `} |mlpm}r gerjlicm mp airm|pjmr+ Lm| êc}||ikp g||j|pê| vgr 5 266 liccgoirgpm}r|# gajk `m liivêrmr æ cg rêgcj|gpjik `m vridmp|pmrrjpirjg} mk hgpjârm gerjlicm mp `‚gllihvgekmr cm| gerjl}cpm}r| `gk| cm}r

jk|pgccgpjik i} cm}r `êqmcivvmhmkp+ Cæ g}||j# cm likprðcm `m lm| jk|pgklm| likaârmg} iregkj|gpjik| `‚mvcijpgkp| hgdirjpgjrm| }km vi|jpjik |prgpêejw}m# |}r cm vcgk



‐ := ‐

`m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê ojmk |þr# hgj| g}||j vi}r c‚gllâ| g} hizmk| `} rê|mg}# w}j|‚êcâqmkp æ w}mcw}m| =66 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

@m agjp# cg AK\MG mp cm Lmkprm kgpjikgc `m| dm}km| gerjl}cpm}r| mmrlmkp}km jkac}mklm |gk| vgrpgem |}r cm rê|mg}+ @gk| lmrpgjkm| |jp}gpjik|# jc mk rê|}cpm }km

lmrpgjkm lika}|jik `m| emkrm| g||mt pri}ocgkpm+

@gk| }k ìl}hmkp `m vrê|mkpgpjik `m| lbghorm| `‚gerjl}cp}rm mk Argklm vgr} mk |mvpmhorm ?667 |i}| c‚êej`m `‚ Gerjìl# rê|mg} `‚jkairhgpjik mp `mìl}hmkpgpjik ajkgklê vgr cm hjkj|pârm `m| gaagjrm| êprgkeârm|# H+ @mkj| Vm|lbmêlrjqgjp `êdæ 4 ® cm| lbghorm| aiklpjikkmkp vrjkljvgcmhmkp erïlm æ `m|

ajkgklmhmkp| `‚irjejkm mpmrkm| "pgm| aikljârm| mp |}oqmkpjik| `m c‚Êpgp# `m|liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| mp `m c‚]kjik m}rivêmkkm* hgj| cm `rijp `m rmegr` `m cgliccmlpjqjpê |}r cm}r| glpjik| m|p priv agjocm+ ]km vgrp jhvirpgkpm `m| hizmk|

ajkgkljmr| m|p arêw}mhhmkp `êpi}rkêm `gk| c‚jkpêräp `m| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} |zk`jlgcj|hm hgdirjpgjrm+ Gjk|j# vm} `m lbghorm| ikp }k di}rkgc vrivrm mp# vi}r agjrm vg||mr cm}r| jkairhgpjik| pmlbkjw}m| mp êlikihjw}m|# mccm| ajkgklmkp cm di}rkgc AK\MG w}j cm| v}ocjm+

® Omg}li}v `m lbghorm| km hmppmkp vg| mk vcglm `m| |mrqjlm| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc lihhm cm |mrqjlm `m rmhvcglmhmkp i} cm |mrqjlm d}rj`jw}m+ Mccm| cgj||mkp lmcg g} |mlpjik| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| `} |zk`jlgcj|hm hgdirjpgjrm "A@\MG mp L@DG*+Ir# lm| |mrqjlm| |ikp `m| vg||gem| iocjeê| mp jc| `rgjkmkp gjk|j `m| g`bêrmkp|

v}j|w}‚jc ag}p g`bêrmr æ cg A@\MG i} g} L@DG vi}r mk oêkêajljmr+ Cm| lbghorm|

ai}rkj||mkp |i}qmkp `m| o}rmg} g} gemkp| AK\MG rmlr}pê| vi}r rêgcj|mr lm| |mrqjlm| ¾ "7*+

@j gk| vc}| pgr`# lmp êpgp `m| lbi|m| km |mhocm vg| gqijr omg}li}vêqic}ê+ H+ Dmgk Hi}tgp# vrê|j`mkp `} HI@MA# g gjk|j |i}cjekê cm ?6 ilpiorm?677 w}m lmrpgjkm| lbghorm| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm|# pmccm lmccm `m cg Lirrâtm#|}oqmkpjikkmkp pi}di}r| cm| v}ocjlgpjik| `m cg A@\MG 4 ® dm |}j| cm |m}c êc}HI@MA `m cg lbghorm `‚gerjl}cp}rm `m cg Lirrâtm+ Hj| æ vgrp `m}rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m cg Likaê`êrgpjik vgz|gkkm# pi}| cm| g}prm| hmhorm| |ikp `m cg

A@\MG+ Ir# pi}| cm| gk|# cg lbghorm qipm }km |}oqmkpjik `‚gremkp v}ocjl g}

di}rkgc `m lmppm aê`êrgpjik# C‚]kjik vgz|gkkm+ Cm vrê|j`mkp gre}m w}m lmppm v}ocjlgpjik lik|pjp}m }k rmcgj| vi}r agjrm vg||mr `m c‚jkairhgpjik gerjlicm+ D‚gqi}m äprm vriaik`êhmkp |lmvpjw}m aglm æ lmppm liklmvpjik `m cg `êhilrgpjm mp `m cg prgk|vgrmklm ¾+

@m hähm# c‚g`bê|jik g} |zk`jlgp hgdirjpgjrm |m pri}qm(p(mccm mklirmagqirj|êm vgr |ik lgrglpârm jklikpi}rkgocm `gk| cg em|pjik `m| `jaaêrmkp| `j|vi|jpja|`‚gj`m g} gerjl}cpm}r|# gjk|j w}m cm| rêlmkp| êvj|i`m| `m |êlbmrm||m c‚ikp hikprê 4

® H+ Dmgk Hi}tgp+ Cir| `m cg |êlbmrm||m rêlmkpm# w}j g pi}lbê prâ|

`}rmhmkp lmrpgjk| `êvgrpmhmkp|# ik g `mhgk`ê g} gerjl}cpm}r| w}j gqgjmkp

"7* @mkj| Vm|lbm 4 ® Cm| Lbghorm| `‚gerjl}cp}rm mk Argklm ¾# Gerjìl# |mvpmhorm ?66:# v+ <+



‐ :1 ‐

om|ijk `m |‚gvvriqj|jikkmr mk vgjccm i} mk `‚g}prm| gcjhmkp| `‚g`bêrmr æ cg A@\MG+ Mk Lirrâtm# cm vrê|j`mkp `} lik|mjc eêkêrgc qi}cgjp “ lmcg k‚m|p vg|mklirm grräpê “ gvvirpmr }km gj`m `jrmlpm g} gerjl}cpm}r|# hgj| cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp|`m cg A@\MG ikp |i}bgjpê w}m cm `êvgrpmhmkp qmr|m c‚gremkp g} |zk`jlgp hgdirjpgjrm# æ lbgrem vi}r lm `mrkjmr `‚iregkj|mr cm prgk|virp mp c‚gpprjo}pjik `mc‚gj`m+ @gk| kiprm _êv}ocjw}m# ik k‚g vg| cm `rijp `m |m lihvirpmr `m cg |irpm 'Lmcg hm lbiw}m `‚g}pgkp vc}| w}m dm |}j| hgjrm `‚}km vmpjpm lihh}km r}rgcm mp w}m dm |gj| lihojmk c‚gremkp v}ocjl m|p vrêljm}+ Ki}| w}j lihvpik| æ c‚m}ri vrâ|#w}gk` ki}| qizik| `m| `êhgrlbm| vgrmjccm|# lmcg ki}| `ê|icm vriaik`êhmkp+ "‡*

® Hhm M|pmccm _izmp+ "‡* Dm lik|pgpm |m}cmhmkp# lihhm Dmgk Hi}tgp#w}m cg lbghorm `‚gerjl}cp}rm `m c‚Gr`âlbm# ìhjkêm vgr cg AK\MG# g `êcêe}ê ælm |zk`jlgp cg em|pjik `m cg lrj|m `m cg |êlbmrm||m+ Cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m lmppmiregkj|gpjik ikp agjp c‚maairp `m h‚jkqjpmr# ojmk w}m dm km |ij| vg| êc}m æ cg

lbghorm `‚gerjl}cp}rm# æ vgrpjljvmr g} rê}kjik|+ D‚gj `mhgk`ê æ gqijr lihh}kjlgpjik `‚}km lihvpgojcjpê vrêlj|m `m lmppm em|pjik# `‚g}pgkp w}m cmprgk|virp gqgjp êpê `êcêe}ê vgr cg AK\MG æ cg vc}| eri||m liivêrgpjqm gerjlicmgr`êlbij|m# Kgp}rg‚Vri # w}j h‚gqgjp jk`jw}ê w}‚mccm km vrmk`rgjp vg| `m hgrem|

|}r lmppm ivêrgpjik hgj| w}‚mccm gaamlpmrgjp |m| argj|+ Lihvpgocm `m vriam||jikgqgkp `‚äprm gerjl}cprjlm# dm k‚gj vg| hgkw}ê `m |i}cmqmr lm vijkp mk rê}kjik ¾+

G} li}r| `m |ik g}`jpjik# cm 2 kiqmhorm ?677# cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg AK\MG#H+ Rgqjmr Om}cjk# g rmlikk} w}m w}mcw}m| `jaajl}cpê| cilgcj|êm| gqgjmkp mj|pê# pi}pmk jk|j|pgkp kêgkhijk| |}r cm agjp w}m cm| aê`êrgpjik| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| gqgjmkp# `gk|

cm}r prâ| ergk`m hgdirjpê# di}ê cm dm} `m cg |icj`grjpê mp k‚gqgjmkp g}l}kmhmkprmhvcj }k w}mclikw}m rðcm `‚jkpmrhê`jgjrm `gk| c‚gccilgpjik `m| gj`m| `m|liccmlpjqjpê| 4 ® Qi}| gqmt vm}p(äprm mkpmk`} `m| lrjpjw}m| |}r cg em|pjik# `gk|`m} i} prij| `êvgrpmhmkp|# `m c‚ivêrgpjik –vgjccm‘# w}m ki}| gqik| lik`}jpm+Lmccm(lj g |i}qmkp êpê vrj|m mk lbgrem vgr cm| A@\MG+ Ki}| gqik| m}likkgj||gklm `‚}k i} `m} ì||jmr| iú jc z g vm}p(äprm m} }k vm} `m rêpmkpjik

|mcik w}m c‚gerjl}cpm}r liklmrkê êpgjp g`bêrmkp i} kik+ Hgj| lm pzvm `m lg| g êpêg||mt rgrm > cm| A@\MG ikp di}ê c‚i}qmrp}rm mkqmr| c‚mk|mhocm `m| êcmqm}r|+ ¾

Cm |i}pjmk `m| lbghorm| `‚gerjl}cp}rm vrmk` g}||j# vgraij|# }km airhm

ajkgkljârm `jrmlpm# gjk|j w}m c‚g rêqêcê H+ Vbjcjvvm Liccjk# virpm(vgricm `m cglikaê`êrgpjik vgz|gkkm# g} li}r| `m |ik g}`jpjik `} ?5 ilpiorm ?677 4 ® `gk| hik`êvgrpmhmkp# cg lbghorm `‚gerjl}cp}rm gqgjp kêeiljê gqml `m| |iljêpê|`‚g}piri}pm| `m| lihhj||jik| vi}r rêprjo}mr cm| lihvêpmklm| mp cm| hizmk| “ `m|cjm} `m `êvðp pmhvirgjrm|# vgr mmhvcm “ w}‚mccm gqgjp gvvirpê| vi}r `m| prgqg}+Hgj| mccm g mk|}jpm vgrpgeê cm hikpgkp `m lm| rêprjo}pjik| “ cm vgrpgem êpgjp prâ|cêegcmhmkp jk|lrjp g} o}èmp `m cg lbghorm “# gqml cg aê`êrgpjik `êvgrpmhmkpgcm`m| |zk`jlgp| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm| "A@\MG* g} hipja w}m lmccm(lj gqgjp likprjo}ê æ agjrm mk |irpm# g}vrâ| `m| vgz|gk|# w}m cm vridmp |m `êri}cmkirhgcmhmkp ' Lm| êcêhmkp| `m –ac}j`jpê |iljgcm‘ vi|mkp w}m|pjik 4 }km lbghorm`‚gerjl}cp}rm m|p }k êpgocj||mhmkp v}ocjl ' ¾



‐ :5 ‐

G} pipgc# cm| lbghorm| `‚gerjl}cp}rm gvvirpmkp ìkl omc mp ojmk }klikli}r| hgpêrjmc |}o|pgkpjmc g} A@\MG# |gk| w}m lm| |}oqmkpjik| `êe}j|êm| km|m pri}qmkp qgcirj|êm| `gk| cm| lihvpm|+ Jc mk rê|}cpm }km lmrpgjkm r}vp}rm `‚êegcjpê`m prgjpmhmkp mkprm cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `‚mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm|# cm| g}prm|km oêkêajljgkp qj|jocmhmkp vg| `m| hähm| gqgkpgem| `} agjp `m cm}r |jp}gpjikhjkirjpgjrm+

@+ ]K VIJ@\ AJKGKLJM_ MK @MAJKJPJQM \]O\PGKPJMC# \]VM_JM]_ G=66 HJCCJIK\ @‚M]_I\ MP Q_GJ\MHOCGOCMHMKP QIJ\JK @M7 HJCCJG_@ @‚M]_I\ GKK]MC

Hgcerê cm| `jaajl}cpê| `‚êqgc}gpjik cjêm| æ cg |pr}lp}rm aê`êrgcm `m|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| mk Argklm# g} lgrglpârm jklihvcmp`m| lihvpm| v}ocjê| “ |m}c| lm} `m| likaê`êrgpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| mp `m|

ergk`m| aê`êrgpjik| c‚êpgkp “# mp æ c‚go|mklm `m qgcirj|gpjik `m lmrpgjkm| rm||i}rlm|hgpêrjmccm| jhvirpgkpm|# jc m|p jklikpm|pgocm w}m cm| ajkgklmhmkp| mp cm vgprjhijkm`m lm| iregkj|gpjik| gppmjekmkp `m| hikpgkp| prâ| |jekjajlgpja|+ ]k pmc lik|pgp k‚m|p vg| mk |ij lbiw}gkp > jc mk qg `jaaêrmhhmkp# mk rmqgklbm# `m lmrpgjk|lihvirpmhmkp| |}|lmvpjocm| `‚mkpglbmr `m |}|vjljik c‚}|gem `m lm| rm||i}rlm|+

7+ ]km mkqmcivvm ajkgkljârm lik|icj`êm vc}| w}m |jekjajlgpjqm

Ag}pm `m `j|vi|mr `m cg pipgcjpê `m| lihvpm| `m c‚mk|mhocm `m| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| mp# |}rpi}p# `m c‚mk|mhocm `m| }kjik| cilgcm| `‚mhvcizm}r|# cg

lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm k‚m|p vg| mk hm|}rm `m vgrqmkjr æ êqgc}mr cm| rm||i}rlm| `m|iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m| mhvcizm}r|# `m| mkprmvrj|m| mp `m| vriam||jik|jk`êvmk`gkpm| æ }k hikpgkp eciogc lik|icj`ê go|ic}hmkp jklikpm|pgocm+ Pi}pmaij|#erïlm g} jkairhgpjik| ai}rkjm| mk gvvcjlgpjik `m cg cij k¶ ?662(52: `} ?6 giþp?662# jc m|p vi||jocm `‚j`mkpjajmr }k kjqmg} vcgklbmr mp# |}r cg og|m `‚}kmmprgvicgpjik rgj|ikkgocm# `m qgcirj|mr lm| rm||i}rlm| æ }k |m}jc `‚irm| mp `êdælik|j`êrgocm+

C‚mk|mhocm `m| lihvpm| gkk}mc| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| i} vriam||jikkmc| vgr}| g} di}rkgc iaajljmc vi}r c‚gkkêm ?676 cgj||m vgrgëprm# vi}r cm||m}cm| likaê`êrgpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| mp cg qjkepgjkm `m eri||m| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| ìkp cm| lihvpm| ikp êpê v}ocjê| }k pipgc eciogc `m ojcgk kmpêw}jqgcmkp æ 7#6? hjccjgr` `‚m}ri|+ C‚mghmk `} pipgc `m| vri`}jp| `‚mvcijpgpjikmp ajkgkljmr|# w}gkp æ c}j# ìkkm }km jhgem `m| ir`rm| `m ergk`m}r mkpi}rgkp cm|ac} `m rmlmppm| gkk}mccm| 4 g} rmegr` `m cg |ihhm iopmk}m vi}r cm| vrjkljvgcm|aê`êrgpjik| mp likaê`êrgpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `‚jk`êvmk`gkp|# jc gvvgrgëplcgjrmhmkp w}m cm qic}hm eciogc `m| rm||i}rlm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|`êvg||m# lbgw}m gkkêm# cm `mhj(hjccjgr` `‚m}ri| mp |m |jp}m# prâ|qrgj|mhocgocmhmkp g} gcmkpi}r| `} ì}ocm+



‐ :2 ‐

Vri`}jp| ̀ m| vrjkljvgcm| iregkj|gpjik|`‚mhvcizm}r| mp vriam||jikkmccm| argkågj|m|# mk ?676

HM@MA <2 ?5? :<< m}ri|

LEVHM 2 :5? :6< m}ri|

]VG <? 05: 115 m}ri|]KGVC ? <27 0:5 m}ri|

AK\MG ?6 :57 =?= m}ri|

Liir`jkgpjik r}rgcm ? 760 5<5 m}ri|

]\EM_M\ :56 <10 m}ri|

]JHH =: 211 =:< m}ri|

AAO 52 70= 7<< m}ri|

AA\G 7= 21? 666 m}ri|

AOA ?5 7=: ?1: m}ri|

AL@ = <2= ::= m}ri|

GAO < 5<: 77? m}ri|

AJH 5 5<= 1=1 m}ri|

V_J\HM < 0?: 2?1 m}ri|

]HJB 0 <7= 6?2 m}ri|

\ZKBI_LGP ? 6?= 050 m}ri|

\ZKPML < 6=2 5:: m}ri|

AKGJH 7= 707 10: m}ri|

AK prgqg} v}ocjl| <7 670 ?2< m}ri|AK gqjgpjik hgrlbgk`m 066 <<0 m}ri|

AK `j|prjo}pm}r| `m ajch| 267 06= m}ri|

GAACML "ar}jp| mp cêe}hm|# êvjlmrjm|# lrêhmrjm|* 21: 665 m}ri|

AJLGH :?2 122 m}ri|

Lbghorm |zk`jlgcm `m| mkprmvrj|m| `m `êhêkgemhmkp 7 6<5 25< m}ri|

PIPGC <15 61: 276 m}ri|

Lm lbjaarm `‚}k hjccjgr` `‚m}ri| k‚m|p vg| mprgqgegkp# cijk |‚mk ag}p# |j

c‚ik mk d}em vgr lmrpgjkm| m|pjhgpjik| maamlp}êm| vgr `m| |vêljgcj|pm| `m| hjcjm}rmvrê|mkpgpja| `m| mhvcizm}r| mk Argklm+

G lmp êegr`# jc k‚m|p vg| jk}pjcm `m |i}cjekmr w}m# `gk| }k li}rrjmr vi|pêrjm}r æ |ik g}`jpjik# cm vriam||m}r Hjlbmc Iaamrcê g êqiw}ê ®}k rgvvirp jkpmrkm `} LKVA `m kiqmhorm 7::5 w}j êqgc}gjp "|gk| ljpmr `m |i}rlm|* cm|rm||i}rlm| vgprikgcm| gjk|j 4 LKVA |jâem 4 77= hjccjik| `m argkl| > aê`êrgpjik| mp

|zk`jlgp| kgpjikg} 4 0 hjccjgr`| `m argkl| > |zk`jlgp| cilg} 4 0=6 hjccjik| `m argkl| > }kjik| vgprikgcm| 4 <?6 hjccjik| `m argkl|+ \ijp 0#22= hjccjgr`| `m argkl|7::5+ ¾

]km |jhvcm likqmr|jik `m lm| hikpgkp| mk m}ri| lik`}jp æ cg |ihhm `m50= hjccjik|+ Mk z gvvcjw}gkp# |}r cm| gkkêm| 7::5 æ ?676# }km rmqgcirj|gpjik



‐ :: ‐

gkk}mccm `m ? -# |ijp æ vm} vrâ| êw}jqgcmkpm æ c‚jkacgpjik “ mp prâ| lmrpgjkmhmkpjkaêrjm}rm æ cg rêgcjpê# lihvpm pmk} `m cg qgcirj|gpjik ojmk vc}| airpm `m| qgcm}r|hiojcjârm| mp jhhiojcjârm| |}r cg vêrji`m “# c‚ik vgrqjmkp æ }k rê|}cpgp `m:06 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r cm |m}c rê|mg} `} HM@MA# |ijp }k lbjaarm g||mt vrilbm`} hjccjgr` `‚m}ri| êqiw}ê vgr cm vriam||m}r Iaamrcê `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik`‚mkw}äpm cm 70 |mvpmhorm ?677+

_mvcglê `gk| }k lg`rm m}rivêmk# lm lbjaarm vgrgëp g||mt rêgcj|pm+ Lmrpm|# vm} `‚êcêhmkp| vrêlj| |}r cm| hg||m| `m ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|hm| `‚mhvcizm}r|lbmt ki| vgrpmkgjrm| aje}rmkp `gk| cm| rêvik|m| g} w}m|pjik| g`rm||êm|# æc‚jkjpjgpjqm `m cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# æ ki| rmvrê|mkpgpjik| `jvcihgpjw}m| "7*+Prij| vgz|# kêgkhijk|# cjqrmkp `m| êcêhmkp| `m lihvgrgj|ik g||mt vgrcgkp|+

Mk \}â`m# pi}p `‚goir`# c‚iregkj|gpjik \qmk|np Kàrjke|cjq "Jk`}|prjm|}êìj|m* gaajlbm }k kjqmg} `m rm||i}rlm| `m c‚ir`rm `m 7? hjccjgr`| `m li}rikkm|#|ijp 7#< hjccjgr` `‚m}ri|+ Lm| rm||i}rlm| rmvi|mkp m||mkpjmccmhmkp |}r }k aik`lik|pjp}ê vgr cm| mkprmvrj|m| hmhorm| gajk `m vi}qijr rêgejr mk lg| `m likacjp |}r cmhgrlbê `} prgqgjc+ @mv}j| cm `êo}p `m| gkkêm| 7::6# lm aik` g g}ehmkpê erïlm g}jkpêräp| `m| vcglmhmkp| ajkgkljmr|+

G} _izg}hm(]kj# mk|}jpm# cm| w}mcw}m 761 g||iljgpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| oêkêajljmkp `‚}k pipgc `m| rmlmppm| `m =<<#< hjccjik| `m cjqrm| \pmrcjke# |ijp mkqjrik17<#< hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# ìkp ?7:#0 hjccjik| "?=?#< hjccjik| `‚m}ri|* |ikp j||}| `m|lipj|gpjik|+ Jc rm|pm w}m cm| g||iljgpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| km rê|}hmkp vg| æ mccm|

|m}cm| cm vgz|gem `m| mhvcizm}r| i}prm(Hgklbm 4 jc mj|pm mk maamp }kmlikaê`êrgpjik |mhocgocm g} HM@MA "cg Likam`mrgpjik ia Orjpj|b Jk`}|prz ( LOJ*mp }km g}prm |jhjcgjrm æ cg LEVHM "cg Am`mrgpjik ia \hgcc O}|jkm|| ( A\O*# ìkpcm| g`bêrmkp| |ikp `m| mkprmvrj|m| > mccm| km vm}qmkp vrêpmk`rm rmvrê|mkpmr cm|g||iljgpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp cm}r| ajkgklmhmkp| km |m pri}qmkp vg| jklc}| `gk| cm|mkqmcivvm| |}|hmkpjikkêm|+

Mk M|vgekm# mkajk# cg likaê`êrgpjik m|vgekicm `m| iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm(likaê`êrgpjik `m| vmpjpm| mp hizmkkm| mkprmvrj|m| "LMIM(LMVZHM*# rmeri}vgkpw}mcw}m ??6 iregkj|gpjik| æ lgrglpârm |mlpirjmc mp pmrrjpirjgc# `j|vi|m `m

=25 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `m rmlmppm| gkk}mccm|# m||mkpjmccmhmkp j||}m| `m |}oqmkpjik| v}ocjw}m| `} ei}qmrkmhmkp lmkprgc mp `m| lihh}kg}pê| g}pikihm| "12 -*#kipghhmkp g} pjprm `m cg airhgpjik+

Cm lg| `} @gkmhgrn# iú cg likaê`êrgpjik @G rg||mhocm |m}cmhmkp7< aê`êrgpjik| rmvrê|mkpgkp ?2 666 mkprmvrj|m|# m|p |gk| ì}pm priv `jaaêrmkp `m cg|jp}gpjik argkågj|m vi}r vi}qijr ai}rkjr `m| êcêhmkp| `m lihvgrgj|ik vmrpjkmkp|+ Jc vrê|mkpm pi}pmaij| c‚jkpêräp `m rêqêcmr c‚maamp `êh}cpjvcjlgpm}r `m| lipj|gpjik| g}

"7* ® Cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp| 4 êcêhmkp| `m lihvgrgj|ik gqml cm| g}prm| vgz| m}rivêmk| |}r cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp| "Gccmhgekm# G}prjlbm# Omcejw}m# @gkmhgrn# M|vgekm# Jpgcjm# Vgz|(Og|# _izg}hm(]kj# \}â`m* ¾# `êcêegpjik g} gaagjrm| m}rivêmkkm| mp jkpmrkgpjikgcm| `} hjkj|pârm lbgreê `}prgqgjc# = ilpiorm ?677+



‐ 766 ‐

kjqmg} vriam||jikkmc| mp cilg} 4 mk maamp# |mcik cm| êcêhmkp| prgk|hj| æ cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# |j cm o}èmp `m @G gqij|jkm 7< hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# cglik|icj`gpjik `m| aê`êrgpjik| g`bêrmkpm| amrgjp vg||mr lm hikpgkp æ }km |ihhmb}jp æ km}a aij| |}vêrjm}rm# |ijp vc}| `m 76= hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

Mk `êajkjpjqm# cm lbjaargem g}w}mc cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm g vrilê`ê k‚m|p|gk| ì}pm vg| prâ| êcijekê `m cg rêgcjpê+ Cg v}ocjlgpjik `m| lihvpm| `m cg vc}vgrp`m| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| `mqrgjp vmrhmpprm `‚z qijr }k vm} vc}| lcgjr æc‚gqmkjr mp `‚gaajkmr cm| êqgc}gpjik|+

?+ @m| |jp}gpjik| h}cpjvcm| `m likacjp `‚jkpêräp|

Cm vgz|gem `} ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m|mkprmvrj|m| m|p æ c‚jhgem `m cg likaje}rgpjik `m lm| iregkj|gpjik| 4 mprähmhmkp

`jqmr| mp qgrjgocm `‚}k glpm}r æ c‚g}prm# |mcik cm vriajc `m| mkpjpê| rmvrê|mkpêm|# cg v}j||gklm ajkgkljârm `m| |mlpm}r| gaajcjê| i} cm kjqmg} `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê+ Cm agjpm|p w}m lm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| km oêkêajljmkp vg| `m hizmk| `‚glpjiklihvgrgocm|# w}m lm |ijp mk ac} `m rmlmppm| gkk}mccm| “ vgr mmhvcm# |j cmHM@MA# cg LEVHM mp c‚]VG gaajlbmkp rm|vmlpjqmhmkp# vi}r ?676# `m| vri`}jp|pipg} gkk}mc| `m <2 hjccjik|# : hjccjik| mp <?#= hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# c‚]KGVC mpc‚]\EM_M\ vrê|mkpmkp w}gkp æ mccm| }k vri`}jp `‚mvcijpgpjik eciogc `m?#0 hjccjik| mp hijk| `m 7 hjccjik `‚m}ri| “ i} mk rê|mrqm| “ cg |jp}gpjik `mc‚]JHH êpgkp æ lmp êegr` vrm|w}m lgrjlgp}rgcm# gqml }k qic}hm `m rê|mrqm| `m vrâ|`m =6= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| |j c‚ik z jkpâerm cm| vc}| qgc}m| cgpmkpm| “ > mk i}prm# mccm|

|m cjqrmkp vgraij| æ }km rjqgcjpê |i}r`m vi}r mkprmpmkjr cm}r vi|jpjik i}# g}likprgjrm# pmkpmr `m |m bj||mr g} kjqmg} `m cm}r| bihicie}m|+

M} êegr` g} hikpgkp| mk lg}|m# jc k‚m|p vg| prâ| êpikkgkp w}m `m| likacjp|`‚jkpêräp| |m ag||mkp di}r+ Gjk|j# `m c‚}pjcj|gpjik `m cg vi|jpjik ill}vêm g} |mjk`‚jk|pjp}pjik| lik|}cgjrm| vi}r vrihi}qijr c‚jhgem `‚}km iregkj|gpjik vgrpjl}cjârmæ c‚illg|jik `m |lr}pjk| jhvirpgkp| vi}r cg lik|mrqgpjik `m rm|vik|gojcjpê|em|pjikkgjrm|# pmccm w}m c‚g |i}cjekêm H+ Bmrqê Cghomc# vrê|j`mkp `} LM_A# cm1 ilpiorm ?677 4 ® mk ?676# cg cj|pm lik`}jpm vgr cg LEVHM mp cm HM@MA g êpêêc}m æ cg päpm `m cg LLJ `m cg Hi|mccm gqml cm |i}pjmk `m kihorm}|m| g||iljgpjik|

cilgcm|+ "‡* Æ c‚illg|jik `m lmppm "‡* êcmlpjik# }k ajch `m vrivgegk`m êcmlpirgcm}pjcj|ê g} vcgk kgpjikgc hikprgjp cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg LLJ# Vbjcjvvm E}jccg}hm#

vgrpjljvgkp æ c‚êcgoirgpjik `} hgpêrjmc `m lghvgekm `m cg LEVHM mk lihvgekjm`} `jrmlpm}r `m cg lihh}kjlgpjik `m cg LLJ mp `m |ik g`dijkp# lm w}j lik|pjp}m }kmgppmjkpm g} vrjkljvm `‚êegcjpê mkprm cm| lgk`j`gp| mp g} `mqijr `m rê|mrqm “ dm km

vgrcm hähm vg| `m c‚êqmkp}mccm }pjcj|gpjik `m| hizmk| hgpêrjmc| `m cg LLJ ¾+

Vc}| acgergkpm mklirm vm}p gvvgrgëprm cg liklihjpgklm `m lmrpgjkm|lghvgekm| `m lihh}kjlgpjik |}r `m| `j|vi|jpja| `mhm}rgkp mk em|pgpjik gqml cg vmr|vmlpjqm `‚êlbêgklm| lik|}cgjrm| lr}ljgcm|# æ c‚jk|pgr `m lmp êvj|i`m pri}ocgkpmkpi}rgkp cg vrihipjik `m cg vrêvgrgpjik ivêrgpjikkmccm æ c‚mhvcij vgr cg LEVHMmk ?676# rmcgpê gqml omg}li}v `m `êpgjc vgr H+ Bmrqê Cghomc# cm 1 ilpiorm ?677 4



‐ 767 ‐

® Mk ?676 êegcmhmkp# cg LEVHM g cgklê }km ergk`m lghvgekm `mlihh}kjlgpjik |}r cg vrêvgrgpjik ivêrgpjikkmccm æ c‚mhvcij "VIM*# `j|vi|jpja jkkiqgkp jk|pg}rê æ cg ajk `m c‚gkkêm ?66: vi}r gj`mr cm| |gcgrjê| æ |m airhmr gqgkp `m vrmk`rm }k vi|pm# mp gjk|j rgvvrilbmr c‚iaarm mp cg `mhgk`m `‚mhvcij+

Cgklê prij| di}r| gqgkp cm `êo}p `m cg lghvgekm vi}r c‚êcmlpjik `m| LLJ# lm ajch gliþpê mkqjrik `m} hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# qrgj|mhocgocmhmkp ajkgklê| mk ergk`m vgrpjm

vgr c‚GEMAI\(VHM mp vm}p(äprm vgr Vðcm mhvcij # l‚m|p(æ(`jrm vgr `m|iregkj|hm| eêrgkp `m| aik`| v}ocjl|+ Cm |m}c o}èmp `‚gaajlbgem æ cg pêcêqj|jik#

|}r jkpmrkmp # æ cg rg`ji mp `gk| cg vrm||m vgvjmr `êvg||gjp 256 666 m}ri|# |ijp 77 -`} o}èmp gkk}mc `m cg LEVHM+ G}l}km mkprmvrj|m lihhmrljgcm km |‚mkegemrgjp `m cg |irpm vi}r |g lihh}kjlgpjik “ jc km |‚gej||gjp vi}rpgkp w}m `‚}km |m}cmlghvgekm+ Lihhm cm hikprmkp cm| ® qj|}mc| ¾ aje}rgkp `gk| cm| ìl}hmkp| w}m dmqgj| qi}| rmhmpprm# cg VIM m|p prâ| vm} hj|m mk gqgkp# æ cg `jaaêrmklm `} ciei `m cgLEVHM# prâ| qj|jocm# mp `m lm |ciegk 4 / gqml cg LEVHM# agjpm| cm oik lbij/+ Ik

vm}p |‚jkpmrriemr mklirm `gqgkpgem w}gk` ik |gjp w}m Kg`jkm Hirgki# hjkj|prm `mc‚gvvrmkpj||gem mp `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# g |jekê c‚gllir` hmppgkp mk vcglm cg VIM `m} hij| vc}| pgr`+ Cg LEVHM g ìkl iregkj|ê }km lghvgekm `mlihh}kjlgpjik |}r }k `j|vi|jpja w}j k‚êpgjp vg| mk qje}m}r+ @gk| lm| lik`jpjik|#

d‚gj pmk`gklm æ vmk|mr w}‚jc km |‚gej||gjp vg| pgkp `m |i}pmkjr cg VIM w}m `m vgrpjljvmr æ cg lghvgekm êcmlpirgcm ¾+

\}r lm `mrkjmr vijkp# |gk| likpm|pmr cm rmli}r| æ `m| aik`| j||}| `} vgrjpgrj|hm# cm| `jrjemgkp| `m cg LEVHM ikp kjê pi}pm grrjârm(vmk|êm vrihipjikkmccm vi}r cm}r iregkj|gpjik+ Jc k‚g vg| êlbgvvê æ cg lihhj||jik

`‚mkw}äpm# lmvmk`gkp# w}m lmrpgjk| rm|vik|gocm| `m |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê|# æ `mhj(hip# vgrpgemkp cm lik|pgp `} vrê|j`mkp `} LM_A# lihhm mk gppm|pmkp lm| vrivi|#lmrpm| |jozccjk| hgj| prâ| lcgjr|# `m H+ Argkåij| Lbêrâw}m# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cgLikaê`êrgpjik argkågj|m `êhilrgpjw}m `} prgqgjc "LA@P*# cm ?0 ilpiorm ?677 4® ki}| |ihhm| pi}di}r| |}rvrj| w}m lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm| }pjcj|mkp cm| aik`| `} vgrjpgrj|hm vi}r agjrm cm}r vrivrm v}ocjljpê# gqml }km lika}|jik `m

|jecm| w}j ki}| |mhocm pipgcmhmkp gkirhgcm ¾+

Kgp}rmccmhmkp# lm| likacjp| `‚jkpêräp| km liklmrkmkp vg| }kjw}mhmkp cm|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|+ Lmrpgjk| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| km vgrgj||mkp m}(

hähm| vg| jrrêvrilbgocm| mk cg hgpjârm+ Cg rgj|ik `m lm| lik|pgp| pjmkp g} agjp w}mcm| ajkgklmhmkp| `jrmlp| ill}vmkp priv |i}qmkp }km vcglm |mlik`gjrm `gk|c‚êw}jcjorm `m| lihvpm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| liklmrkêm|# cg pmkpgpjik êpgkp gcir|ergk`m `m lihvmk|mr cg agjocm||m `m| lipj|gpjik| vgr `m| æ(lðpê| vgraij| æ cg hgrem`m lm w}m vmrhmp cg cij+ Lmcg km rmk` vg| cg |jp}gpjik gllmvpgocm vi}r g}pgkp#|}rpi}p g} zm} `} Vgrcmhmkp w}j# |gk| |‚jhhj|lmr `gk| cm aiklpjikkmhmkp `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# km vm}p g`hmpprm lm emkrm `‚gllihhi`mhmkp| 4 cg|ic}pjik vg||m kik vgr cg `jqmr|jajlgpjik æ c‚mkqj `m| |i}rlm| `m ajkgklmhmkp# hgj| vgr }k oik ì|gem mkprm lipj|gpjik|# rm||i}rlm| pjrêm| `} vgprjhijkm vrivrm `m|

iregkj|gpjik| mp ajkgklmhmkp| vgrjpgjrm| i} v}ocjl| `gk| }k lg`rm prgk|vgrmkp mplikprðcê+



‐ = ‐

JJJ+( CM\ @JAAÊ_MKPM\ _M\\I]_LM\ @M\ I_EGKJ\GPJIK\ @M\GCG_JÊ\

Cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m |gcgrjê| |ikp prâ| gppglbêm| æ cm}r|rm||i}rlm| vrivrm|# w}j egrgkpj||mkp cm}r jk`êvmk`gklm# mp mk vgrpjl}cjmr# vgrhjlmccm|(lj# g} lipj|gpjik|+ Ik lik|pgpm pi}pmaij| w}m `‚g}prm| rm||i}rlm| ajkgkljârm||ikp jhvirpgkpm|# kipghhmkp vi}r cm| likaê`êrgpjik| 4 lmccm| w}j vriqjmkkmkp `m|}oqmkpjik| mp lm w}m c‚ik gvvmccm cm ® vgrjpgrj|hm ¾+ \}rpi}p# jc rm||irp w}‚}km vgrplik|j`êrgocm `m| hizmk| `êqic}| æ c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm g} |mk| cgrem vrmk` cgairhm `m hizmk| b}hgjk| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik vgr cm| mhvcizm}r| v}ocjl| mp vrjqê|`gk| cm lg`rm `} ® `rijp |zk`jlgc ¾+

G+ CM\ _M\\I]_LM\ V_IV_M\Cm| rm||i}rlm| vrivrm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| |ikp m||mkpjmccmhmkp

lik|pjp}êm| vgr cm| lipj|gpjik|# cm| g}prm| |i}rlm| `m rmqmk}| “ v}ocjljpê|# qmkpm `m vrm|pgpjik|‡ “ km rmvrê|mkpgkp w}m `m| rmlmppm| prâ| hjkirjpgjrm| `gk| cm o}èmp `mlm| iregkj|gpjik|+

Ir# lihhm cm rgvvmccm H+ _gvbgîc Bg`g|(Cmomc `gk| |ik rgvvirp |}r cgrmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê mp cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| "7*# ojmk w}m cm|lipj|gpjik| lik|pjp}mkp cg rm||i}rlm kgp}rmccm `m| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| mp

|zk`jlgcm|# cm| jkairhgpjik| |}r cm}r vgrp `gk| c‚mk|mhocm `m| rm||i}rlm| `m||zk`jlgp| |ikp rm|pêm| vmk`gkp cikepmhv| prâ| vgrlmccgjrm| "?*+ C‚iocjegpjik `m v}ocjmr cm| lihvpm| `mqrgjp vmrhmpprm `gqgkpgem `m prgk|vgrmklm |}r lm |}dmp#hähm |j cm| jkairhgpjik| ajkgkljârm| glp}mccmhmkp `j|vikjocm| liklmrkmkpm||mkpjmccmhmkp cm o}èmp `m| likaê`êrgpjik|+

7+ Cm| lipj|gpjik|

g* Cm| rm||i}rlm| `m| likaê`êrgpjik| w}j |ikp j||}m| `m| lipj|gpjik|

Mk ?676# cm hikpgkp `m| rm||i}rlm| j||}m| `m| lipj|gpjik| g êpê `m7#2 hjccjik `‚m}ri| vi}r cg LAPL "|ijp 70#= - `m| rm||i}rlm| likaê`êrgcm|*# `m70#7 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r cg LA@P "|ijp 06#7 - `m| rm||i}rlm| likaê`êrgcm|*# `m=#0 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r cg LEL(LAM "|ijp <7#0 - `m| rm||i}rlm| likaê`êrgcm|*#`m ??: :00 m}ri| vi}r \icj`gjrm| "|ijp <0#2 - `m| rm||i}rlm| likaê`êrgcm|* mp `m7?#2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r cg LEP "|ijp <0#0 - `m| rm||i}rlm| likaê`êrgcm|*+

"7* ® Vi}r }k `jgcie}m |iljgc maajlglm mp cêejpjhm 4 rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê mp ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| mp |zk`jlgcm| ¾# rgvvirp g} vrmhjmr hjkj|prm vrê|mkpê vgr H+ _gvbgîc Bg`g|(Cmomc "hgj?661*+

"?* _gvvirp `‚glpjqjpê# v}ocjljpê |}r lm| lbjaarm| æ c‚illg|jik `m likerâ|‡



‐ 1 ‐

\‚gej||gkp `m| |zk`jlgp| w}j k‚ikp vg| mklirm v}ocjê cm}r| lihvpm| 4

“ H+ Dmgk(Lcg}`m Hgjccz# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m Airlm i}qrjârm# g jk`jw}ê æcg lihhj||jik# cm 7= kiqmhorm ?677# w}m cm| lipj|gpjik| gqgjmkp rmvrê|mkpê5#: hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?66:# |ijp <7#< - `m| rm||i}rlm| `m cg likaê`êrgpjik "7*+ Jc

k‚g hgcbm}rm}|mhmkp vg| êpê mk hm|}rm `m ai}rkjr `m| ìkkêm| ajkgkljârm| vi}r c‚gkkêm ?676 >

“ Hhm Omrkg`mppm Erij|ik# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgcm `m cg A\]# g agjp êpgp# cir|`m |ik g}`jpjik cm 7< ilpiorm ?677# `m 71< 666 g`bêrmkp|# pgk`j| w}m H+ Dmgk(Dglw}m| Hirkmppg|# prê|irjmr g`dijkp# êqiw}gjp vi}r cm \zk`jlgp kgpjikgc `m|mk|mjekmhmkp| `m |mlik` `merê "\KM\* “ c‚}k `m| vrjkljvg} |zk`jlgp| gaajcjê| æcg A\] “# }k hikpgkp hizmk `m lipj|gpjik `m 722 m}ri|+ C‚mprgvicgpjik `m lmpgrja æ c‚mk|mhocm `m| g`bêrmkp| `m cg A\] lik`}jp æ }k hikpgkp eciogc `mlipj|gpjik| `m c‚ir`rm `m <6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r cm| |zk`jlgp| A\]# cm|rm||i}rlm| `m lipj|gpjik| `m cg Aê`êrgpjik mccm(hähm mk ?676 gppmjekgkp?#7? hjccjik| `‚m}ri| "|ijp 50#0 - `m |ik o}èmp*+ Cm hähm di}r# Hhm ÊcjgkmCgklmppm# prê|irjârm `m lm |zk`jlgp# g |i}cjekê w}m cg vgrp vrêvik`êrgkpm `m|lipj|gpjik| `gk| cm| rm||i}rlm| `m| |zk`jlgp| êpgjp m||mkpjmccm 4 ® vi}r ki}|# jc m|p prâ| jhvirpgkp w}m c‚m||mkpjmc `m| rm||i}rlm| `m cg A\] vriqjmkkm `m| lipj|gpjik|`m| g`bêrmkp|+ Cg vbjci|ivbjm eêkêrgcm w}m ki}| `êqmcivvik| `gk| cg Aê`êrgpjikmp `gk| |m| |zk`jlgp| kgpjikg} m|p cg |}jqgkpm 4 }k |zk`jlgp m|p lik|pjp}ê`‚g`bêrmkp|# ìkp jc m|p c‚mvrm||jik# mp cm rj|w}m |mrgjp ergk` |j cg hgdm}rm vgrp `mki| rm||i}rlm| êpgjp lik|pjp}êm# kik vgr cm}r| likprjo}pjik|# hgj| vgr `m|

|}oqmkpjik| ¾ > “ cm ?6 ilpiorm# H+ C}l Oêrjccm# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m c‚]K\G# g# w}gkp æ

c}j# vrêlj|ê w}m cm| lipj|gpjik| rmhikpgkp æ c‚]kjik rmvrê|mkpgjmkp 7#0< hjccjik`‚m}ri| mk ?676# |ijp ?0#5 - `m lm| rm||i}rlm|+

C‚mk|mhocm `m lm| lbjaarmkp hikprmkp w}m cm| lipj|gpjik| km lik|pjp}mkp vg|}km rm||i}rlm hgdirjpgjrm vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+ Cm}r vgrp `gk| cm|rm||i}rlm| |mhocm |‚äprm ghijk`rjm `mv}j| cm lik|pgp maamlp}ê vgr H+ _gvbgîcBg`g|(Cmomc `gk| |ik rgvvirp vrêljpê# v}j|w}m lmc}j(lj lik|pgpgjp w}‚mccm|

rmvrê|mkpgjmkp# mk ?66<# <0 - `m| rm||i}rlm| `m cg LEP# =5 - `m lmccm| `m AI#=6 - `m lmccm| `m cg LA@P# ?6 - `m lmccm| `m cg LAPL mp 06 - `m lmccm| `m cgLEL "?*+

Lmppm |jp}gpjik m|p cjêm æ cg agjocm||m `} pg} `m |zk`jlgcj|gpjik mk Argklmlihhm c‚g rgvvmcê H+ Omrkgr` Qgk Lrgmzkm|p# vrê|j`mkp `m cg LAM(LEL# cir| `m|ik g}`jpjik cm 0 ilpiorm 4 ® jc m|p êqj`mkp w}m c‚jk`êvmk`gklm `m| iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| |mrgjp pipgcmhmkp g||}rêm |j mccm| vi}qgjmkp qjqrm æ 766 - `m cm}r|

"7* Vri`}jp| `‚mvcijpgpjik+

"?* Mk rmqgklbm# jc k‚m|p vg| vi||jocm `m liklc}rm `m agåik lmrpgjkm æ cg ogj||m `m cg vrivirpjik `m| lipj|gpjik|`gk| cm| rmlmppm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `mv}j| ?66< lgr cm| ìkkêm| lbjaarêm| `m ?66< êpgjmkp `m |jhvcm| êqgc}gpjik| lihvpm pmk} `m c‚go|mklm `m v}ocjlgpjik `m| lihvpm|+



‐ 5 ‐

rm||i}rlm| vrivrm|# l‚m|p(æ(`jrm `m| lipj|gpjik| `m cm}r| g`bêrmkp|+ Hgj|# lbgl}kcm |gjp# cg Argklm m|p cm vgz| `m c‚IL@M w}j likkgëp cm vc}| agjocm pg} `m

|zk`jlgcj|gpjik# lm w}j |‚mvcjw}m vgr c‚bj|pijrm mp vgr cg l}cp}rm ¾+

o* Cg eciogcjpê `m| lipj|gpjik| `gk| cm o}èmp `m| |zk`jlgp|

Cg vgrp likaê`êrgcm `m| lipj|gpjik| km ìkkm w}‚}km jhgem vgrpjmccm lm w}mrmvrê|mkpmkp eciogcmhmkp cm| lipj|gpjik| `gk| cm| o}èmp| `m| |zk`jlgp|+ Mk maamp#}km ergk`m vgrpjm `m cg lipj|gpjik vgzêm vgr c‚g`bêrmkp m|p lik|mrqêm vgr cm|zk`jlgp `m og|m# cm| }kjik| pmrrjpirjgcm| "cilgcm# `êvgrpmhmkpgcm# rêejikgcm cm lg|êlbêgkp* mp cg aê`êrgpjik vriam||jikkmccm+ Æ pjprm `‚mmhvcm# |‚gej||gkp `m cg LEP#|}r }k hikpgkp eciogc `m lipj|gpjik| `m 55 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# cg Likaê`êrgpjik km vmråijp w}m 7?#2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+ @m hähm# |‚gej||gkp `m cg LA@P# lihhm cmhikprm cm |lbêhg |}jqgkp# |m}c| ?2#2 - `} hikpgkp `m| lipj|gpjik| rmqjmkp æ cgLikaê`êrgpjik+

_êvgrpjpjik `m| lipj|gpjik| g} |mjk `m cg LA@P

\zk`jlgp> ?1#66-

Likaê`êrgpjik>

?2#26-

Aê`êrgpjik>

?=#06-

]kjik|

rêejikgcm|>

7:#26-

\i}rlm 4 |jpm jkpmrkmp `m cg LA@P+

@m vc}|# cm |z|pâhm ìhjkgkp `m vgjmhmkp `m| lipj|gpjik| rmk` vc}|`jaajljcm c‚êqgc}gpjik `m cm}r hikpgkp eciogc 4 `gk| cg vc}vgrp `m| iregkj|gpjik|# cglipj|gpjik m|p qmr|êm g} |zk`jlgp `m og|m# v}j| `m| arglpjik| rmhikpmkp d}|w}‚g}kjqmg} likaê`êrgc+ Ir# jc vm}p grrjqmr w}m `m| |zk`jlgp| i} `m| aê`êrgpjik|# mkhjkirgkp cm}r kihorm `‚g`bêrmkp| `êlcgrê|# cjhjpmkp gjk|j cm| hikpgkp| `mlipj|gpjik| w}j rmhikpmkp g} kjqmg} lmkprgc+

Gjk|j# H+ Omrkgr` Qgk Lrgmzkm|p# g(p(jc rmlikk} `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik# cm0 ilpiorm ?677# w}m lmrpgjkm| aê`êrgpjik| km rgdi}pgjmkp vg| æ cg lipj|gpjik aê`êrgcmcg vgrp likaê`êrgcm `m 0: m}ri|# lihvpm pmk} `} |}rliþp |}vvcêhmkpgjrm jhvirpgkp

w}m lmcg rmvrê|mkpgjp vi}r lmrpgjk| g`bêrmkp| 4 ® cm hêlgkj|hm g|lmk`gkp `mliccmlpm# |prjlpmhmkp `êlcgrgpja# m|p }k |i}lj vi}r ki}|+ Jc h‚jkpmr`jp `m ìkkmr g}prm lbi|m w}‚}km m|pjhgpjik `} kihorm `m ki| g`bêrmkp| g} di}rkgcj|pm| w}j



‐ 2 ‐

h‚jkpmrriemkp æ lm |}dmp+ Dm cm}r rêvik`| 4 mkprm 756 666 mp 726 666+ Mk maamp# g}prgqmr| `m `jaaêrmkp| rmli}vmhmkp|# ki}| gqik| j`mkpjajê `m| g`bêrmkp| kik`êlcgrê|+ Vgr mmhvcm# cm |zk`jlgp ® Gccjgklm vicjlm kgpjikgcm ¾# w}j m|p gaajcjê ækiprm likaê`êrgpjik# ki}| `êlcgrm 0 666 g`bêrmkp| “ kihorm w}j m|p ìkl vrj| mklihvpm `gk| cm ajlbjmr likaê`êrgc “ gcir| w}m lm}(lj |ikp mk rêgcjpê ?1 666 ¾+

Vgr gjccm}r|# cm hikpgkp hähm `m cg lipj|gpjik vm}p qgrjmr |mk|jocmhmkp g}|mjk `‚}km hähm likaê`êrgpjik mkprm cm| aê`êrgpjik| i} cm| |zk`jlgp| hmhorm|+ Æpjprm `‚mmhvcm# H+ Dmgk(Lcg}`m Hgjccz# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m Airlm i}qrjârm# gjk`jw}ê# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 7= kiqmhorm ?677# w}m c‚g}pikihjm `m| |zk`jlgp|rmk`gjp `jaajljcmhmkp c‚êqgc}gpjik `} hikpgkp eciogc `m| lipj|gpjik| mp `} kihorm`‚g`bêrmkp| 4 ® ki}| rm|vmlpik| ìkl c‚g}pikihjm `m ki| |pr}lp}rm| `gk| cm| vrj|m|`m rm|vik|gojcjpê mp `m `êlj|jik# pi}di}r| likairhêhmkp æ c‚m|vrjp `m| |pgp}p|likaê`êrg}+ C‚jklikqêkjmkp `m lm `j|vi|jpja m|p w}m cg rmhikpêm `m| lipj|gpjik|

m|p jhvgragjpm mp jrrêe}cjârm+ @‚}km gkkêm |}r c‚g}prm# cm hikpgkp pipgc vm}p lbgkemr+ @gk| cm| gkkêm| `m likerâ|# cm| rmkprêm| |ikp mk eêkêrgc vc}|jhvirpgkpm|+ Dm |mrgj| kêgkhijk| jklgvgocm `m qi}| `jrm lm w}m rmvrê|mkpm cghg||m `m| lipj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| qmr|êm| vgr cm| |zk`jw}ê| AI 4 dm km likkgj| w}mcm hikpgkp `m| lipj|gpjik| w}m cg Likaê`êrgpjik vmråijp vi}r |ik lihvpm+ @mhähm æ lbgw}m g}prm kjqmg}+ Ac}lp}gkp# cm hikpgkp `m| lipj|gpjik| km rmacâpm vg|kik vc}| c‚êqic}pjik `} kihorm `‚g`bêrmkp|+ Dm |}j| `gk| c‚jhvi||jojcjpê `m qi}|ìkkmr }k lbjaarm mglp# dm km vm} gqgklmr w}‚}k ir`rm `m ergk`m}r 4 g}pi}r `m=66 666+ Ki}| km likkgj||ik| w}m cm| pjhorm| mp cm| lgrpm| qjg }k |z|pâhm `mrmpi}r ¾+

@m hähm# H+ Dmgk(Dglw}m| Hirkmppg|# prê|irjmr g`dijkp `m cg A\]# gmvcjw}ê æ cg lihhj||jik cm 7< ilpiorm ?677 4 ® lbgw}m |zk`jlgp kgpjikgc ajm vgr gjccm}r| }k ogrâhm `m lipj|gpjik vi}r |m| g`bêrmkp|+ Dm |}j| hij(hähm prê|irjmr `m c‚}k `m| `m} vc}| jhvirpgkp| |zk`jlgp| `m cg A\]# cm \zk`jlgp kgpjikgc `m|mk|mjekmhmkp| `m |mlik` `merê "\KM\*+ Lm ogrâhm m|p ajê mp qipê pi}| cm| gk| vgr cm| jk|pgklm| `} |zk`jlgp+ "‡*+ Cg lipj|gpjik “ gkk}mccm “ m|p ajêm mk aiklpjik `mc‚jk`jlm `m lbgw}m |zk`jw}ê# |mcik `m| râecm| vrêêpgocjm|+ Vgr mmhvcm# lmccm `‚}klmrpjajê mk hjcjm} `m lgrrjârm i|ljccm mkprm 726 mp ?66 m}ri|# cg hizmkkm

|‚êpgocj||gkp `gk| kiprm |zk`jlgp æ 722 m}ri| ¾+

Lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| oêkêajljmkp lmvmk`gkp `‚}k |z|pâhm lmkprgcj|ê `mliccmlpm `m| lipj|gpjik| w}j agljcjpm g}||j cg rmhikpêm `m c‚jkairhgpjik+ L‚m|p cm lg|`m cg LAPL mp `m cg LA@P+

\‚gej||gkp `m cg LAPL# d}|w}‚mk ?66:# cm| lipj|gpjik| êpgjmkp liccmlpêm| vgr cm| |zk`jlgp|# v}j| rmhikpgjmkp æ cg Likaê`êrgpjik vgr }k ljrl}jp w}j vg||gjp# |ijp vgr cm| }kjik| eêiergvbjw}m|# |ijp vgr cm| aê`êrgpjik|+ @mv}j| ?676# cg LAPL g hj|mk vcglm }k |z|pâhm jkairhgpjw}m w}j vmrhmp `m agjrm cm cjmk mkprm lbgw}m g`bêrmkpmp cg lipj|gpjik w}‚jc qmr|m+ Vgr cm ojgj| `‚}k |z|pâhm jkprgkmp # cm| lipj|gpjik| |ikp|gj|jm| vgr cm| |zk`jlgp| `gk| }km og|m `m ìkkêm|+ Lm| `mrkjmr| aikp rmhikpmr cgpipgcjpê `m lm| lipj|gpjik| æ cg Likaê`êrgpjik w}j cm| qmkpjcm æ pi}pm| cm| |pr}lp}rm|jkpmrhê`jgjrm|+ Lmvmk`gkp# cm ?6 ilpiorm# cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LAPL#



‐ : ‐

H+ Vbjcjvvm Ci}j|# g rmlikk} `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik cm| `jaajl}cpê| rmklikprêm| vi}r hmpprm mk vcglm }k pmc |z|pâhm 4 ® jc |‚gejp `‚}k |z|pâhm jkairhgpjw}m ci}r`#w}j `mhgk`m `m eri| hizmk|+ Ki}| gqjik| }k vm} vrê|}hê `m ki| airlm| mp ki}|

|ihhm| likarikpê| æ w}mcw}m| `jaajl}cpê|# g} vijkp w}‚jc mj|pm mklirm g}di}r`‚b}j}k lmrpgjk acippmhmkp |}r cm kihorm `m lipj|gpjik|+ Lmcg |‚mvcjw}m vgr cm agjp w}mlmrpgjk| prê|irjmr| `m ki| |zk`jlgp| k‚êpgkp vg| airhê| æ lmp i}pjc# jc| k‚ikp vg|rmkprê cm| ìkkêm| lihhm jc likqmkgjp+ Hgcerê pi}p# mk ?676# ki}| gqik| rmhikpê}k vm} vc}| `m :6 - `m ki| lipj|gpjik|+ Cm| 76 - w}j hgkw}mkp km |ikp vg| `m|lipj|gpjik| vmr`}m| > mccm| |ikp |jhvcmhmkp rm|pêm| /lijklêm| `gk| cm| p}zg}/ mp ikp pi}pm| cm| lbgklm| `m rmhikpmr ¾+

Cg LA@P g g}||j hj| mk vcglm }k |z|pâhm lmkprgcj|ê `m rmhikpêm `m|lipj|gpjik| w}j lihvrmk` `m} `j|vi|jpja| 4 `gk| cm lg`rm `} vrmhjmr# gvvmcê® |mrqjlm vc}| ¾# g}w}mc ikp |i}|lrjp 0= - `m| |zk`jlgp|# l‚m|p cg Likaê`êrgpjik w}j

vrêcâqm cg lipj|gpjik > `gk| cm lg`rm `} |mlik` `j|vi|jpja# cm| |zk`jlgp| maamlp}mkpm}(hähm| cm| vrêcâqmhmkp| mp cm| rmqmr|mkp mk|}jpm æ cg Likaê`êrgpjik+

l* Cm| êqgc}gpjik| `} rmk`mhmkp eciogc `m| lipj|gpjik|

Cm| jkairhgpjik| prgk|hj|m| vgr cm| `jrjemgkp| |zk`jlg} g}`jpjikkê| vgr cglihhj||jik vmrhmppmkp `m agjrm }km vrmhjârm êqgc}gpjik `m lm w}m vi}rrgjp äprm cmhikpgkp eciogc `m| lipj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| qmr|êm| mk Argklm 4 g} hijk| ?=6 æ?16 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# lmrpgjkm| likaê`êrgpjik| mp cm| |zk`jlgp| kik likaê`êrê|k‚êpgkp vg| vrj| mk lihvpm+

Cm| lipj|gpjik| ̀ gk| cm| rm||i}rlm| ̀ m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|

Hikpgkp hizmk`m cg lipj|gpjik

Vgrp likaê`êrgcm`m| lipj|gpjik| "7*

Vgrp `m|rm||i}rlm|

likaê`êrgcm|

Êqgc}gpjik `}hikpgkp eciogc

`m| lipj|gpjik| "7* LAPL “ ?#? 72#< - 77LA@P 706 m}ri| 70#7 06#7 - 55#1LEP 7?6 m}ri| 7?#2 <0#0 - 55AI “ 5#: <7#< - <= "?* LAM(LEL 726 m}ri| =#0 <7#5 - ?<#0

]kjik |zk`jlgcm \icj`gjrm| “ 6#?< <0#2 - k+l+]K\G “ 7#0< ?0#5 - k+l+A\] 722 m}ri| "<* ?#7? 50#0 - <6 "0* Pipgc “ 01#72 “ ?=0

"7* Mk hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

"?* Êqgc}gpjik `} rgvvirp `m H+ _gvbgîc Bg`g|(Cmomc mk ?66<+

"<* Vi}r cm \KM\+

"0* M|pjhgpjik `m cg lihhj||jik+

]km g}prm hêpbi`m `‚êqgc}gpjik vrmk` mk lihvpm cg rê`}lpjik `‚jhvðp

gvvcjw}êm vi}r lbgw}m lipj|gpjik æ }k |zk`jlgp rmvrê|mkpgpja mp ìkl cg `êvmk|maj|lgcm “ jk|lrjpm `gk| cm ag|ljl}cm o}èêpgjrm ® Qijm mp hizmk| ¾ “ w}j |‚êcâqm æ7?= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676 mp ?677+ Lihvpm pmk} `} pg} `m rê`}lpjik `‚jhvðp



‐ 76 ‐

"11 -*# ik vm}p lik|j`êrmr w}m cm| 7#== hjccjik `m hêkgem| oêkêajljgjrm| `m lmppmrê`}lpjik `‚jhvðp “ mp ìkl jhvi|gocm| æ c‚jhvðp |}r cm rmqmk} “ qmr|mkpgkk}mccmhmkp 72: hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `m lipj|gpjik|# |ijp }k hikpgkp hizmk `mlipj|gpjik `m 7?? m}ri|+ \j c‚ik h}cpjvcjm lm hikpgkp }kjpgjrm vgr c‚m|pjhgpjik#`jaa}|êm mk ?66< vgr c‚JK\MM# `m 7#: hjccjik `m |zk`jw}ê| mk Argklm# gajk `m vrmk`rm g}||j mk lihvpm cm| vmr|ikkm| kik jhvi|gocm|# ik iopjmkp }k hikpgkp `m?<? hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

]km prij|jâhm hêpbi`m `‚êqgc}gpjik vgrp `m| lipj|gpjik| vgzêm| vgr cm|g`bêrmkp|# pmccm| w}m cm| râecm| |pgp}pgjrm| `m| vrjkljvgcm| iregkj|gpjik| cm| vrêqijmkp+ Cm| lipj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpmkp# mk vrjkljvm# 7 - `} |gcgjrm vi}r cg LEP#6#5= - `} |gcgjrm kmp hmk|}mc "7* vi}r cm| glpja| mp 6#0= - vi}r cm| rmprgjpê| vi}r cgLA@P mp }km bm}rm `m |gcgjrm hmk|}mc vi}r Airlm i}qrjârm# |ijp æ vm} vrâ| 6#1= -`} |gcgjrm |}r cg og|m `‚}k pmhv| vcmjk æ cg `}rêm cêegcm `} prgqgjc+ Vgr gjccm}r|# cir|

`m cm}r| g}`jpjik|# cm| |mlrêpgjrm| eêkêrg} `m lmrpgjk| |zk`jlgp| ikp jk`jw}ê w}mlihvpm pmk} `m| g`bê|jik| mp `m| `êamlpjik| mk li}r| `‚gkkêm# jc| km vrmkgjmkp mklihvpm w}‚}km hizmkkm `m 2 i} 76 lipj|gpjik| gkk}mccm| vgr g`bêrmkp glpja `gk|cm}r| |pgpj|pjw}m| "?*+ Vgr lik|êw}mkp# jc gvvgrgëp rgj|ikkgocm `m pgocmr |}r }kmhizmkkm `m km}a lipj|gpjik| gkk}mccm| vi}r cm| |gcgrjê| glpja| mp `mì}tm lipj|gpjik| vi}r cm| rmprgjpê|# gjk|j w}m |}r }km lipj|gpjik hizmkkm `m 6#2 -`} |gcgjrm "i} `m cg vmk|jik*+ Mk gvvcjw}gkp lm| vgrghâprm| g} ìkkêm| `mc‚JK\MM vi}r cm| |gcgjrm| mp vmk|jik| hizmk| "<* mp vi}r cm kihorm `m|zk`jw}ê| "0*# ik vgrqjmkp æ }k hikpgkp `m vrâ| `m ?56 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

Cm rgvvirpm}r pjmkp æ rgvvmcmr w}‚jc km |‚gejp w}m `m |jhvcm| êqgc}gpjik|#lihvpm pmk} `} hgkw}m `m ìkkêm| lbjaarêm| vrêlj|m| mp ajgocm| |}r lm |}dmp+Lmvmk`gkp# cm| prij| êqgc}gpjik| goi}pj||gkp æ `m| ir`rm| `m ergk`m}r| |jhjcgjrm|# jcgvvgrgëp prâ| qrgj|mhocgocm w}m cm hikpgkp pipgc `m| rm||i}rlm| j||}m| `m|lipj|gpjik| vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| m|p lihvrj| mkprm ?<6 mp ?26 hjccjik|`‚m}ri| vgr gk+

?+ Cm| g}prm| rm||i}rlm| vrivrm|

g* Cm| v}ocjljpê| mp cm| qmkpm| `m v}ocjlgpjik| mp vri`}jp|

Cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| oêkêajljmkp g}||j `‚g}prm| rm||i}rlm| vrivrm|pmccm| w}m cm| rmlmppm| v}ocjljpgjrm| `gk| cm| rmq}m| jkpmrkm| `j|prjo}êm| g}g`bêrmkp| i} lmccm| pjrêm| `m cg qmkpm `m v}ocjlgpjik i} `m vri`}jp| `jqmr| "p(|bjrp#

"7* Vrjhm| lihvrj|m| vi}r cm| glpja|+

"?* H+ Dmgk(Argkåij| Lbêrâw}m# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LA@P# g gjk|j vrêlj|ê w}m cm| ìkkêm| `m cg LA@P |}r cm kihorm `‚g`bêrmkp| vrmkgjmkp mk lihvpm 2 lipj|gpjik| hmk|}mccm|# mp H+ Omrkgr` Pbjog}cp# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LEP# g jk`jw}ê w}m |ik iregkj|gpjik vrmkgjp mk lihvpm 76 lipj|gpjik| hmk|}mccm|+

"<* Cm |gcgjrm hizmk kmp g}rgjp êpê mk ?66: `m ? 6:= m}ri| `gk| cm |mlpm}r vrjqê > cg vrj|m mk lihvpm `m|ìkkêm| `j|vikjocm| vi}r cm| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| `‚Êpgp “ ? <?2 m}ri| mk ?662 “ mp pmrrjpirjgcm “ 7 500 m}ri| mk ?662 “ lik`}jp æ rmpmkjr }km og|m `m lgcl}c `m ? 666 m}ri| vgr glpja+ Cg vmk|jik hizmkkmor}pm g}rgjp vi}r |g vgrp gppmjkp 7 7:1 m}ri| mk ?66:+

"0* 7#5 hjccjik `‚glpja| mp 6#? hjccjik `m rmprgjpê|+



‐ 77 ‐

`rgvmg} ‡*+ Lm| rmlmppm|# ojmk w}m prâ| hjkirjpgjrm|# km |ikp lmvmk`gkp vg|kêecjemgocm|+

Cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LAM(LEL# H+ Omrkgr` Qgk Lrgmzkm|p# g# vgr mmhvcm# jk`jw}ê cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 0 ilpiorm ?677 w}m cg qmkpm `m vri`}jp|

`m lihh}kjlgpjik "vcgw}mppm|# ogk`m `m||jkêm|+++* gqgjp rgvvirpê 1? 666 m}ri| æ|ik iregkj|gpjik mk ?676+ @m hähm# H+ Pbjmrrz Cm|lgkp# prê|irjmr `m c‚]kjik|zk`jlgcm \icj`gjrm|# g jk`jw}ê# cm ?6 ilpiorm ?677# w}m cg qmkpm `m cjqrm| mp `m orilb}rm| gqgjp rmvrê|mkpê 76: 666 m}ri| `gk| cm| rm||i}rlm| `m |ik iregkj|gpjiklmppm hähm gkkêm+ Cm hähm di}r# H+ Vbjcjvvm Ci}j|# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cgLAPL# g êqiw}ê cm| rmlmppm| pjrêm| `m vgrpmkgrjgp| gqml `m| iregkj|hm| lihhm cgHGLJA mp `m| jk|pjp}pjik| `m vrêqizgklm 4 ® lm| iregkj|hm| |m aikp likkgëprm æprgqmr| ki| airhgpjik|+ Ki}| êlbgkemik| gqml m} vi}r lik|pr}jrm cm}r vi|jpjik

|}r lmrpgjk| ì||jmr|+ Ki}| m||gzik| `m prgqgjccmr mk |zkmrejm gqml m} vi}r gccmr

`gk| cm |mk| `m| |gcgrjê|+ Pi}p lmcg ìkkm cjm} æ `m| vgrpmkgrjgp|# w}j ki}|rgvvirpmkp mkqjrik 066 666 m}ri| ¾+

Cm| rmlmppm| v}ocjljpgjrm| |ikp qgrjgocm| |mcik cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+Lmccm| `m cg LA@P km |‚êcâqmkp w}‚æ 7=6 666 m}ri| "|ijp 6#0 - `m| rm||i}rlm| `mcg likaê`êrgpjik* mp lmccm| `m c‚]kjik |zk`jlgcm \icj`gjrm| |ikp hähm jkmj|pgkpm|#lmccm(lj `êlcgrgkp vrêaêrmr km agjrm g}l}km v}ocjljpê `gk| |g rmq}m jkpmrkm gajk `m vrê|mrqmr |ik g}pikihjm+ Mk rmqgklbm# cg LEP mp Airlm i}qrjârm ikp `m| rmlmppm| v}ocjljpgjrm| kik kêecjemgocm|# v}j|w}‚mccm| gppmjekmkp 7 æ 7#5 hjccjik `‚m}ri| vi}r cg LEP mp 266 666 m}ri| vi}r Airlm i}qrjârm+

Cm| rmlmppm| v}ocjljpgjrm| ̀ m| likaê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mk ?676

Hikpgkp `m| rmlmppm|v}ocjljgjrm|

Pjrgem `} di}rkgc|zk`jlgc

LAPL k+l k+l+LA@P . `m 7=6 666 m}ri| 1=6 666LEP Mkprm 7 mp 7#5 hjccjik `‚m}ri| k+l+AI 266 666 m}ri| k+l+LAM(LEL 566 666 m}ri| "7* . `m 766 666]kjik |zk`jlgcm \icj`gjrm| 6 k+l+

]K\G Mkprm := 666 mp 76= 666 m}ri| 5= 666A\] 7=6 666 m}ri| 726 666

"7* _mlmppm| vc}| jhvirpgkpm| mk ?676 mk rgj|ik `} likerâ| pmk} lmppm gkkêm(cæ+

Cm| rmlmppm| v}ocjljpgjrm| ikp ìkl eciogcmhmkp rmvrê|mkpê# vi}r cm|likaê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm| g}`jpjikkêm| vgr cg lihhj||jik# mkprm ?#= hjccjik| mp<#< hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676 “ mp jc m|p vm} qrgj|mhocgocm w}m c‚ik pri}qm g}kjqmg} `m| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|# `m| }kjik| pmrrjpirjgcm| i} `m| |zk`jlgp|`m og|m `m| rm||i}rlm| lik|êw}mkpm| `m lmppm kgp}rm# æ w}mcw}m| lg| vgrpjl}cjmr|

vrâ|+C‚êpgocj||mhmkp `} ogrâhm pgrjagjrm `m lm| v}ocjljpê| agjp c‚iodmp `m

vrgpjw}m| prâ| `jqmr|m|+ Cm| v}ocjljpê| v}ocjêm| `gk| cg rmq}m `m cg LAM(LEL#



‐ 7? ‐

Mklg`rmhmkp Hgegtjkm# aikp c‚iodmp `m pgrja| jk`jw}ê| `gk| `m| lgpgcie}m|jhvrjhê|+ Cg prê|irjârm `m cg LA@P# Hhm Gki}|bmb Ngrqgr# g jk`jw}ê æ cglihhj||jik cm ?0 ilpiorm ?677 w}‚mccm gqgjp hj| mk vcglm# cir|w}‚mccm êpgjp`jrmlprjlm `m cg v}ocjlgpjik `m |ik iregkj|gpjik# }k ljrl}jp `m qgcj`gpjik jkpmrkm 4® cir|w}m LA@P vri`}lpjik| # |mrqjlm w}j eârm cm| v}ocjljpê|# gqgjp `m| ì}pm| |}r c‚g`êw}gpjik mkprm }km v}ocjljpê mp ki| cmlpm}r|# jc hm rmqmkgjp `m qgcj`mr i} `m km

vg| qgcj`mr lmppm v}ocjljpê+ D‚mk gj jkqgcj`ê omg}li}v+ Lmcg `jp# lm| v}ocjljpê|jkg`êw}gpm| |ikp |i}qmkp lmccm| w}j rgvvirpmkp cm vc}| ¾+

Mk rmqgklbm# cg vrilê`}rm |mhocm vc}| jklmrpgjkm `gk| `m| iregkj|gpjik|lihhm cg LEP# lihhm c‚g rmlikk} jhvcjljpmhmkp cm prê|irjmr `m lmppmiregkj|gpjik# H+ Hjlbmc @ikm``}# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm ?5 ilpiorm ?677 4 ® ki}|gqik| }km rêejm v}ocjljpgjrm# G}`jmklm lrêgpjqm # w}j agjp vgrpjm `m Lihê`jgklm+ Jc mj|pm }km pgrjajlgpjik# hgj|# vi}r Cg Qjm i}qrjârm |}rpi}p# cg rêejm kêeiljm

|i}qmkp |gk| c‚gvvcjw}mr mp ki}| ki}| mk vcgjekik|+ Dm vrêlj|m w}m ki}| km`jrjemik| vg| Cg Qjm i}qrjârm+ L‚m|p }km |iljêpê gkikzhm ìpêm `‚}k lik|mjc `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik ¾+

Cg prgk|vgrmklm `gk| cg ajgpjik `m| ogrâhm| `m| v}ocjljpê| m|p }k mkdm}jhvirpgkp# lgr m|p vi|êm cg w}m|pjik `m c‚jk`êvmk`gklm `m c‚iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcmæ c‚êegr` `m| mkprmvrj|m|# w}j vm}qmkp vgr lm ojgj| qmr|mr `m| |ihhm| kikkêecjemgocm|+ H+ @ihjkjw}m Cgooê# vriam||m}r `m| |ljmklm| vicjpjw}m|# g gjk|j agjprmhgrw}mr æ cg lihhj||jik cm <7 giþp ?677 w}‚® }km vgem `m v}ocjljpê `gk| cg

vrm||m |zk`jlgcm |mrg lik|j`êrêm vgr cm| |zk`jlgcj|pm| liklmrkê| lihhm }km

rm||i}rlm vrivrm# gcir| w}‚jc vm}p prâ| ojmk |‚gejr `‚}km |}oqmkpjik `êe}j|êm `m cg vgrp `‚}km mkprmvrj|m ¾+ Lmppm w}m|pjik vm}p `‚g}pgkp vc}| |m vi|mr w}m cm| cmlpm}r|`m| hgegtjkm| |zk`jlg} km |mhocmkp vg| äprm cm ® v}ocjl ljocm ¾ `m lmrpgjkm| v}ocjljpê| w}m c‚ik z pri}qm vgraij|+ @m| ì}pm| vm}qmkp `â| cir| mj|pmr+

H+ Mrugk \mtkml# g}pm}r `m c‚i}qrgem \zk`jlgp|# ergk`| `j|li}r| mp vmpjpm| lihojkm| mk ?661# g agjp vgrp `m |ik êpikkmhmkp æ cg lihhj||jik# cm0 ilpiorm ?677# `m qijr aje}rmr lmrpgjkm| v}ocjljpê| `gk| `m| hgegtjkm||zk`jlg} 4 ® jc |}aajp `m |m rmk`rm g} |jâem `‚}km likaê`êrgpjik mp `m am}jccmpmr cm|

di}rkg} w}j aje}rmkp |}r cm| vrê|mkpijr|+ W}gk` Pbgcm| # vri`}lpm}r `m |z|pâhm|

êcmlprikjw}m| |ivbj|pjw}ê|# glbâpm `m| vgem| `m v}ocjljpê `gk| Cm Hêpgcci `m cgLAPL# jc z g cjm} `m |‚jkpmrriemr 4 lm eri}vm k‚g mk maamp rjmk æ qmk`rm g} ergk`

v}ocjl “ mp cg rmhgrw}m qg}p g}||j vi}r Qmicjg mp Qjqmk`j # eri}vm| `m |mrqjlm|g} liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm|+ Ir Cg Qjm i}qrjârm g rê}||j æ qmk`rm æ Qjqmk`j }km

vgem `m v}ocjljpê æ }k pgrja |}vêrjm}r æ lmc}j w}j g}rgjp êpê `mhgk`ê vgr Vgrj|(Hgplb > lm k‚m|p vg| prâ| |êrjm} ¾+

H+ Dmgk(C}l Pi}cz# li(g}pm}r `m c‚i}qrgem C‚gremkp kijr `m| |zk`jlgp| "7*#g vgrpgeê cm hähm lik|pgp cm 70 |mvpmhorm ?677 4 ® d‚mk gj q} }km vrmhjârmhgkjam|pgpjik mk hgr| ?66?# w}gk` Cg ki}qmccm Qjm i}qrjârm # w}j pjprgjp mk

"7* ® C‚gremkp kijr `m| |zk`jlgp| ¾# H+ Dmgk(C}l Pi}cz# H+ Lbrj|pivbm Hikemrhikp mp H+ _iomrp Cmkecmp "hgj?662*+



‐ 7< ‐

li}qmrp}rm /Cm| prgk|virp| v}ocjl| mk w}m|pjik/# g g}||j v}ocjê# mk w}gprjâhm `mli}qmrp}rm# }km v}ocjljpê `m Qjqmk`j prgk|virp# cmg`mr m}rivêmk `} |mlpm}r

vrjqê‡ D‚gqi}m gqijr m} }k vm} `m hgc æ lihvrmk`rm |j Qjqmk`j êpgjp }k lcjmkp `mcg LEP mp w}mc êpgjp c‚jkpêräp `‚}km pmccm v}ocjljpê `gk| }k di}rkgc `m|pjkê g}hjcjpgkp| 4 æ hijk| w}m c‚mhvcizm}r |ijp g||mt |p}vj`m vi}r ajkgklmr lm} w}j cmlihogppmkp# jc `mqgjp ojmk z gqijr }km mvcjlgpjik‡ ¾ Jc g g}||j êqiw}ê cm agjpw}‚}km vgem `m v}ocjljpê `gk| Cg Qjm i}qrjârm g}rgjp êpê rêh}kêrêm 7<6 666 m}ri| vgr c‚mkprmvrj|m Qmicjg+ Cm prê|irjmr `m cg LEP# H+ Hjlbmc @ikm``}# g lmvmk`gkprêa}pê lmppm jkairhgpjik cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm ?5 ilpiorm ?677+

Cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mccm|(hähm| rmlikkgj||mkp c‚ghoje}épê `m|rmlmppm| v}ocjljpgjrm|# lihhm mk pêhijekmkp cm| vrivi| `} |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cgLA@P g} li}r| `m c‚êlbgkem |}jqgkp# æ c‚illg|jik `m |ik g}`jpjik# cm ?0 ilpiorm ?677 4

® H+ Argkåij| Lbêrâw}m+ C‚g|vmlp êpbjw}m `m cg v}ocjljpê ìjp êegcmhmkp

äprm vrj| mk lihvpm+ Ki}| gqik| }km aij| v}ocjê }km v}ocjljpê vi}r Pipgc gcir| w}mqmkgjp `m |m vri`}jrm }km hgrêm kijrm 4 ki}| km c‚gqik| vg| agjp `m} aij|‡

® H+ cm rgvvirpm}r+ Lbmt Pipgc # jc| ìjqmkp gvvrêljmr cm| |zk`jlgp| lgr jc| aikp `m cg v}ocjljpê `gk| pi}| cm| di}rkg} |zk`jlg}+

® H+ Argkåij| Lbêrâw}m+ L‚m|p g}||j vi}r m} }km hgkjârm `‚gllir`mr `m| |}oqmkpjik|# lmrpgjkmhmkp+ Pi}pmaij|# vi}r ki}|# l‚m|p }km grhm æ ì}ocmprgklbgkp qj|(æ(qj| `m ki| g`bêrmkp| ¾+

Mk pi}p êpgp `m lg}|m# `m| vrierâ| rm|pmkp æ agjrm mk hgpjârm `m prgk|vgrmklm`gk| lm ìhgjkm+

o* Cm| rmqmk}| ajkgkljmr| mp vgprjhikjg}

Gcir| w}m lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| gaajlbmkp }km prê|irmrjm`j|vikjocm `m vc}|jm}r| `jtgjkm| `m hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# `‚g}prm| ikp `m| rê|mrqm|ajkgkljârm| vc}| cjhjpêm|+ Lmvmk`gkp# lihhm cm hikprm cm pgocmg} |}jqgkp# cm| vri`}jp| ajkgkljmr| rmvrê|mkpmkp }km rm||i}rlm cjhjpêm vi}r lm| iregkj|gpjik|+

Cm| rmqmk}| ajkgkljmr| ̀ m| likaê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mk ?676

"mk hjccjmr| ̀ ‚m}ri|*Iregkj|gpjik| Pipgc `m ojcgk kmp Prê|irmrjm

`j|vikjocm "7* Vri`}jp| ajkgkljmr|

LEP == 1<6 07 256 <0<#6<LA@P <05 =56 <0 500 ? ??2LAPL ?6 5?6 5 71= <#==LEM(LEL 76 :56 < 1<0 =1#6:Airlm i}qrjârm "?* ?< <66 1 5<= =5#?=]kjik |zk`jlgcm \icj`gjrm| 1=0#5 161 0#:0]K\G 5 666 <#77 6#5A\] ? :16 7 ::6 07#=

"7* \ijp cm| qgcm}r| hiojcjârm| `m vcglmhmkp mp cm| `j|vikjojcjpê|+

"?* \m}cm| ikp êpê lihh}kjw}êm| cm| ìkkêm| lihvpgocm| `m c‚gkkêm ?66:# w}j |ikp ìkl vrê|mkpêm|+



‐ 70 ‐

G} pipgc# cm| rmqmk}| ajkgkljmr| `m| likaê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ikprmvrê|mkpê mkqjrik ?#5 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676 “ mp jc m|p vm} qrgj|mhocgocm w}mc‚ik pri}qm mk |}| g} kjqmg} `m| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|# `m| }kjik|pmrrjpirjgcm| i} `m| |zk`jlgp| `m og|m `m| rm||i}rlm| lik|êw}mkpm| `m lmppm kgp}rm+

Lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ikp `m| rê|mrqm| ajkgkljârm|jhvirpgkpm|# mk rgj|ik `m cg lik|pjp}pjik `m ® lgj||m| `m erâqm ¾ `m|pjkêm| æjk`mhkj|mr }km vgrpjm `m cg vmrpm `m |gcgjrm `m| |gcgrjê| erêqj|pm|+ Lm| lgj||m| vm}qmkp äprm goik`êm| vgr }km arglpjik `m cg lipj|gpjik `m| g`bêrmkp| i}lik|pjp}êm| viklp}mccmhmkp+ Gjk|j vc}|jm}r| iregkj|gpjik| ikp(mccm| hj| mk vcglm `mpmccm| lgj||m| æ cg |}jpm `m| erâqm| rmcgpjqm| æ cg rêairhm `m| rmprgjpm| mk ?676 4 æ lmpjprm# c‚]kjik |zk`jlgcm \icj`gjrm| g rê}kj :? 27= m}ri| mp cg LEP <12 666 m}ri|+

Cg LA@P |m `j|pjke}m# mk rmqgklbm# vgr cm hikpgkp êcmqê `m |g lgj||m `merâqm v}j|w}m cm| rê|mrqm| `m cg ® lgj||m kgpjikgcm `‚glpjik |zk`jlgcm ¾rmvrê|mkpmkp 7<2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+ Cg prê|irjârm `m lmppm iregkj|gpjik# HhmGki}|bmb Ngrqgr# g mvcjw}ê |ik aiklpjikkmhmkp cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm?0 ilpiorm ?677 4 ® `mv}j| vc}|jm}r| gkkêm|# ki}| gqik| }km iocjegpjik |pgp}pgjrm`m lik|pjp}mr `m| rê|mrqm| vi}r vmrhmpprm æ pi}p g`bêrmkp LA@P# æ }k jk|pgkp ® p ¾# `m |m hmpprm mk erâqm vmk`gkp `j di}r| `‚gaajcêm mp `‚äprm jk`mhkj|ê vgr lmppm lgj||m+ C‚jk`mhkj|gpjik m|p `m 72 m}ri| vgr di}r+ H}cpjvcjê| vgr cm kihorm `mki| g`bêrmkp|# |}r cg og|m `m ì}tm lipj|gpjik| gkk}mccm|# lmcg ki}| ìkkm }khikpgkp eciogc `m 766 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| "7* w}m ki}| gqik| ìkl c‚iocjegpjik `mlik|pjp}mr+ Lmppm gkkêm# ki}| gqik| rê}||j æ gppmjk`rm lm hikpgkp vi}r vi}qijr

agjrm aglm æ }km |jp}gpjik lmrpm| bzvipbêpjw}m# hgj| rêgcj|gocm 4 hmpprm pi}| cm|g`bêrmkp| LA@P mk erâqm vmk`gkp `j di}r| |}r }km gkkêm ljqjcm ¾+

O+ CM\ HIZMK\ CJÊ\ Æ C‚MRM_LJLM @] @_IJP \ZK@JLGC

]km ergk`m vgrpjm `m| hizmk| ìkp `j|vi|mkp cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| “ mp w}j |ikp vc}| eêkêrgcmhmkp gaamlpê| æ c‚glpjqjpê `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| |gcgrjê| vgr cm| |zk`jlgp| “ m|p j||}m `m| hizmk| b}hgjk| ilprizê| vgr cm| mhvcizm}r| v}ocjl| mp vrjqê| vi}r c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc+

7+ Cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m

g* @m| vrgpjw}m| prâ| bêpêrieâkm|

Cm| hizmk| cjê| æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}mikp êpê `êajkj| vgr cm `êlrmp `} ?2 hgj 7:2? vi}r cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `m c‚Êpgp "?*#

"7* Hhm Ngrqgr g rmlpjajê }k vm} vc}| pgr` lm hikpgkp æ 760 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

"?* @êlrmp k¶ 2?(005 `} ?2 hgj 7:2? rmcgpja æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m+



‐ 7= ‐

vgr cm `êlrmp `} < gqrjc 7:2= vi}r cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m pmrrjpirjgcm"7* mp vgr cm`êlrmp `} 7: hgr| 7:21 vi}r cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m bi|vjpgcjârm "?*+

Cm| hizmk| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m 4 râecm| |pgp}pgjrm| 7+“ Cm| hizmk| b}hgjk|

◉ Cm| g}pirj|gpjik| |vêljgcm| ̀ ‚go|mklm 4

“ cm| g}pirj|gpjik| |vêljgcm| `‚go|mklm vi}r vgrpjljvmr g} likerâ| mp g}iregkj|hm| `jrmlpm}r| `m| |zk`jlgp| kgpjikg}# aê`êrgpjik| i} likaê`êrgpjik|# gjk|j w}‚g}jk|pgklm| jkpmrkgpjikgcm| "grpjlcm 7< `} `êlrmp `} ?2 hgj 7:2?# `} `êlrmp `} < gqrjc 7:2= mp `}`êlrmp `} 7: hgr| 7:21*# aikp c‚iodmp `‚}k rêejhm d}rj`jw}m j`mkpjw}m `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik|

v}ocjw}m|# |ijp 76 i} ?6 di}r| `‚go|mklm gkk}mc| vgr rmvrê|mkpgkp >

“ cm| g}pirj|gpjik| |vêljgcm| `‚go|mklm vi}r vgrpjljvmr g} rê}kjik| |zk`jlgcm| `‚}kg}prm kjqmg}# l‚m|p(æ(`jrm vi}r vgrpjljvmr g} glpjqjpê| li}rgkpm| `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik|zk`jlgcm "grpjlcm 70 `m| prij| `êlrmp|*# |ikp êegcmhmkp iregkj|êm| mk pmrhm| lihvgrgocm|+ ]k

likpjkemkp eciogc m|p vrêq}# mvrjhê mk bm}rm| `gk| cm| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| pmrrjpirjgcm mpbi|vjpgcjârm# mk di}r| vi}r cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `‚Êpgp+ Cg `êpmrhjkgpjik `m| maamlpja| w}jìjqmkp |mrqjr `m og|m `m rêaêrmklm m|p vrêlj|êm vgr ljrl}cgjrm >

“ cm| g}pirj|gpjik| |vêljgcm| `‚go|mklm vi}r cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| |zk`jlg} gvvmcê| æ|jêemr `gk| `m| jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm| i} |pgp}gjrm| "grpjlcm 7= `m| prij| `êlrmp|* |ikp gllir`êm||}r |jhvcm vrê|mkpgpjik `m cg likqilgpjik æ lm| iregkj|hm| mp km aikp c‚iodmp `‚g}l}klikpjkemkpmhmkp+

◉ Cm| `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê `m |mrqjlm

Cm| `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê `m |mrqjlm aikp c‚iodmp `m likpjkemkp|# vgr hjkj|pârm vi}r c‚Êpgp# vgr êpgocj||mhmkp i} liccmlpjqjpê `gk| cm| g}prm| lg|# gvvcjw}ê| mk aiklpjik `m ogrâhmw}j |ikp vrivrm| æ lbgl}km `m| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m|# cm}r |m}c vijkp lihh}k êpgkp cg`êerm||jqjpê+

?+“ Cm| hizmk| hgpêrjmc| mp ajkgkljmr|

Cm| `êlrmp| iregkj|mkp æ vm} vrâ| `m cg hähm agåik c‚ilprij `m cilg} g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+ Jc| vrêqijmkp g}||j c‚jk|pgccgpjik `m| êw}jvmhmkp| jk`j|vmk|gocm| æc‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm |gk| cm| `êajkjr+ Vgr gjccm}r|# }k `êlrmp `} 77 `êlmhorm ?666 "<* vrêqijpc‚gccilgpjik `m |}oqmkpjik| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `‚Êpgp g}kjqmg} kgpjikgc# pgk`j| w}m cg cij k¶ ?66?(5< `} 75 dgkqjmr ?66? `m hi`mrkj|gpjik |iljgcm mp}k `êlrmp `} ?= d}jccmp ?66= "0* ikp mklg`rê c‚ilprij `m |}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp vgr cm|

liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| g} |pr}lp}rm| cilgcm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm|+\i}rlm 4 ® _gvvirp |}r c‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| ¾ "hgr| ?66:*+

"7* @êlrmp k¶ 2=(<:5 `} < gqrjc 7:2= rmcgpja æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}mpmrrjpirjgcm+

"?* @êlrmp k ¶21(116 `} 7: hgr| 7:21 rmcgpja æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| cm| êpgocj||mhmkp| hmkpjikkê|æ c‚grpjlcm ? `m cg cij k¶ 21(<< `} : dgkqjmr 7:21 virpgkp `j|vi|jpjik| |pgp}pgjrm| rmcgpjqm| æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m bi|vjpgcjârm+

"<* @êlrmp k¶ ?666(7?7= `} 77 `êlmhorm ?666 rmcgpja æ cg |}oqmkpjik qmr|êm g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m aiklpjikkgjrm| `m c‚Êpgp+

"0* @êlrmp k¶ ?66=(20: `} ?= d}jccmp ?66= rmcgpja æ c‚gpprjo}pjik vgr `m| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| `m |}oqmkpjik|`m aiklpjikkmhmkp g} |pr}lp}rm| cilgcm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| mp hi`jajgkp cm li`m eêkêrgc ̀ m| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm|+



‐ 71 ‐

Hgcerê `m| râecm| d}rj`jw}m| g||mt }kjajêm|# c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc`gk| cm| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| agjp c‚iodmp `‚gvvcjlgpjik| liklrâpm| prâ| `jqmr|m| "7*+Mk maamp# lbgl}k `m| `êlrmp| g agjp c‚iodmp `‚}km ljrl}cgjrm `‚gvvcjlgpjik "?*# hgj|g}||j `m kihorm}|m| ljrl}cgjrm| vrivrm| æ lbgw}m hjkj|pârm# æ lbgw}m liccmlpjqjpêmp æ lbgw}m êpgocj||mhmkp+ Mk i}prm# `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m pmrrjpirjgcm#c‚grpjlcm ? `} `êlrmp `} < gqrjc 7:2= vrêqijp cg vi||jojcjpê `‚gllir`| g} kjqmg} cilgc vc}| agqirgocm| w}m cm `êlrmp+ L‚m|p gjk|j w}m `m kihorm} vripilicm| `‚gllir` ikpêpê |jekê| `gk| cm| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm|+

H+ Dmgk(Argkåij| Qmr`jmr# `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc `m c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik mp `m cgaiklpjik v}ocjw}m "@EGAV*# g rmlikk} `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik# cm <7 giþp ?677# cg`jqmr|jpê `m| vrgpjw}m| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m 4 ® cm| kihorm} rgvvirp| |}r cm|`rijp| mp hizmk| `m| |zk`jlgp| aikp gvvgrgëprm }km ergk`m bêpêrieêkêjpê `m|

|jp}gpjik| gjk|j w}m `gk| cg hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `m| pmpm|+ Lm| `mrkjmr| k‚êpgkp vg|

pi}di}r| prâ| lcgjr|# cm| g`hjkj|prgpjik| `m c‚Êpgp# cm| liccmlpjqjpê| cilgcm| mp cm|êpgocj||mhmkp| bi|vjpgcjmr| cm| jkpmrvrâpmkp }k vm} lihhm jc| cm |i}bgjpmkp+ Ikio|mrqm cg hähm bêpêrieêkêjpê `gk| cm |}jqj `m| `rijp| |zk`jlg}# w}‚jc |‚gej||m`m| a}|jik| `m `rijp|# `m| lrjpârm| `‚gpprjo}pjik `m| `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê i} `mcm}r| ogrâhm| ¾+

@m hähm# cm 70 |mvpmhorm ?677# Hhm Lirjkkm @mairem|# jk|vmlprjlmeêkêrgcm `m c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik# hmhorm `‚}km hj||jik `‚êqgc}gpjik |}r cm| hizmk|gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `gk| cm|`êvgrpmhmkp| `} _bðkm mp `} Cijrmp "<*# g |i}cjekê `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm

w}m c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc |‚mmrågjp vgraij| `gk| }k lmrpgjk ® aci} ¾ d}rj`jw}m 4 ® æ lðpê `m lm w}j m|p vrêq} vgr cm| pmpm|# jc mj|pm `m| vrgpjw}m| w}jgoi}pj||mkp# mk pmrhm| `‚g}pirj|gpjik| `‚go|mklm# æ }km lik|ihhgpjik `m hizmk|kik kêecjemgocm vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+ \‚gej||gkp `m| g`hjkj|prgpjik|`‚Êpgp# vgr mmhvcm# cir| `m cg rêiregkj|gpjik `m| |mrqjlm| pmrrjpirjg} `m c‚Êpgp#}km h}cpjp}`m `m rê}kjik| `m liklmrpgpjik gqml cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ikp ìkkê cjm} æ `m| g}pirj|gpjik| `‚go|mklm g` bil mp ikp lihvpê vi}r omg}li}v`gk| cg hiojcj|gpjik `m| |zk`jlgp|+ Vi}r g}pgkp pi}p lmcg k‚êpgjp vg| vrj| mklihvpm ¾+

"7* C‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| lik|glrê| æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc agjp gvvgrgëprm `m| `jaaêrmklm| `gk| cm vêrjhâprm |mrqgkp `m og|m `m lgcl}c g} hizmk| b}hgjk|# `gk| cm| ogrâhm| `‚gpprjo}pjik `m `êlbgrem|`‚glpjqjpê `m |mrqjlm# `gk| cm| lihvpgojcj|gpjik `m| maamlpja|# `gk| c‚gkkêm `m rêaêrmklm vrj|m mk lihvpm vi}r cm lgcl}c `m| maamlpja| mp `m| vrgpjw}m| qgrjêm| `m `êlihvpm `m| likeê| vi}r cm| vmr|ikkm| `êlbgreêm| æpmhv| vgrpjmc+

"?* Ljrl}cgjrm `} 72 kiqmhorm 7:2? vi}r cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `‚Êpgp# `} ?= kiqmhorm 7:2= vi}r cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m pmrrjpirjgcm mp `} ?< hgr| 7:25 vi}r cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m bi|vjpgcjârm+

"<* ® Cm ojcgk `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m 4 gkgcz|m `êpgjccêm`gk| `m} `êvgrpmhmkp|# cm _bðkm mp cm Cijrmp ¾# d}jk ?676+



‐ 75 ‐

o* @m| hizmk| hgc likk}|# vriqmkgkp m||mkpjmccmhmkp `m cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `m vmr|ikkmc|

C‚bêpêrieêkêjpê `m| vrgpjw}m| mp cm hgkw}m `m |}jqj `m| hizmk| gcci}ê|aikp w}m cm| m|pjhgpjik| |}r cm| hizmk| b}hgjk| ilprizê| g} iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| rm|pmkp prâ| gvvrijhgpjqm|+

H+ @ihjkjw}m Cgooê# vriam||m}r `m |ljmklm| vicjpjw}m|# g jk`jw}ê æ cglihhj||jik cm <7 giþp ?677 w}m# |mcik |m| m|pjhgpjik| “ rmvi|gkp kipghhmkp |}r cm| rgvvirp| `m cg Li}r `m| lihvpm| mp |}r cm| jkairhgpjik| ai}rkjm| vgr cm|liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| mp vrmkgkp mk lihvpm cm| mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| mp |mhj( v}ocjw}m| pmccm| w}m cg \KLA# cg _GPV# Gjr Argklm# Gêrivirp| `m Vgrj| i} Cg Vi|pm “ cm| `rijp| |zk`jlg} hj| æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|rmvrê|mkpmrgjmkp mkprm <6 666 mp 06 666 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk "MPV*+ H+ Mrugk\mtkml# æ w}gkp æ c}j m|pjhê cm 0 ilpiorm 4 ® mk g``jpjikkgkp cm| 06 666`êpglbmhmkp|# cm| |gcgrjê| `m| likaê`êrgpjik|# cm}r| hjcjpgkp| mp cm}r| oêkêqicm|#lm |ikp vc}| `m =6 666 vmr|ikkm| w}j prgqgjccmkp æ pmhv| vcmjk vi}r cm| |zk`jlgp|

argkågj| ¾+

@m hähm# Hhm Gekâ| Qmr`jmr(Hicjkjê# `jrmlprjlm `m cg aik`gpjikjA_GV "7*# g êqiw}ê# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm ?7 |mvpmhorm ?677# `m| ir`rm| `mergk`m}r| |jhjcgjrm| 4 ® cm kihorm `‚êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk prgqgjccê "MPVP* g}

|mrqjlm `m| |zk`jlgp| hgj| vgzê| vgr cg liccmlpjqjpê |‚êcâqm |gk| ì}pm# dm cm `j|/gqml `m| vjklmppm|/# mkprm <6 666 mp =6 666 vmr|ikkm| “ qiprm lihhj||jik

`‚mkw}äpm g }k rðcm jhvirpgkp æ di}mr gajk `m cm `êpmrhjkmr vc}| vrêlj|êhmkp ¾+H+ _gvbgîc Bg`g|(Cmomc# `gk| |ik rgvvirp vrêljpê |}r cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê mp

cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| mp |zk`jlgcm|# m|pjhgjp "mk ?661*w}m c‚Êpgp gpprjo}gjp mkqjrik = =66 MPV# w}j |m rêvgrpj||gjmkp mkprm cm| `êlbgrem|`‚glpjqjpê mp cm| g}pirj|gpjik| |vêljgcm| `‚go|mklm+ @gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}mpmrrjpirjgcm# cm}r kihorm |m |mrgjp êpgocj g}pi}r `m 76 666 mp# `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m bi|vjpgcjârm# mkprm 5 mp 2 666+ Jc lik|pgpgjp g}||j w}‚jc mj|pgjp prâ| vm} `m`êlbgrem| jkpêergcm|# v}j|w}m := - `m| gemkp| liklmrkê| êpgjmkp `êlbgreê| æ pjprm vgrpjmc# cm vc}| |i}qmkp æ pjmr|(pmhv|+ Jc lik|j`êrgjp mkajk w}m cm| liccmlpjqjpê|

pmrrjpirjgcm| gpprjo}gjmkp mk hizmkkm g} |zk`jlgp| `m} aij| vc}| `m hizmk|b}hgjk| w}m c‚Êpgp+

Cm| g}`jpjik| `m| `jrjemgkp| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vgr cglihhj||jik ikp hikprê w}m cm| hizmk| b}hgjk| hj| æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m|likaê`êrgpjik| vgr cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m |ikp cijk `‚äprm kêecjemgocm|# lihhm cmhikprm cm pgocmg} |}jqgkp+

"7* Jk|pjp}p argkågj| vi}r cg rmlbmrlbm |}r cm| g`hjkj|prgpjik| mp cm| vicjpjw}m| v}ocjw}m|



‐ 72 ‐

Vmr|ikkmc| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik ̀ m| likaê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm|

Vmr|ikkmc| `êpglbê| `m cgaiklpjik v}ocjw}m g} |mjk

`‚}km likaê`êrgpjik

Vrivirpjik `m| maamlpja| `m cglikaê`êrgpjik

]K\G ?5 =? -\icj`gjrm| “ =6 -LEP ?: 7: -LA@P <6 77#0 -

Vi}r vrmk`rm }k mmhvcm# Hhm Êcjgkm Cgklmppm# prê|irjârm `m cg A\]# gjk`jw}ê æ cg lihhj||jik# cm 7< ilpiorm ?677# c‚jhvirpgklm `m| `êlbgrem| j||}m| `mcg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m vi}r |ik iregkj|gpjik 4 ® lbgw}m |zk`jlgp kgpjikgc rmqmr|m æcg A\] 7< - `m| `êlbgrem| gllir`êm| vgr cm| hjkj|pârm|# |ijp æ vm} vrâ| 7=6 MPV g} pipgc# w}j |ikp lik|glrê| g} aiklpjikkmhmkp `} kjqmg} kgpjikgc# `m| |mlpjik|

`êvgrpmhmkpgcm|# `m| lik|mjc| aê`êrg} rêejikg} mp æ c‚gj`m w}m ki}| ai}rkj||ik|g} vc}| vmpjp| |zk`jlgp| ¾+

Cm| gllir`| `m Omrlz |}r cg rêkiqgpjik `} `jgcie}m |iljgc |jekê| cm ? d}jk?662 vgr cm hjkj|prm `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m mp |j iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `maiklpjikkgjrm| ikp vrêq} ® c‚êcgoirgpjik `‚}k ojcgk likprg`jlpijrm `m| hizmk| `mpi}pm kgp}rm "b}hgjk| ajkgkljmr|# hgpêrjmc|+++* gllir`ê| g} iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| mp `m| vrgpjw}m| `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m|¾+ ]km vrmhjârmhj||jik lihh}km "7* g rmhj| }k rgvvirp |}r c‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| "?*+ G} q} `m lm rgvvirp#

}km `m}jâhm hj||jik# lihvi|êm `m| hähm| lirv| `m likprðcm| mp `‚jk|vmlpjik# gêpê jkjpjêm vi}r gaajkmr mp vrêlj|mr cm| rê|}cpgp| mk vrilê`gkp kipghhmkp æ }krmlmk|mhmkp lbjaarê# |}r `m} `êvgrpmhmkp| “ cm _bðkm mp cm Cijrmp “ `m| hizmk|gcci}ê| g} |zk`jlgp| mp `m cm}r lik|ihhgpjik+

Cm| êqgc}gpjik| `m lm| `m} hj||jik| gjk|j w}‚}km mkw}äpm hmkêm vgr cg`jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `m c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik mp `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m vmrhmppmkp `‚gqijr `m| ìkkêm| vc}| vrêlj|m| |}r cm| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|`gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m+ Vgr gjccm}r|# }k w}m|pjikkgjrm êlrjp `} rgvvirpm}r g vmrhj| `m rml}mjccjr `m| êcêhmkp| g}vrâ| `‚}k lmrpgjk kihorm `m lik|mjc|

rêejikg}+

"7* Jk|vmlpjik eêkêrgcm `m c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik# jk|vmlpjik eêkêrgcm `m| gaagjrm| |iljgcm|# jk|vmlpjik eêkêrgcm `m

c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik `m c‚ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm mp `m cg rmlbmrlbm# likprðcm eêkêrgc êlikihjw}m mp ajkgkljmr+"?* ® _gvvirp |}r c‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| ¾ êpgocj vgr Hhm Lirjkkm @m|airem|# Hhm Hgrjm(Erïlm C}# H+ Hi|pmag Hm||gi}`j# Hhm Bêcâkm Hgrpjkj# H+ Zqik Lmg|# H+ Vjmrrm(Ci}j| _êhz# H+ Bmrqê Cmi|p# Hhm J|gomccm _i}(Prm|lg|m|# Hhm\g`rjkm Cm Egcc mp H+ Gcgjk Pm||jmr "hgr| ?66:*+



‐ 7: ‐

◉ C‚mkw}äpm hmkêm vgr cg `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `m c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik mp cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m

Cm `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc `m c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik mp `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m#H+ Dmgk(Argkåij| Qmr`jmr# g jk`jw}ê æ cg lihhj||jik# cm <7 giþp ?677# w}‚}km

mkw}äpm g êpê hmkêm# vgr |g `jrmlpjik# |}r c‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| ilprizê| g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| pi}p mk vrêlj|gkp 4 ® ki}| êvri}qik| omg}li}v `m`jaajl}cpê| æ iopmkjr `m| rmk|mjekmhmkp| `m cg vgrp `m| hjkj|pârm|+ Cg `mrkjârmmkw}äpm w}m ki}| gqik| rêgcj|êm k‚g iopmk} w}m 2= - `m rêvik|m| ¾+

G} |mjk `m| 77 hjkj|pârm| mp ? `jrmlpjik| gzgkp rêvik`} g} w}m|pjikkgjrm`m cg @EGAV "7*# |ijp |}r mkqjrik 7#2 hjccjik `‚gemkp| 4

“ 06 <:< gemkp| |ikp jkqm|pj| `‚}k hgk`gp |zk`jlgc# pjp}cgjrm i} |}vvcêgkp#cg @EGAV vrêlj|gkp w}‚® jc |‚gejp `‚}k kihorm vcgklbmr v}j|w}m# vgrhj lm|

hjkj|pârm|# lmrpgjk| k‚ikp prgk|hj| `m ìkkêm| w}m vi}r cm| |m}c| lihjpê|pmlbkjw}m| vgrjpgjrm| i} cm |m}c kjqmg} lmkprgc ¾ >

“ 76 607 gemkp| |ikp oêkêajljgjrm| `m `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê `m |mrqjlm g}pjprm `m c‚grpjlcm 71 "`} `êlrmp |pgp}pgjrm 4 qijr |}vrg* >

“ vgrhj lm| `mrkjmr|# |m}c| 5=0 gemkp| oêkêajljmkp `‚}km `êlbgrem pipgcm#|ijp 5#= -+ Cæ mklirm# jc |‚gejp `‚}k kihorm vcgklbmr# v}j|w}m lmrpgjk| hjkj|pârm|k‚ikp vg| agjp `m `j|pjklpjik mkprm cm| `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê `m |mrqjlm vgrpjmccm mp cm|`êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê `m |mrqjlm pipgcm >

“ |}r : ?25 gemkp| oêkêajljgkp `m `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê `m |mrqjlm vgrpjmccm|#|m}c| <2 |ikp go|mkp| `m| |mrqjlm| mk rgj|ik `‚}k l}h}c mkprm `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê`m |mrqjlm vgrpjmccm mp g}pirj|gpjik| |vêljgcm| `‚go|mklm+ Cm| hjkj|pârm| lik|j`ârmkppi}pmaij| k‚gqijr g}l}km qj|jojcjpê |}r cg |jp}gpjik `m lm| gemkp| g} kjqmg} cilgc+

Vgr gjccm}r|# cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| |jêemgkp g} Lik|mjc |}vêrjm}r `mcg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `m c‚Êpgp oêkêajljmkp `m `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê `m |mrqjlmjkpmrhjkj|pêrjmccm|# ajêm| æ 5=#5 "?*+

Vgr lik|êw}mkp# cg `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik mp `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m êqgc}m# vgr mprgvicgpjik# æ mkqjrik =6 666 cm kihorm `‚gemkp| hmhorm|`‚}km jk|pgklm `m liklmrpgpjik `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `m c‚Êpgp# pjp}cgjrm| mp|}vvcêgkp| likaik`}|# æ 7 666 cm kihorm `‚gemkp| oêkêajljgjrm| `‚}km `êlbgrempipgcm mp æ 7? 666 cm kihorm `‚gemkp| oêkêajljgjrm| `‚}km `êlbgrem vgrpjmccm+

"7* Vrmhjmr hjkj|prm# hjkj|pârm| `m cg `êamk|m# `m| gaagjrm| êprgkeârm| `m c‚êliciejm# `m c‚êlikihjm mp `m| ajkgklm|# `} prgqgjc# `m c‚ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm mp `m c‚mk|mjekmhmkp |}vêrjm}r# `m c‚gerjl}cp}rm# `m

c‚jhhjergpjik# `m cg |gkpê# `m cg dm}km||m mp `m| |virp|# `m c‚jkpêrjm}r# cg `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `m cg vicjlmkgpjikgcm# mp cg `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `m c‚gqjgpjik ljqjcm+

"?* @mv}j| }k grräpê `} ?0 gqrjc ?665 virpgkp rêvgrpjpjik `m `êlbgrem| `m |mrqjlm æ lgrglpârm jkpmrhjkj|pêrjmc mkprm cm| aê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m aiklpjikkgjrm| rmvrê|mkpêm| g} Lik|mjc |}vêrjm}r `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m`m c‚Êpgp+



‐ ?6 ‐

Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik cm 76 kiqmhorm ?677# H+ DmgkHgrjhomrp# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `} hjkj|pârm `m c‚ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm# `m cg dm}km||mmp `m cg qjm g||iljgpjqm mp `} hjkj|pârm `m c‚mk|mjekmhmkp |}vêrjm}r mp `m cgrmlbmrlbm g ìkkê w}mcw}m| êcêhmkp| lihvcêhmkpgjrm| |}r cm| hizmk| b}hgjk|hj| æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vgr lm| hjkj|pârm|+

Hizmk| hj| æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vgr cm hjkj|pârm `m c‚ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm mp lmc}j `m c‚mk|mjekmhmkp |}vêrjm}r mp `m cg rmlbmrlbm

Vi}r c‚gkkêm |licgjrm ?677(?67?# cm qic}hm eciogc `m `êlbgrem| m|p `m7 712 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk prgqgjccê "MPVP* vi}r lm w}j liklmrkm# |prjlpi |mk|}# cm|`êlbgrem| ̀ m |mrqjlm+

]k grräpê `} 71 dgkqjmr 7:2=# |vêljajw}m g} hjkj|pârm `m c‚ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm# vrêqijp cg vi||jojcjpê# vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# `m prgk|airhmr cm| g}pirj|gpjik||vêljgcm| `‚go|mklm mk `j|vmk|m| `m |mrqjlm g||jhjcgocm| æ `m| `êlbgrem| `m |mrqjlm# æ

bg}pm}r `m =6 - `} likpjkemkp+ Lmppm vi||jojcjpê g êpê virpêm æ 5= - vgr }km `êlj|jik `}72 hgj 7::0+ Vgr lik|êw}mkp mk gdi}pgkp cm vri`}jp `m cg prgk|airhgpjik `‚}km vgrpjm `m||vêljgcm| `‚go|mklm mk `êlbgrem| `m |mrqjlm# cm qic}hm eciogc `m| `êlbgrem| m|p `m7 :66 MPVP+ W}gkp æ cg vgrpjm `m| |vêljgcm| `‚go|mklm w}j k‚m|p vg| prgk|airhgocm mk`êlbgrem| ̀ m |mrqjlm# mccm rmvrê|mkpm# vi}r lmppm gkkêm |licgjrm# 51 22= di}rkêm|+

Vgr gjccm}r|# jc mj|pm# mk `mbir| `} qic}hm eciogc# }k prâ| vmpjp kihorm `m`êlbgrem| |}rk}hêrgjrm|+ Lmccm|(lj ikp êpê gllir`êm| mk 7:27 æ `m} iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm|# cg LEP mp cg LA@P# mk lihvmk|gpjik `m cm}r likprjo}pjik qicikpgjrm æ }k`j|vi|jpja `m |}jqj mhvcij(airhgpjik 4 mccm| êw}jqgcgjmkp æ ?? MPVP vi}r cg LEP mp 72 vi}r cgLA@P mp |ikp mk qijm `m rê|irvpjik vrierm||jqm+

W}mcw}m| `êlbgrem|# mk kihorm mklirm vc}| cjhjpê v}j|w}‚mccm| km `êvg||mkp vg|#g} pipgc# = MPVP# ikp êpê gllir`êm| æ w}mcw}m| iregkj|gpjik| ìkp cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê km vm}p

vg| äprm gvvrêljêm g} kjqmg} kgpjikgc "c‚iregkj|gpjik VG\ <2 "Vi}r }km gcpmrkgpjqm |zk`jlgcm*jhvcgkpêm mk J|ârm# cm \zk`jlgp `m| prgqgjccm}r| lir|m| "\PL* mp prij| |zk`jlgp| vrê|mkp| æ cg_ê}kjik# mk E}zgkm mp mk Hgrpjkjw}m*+

Mkajk# cm| hgëprm| `m c‚mk|mjekmhmkp vrjqê |i}| likprgp oêkêajljmkp `m?61 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk `m `êlbgrem `‚glpjqjpê+

◉ Cg hj||jik lihh}km |}r c‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g}

iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m|Cm| liklc}|jik| `m lmppm hj||jik# ojmk w}m virpgkp |}r `m| ìkkêm|

vgrpjmccm|# vmrhmppmkp `‚gqijr `m| êcêhmkp| |}r cm| hizmk| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik| `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# kipghhmkp `gk| cm| hjkj|pârm| 4

“ |‚gej||gkp `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `m c‚Êpgp# cg hj||jik m|pjhm w}m cm|g}pirj|gpjik| |vêljgcm| `‚go|mklm mp cm| `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê `m |mrqjlmrmvrê|mkpmrgjmkp = =?5 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk# |}r cg og|m `m ?06 di}r| prgqgjccê|`gk| c‚mk|mhocm `m| hjkj|pârm|# |ijp c‚êw}jqgcmkp `m ?#22 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk

|zk`jlg} vi}r 7 666 gemkp|+ Gllm||ijrmhmkp# qiprm rgvvirpm}r io|mrqm w}m |jc‚ik vrmkgjp mk lihvpm 726 di}r| prgqgjccê| `gk| c‚ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm “ lm w}j m|p vc}| likairhm æ cg rêgcjpê “# gqml cm| hähm| ìkkêm| vgr gjccm}r|# cm| g}pirj|gpjik||vêljgcm| `‚go|mklm mp cm| `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê `m |mrqjlm rmvrê|mkpmrgjmkp



‐ ?7 ‐

= :65 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk# |ijp c‚êw}jqgcmkp `m <#62 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk|zk`jlg} vi}r 7 666 gemkp| >

“ |‚gej||gkp `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m pmrrjpirjgcm# cm| jkairhgpjik|prgk|hj|m| æ cg hj||jik# w}j liklmrkmkp ?< lik|mjc| eêkêrg}# }k lik|mjc rêejikgc

mp w}gprm lihh}km|# aikp êpgp `‚}km ai}rlbmppm lihvrj|m mkprm 7#7: mp=#07 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk vi}r hjccm gemkp| vi}r c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc+Lmcg rmvrê|mkpm }km hizmkkm `m ?#15 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk vi}r hjccm gemkp|+Lmppm m|pjhgpjik ìjp lmvmk`gkp äprm vrj|m gqml vrêlg}pjik# pgkp c‚êlbgkpjccik `mliccmlpjqjpê| m|p cjhjpê >

“ mkajk# c‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| |zk`jlg} `gk| <7 êpgocj||mhmkp|bi|vjpgcjmr|# |ijp }k êlbgkpjccik `m ?7? 7:= gemkp|# hikprm w}m c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp|zk`jlgc `gk| lm| êpgocj||mhmkp| rmvrê|mkpm ?#1= êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk vi}r hjccm gemkp|+

_gpji `m| hizmk| |zk`jlg} vgr hjkj|pârm i} êpgocj||mhmkp v}ocjl

Maamlpja|g`hjkj|prgpjik

G\G grp+70

"mk di}r|*

G\G grp+70

"mk MPV*

@êlbgrem|"mk MPV*

MPV G\G"grp+70* mp`êlbgrem|

MPV |zk`jlg}vi}r hjccm

gemkp|Ê`}lgpjik mp mk|+|}vêrjm}r

7 7<: 010 ?5< 05? 7 7<:#= 7 ?<0 ? <5<#= ?#62

Ajkgklm| bir| MVG 7:= 76? 01 2?0 <1=#7 =2: :=0#7 0#2:

HMM@@GP . MVG 76= 5<? @ikkêm| kik

lmkprgcj|êm| vgr cm|HMM@@GP

<?6#<= <?6#0 “

@êamk|m bir| MVG 21 7:2 ?< 120 :2#5 <66 <:2#5 0#1<Gerjl}cp}rm mp välbm .MVG

0= 1=2 76 0=1 0=#1 7?1#= 75?#7 <#55

Jkpêrjm}r <5 :1: : 770 <2#6 76?#2 706#2 <#57Vicjlm kgpjikgcm 705 766 <=0<60 705#7 <50 =?7#7 <#=0D}|pjlm . MVG <7 16= 5 =2= <7#1 2: 7?6#1 <#2?Gaagjrm| êprgkeârm| .IAV_G . GMAM

<6 ?:6 5 ?1: <6#< 26#: 777#? 1#15

LK_\ ?1 2<? = 52: ?1#2 := 7?7#2 0#=0L}cp}rm . MVG ?< 5=7 = 566 ?<#5 15#2 :7#= <#2=

\gkpê .MVG ?7 <=0 = 71: ?7#= 17 2?#= <#25Prgqgjc . MVG 76 =<6 = 21: 7<#5 <0#7 05#2 0#=0JK_G 2 25: ? 6?0 2#2 ?=#?2 <0#7 <#20Dm}km||m mp |virp| 1 5=? 7 2?1 5#1 ?7#50 ?:#< 0#<=Vrmhjmr hjkj|prm .MVG

? 62: 6 6#6 5#7 5#7 <#07

Pipgc "MPV ?06* "7* 7 :7: <6= 0<5 62= 7 ::2 < =?: = =?5 ?#22Pipgc "MPV ?06 mp726* "?*

7 :7: <6= 0<5 62= ? <52 < =?: = :65 <#62

"7* MPV lgcl}cêm| `gk| cg vc}vgrp `m| hjkj|pârm|# kipghhmkp c‚ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm |}r cg og|m `m ?06 di}r| `m prgqgjc vgr gk+

"?* MPV lgcl}cêm| mk vrmkgkp mk lihvpm 726 di}r| prgqgjccê| vgr gk `gk| c‚ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm "lgcl}c maamlp}ê vgr cglihhj||jik ̀ ‚mkw}äpm*+

\i}rlm 4 ® _gvvirp |}r c‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| ¾#hj||jik JEG# JEGMK_# JEG\ mp LEMAJ+



‐ ?? ‐

]km |jhvcm mprgvicgpjik æ vgrpjr `m lm| ìkkêm|# hikprm w}m cm| hizmk|gllir`ê| æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m vi}rrgjmkp äprmlihvrj| mkprm 7< =66 mp 70 666 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk+

Cm| hizmk| |zk`jlg} `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m

Êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv|vcmjk vi}r 7666 gemkp|

Pipgc êw}jqgcmkp|pmhv| vcmjk

Pipgc MPV hizmk||zk`jlg}

Aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `‚Êpgp ?#22 æ <#62 ? ?5: 55: 1 =11 æ 5 6?7Aiklpjik v}ocjw}m pmrrjpirjgcm ?#15 7 111 =1= 0 0=6Aiklpjik v}ocjw}mbi|vjpgcjârm ?#1= :1= :6? ? =16Pipgc “ 0 :7? ?01 7< =5= æ 70 6<7

Lmvmk`gkp lm| m|pjhgpjik| ìjqmkp äprm vrj|m| gqml vrêlg}pjik lgr cg

hj||jik `‚êqgc}gpjik mccm(hähm |i}cjekm w}m cm| hizmk| b}hgjk| `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| |ikp qrgj|mhocgocmhmkp |}vêrjm}r| g} lbjaarm| jk`jw}ê|lj(`m||}|+ Mk maamp# c‚mkw}äpm km pjmkp vg| lihvpm `m| g}pirj|gpjik| |vêljgcm|`‚go|mklm gllir`êm| |}r `mhgk`m `m c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik# l‚m|p(æ(`jrm `m|g}pirj|gpjik| |vêljgcm| `‚go|mklm `m c‚grpjlcm 7= `m| `êlrmp| vrêljpê|+ Vgr gjccm}r|#c‚bzvipbâ|m `m prgqgjc rmpmk}m g |i}qmkp êpê lmccm `m ?06 di}r| prgqgjccê|# gcir| w}m#lihvpm pmk} `m cg rê`}lpjik `} pmhv| `m prgqgjc# cg `}rêm maamlpjqm `m prgqgjc m|p vc}| vrilbm `m ??6 di}r| gkk}mc|+ Mkajk# lm| lbjaarm| |ikp `êlcgrgpja| mp km vrmkkmkp vg| mk lihvpm cg lik|ihhgpjik rêmccmhmkp lik|pgpêm `m lm| `rijp||zk`jlg}+

Cg hj||jik |}r c‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm| `êvgrpmhmkp| `} _bðkm mp `} Cijrmp ìkkm `m| rê|}cpgp| vc}| vrêlj|+

◉ Cg hj||jik |}r c‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| `gk| cm| `êvgrpmhmkp| `} _bðkm mp `} Cijrmp

Lihvpm pmk} `m| jkqm|pjegpjik| hmkêm| mk ?676 `gk| lm| `m}

`êvgrpmhmkp|# cg hj||jik z êqgc}m cm| hizmk| |zk`jlg} æ 75#2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r cm| hizmk| b}hgjk| mp 7#0: hjccjik `‚m}ri| vi}r cm| hizmk| hgpêrjmc|# |ijp}k pipgc `m 7:#< hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+ Lmcg rmvrê|mkpm 7<0 m}ri| vgr gemkp mp vgr gklik|glrê| g} |i}pjmk `m c‚glpjqjpê `m| |zk`jlgp| `gk| lm| `m} `êvgrpmhmkp|+ Cm|hizmk| b}hgjk| vm}qmkp äprm êqgc}ê| æ 07= êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk+



‐ ?< ‐

Cm| hizmk| b}hgjk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm _bðkm mp cm Cijrmp

Grp 7< Grp 70 Grp 7= @G\@êpglbmhmkp| mp

hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjikAirhgpjik Pipgc

Di}rkêm| gcci}êm| = =2: ?= 706 = 225 =2 ?=7 7 :2= < :06 766 5:7Di}rkêm| lik|ihhêm| = 26: 7= 6<0 75 6=1 0: 7:2 ? 066 7 ::0 :7 0:6

Kihorm `‚gemkp|liklmrkê|

7 =<6 ? 762 7 056 7 0?: 02? 5:0 5 27<

Qgcirj|gpjik mk m}ri| :56 525 = <60 50= < 6?= 7=: 5 566 :2< 0?6 :2? <52 ?:7 75 266 :05

Mk MPV æ ??6 di}r| vgr gemkp

?1#06 12#<0 55#=< ??<#1< 76#:7 :#61 07=#25

Vi}r 7666 gemkp| "7* 6#72 6#05 6#=0 7#== 6#62 6#61 ?#2:

"7* 700 666 MPV liklmrkê|+

Lmvmk`gkp# lihhm cm |i}cjekm cm rgvvirp# ® cm| jk|}aaj|gklm| jhvirpgkpm|`gk| cm |}jqj `m| go|mklm|# cm| cgl}km| `gk| cm| rêvik|m| g} w}m|pjikkgjrm|# cm|mk|mjekmhmkp| `m| mkprmpjmk| hmkê| pgkp gqml cm| rm|vik|gocm| `m| |mrqjlm|w}‚gqml cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| |zk`jlg} lik`}j|mkp cg hj||jik æ lik|j`êrmr w}m cmhikpgkp lik|glrê vgr cm| mhvcizm}r| v}ocjl| g} |zk`jlgp| `gk| cm _bðkm mp cm

Cijrmp m|p vriogocmhmkp g} gcmkpi}r| `m ?=6 m}ri| vgr gemkp mk ?662 ¾+

Lihvpm pmk} `m c‚êqgc}gpjik rêgcj|êm `gk| lm| `m} `êvgrpmhmkp|# mplihvpm pmk} `} kihorm `m aiklpjikkgjrm| rmlmk|ê| g} kjqmg} kgpjikgc `gk| cm dg}km o}èêpgjrm ® aiklpjik v}ocjw}m ¾ mk ?677 "=#<5? hjccjik| `‚gemkp|*# ik vm}pm|pjhmr vgr mprgvicgpjik w}m cm| hizmk| gpprjo}ê| æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc`gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m rmvrê|mkpmkp mkprm 5?6 hjccjik| mp 7#<0< hjccjgr``‚m}ri|+

C‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| gpprjo}ê| æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m

Hizmk| b}hgjk| Hizmk| hgpêrjmc| Pipgc@êvmk|m vgr gemkp"Bzvipbâ|m 7*

7?<#1 m}ri| 76#0 m}ri| 7<0 m}ri|

@êvmk|m vgr gemkp

"Bzvipbâ|m ?* ?<6#1 m}ri| 7:#0 m}ri| ?=6 m}ri|

@êvmk|m `gk| aiklpjik v}ocjw}m"Bzvipbâ|m 7*

11<#:2 hjccjik|`‚m}ri|

==#25 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|57:#2= hjccjik|

`‚m}ri|@êvmk|m `gk| aiklpjik v}ocjw}m"Bzvipbâ|m ?*

7 ?<2#52 hjccjik|`‚m}ri|

760#?7 hjccjik|`‚m}ri|

7 <0< hjccjik| `‚m}ri|

Cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m mk mprgvicgkpcm| rê|}cpgp| lik|pgpê| `gk| cm| `m} `êvgrpmhmkp| m|p rmprglêm `gk| cm pgocmg}|}jqgkp+



‐ ?0 ‐

Cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| gpprjo}ê| æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m

Grp 7< Grp 70 Grp 7=@G\ .

`êpglbmhmkp|Airhgpjik Pipgc

Hizmk| gcci}ê| `gk| cm|`m} `êvgrpmhmkp| "hjccjik|`‚m}ri|*

6#:5 =#<6 <#6< 2#7? 6#<2 75#26

- `} pipgc =#0= ?:#26 71#:: 0=#1< ?#7? 766Mprgvicgpjik 4 bzvipbâ|m 7"hjccjik| ̀ ‚m}ri|*

<:#?1 ?70#=? 7??#<0 <?2#0= 7=#?: 57:#2=

Mprgvicgpjik 4 bzvipbâ|m ?"hjccjik| ̀ ‚m}ri|*

5<#?0 066#?< ??2#?0 17?#52 ?2#=? 7 <0<

C‚êqgc}gpjik æ 7#< hjccjgr` `‚m}ri| `m| hizmk| |zk`jlg} `gk| cm|aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m|# w}j g êpê rmvrj|m `gk| cg vrm||m æ c‚g}pihkm ?677# k‚g vg| êpê`êhmkpjm vgr cm hjkj|pârm `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# cmw}mc g êegcmhmkp êqgc}ê æ75 666 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk lm| hizmk|# lm w}j km rmvrê|mkpm w}m 6#<0 - `m|maamlpja| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# l‚m|p(æ(`jrm }k maairp ® 0 æ = aij| jkaêrjm}r æ lmc}jlik|glrê g} `jgcie}m |iljgc `gk| lmrpgjkm| ergk`m| mkprmvrj|m| vrjqêm|+ ¾

Cm rgvvirpm}r lik|j`ârm w}m lmppm `mrkjârm m|pjhgpjik m|p vriogocmhmkp|i}|(êqgc}êm+ Mk maamp# cg hj||jik `‚êqgc}gpjik `m| jk|vmlpjik| g `êkihorê:7 0:6 di}rkêm| lik|ihhêm| `gk| cm lg`rm `m c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc vi}r 700 666 gemkp| `gk| cm| `m} `êvgrpmhmkp| 4 vgr mprgvicgpjik# g} kjqmg} kgpjikgc#

vi}r =#<5? hjccjik| `m aiklpjikkgjrm|# cm| hizmk| gllir`ê| æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp|zk`jlgc rmvrê|mkpmrgjmkp mk lik|êw}mklm <#0 hjccjik| `m di}rkêm| `m `êlbgrem|#|ijp# |}r }km og|m `m likqmr|jik `m ??6 di}r| `m prgqgjc vgr gk# mkqjrik7= 666 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk+

Hgj| lm `êkihormhmkp vgr cg hj||jik m|p lmc}j w}j c‚g lik`}jpm æ }k liþp vgr gemkp `m 7<0 m}ri|+ \j ik |‚mk pjmkp æ c‚bzvipbâ|m `m| hähm| jk|vmlpm}r| |mcikcgw}mccm cm| hizmk| `ê`jê| æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc |mrgjmkp mk agjp `m?=6 m}ri| vgr gemkp# lm| hizmk|# mprgvicê| g} vcgk kgpjikgc mp likqmrpj|#rmvrê|mkpmrgjmkp vc}| `m ?2 666 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk vi}r cm| prij| aiklpjik|

v}ocjw}m|+

◉ Cm| êcêhmkp| prgk|hj| vgr cm| |mrqjlm| `m| lik|mjc| rêejikg}

Cm pgocmg} |}jqgkp rmprglm cm| êcêhmkp| prgk|hj| vgr iktm lik|mjc|rêejikg}# mk rêvik|m æ }k w}m|pjikkgjrm `} rgvvirpm}r# |}r cm| hizmk| b}hgjk|w}j |ikp hj| æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m aiklpjikkgjrm|+



‐ ?= ‐

Cm| hizmk| gpprjo}ê| æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| cm| lik|mjc| rêejikg}

Gc|glm “ G\G "grp+7<* 4 5 di}r|

“ Airhgpjik |zk`jlgcm 4 1 di}r|

Gw}jpgjkm “ G\G 4 5 ?2< bm}rm| "7* “ @G\ 4 1=6 bm}rm| "7*

Ormpgekm “ @G\ 4 :<:<#? bm}rm| "?*

“ G\G 4 = 55:#07 bm}rm| “ Airhgpjik |zk`jlgcm 4 ?26 bm}rm| "<*

Lbghvgekm(Gr`mkkm

“ G\G 4 <1= di}r| “ @G\ 4 0=6 bm}rm|

Lmkprm

“ G\G "grp+ 7? mp 7<* 4 7=1 di}r| “ G\G "grp+70* 4 555 bm}rm| “ @G\ 4 0 770 bm}rm| “ Airhgpjik |zk`jlgcm 4 <? di}r|

E}zgkm “ @G\ 4 7<6 bm}rm|

Bg}pm( Kirhgk`jm

“ @G\ grpjlcm 71 4 1 <<? bm}rm|

“ G\G grpjlcm 7< 4 <57 di}r| “ G\G grpjlcm 70 4 7 =10 bm}rm| “ G}pirj|gpjik| grpjlcm =5 `m cg cij 20(=< 4 ?0 di}r|

Jcm(`m(Argklm “ @G\ 4 72 6<1 bm}rm|

“ G\G 4 75 6<0 bm}rm|

Cjhi}|jk “ @G\ grp+ 71 4 0 ?66 bm}rm| “ G\G grpjlcm 70 4 <16 di}r| “ G\G grpjlcm 7< 4 76 di}r| vgr gk mp vgr gemkp

Hj`j(Vzrêkêm| “ @G\ 4 1=6 bm}rm| vgr hij| "?*

“ G\G 4 = 62< bm}rm|"7* Lm| hizmk| b}hgjk| |ikp qgcirj|ê| æ bg}pm}r `m 77< 755 m}ri|+

"?* Hizmk| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik+

"<* Hizmk| lik|ihhê|+

Lmrpgjk| lik|mjc| rêejikg} "7* ikp |jekê `m| vripilicm| `‚gllir` rmcgpja| æc‚gvvcjlgpjik `} `rijp |zk`jlgc vi}r lik|jekmr cm| hizmk| b}hgjk| hj| æ`j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+

l* @m| gj`m| ajkgkljârm| kik kêecjemgocm|

Hähm |j mccm| |ikp rmcgpjqmhmkp hgrejkgcm| vgr rgvvirp g} hj|m| æ`j|vi|jpjik `m hizmk|# cm| gj`m| ajkgkljârm| `jrmlpm| g} |zk`jlgp| `m

aiklpjikkgjrm| km |ikp vg| pi}di}r| kêecjemgocm|+

◉ Cm| |}oqmkpjik| `m airhgpjik g} |zk`jlgp| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `mc‚Êpgp

Cg cij `} 77 dgkqjmr 7:20 rmcgpjqm æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `m c‚Êpgp "?*#lihvcêpêm vgr lmccm `} ?1 d}jccmp 7::7 "<*# vrêqijp w}m cm| glpjik| `m airhgpjik|zk`jlgcm hj|m| mk vcglm vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m aiklpjikkgjrm|

"7* Cm| lik|mjc| rêejikg} `m Lbghvgekm(Gr`mkkm# `} Lmkprm mp `m Hj`j(Vzrêkêm| ikp prgk|hj| `m pmccm|likqmkpjik| g} rgvvirpm}r+

"?* Cij k¶ 20(71 `} 77 dgkqjmr 7:20 virpgkp `j|vi|jpjik| |pgp}pgjrm| rmcgpjqm| æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `m c‚Êpgp+

"<* Cij k¶ :7(57= `} ?1 d}jccmp 7::7 virpgkp `jqmr|m| `j|vi|jpjik| rmcgpjqm| æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m+



‐ ?1 ‐

rmvrê|mkpêm| g} Lik|mjc |}vêrjm}r `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `m c‚Êpgp vm}qmkp agjrmc‚iodmp `‚}km gj`m ajkgkljârm+ Lmppm |}oqmkpjik# m|p qmr|êm lbgw}m gkkêm g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| |jêemgkp g} Lik|mjc |}vêrjm}r# lihvpmpmk} `} kihorm `m |jâem ìkp mccm| `j|vi|mkp+ C‚grräpê `} = d}jccmp ?665 vrêqijpw}m lmppm ìpgpjik m|p rêvgrpjm mkprm 2 iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| "7*+ Mk ?677# lmppm|}oqmkpjik m|p `m ?#<1 hjccjik| m}ri|+

\}oqmkpjik vi}r airhgpjik |zk`jlgcm gllir`êm g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| ̀ m aiklpjikkgjrm| ̀ m c‚Êpgp

"mk m}ri|*

?66= "7* ?661 ?665 "?* ?662 ?66: ?676 ?677LA@P <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6LEP <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6AI <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6

A\] <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6]K\G <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6 <1< 6<0#=6LEL 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?=LAPL 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?=\icj`gjrm| “ “ 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?= 727 =75#?=Pipgc ? 752 ?65 ? 752 ?65 ? 752 ?65 ? <=: 5?0#?= ? <=: 5?0#?= ? <=: 5?0#?= ? <=: 5?0#?=

"7* Grräpê `} ?5 gqrjc ?66= ajgkp cm hikpgkp `m cg |}oqmkpjik qmr|êm g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m aiklpjikkgjrm| `m c‚Êpgp+

"?* Grräpê `} = d}jccmp ?665 ajgkp cm hikpgkp `m cg |}oqmkpjik qmr|êm g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m aiklpjikkgjrm| `m c‚Êpgp+

◉ Cm| g}prm| |}oqmkpjik| `m c‚Êpgp

Lmrpgjk| hjkj|pârm| gpprjo}mkp `m| |}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| w}j z |ikp vrê|mkpm|+

Cg hj||jik `‚êqgc}gpjik vrêljpêm `m ?66: |}r cm| hizmk| gcci}ê| g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| kipm w}m cm qmr|mhmkp`m lm| |}oqmkpjik| m|p eêkêrgcmhmkp aik`ê |}r `m| ljrl}cgjrm| hjkj|pêrjmccm| i}# vi}r cm| êpgocj||mhmkp| v}ocjl|# |}r }km `êlj|jik `} lik|mjc `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik+ Cmpgocmg} w}j |}jp rêlgvjp}cm cm| |}oqmkpjik| rêvmrpirjêm| vgr lmppm hj||jik+

"7* Grräpê `} = d}jccmp ?665 ajgkp cm hikpgkp `m cg |}oqmkpjik qmr|êm g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m aiklpjikkgjrm| `m c‚Êpgp



‐ ?5 ‐

@ipgpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `‚Êpgp

Iodmp Hikpgkp

Hjkj|pârm|

Hjkj|pârm `m c‚Gerjl}cp}rm

@ipgpjik `m|pjkêm æ li}qrjr cm| `êvmk|m| `m li}rrjmr#

`m pêcêvbikjm# `‚jhvrm||jik mp `m hgpêrjmcjkairhgpjw}m

<66 666

Hjkj|pârm `} Prgqgjc@ipgpjik `m|pjkêm æ li}qrjr cm| `êvmk|m| `mai}rkjp}rm|# `m li}rrjmr# `m pêcêvbikjm# `m hiojcjmr mp`m hgpêrjmc jkairhgpjw}m

<<6 666

Hjkj|pârm `m cg @êamk|m@ipgpjik ljocêm |}r c‚glbgp `m ai}rkjp}rm| `m o}rmg}li}rgkpm|

71 666

Hjkj|pârm `m c‚Jkpêrjm}r "Bir| vicjlm kgpjikgcm*

@ipgpjik `m|pjkêm æ li}qrjr cm| `êvmk|m| `mai}rkjp}rm| `m o}rmg}# prgqg} `‚jhvrm||jik#lihh}kjlgpjik| pêcêvbikjw}m| mp hiojcjmr

=2 666

HMM@GP@ipgpjik æ li}qrjr `m| `êvmk|m| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp"kipghhmkp `êvcglmhmkp|* `gk| cm| ki}qmccm|`jrmlpjik| jkpmrrêejikgcm| `m| ri}pm|

?2< 666 "7*

Hjkj|pârm| ajkgkljmr|

@ipgpjik gcci}êm g} aê`êrgpjik| |jêemgkp g} lihjpêpmlbkjw}m vgrjpgjrm hjkj|pêrjmc mp æ lmccm| gaajcjêm| æ}km }kjik |zk`jlgcm |jêemgkp g} Lik|mjc |}vêrjm}r `mcg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `m c%Êpgp

<<5 717 "7*

Hjkj|pârm `m cg D}|pjlm @ipgpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp eêkêrgcm ?62 :12Êpgocj||mhmkp| v}ocjl|

LK_\

@ipgpjik vi}r cg vrj|m mk lbgrem `m| argj| `mlihh}kjlgpjik mp `m li}rrjmr æ likl}rrmklm `m ?6 -`} hikpgkp `m cg vgrpjljvgpjik g} argj| `m ciemhmkp`m| |zk`jlgp|

?< 666

JK_G @ipgpjik vi}r cm aiklpjikkmhmkp mp c‚êw}jvmhmkp `m||mlrêpgjrm| kgpjikg} `m| w}gprm |zk`jlgp| 7< 666

"7* Mk ?665+

\i}rlm 4 ® _gvvirp |}r c‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| ¾ "hgr| ?66:*+

Vgr gjccm}r|# cg hj||jik `‚êqgc}gpjik vrêljpêm g rmcmqê `m} lg| `mqmr|mhmkp `m |}oqmkpjik| ajkgkljârm| "7* g} kjqmg} `‚}k hjkj|pârm 4

“ `gk| cg vicjlm kgpjikgcm# }km |}oqmkpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp# jk|lrjpm

lbgw}m gkkêm mk cij `m ajkgklm|

"?*

# m|p qmr|êm `mv}j| 7::5 g} iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm|+ Mk ?67?# |mcik cm| ìl}hmkp| o}èêpgjrm|# lmppm |}oqmkpjik |‚êcâqmrg æ7#= hjccjik `‚m}ri| >

“ cm| hjkj|pârm| ajkgkljmr| qmr|mkp }km |}oqmkpjik cjêm g} hizmk|hgpêrjmc| }pjcj|ê| vgr cm| |zk`jlgp|# ìkp c‚}|gem k‚m|p vg| likprðcê+

"7* Cg hj||jik rgvvmccm w}m cg `j|pjklpjik mkprm cm| ìpgpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp mp cm| |}oqmkpjik| rê|j`m mk vrjkljvm `gk| cm}r cjomrpê `‚mhvcij 4 cm| ìpgpjik| |ikp acêlbêm| gcir| w}m cm| |zk`jlgp| oêkêajljmkp `‚}km vc}| ergk`m cjomrpê `‚mhvcij vi}r cm| |}oqmkpjik|+ Mk vrgpjw}m# cg `j|pjklpjik mkprm cm| `m} kipjik| m|p vgraij| pêk}m+

"?* Lmppm |}oqmkpjik m|p jhv}pêm |}r c‚glpjik 1 `} vrierghhm ® Vicjlm kgpjikgcm ¾ `m cg hj||jik ® \êl}rjpê ¾+



‐ ?2 ‐

◉ Cm| |}oqmkpjik| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}mpmrrjpirjgcm

Lihhm cm hikprm cm rgvvirp vrêljpê `m cg hj||jik `‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk|gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| `m ?66:# }k

ergk` kihorm `m liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| gpprjo}mkp g}||j `m| |}oqmkpjik| `maiklpjikkmhmkp g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m 4 ® cg

vrgpjw}m `m| ìpgpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp m|p êegcmhmkp li}rgkpm `gk| cm|liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| gkgcz|êm| vgr cg hj||jik+ Gjk|j# cg ergk`m hgdirjpê `m|lik|mjc| rêejikg} gzgkp rêvik`} g} w}m|pjikkgjrm gpprjo}m }km pmccm ìpgpjik g}

|zk`jlgp|# `m hähm w}m cm| hgjrjm| `m _i}mk mp `} Bgqrm+ Lmppm ìpgpjik m|p vgraij| gaamlpêm æ }km }pjcj|gpjik vrêlj|m# lihhm cm| argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp vi}r cmlik|mjc rêejikgc `} Cjhi}|jk# i} `m hgkjârm vc}| cgrem# lihhm vgr cm lik|mjc rêejikgc `m Bg}pm(Kirhgk`jm 4 aiklpjikkmhmkp li}rgkp# gaargklbj||mhmkp#

gllm||ijrm| jkairhgpjw}m|# argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp ¾+Cm lik|mjc rêejikgc `m Bg}pm(Kirhgk`jm g maamlpjqmhmkp jk`jw}ê g}

rgvvirpm}r w}‚}km ìpgpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp `m 76 00? m}ri| êpgjp gpprjo}êm g}ljkw iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vrê|mkpm| `gk| cm| |mrqjlm|+ Lmppm ìpgpjik li}qrm® c‚gaargklbj||mhmkp `} li}rrjmr# c‚glbgp `m| gllm||ijrm| jkairhgpjw}m|# cm|goikkmhmkp| mp aik`| ìl}hmkpgjrm| mp cm| argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp vi}r rmvrê|mkpgpjik| |zk`jlgcm# mpl ¾+

Vgr gjccm}r|# cm| êcêhmkp| prgk|hj| g} rgvvirpm}r vgr cm| lik|mjc| rêejikg}

hikprmkp w}m lm| liccmlpjqjpê| hmppmkp arêw}mhhmkp æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m| cilg}# gjk|j w}m `} hgpêrjmc jkairhgpjw}m mp o}rmg}pjw}m# mp vrmkkmkp mk lbgrem lmrpgjkm| `êvmk|m| li}rgkpm|+ Kêgkhijk|#lihhm cm hikprmkp cm| liklc}|jik| `m cg hj||jik `‚êqgc}gpjik vrêljpêm |}r cm|hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `gk| cm|`êvgrpmhmkp| `} _bðkm mp `} Cijrmp# lm| hizmk| hgpêrjmc| km aikp vg| c‚iodmp`‚}km m|pjhgpjik ajkgkljârm+ Jc m|p ìkl `jaajljcm `‚mk êqgc}mr c‚jhvirpgklmajkgkljârm+

`* Cg vmr|j|pgklm `‚}km |jp}gpjik eêkêrgcm `‚jk|êl}rjpê d}rj`jw}m

Cm kihorm jhvirpgkp `‚gemkp| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m w}j |m pri}qmkp äprm`êpglbê| æ vcmjk pmhv| g}vrâ| `‚iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vi|m cg w}m|pjik `}rêejhm d}rj`jw}m w}j cm}r m|p gvvcjlgocm+

Gjk|j# }k rgvvirp `m c‚Jk|vmlpjik eêkêrgcm `m| gaagjrm| |iljgcm| |}r cmajkgklmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp| mk Gccmhgekm# mk Omcejw}m# mk Ergk`m(Ormpgekm# mkJpgcjm mp mk \}â`m "7* virpm }k d}emhmkp |êqârm |}r cg |jp}gpjik `m lm| vmr|ikkmc| mkArgklm# g} rmegr` `m| mmhvcm| êprgkemr| 4 ® jc m|p "‡* `m kipirjêpê v}ocjw}m w}m

"7* ® Êp}`m `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik lihvgrêm |}r cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp| "Gccmhgekm# Omcejw}m# Ergk`m( Ormpgekm# Jpgcjm# \}â`m ¾# H+ Vjmrrm `m \gjkpjekik# H+ Dêrðhm E}m`d# H+ Bicemr I|pmrrjm`mr mp HhmQgcêrjm \gjkpizmk "rgvvirp k¶ ?660(716# ilpiorm ?660*+



‐ ?: ‐

`m prâ| kihorm} vmrhgkmkp| |zk`jlg} |ikp hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik vgr c‚Êpgp# cm|iregkj|hm| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm# mp cm| mkprmvrj|m| vrjqêm| i} v}ocjw}m|# |gk|g}l}km og|m d}rj`jw}m+ Lmppm |jp}gpjik hmp mk vêrjc kik |m}cmhmkp cm| mhvcizm}r|w}j ajkgklmkp `m| mhvcij| ajlpja| hgj| g}||j cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| |zk`jlg} m}(hähm|gcir| w}m cm}r `êqi}mhmkp æ c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm m|p eêkêrgcmhmkp jklikpm|pgocm+

@gk| lm| lik`jpjik|# cg hj||jik |i}bgjpm gppjrmr c‚gppmkpjik `} hjkj|prm |}r cgkêlm||jpê jhvêrjm}|m `‚g`gvpmr cm lg`rm d}rj`jw}m prâ| rgvj`mhmkp# gajk `mcêegcj|mr lm| |jp}gpjik| ¾+

@m hähm# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm <7 giþp ?677# H+ @ihjkjw}m Cgooê# vriam||m}r `m |ljmklm| vicjpjw}m|# g rmermppê w}m lmppm |jp}gpjik `‚jk|êl}rjpê d}rj`jw}m ìjqm äprm jk ajkm eêrêm vgr cm| rm|vik|gocm| cilg} 4 ® d‚gdi}pmrgj w}m cm |z|pâhm m|p w}mcw}m vm} bzvilrjpm# lgr jc agjp rmvi|mr |}r cm| lbma| `‚êpgocj||mhmkp “ æ Cg Vi|pm # `gk| c‚ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm# mpl+ “ }km ergk`m vgrpjm `} vriocâhm 4

w}gk` }k mk|mjekgkp i} }k vi|pjmr `mhgk`m }k likeê vi}r vgrpjljvmr æ }kmjk|pgklm |pgp}pgjrm i} æ }k likerâ|# l‚m|p g} lbma `‚êpgocj||mhmkp pi}p |m}c w}‚jklihom cg rm|vik|gojcjpê `m c‚gllmvpmr i} `m cm rma}|mr# |‚jc m|pjhm vgr mmhvcm w}m cg rêvêpjpjik `m pmc| likeê| ajkjp vgr agjrm `m lmp gemkp# go}|jqmhmkp#}k vmrhgkmkp |zk`jlgc+ Hgj| kihorm `m ki| jkpmrcil}pm}r| ki}| ikp `êlcgrê w}‚jc|

vrêaêrgjmkp gllmvpmr lm| `mhgk`m|# c‚go|mklm w}g|j(vmrhgkmkpm `m c‚gemkp liklmrkê agljcjpgkp cg qjm `} |mrqjlm‡ Mk pi}p lg|# c‚jk|pgklm vicjpjw}m |m`êlbgrem gjk|j |}r c‚êlbmcik g`hjkj|prgpja `m cg em|pjik `‚}k |z|pâhm lihvcmm “ lm w}m dm km lrij| vg| äprm prâ| hirgc ¾+

Cm `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc `} prgqgjc# H+ Dmgk(@mkj| Lihormmccm# cir| `m |ikg}`jpjik cm <7 giþp ?677# g rmlikk} w}‚jc k‚z g vg| m} `‚êqic}pjik `mv}j|c‚êpgocj||mhmkp `m lm lik|pgp mk ?660# pi}p mk jk`jw}gkp w}‚jc z gqgjp ® `m|

vridmp| ¾ mp w}‚}km ® rmhj|m æ vcgp |mrgjp `gk| c‚jkpêräp hähm `m| |zk`jlgcj|pm| ¾+

$

Maamlpjqmhmkp# }k vridmp `m ® rmcmqê `m liklc}|jik| rmcgpja æ cghi`mrkj|gpjik `m| `rijp| mp hizmk| |zk`jlg} ¾ g êpê glpê cm ?: |mvpmhorm ?677|}jpm æ }km kêeiljgpjik gqml cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m+

\‚jk|lrjqgkp `gk| cg likpjk}jpê `m| ® gllir`| `m Omrlz ¾ `m ?662 mp `m cg cijk¶ ?676(5=7 `} = d}jccmp ?676 rmcgpjqm æ cg rêkiqgpjik `} `jgcie}m |iljgc mplihvirpgkp `jqmr|m| `j|vi|jpjik| rmcgpjqm| æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# lm ìl}hmkp vrivi|m }k lmrpgjk kihorm `m hm|}rm| `m prgk|vgrmklm mp `‚êqic}pjik| 4

“ cg vri`}lpjik vgr cm| mhvcizm}r| v}ocjl| `‚}k ojcgk gkk}mc `m| hizmk|gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp maamlpjqmhmkp }pjcj|ê|# w}‚jc |‚gej||m `mhizmk| pmlbkjw}m|# b}hgjk| i} ajkgkljmr| >

“ c‚iocjegpjik `‚jk|lrjrm mk gkkmm `m| lihvpm| gkk}mc| `m| iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m cm| likprjo}pjik| w}gkpjajêm| `mc‚g`hjkj|prgpjik# z lihvrj| cm| `jaaêrmkp| hizmk| b}hgjk| gpprjo}ê| mpmaamlpjqmhmkp }pjcj|ê| >



‐ <6 ‐

“ c‚jk|pjp}pjik `‚}k hê`jgpm}r `} `jgcie}m |iljgc lihh}k g} prij|aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| >

“ c‚jk|pg}rgpjik `m |}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp kgpjikgcm| g}iregkj|gpjik| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# |m |}o|pjp}gkp g} glp}mccm| |}oqmkpjik|

vi}r airhgpjik |zk`jlgcm >

“ cg lrêgpjik `‚}k lg`rm cêegc rmlikkgj||gkp cm| |}oqmkpjik| `maiklpjikkmhmkp `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# gajk `m |êl}rj|mr lmccm| w}j mj|pmkp `êdæ"lm pzvm `m |}oqmkpjik rm|pgkp agl}cpgpja mp |}oirìkkê æ }k gllir`* >

“ cg a}|jik `m| g}pirj|gpjik| |vêljgcm| `‚go|mklm ® grpjlcm 70 ¾ mp `m|`êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê `m |mrqjlm ® grpjlcm 71 ¾ "qijrm |}vrg vi}r lm| kipjik|*# lm|likpjkemkp| `m ® lrê`jp| `m pmhv| |zk`jlgc ¾ `mqgkp äprm rêvgrpj| mkprm cm|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mk aiklpjik `‚}km vgrp `} kihorm `m |jâem| `êpmk}| `gk|

cm| jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm|# `‚g}prm vgrp g} vrirgpg `m cm}r kihorm `m qij g}`mrkjârm| êcmlpjik| >

“ `m| hm|}rm| `m qgcirj|gpjik `m c‚mmrljlm `‚}k hgk`gp |zk`jlgc `gk| cm vgrli}r| vriam||jikkmc+

?+ Cm| mhvcizm}r| vrjqê|

Cm| mkprmvrj|m| likprjo}mkp ajkgkljârmhmkp g||mt vm}# |g}a mlmvpjik|# g}aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp| `m cm}r| |gcgrjê|+ Vi}r c‚m||mkpjmc# l‚m|p vgr cm ojgj|`m| `êlbgrem| birgjrm| vrêq}m| vgr cm li`m `} prgqgjc# gllm||ijrmhmkp vgr cm|g}prm| hizmk| hgpêrjmc| w}‚jc hmkpjikkm "cm| cilg} |zk`jlg} vgr mmhvcm*# w}mcm| mkprmvrj|m| vrmkkmkp mk lbgrem# g} |mk| cgrem# c‚glpjqjpê `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m||gcgrjê|# w}j m|p vrjkljvgcmhmkp "hgj| vg| mlc}|jqmhmkp* hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm vgr `m||zk`jlgcj|pm|+

g* Cg vgrpjljvgpjik ajkgkljârm `m| mkprmvrj|m| g} aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp|

◉ C‚grpjlcm C+ <70?(5 `} li`m `} prgqgjc `j|vi|m w}m pi}p |gcgrjê w}j|i}bgjpm vgrpjljvmr æ `m| |pgem| `m airhgpjik êlikihjw}m mp |iljgcm i} `mairhgpjik |zk`jlgcm iregkj|ê|# |ijp vgr `m| lmkprm| rgppglbê| æ `m| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| `m |gcgrjê| rmlikk}m| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc# |ijp vgr `m|jk|pjp}p| |vêljgcj|ê|# g `rijp# |}r |g `mhgk`m# æ }k i} vc}|jm}r| likeê|+ Lm likeê`m airhgpjik êlikihjw}m# |iljgcm mp |zk`jlgcm# ìkp cg `}rêm pipgcm km vm}pmlê`mr ì}tm di}r| vgr gk mp vgr |gcgrjê# k‚m|p mk vrjkljvm vg| rêh}kêrê+Lmvmk`gkp# `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| lihvrmkgkp g} hijk| 76 |gcgrjê|# c‚mhvcizm}r ìjprêh}kêrmr lm likeê `gk| cg cjhjpm `m 6#62 ‶ `} hikpgkp `m| |gcgjrm| vgzê| vmk`gkp c‚gkkêm mk li}r| "grpjlcm _+ <70?(7 `} li`m `} prgqgjc*+

Cg `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `} prgqgjc# |m aik`gkp |}r cm| |pgpj|pjw}m| `m c‚GLI\\w}j êqgc}mkp mk ?676 cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm `m| mkprmvrj|m| `m `j |gcgrjê| mp vc}| æ<:7#: hjccjgr`| `‚m}ri|# lbjaarm cg `êvmk|m hgjhgcm w}j g}rgjp v} äprm vrj|m mk



‐ <7 ‐

lbgrem vgr cm| mkprmvrj|m| g} pjprm `} ® 6#62 vi}r hjccm ¾ æ <7#< hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+Pi}pmaij|# mk gvvcjw}gkp }k gogppmhmkp airagjpgjrm `m << - lirrm|vik`gkp g} agjpw}‚}km vgrpjm jhvirpgkpm `m| mkprmvrj|m| `m vc}| `m `j |gcgrjê| "mkqjrik }k pjmr|*km lihvrmk` vg| `‚jk|pjp}pjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `} vmr|ikkmc i} k‚m|p vg|likarikpêm æ `m| om|ijk| `m airhgpjik# cg hähm |i}rlm lik|j`ârm w}m cm hikpgkp`m cg `êvmk|m maamlpjqm `m| mkprmvrj|m| g} pjprm `} ® 6#62 vi}r hjccm ¾ vm}p äprmm|pjhê æ ?6#1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676+

◉ Vgr gjccm}r|# cg vgrpjljvgpjik ajkgkljârm `m| mkprmvrj|m| g}aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vm}p vrmk`rm cg airhm `m `j|vi|jpja| vc}| cjhjpê| hj| mk vcglm `gk| cm lg`rm `‚gllir`| `m `rijp| |zk`jlg} "i}}kjcgpêrgcmhmkp* g} |mjk `‚}km mkprmvrj|m+ L‚m|p cm lg| kipghhmkp `} ® lbâw}m|zk`jlgc Gg ¾# hj| mk vcglm mk 7::6 4 lbgw}m gkkêm# `gk| lmppm mkprmvrj|m# m|prmhj| g} |gcgrjê| }k oik `m ajkgklmhmkp `m ljkw}gkpm m}ri| mkqjrik# æ lbgrem

vi}r m} `m cm rmqmr|mr# êqmkp}mccmhmkp gkikzhmhmkp# g} |zk`jlgp `m cm}r lbij#|gk| w}m lmcg qgjccm lipj|gpjik+ L‚m|p ìkl }k ajkgklmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp| vgr c‚mkprmvrj|m qjg cm |gcgrjê+ Lm `j|vi|jpja g lmvmk`gkp rmklikprê }k |}llâ|rmcgpjqmhmkp cjhjpê v}j|w}m vrâ| `‚}k |gcgrjê |}r `m} vrêaârm km vg| }pjcj|mr cmlbâw}m |zk`jlgc "cm| |gcgrjê| km vm}qmkp kgp}rmccmhmkp c‚mklgj||mr m}(hähm|* vc}pðp w}m `m cm rmhmpprm æ }k |zk`jlgp+

]km kipm `m cg @G_M\# prgk|hj|m vgr cg `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `} prgqgjc#hikprm }km g}ehmkpgpjik `} kihorm `‚gllir`| |}r cm| jk|pjp}pjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm|`} vmr|ikkmc# cm `rijp |zk`jlgc mp c‚mvrm||jik `m| |gcgrjê| `mv}j| ?662# lihhm cm

hikprm cm pgocmg} lj(`m||i}|+ Lm| gllir`| liklmrkmkp m||mkpjmccmhmkp cm| ergk`m|mkprmvrj|m| v}j|w}m 17#0 - `‚mkprm m} |ikp |jekê| `gk| `m| mkprmvrj|m| `m vc}| `m?66 |gcgrjê|+

Êqic}pjik `} kihorm `‚gllir`| |}r cm| jk|pjp}pjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `} vmr|ikkmc#cm `rijp |zk`jlgc mp c‚mvrm||jik `m| |gcgrjê| `mv}j| ?662

Kihorm `‚gllir`|mkrmej|prê| |}r ® cm|

J_V# cm `rijp |zk`jlgc#c‚mvrm||jik `m|

|gcgrjê| ¾

Êqic}pjik vgrrgvvirp æ c‚gkkêm

"k(7*

Vrivirpjik `m| gllir`| ® J_V# `rijp |zk`jlgc# mvrm||jik `m| |gcgrjê| ¾ vgrhj c‚mk|mhocm `m| pmpm| |jekê|

vgr `m| `êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg}

?662 "7* ? 61= ( 1#< -?66: "7* ? 5=1 . <<#= - 1#: -?676 "?* ? 27= . ?#7 - :#7 -

\i}rlm 4 Hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc# `m c‚mhvcij mp `m cg |gkpê “ @G_M\

"7* @ikkêm| `êajkjpjqm|+

"?* @ikkêm| lik|icj`êm| vgr cm| mkrmej|prmhmkp| `} vrmhjmr prjhm|prm ?677+ ]km vgrpjm `m| pmpm| |jekê| mk?676 |mrikp mkrmej|prê| pi}p g} cike `m c‚gkkêm ?677+ Cm kihorm `‚gllir`| lihvpgojcj|ê| mk ?676 `mqrgjp ìklg}ehmkpmr `‚jlj ajk ?677+

@gk| cm| êcêhmkp| prgk|hj| mk rêvik|m æ }k w}m|pjikkgjrm `} rgvvirpm}r# cg

`jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `} prgqgjc |i}cjekm cm `êqmcivvmhmkp mp cg `jqmr|jpê `m| gllir`|liklc}| 4 ® `gk| `m| mkprmvrj|m| lihhm Gg# Liajri}pm# Lrê`jp H}p}mc# \gargk# cmLrê`jp Czikkgj|# MG@\# cm| Lgj||m| `‚Êvgrekm# Argklm Pmcmlih# Gc|pih



‐ <? ‐

Prgk|virp# cm| Bðpmc| Joj|# Lg|jki# cm| ajkgklmhmkp| |ikp vc}| i} hijk|`jrmlpmhmkp qmr|ê| g} |zk`jlgp|+ Cm vêrjhâprm li}qmrp vgr cm ajkgklmhmkp m|p qgrjgocm+ Vgr mmhvcm# lbmt Liajri}pm# c‚gj`m g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| li}qrmêegcmhmkp cm| argj| `m `êvcglmhmkp `m| `êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg}# bir| rê}kjik| gqmlc‚mhvcizm}r# vi}r pmkjr lihvpm `m cg `j|vmr|jik eêiergvbjw}m vgrpjl}cjârm `m|

|gcgrjê|+ Vgrhj cm| gllir`| ljpê|# lm} w}j ajkgklmkp `jrmlpmhmkp cm| |zk`jlgp| vrêqijmkp cm vc}| |i}qmkp }km vgrp ajm gpprjo}êm æ pi}pm| cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# pgk`j| w}‚}km vgrp qgrjgocm m|p gpprjo}êm æ lm| `mrkjârm| mk aiklpjik `mcm}r| rê|}cpgp| g} êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|+ @gk| lmrpgjk| lg|# mkajk# cm| gj`m|

|ikp vgrpjmccmhmkp i} mkpjârmhmkp qmr|êm| g} aê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# |gk| vg||mr vgr cm| |zk`jlgp| êpgocj| `gk| c‚mkprmvrj|m ¾+

o* @m| `êlbgrem| birgjrm| jhvirpgkpm|# hgj| rê|mrqêm| mk vrjkljvm æc‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm jkpmrkm æ c‚mkprmvrj|m

Cm li`m `} prgqgjc jhvi|m g} mhvcizm}r| w}‚jc li}qrm `‚gllir`mr `m|hizmk| |jekjajlgpja| vi}r cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| |gcgrjê| mp c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm+ Lm|hizmk| vrmkkmkp vrjkljvgcmhmkp cg airhm `m lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm| gaamlpê| æ `m|hgk`gp|# cm|w}mc| |ikp |ijp êcmlpja|# |ijp `ê|jekgpja|+ Jc |‚gejp mk maamp 4

“ `‚}km vgrp `m hgk`gp| `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik `} vmr|ikkmc# lihhm lm} `m`êcêe}ê `} vmr|ikkmc# w}j mj|pmkp `m `rijp `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| `m iktm |gcgrjê| g}hijk|# mp `m hmhorm `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m# cmw}mc m|p `m `rijp `gk| lmccm| `mljkw}gkpm |gcgrjê| g} hijk| >

“ `‚g}prm vgrp `m hgk`gp| |zk`jlg} æ vrivrmhmkp vgrcmr# pmc| lm} `m`êcêe}ê |zk`jlgc# w}j ìjqmkp äprm rmlikk}| `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| æ vgrpjr `mljkw}gkpm |gcgrjê|+

Lihhm c‚g io|mrqê H+ Bmkrj _i}jccmg}cp `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpmcm ?6 ilpiorm 4 ® }km |vêljajljpê argkågj|m m|p cg hj|m mk vcglm `‚}km ì}ocmrmvrê|mkpgpjik `} vmr|ikkmc 4 vgr cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| êc}| g} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m mp

vgr cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `ê|jekê| vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+ Lmppm ì}ocmrmvrê|mkpgpjik pmk` æ |êvgrmr cm `rijp æ c‚jkairhgpjik `} `rijp æ cg kêeiljgpjik ¾+

Lm| `jaaêrmkp| hgk`gp| ìkkmkp `rijp æ `m| lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm|# hgk`gp| mpìkl lrê`jp| `m pmhv| vi}qgkp cm lg| êlbêgkp äprm l}h}cê|+ Lm w}‚jc| ikp mklihh}k# l‚m|p `m |‚mmrlmr pi}di}r| `gk| cm lg`rm `m c‚mkprmvrj|m 4 cm li`m `}prgqgjc k‚g vg| vrêq} cg agl}cpê w}‚}k `m| hgk`gp| w}‚jc `êajkjp mp vi}r cm|w}mc| jc vrêqijp `m| hizmk| v}j||m äprm mmrlê# vgr mmhvcm# `gk| }km aê`êrgpjik i}likaê`êrgpjik |zk`jlgcm+

Cm| lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm| vrêq}| qgrjmkp |mcik cm| hgk`gp| mp cg pgjccm `m|mkprmvrj|m| "lmppm `mrkjârm `êpmrhjkgkp g}||j cm kihorm `m hgk`gp|*+ Lihhm ik cm

qijp |}r c‚mklg`rê lj(gvrâ|# jc| |ikp arêw}mhhmkp `m `j æ qjkep bm}rm| vgr hij|+



‐ << ‐

Cm| lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm| vrêq}| vgr cm li`m `} prgqgjc

◉ Cm| `êcêe}ê| `} vmr|ikkmc `j|vi|mkp `‚}k lrê`jp `‚bm}rm| ajê æ 4

“ `j bm}rm| vgr hij| `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| `m hijk| `m =6 |gcgrjê| >

“ w}jktm bm}rm| vgr hij| `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| `m =6 |gcgrjê| mp vc}|+

◉ Cm| hmhorm| pjp}cgjrm| `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m `j|vi|mkp `‚}k lrê`jp `‚bm}rm| ajê æqjkep bm}rm| vgr hij|+ Cm pmhv| vg||ê mk rê}kjik| `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m mp `m|lihhj||jik| iocjegpijrm| km |‚jhv}pm vg| |}r lm lrê`jp ̀ ‚bm}rm|+

◉ @gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| `m =6 æ ?66 |gcgrjê| gzgkp hj| mk vcglm }km `êcêegpjik }kjw}m`} vmr|ikkmc "pmkgkp cjm} æ cg aij| `m `êcêegpjik `} vmr|ikkmc mp `m lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m*# cmlrê`jp `‚bm}rm| `m| hmhorm| `m lmccm(lj m|p êegcmhmkp `m qjkep bm}rm|+

◉ Cm kihorm ̀ ‚bm}rm| ̀ m `êcêegpjik ̀ ikp ̀ j|vi|mkp cm| ̀ êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} ̀ êvmk` ̀ }

kihorm ̀ m |gcgrjê| ̀ gk| c‚mkprmvrj|m 4

“ `j bm}rm| `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| `m =6 æ 7=6 |gcgrjê| >

“ w}jktm bm}rm| `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| `m 7=7 æ =66 |gcgrjê| >

“ qjkep bm}rm|# g}(`mcæ ̀ m =66 |gcgrjê|+

Cg |mlpjik |zk`jlgcm `j|vi|m# mk i}prm# `‚}k lrê`jp eciogc `m `j bm}rm| vgr gk `gk|cm| mkprmvrj|m| `m =66 |gcgrjê| mp vc}| "w}jktm bm}rm| `gk| lmccm| `m 7 666 |gcgrjê| mp vc}|*

vi}r vrêvgrmr cm| kêeiljgpjik| `m likqmkpjik| i} gllir`| `‚mkprmvrj|m+ Cm| rê}kjik|iregkj|êm| æ c‚jkjpjgpjqm `m c‚mhvcizm}r km |ikp vg| `êlihvpêm| |}r cm lrê`jp `‚bm}rm|+

Vi}r |g vgrp# cm `êcêe}ê |zk`jlgc lmkprgc `ê|jekê `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| `‚g} hijk|? 666 |gcgrjê| `j|vi|m `‚}k lrê`jp `m qjkep bm}rm| vgr hij|+

◉ Lbgw}m ® rmvrê|mkpgkp `m |mlpjik |zk`jlgcm ¾ “ jc |‚gejp `m| |zk`jlgp| kikrmvrê|mkpgpja| “ `j|vi|m ̀ ‚g} hijk| w}gprm bm}rm| vgr hij|+

◉ Mkajk# cm| hmhorm| `} lihjpê `‚bzejâkm# `m |êl}rjpê mp `m| lik`jpjik| `m prgqgjc`j|vi|mkp g}||j `m lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm|# `m `m} æ qjkep bm}rm| hmk|}mccm| |mcik cg pgjccm `mc‚mkprmvrj|m+

Cm hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc g rêgcj|ê jc z g w}mcw}m| gkkêm| }km mkw}äpm|pgpj|pjw}m |}r cm| bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik `m| rmvrê|mkpgkp| |zk`jw}ê| `} vmr|ikkmc#`ê|jekê| i} êc}|# gvvgrpmkgkp æ cg vrjkljvgcm iregkj|gpjik i} æ cg cj|pm hgdirjpgjrm+<0 - `m lm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| ikp rêvik`} `j|vi|mr `m hijk| `m qjkep bm}rm| `m`êcêegpjik vgr hij|# ?6 - `m qjkep bm}rm| “ `}rêm w}j lirrm|vik` ìkl æ c‚birgjrmhê`jgk “ mp 0? - `‚}k pmhv| vc}| jhvirpgkp+ < - êpgjmkp hähm `êlbgreê| æ pmhv| vcmjk+ Vgrhj cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| jkpmrrieê|# vc}| `m cg hijpjê l}h}cgjmkp }k hgk`gp`m `êcêe}ê |zk`jlgc gqml }k i} vc}|jm}r| g}prm| hgk`gp| `m rmvrê|mkpgkp êc}+



‐ <0 ‐

@êlbgrem| birgjrm| ̀ m| rmvrê|mkpgkp| |zk`jw}ê| `m cg vrjkljvgcm iregkj|gpjik i} `m cg cj|pm hgdirjpgjrm

"êpgocj||mhmkp| `m qjkep |gcgrjê| i} vc}|*

@êlbgrem i} lrê`jp birgjrm vgr hij|"mk bm}rm|*

- `mrmvrê|mkpgkp|

liklmrkê|= =76 7:7= 76?6 ?6?= <<6 1<= :06 10= ?=6 =Vc}| `‚}k pjmr| pmhv|# g} vc}| }k hj(pmhv| 1Vc}| `‚}k hj(pmhv|# hijk| `‚}k vcmjk pmhv| ?]k vcmjk pmhv| <

Km |gjp vg| i} rma}|m `m rêvik`rm 0

\i}rlm 4 mkw}äpm _MVIK\M ?660(?66=# @G_M\ > lbghv 4 êpgocj||mhmkp|`m ?6 |gcgrjê| i} vc}| `m| |mlpm}r| likl}rrmkpjmc| kik gerjlicm|+

Cm| rê|}cpgp| `m lmppm mkw}äpm likajrhmkp ìkl w}‚}k lrê`jp `m qjkep bm}rm| vgr hgk`gp m|p cg kirhm > c‚mkw}äpm qj|gjp lmvmk`gkp cm| |m}c| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ìhjkgkpm|# ìkp cm| kjqmg} `m `êlbgrem |ikp vm}p(äprm}k vm} |}vêrjm}r| æ lm} `m| g}prm| iregkj|gpjik|+

C‚mkw}äpm cgj||m êegcmhmkp vmk|mr w}m c‚}pjcj|gpjik maamlpjqm `m| lrê`jp|`‚bm}rm| m|p eciogcmhmkp vrilbm `m cm}r hikpgkp 4 mk maamp# w}m|pjikkê| |}r cmpmhv| lik|glrê maamlpjqmhmkp æ cm}r glpjqjpê rmvrê|mkpgpjqm vmk`gkp cm pmhv| `mprgqgjc# cm| |ik`ê| |m rêvgrpj||gjmkp æ vm} `m lbi|m| vrâ| mk prij| pjmr| mkprm lm}w}j `êlcgrgjmkp `êvg||mr cm}r lrê`jp birgjrm# lm} w}j `êlcgrgjmkp c‚}pjcj|mr |gk| vc}|mp lm} w}j `êlcgrgjmkp km vg| c‚}pjcj|mr jkpêergcmhmkp+

Jc m|p ojmk |þr æ rgvvmcmr w}m cm| gllir`| `m `rijp |zk`jlgc "qijr vc}| bg}p* vm}qmkp kgp}rmccmhmkp gllriëprm# `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m|# cm| lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm|+

@gk| lm| lik`jpjik|# cm rgvvirpm}r lik|j`ârm lihhm prâ| vr}`mkp `‚êqgc}mr æ w}jktm bm}rm| vgr hij| cm pmhv| vg||ê mk hizmkkm vgr }k |gcgrjê gzgkp }khgk`gp æ c‚mmrljlm `m lmc}j(lj+ \j c‚ik h}cpjvcjm lm hikpgkp vgr ì}tm hij|# v}j|w}m c‚ik gvvcjw}m }km rêaglpjik `‚}k `jjâhm lirrm|vik`gkp g} likeê| vgzê|"vmk`gkp cm|w}mc| jc k‚z g vg| `‚bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik‡*# lmcg ìkkmrgjp mkqjrik71? bm}rm| gkk}mccm| vgr hgk`gp+

Mk rêvik|m æ }k w}m|pjikkgjrm êlrjp `} rgvvirpm}r# cm hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc gprgk|hj| cm pgocmg} w}j |}jp# cmw}mc ìkkm# lihhm ik cm qijp# }km m|pjhgpjik `}kihorm `m hgk`gp| `m| `jaaêrmkpm| lgpêeirjm| æ vgrpjr `‚}km mkw}äpm `êlcgrgpjqm+



‐ <= ‐

Ik z qijp g}||j w}m pi}| cm| hgk`gp| êcmlpja| km |ikp vg| `êpmk}| vgr `m| |gcgrjê||zk`jw}ê|# cijk `m cæ+ G} pipgc# ik grrjqmrgjp æ 1<6 666 æ 116 666 hgk`gp| pmk}| vgr `m| |zk`jw}ê|# }km `jqmremklm mj|pgkp |}r cm kihorm `m `êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg}|mcik w}m c‚ik vrmk` mk lihvpm cm| `êlcgrgpjik| `m| mhvcizm}r| i} lmccm| `m|rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} vmr|ikkmc m}(hähm| "lmppm `jqmremklm |jekjajlgpjqm rmk` lihvpm`m| likacjp| w}j mj|pmkp `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| |}r cg rmlikkgj||gklm `} |pgp}p `m`êcêe}ê |zk`jlgc# gqml cm| hizmk| mp cm| vripmlpjik| w}j |‚z gppglbmkp*+ Ik vgrqjmk`rgjp ìkl æ }km m|pjhgpjik hizmkkm `‚mkqjrik 10= 666 hgk`gp|+

M|pjhgpjik `} kihorm `m rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} vmr|ikkmc mp `êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg}"pjp}cgjrm| mp |}vvcêgkp|* `gk| cm| êpgocj||mhmkp| `m `j |gcgrjê| mp vc}|

@êcêe}ê| `}vmr|ikkmc "@V*

Êc}| g} lihjpê`‚êpgocj||mhmkp

"LM*

Hmhorm| `m cg`êcêegpjik}kjw}m `}

vmr|ikkmc "@]V*

@êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg}"@\*

@ikp|zk`jw}ê|

@ikp|zk`jw}ê|

@ikp|zk`jw}ê|

\mcik cm|mhvcizm}r|

\mcik cm|rmv+ `}

vmr|ikkmc

Êpgocj||mhmkp|`m 76 æ 7:|gcgrjê|

:6 666 <1 666 Kik likk} Kiklikk}

Êpgocj||mhmkp|`m ?6 |gcgrjê|mp vc}|

076 666 ?06 =66 <52 066 ?6: =66 =< 166 72 266 7?0 =66 7=2 =66

Mk|mhocm =66 666 ?51 =66 <52 066 ?6: =66 =< 166 72 266 7?0 =66 7=2 =66

M|pjhgpjik `} kihorm pipgc `m hgk`gp| `êpmk}| vgr `m| vmr|ikkm||zk`jw}êm|

1?: <66 11< <66

\i}rlm| 4 mkw}äpm MLHI\\ "?661(?665* g}vrâ| `m| êpgocj||mhmkp| `m 76 æ 7: |gcgrjê|# @G_M\(JK\M > mkw}äpm _MVIK\M "?660(?66=* g}vrâ| `m| êpgocj||mhmkp| `‚g} hijk| ?6 |gcgrjê|# @G_M\+

Cm lbjaarm `m 10= 666 lihvrmk` æ cg aij| cm| pjp}cgjrm| mp cm| |}vvcêgkp|+Ir# |m}c| cm| pjp}cgjrm| oêkêajljmkp `‚bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik+ Lm |mrgjp ìkl }k vm} vc}| `m <?6 666 hgk`gp| g}w}mc| |ikp gppglbê| `m| bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik w}‚jcag}`rgjp vrmk`rm mk lihvpm+ Mk h}cpjvcjgkp lm kihorm vgr cm| 71? bm}rm| gkk}mccm|

hizmkkm| `m `êcêegpjik w}m c‚ik g rmpmk}m| |}vrg# ik iopjmkp }k pipgc `‚mkqjrik=? hjccjik| `‚bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik# w}j lirrm|vik`rgjmkp æ mkqjrik<? 666 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk |}r cg og|m `‚}km `}rêm gkk}mccm `} prgqgjc `m7 166 bm}rm| "7*+ Mk pmrhm| `m liþp| vi}r cm| mhvcizm}r| `m lm| pmhv| `m`êcêegpjik# |j c‚ik g`hmp }k liþp birgjrm hizmk `} prgqgjc `m c‚ir`rm `mprmkpm m}ri| "?*# lm| =? hjccjik| `‚bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik êw}jqg}`rgjmkp æ vrâ| `m7#1 hjccjgr` `‚m}ri|+

"7* Cg `}rêm cêegcm `} prgqgjc m|p `m 7 165 bm}rm| vi}r cm| |gcgrjê| ìkp cm pmhv| `m prgqgjc m|p `êlihvpêgkk}mccmhmkp+ W}gkp g} pmhv| `m prgqgjc gkk}mc maamlpja `m| |gcgrjê| æ pmhv| vcmjk# cm| mkw}äpm| cm |jp}mkp mk eêkêrgc mk Argklm mkprm 7 ==6 mp 7 566 bm}rm|+

"?* C‚êqgc}gpjik `} liþp birgjrm hizmk `} prgqgjc g agjp rêlmhhmkp c‚iodmp `m qjqm| vicêhjw}m|# kipghhmkp vi}r cg lihvgrgj|ik mkprm c‚Gccmhgekm mp cg Argklm# vicêhjw}m| `gk| cm|w}mccm| cm rgvvirpm}r km |i}bgjpm



‐ <1 ‐

Lmppm êqgc}gpjik gvvgrgëp vr}`mkpm# `gk| cg hm|}rm iú 4

“ mccm rmpjmkp }k kihorm hizmk `‚bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik jkaêrjm}r æ lm w}jgvvgrgëp |pgpj|pjw}mhmkp äprm cg hê`jgkm mp km pjmkp vg| lihvpm `m c‚mj|pmklm`‚gllir`| `m ® `rijp |zk`jlgc ¾ w}j gllrij||mkp cm| hizmk| `êajkj| vgr cg cij `gk|

lmrpgjkm| mkprmvrj|m|# kik vc}| w}m `m| vrgpjw}m| ojmk likk}m| `m lmrpgjkm| `m| vc}| ergk`m|# w}j qikp mk cg hgpjârm ojmk g}(`mcæ `} ® hjkjh}h |zk`jlgc ¾ cêegc"jc m|p æ rgvvmcmr w}m cm| vmr|ikkmc| `m| ergk`m| mkprmvrj|m| kgpjikgcm|# hähm |‚jc|ikp }k |pgp}p# |ikp `m| |gcgrjê| `m `rijp vrjqê rêej| vgr cm li`m `} prgqgjc* >

“ mccm km vrmk` vg| mk lihvpm lmrpgjk| hgk`gp|# lihhm lm} `m| lihjpê|`‚bzejâkm# `m |êl}rjpê mp `m| lik`jpjik| `m prgqgjc "LBL\P*+

Jc likqjmkp mkajk `m |i}cjekmr w}m lm liþp km lirrm|vik` vg|# æ vrivrmhmkp vgrcmr# g} ajkgklmhmkp `m| ® |zk`jlgp| ¾# hgj| vc}| vrêlj|êhmkp æ lmc}j `m

c‚glpjqjpê `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik# `m `êamk|m# `m rmqmk`jlgpjik hmkêm vgr cm||zk`jlgcj|pm| `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m|+ Jc m|p mk i}prm æ io|mrqmr w}m vc}| `m| prij|w}grp| `m| hgk`gp| “ ìkl `m| `êlbgrem| birgjrm| mp `m| liþp| gaaêrmkp| “ `êpmk}| vgr lm| |zk`jlgcj|pm| |ikp `m| hgk`gp| `m rmvrê|mkpgkp| êc}| `} vmr|ikkmc# mp kik`m| hgk`gp| `ê|jekgpja| gllir`ê| vgr cm| |zk`jlgp|+

Cm| `jrjemgkp| |zk`jlg} g}`jpjikkê| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm ikprmermppê w}m cm li`m `} prgqgjc k‚jhvi|m `m lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm| w}m vi}r cm| hgk`gp|jkpmrkm| æ c‚mkprmvrj|m# rjmk k‚êpgkp mk rmqgklbm vrêq} vi}r cm| aiklpjik| `mrmvrê|mkpgpjik mpmrkm `gk| cm| |pr}lp}rm| vriam||jikkmccm|# likaê`êrgcm| mpjkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|+

Jc mk rê|}cpm `jqmr|m| jklmrpjp}`m| w}gkp æ cg |jp}gpjik `m| |zk`jlgcj|pm|j||}| `‚mkprmvrj|m| cir|w}‚jc| mmrlmkp }km glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm mpmrkm+ Vi}r vrmk`rm}k vrmhjmr mmhvcm# cm prê|irjmr `m cg LAPL# H+ Vjmrrm Hmklâ|# g gjk|j jk`jw}ê#`}rgkp |ik g}`jpjik cm ?6 ilpiorm ?677# w}‚jc prgjpgjp ® glp}mccmhmkp cm ì||jmr `‚}khjcjpgkp w}j g m} }k gllj`mkp gcir| w}m ki}| c‚gqjik| `êcêe}ê vi}r g||j|pmr æ }kmrê}kjik `gk| }k hjkj|pârm+ Lmrpm|# ki}| g||}rik| ki| hjcjpgkp|# hgj| kiprmg||}rgklm agjp `m| `jaajl}cpê| vi}r cm vrmk`rm mk lbgrem lgr# æ |m| zm}# }k hjcjpgkp

mk `êcêegpjik ìjp |m pri}qmr `gk| |ik mkprmvrj|m mp kik `gk| }k hjkj|pârm# `} agjp w}m cm| bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik |zk`jlgcm km |ikp vrêq}m| w}m vi}r kêeiljmr g} |mjk`m c‚mkprmvrj|m+ Cm hjcjpgkp ìjp(jc gcir| vrmk`rm }k likeê |gk| |ic`m 9 M|p(lm æ cgLAPL `m c}j qmr|mr |ik |gcgjrm 9 \}r w}mc| aik`| 9 ¾

G}`jpjikkê cm 0 ilpiorm ?677# H+ Omrkgr` Qgk Lrgmzkm|p# vrê|j`mkp `m cgLAM(LEL# gvrâ| gqijr |i}cjekê c‚jhvcgkpgpjik vrjirjpgjrm `m lmppm likaê`êrgpjik`gk| cm |mlpm}r vrjqê# w}j g vi}r lik|êw}mklm }km agjocm vrê|mklm `m|aiklpjikkgjrm| mp gemkp| `m| ergk`m| mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| `gk| |m| jk|pgklm|kgpjikgcm|# g kipghhmkp êqiw}ê |ik vrivrm lg|# w}j g kêlm||jpê }k hikpgem

vg| mkprmr+ Jc gvvgrgëp w}‚mk pi}p êpgp `m lg}|m cm| lbjaarm| gaajlbê|# likpm|pê| mp rmlpjajê|# rm|pmkp mk eêkêrgc |}vêrjm}r| æ <6 m}ri| vi}r cg Argklm+



‐ <5 ‐

d}rj`jw}m w}‚jc w}gcjajm c}j(hähm `m ®cjhjpm ¾ mp w}j vi|m g}||j cg w}m|pjik `}ajkgklmhmkp `m| vmrhgkmkp| kgpjikg} 4 ® vmr|ikkmccmhmkp# dm |}j| j||} `m cg\KMLHG "‡*+ Mk ?66= "‡*# hik @_B "‡* g `êlj`ê `m |}|vmk`rm hik likprgp `mprgqgjc `m vm}r w}m cm `jrmlpm}r `} eri}vm mp hij(hähm km |izik| jkw}jêpê| vi}r mhvcij ajlpja# lm w}j h‚g cgj||ê |gk| rm||i}rlm| "‡*+ Ki}| gqik| pri}qê }km

|ic}pjik qgcj`êm d}rj`jw}mhmkp# ojmk w}‚æ cg cjhjpm `m lm w}‚g}pirj|mkp ki| vrivrm| |pgp}p| 4 dm |}j| rm`mqmk} |gcgrjê `} eri}vm \gargk # hgj| lmc}j(lj rmaglp}rm æ cglikaê`êrgpjik c‚jkpêergcjpê `m hik |gcgjrm# lbgrem| lihvrj|m|+ Pi}pmaij|# gqml

|ijgkpm |gcgrjê| mp }k o}èmp `m 75 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `gk| cmw}mc cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm lik|pjp}m }k vi|pm jhvirpgkp# |j mccm `mqgjp |}vvirpmr cm| |gcgjrm| “ mp cm|lbgrem| |iljgcm| “ `m| qjkep(|j êc}| `m c‚mêl}pja likaê`êrgc# cg likaê`êrgpjikk‚g}rgjp vc}| cm| hizmk| `‚g||}rmr |g hj||jik vrmhjârm 4 `êqmcivvmr c‚glpjqjpê

|zk`jlgcm mp rêvik`rm g} gppmkpm| `m |m| hgk`gkp| mp `m| |gcgrjê| ¾+

H+ Omrkgr` Pbjog}cp# g vi}r |g vgrp êqiw}ê# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm?5 ilpiorm ?677# cm lg| `‚}k `êcêe}ê `} vmr|ikkmc `‚}km mkprmvrj|m# `ê|jekê vgr cgLEP vi}r |jêemr `gk| }km lihhj||jik `‚}k lik|mjc rêejikgc# w}j |m |mrgjp q}hmkglê `m cjlmkljmhmkp vi}r }|gem go}|ja `m |m| pmhv| `m `êcêegpjik# liklc}gkp 4® ki}| km `j|vi|ik| vg| `m| êcêhmkp| `m `rijp w}j ki}| vmrhmpprgjmkp `‚ghvcjajmr cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik j||}m `} |mlpm}r vrjqê ¾+ Jc mk rê|}cpm }km |jp}gpjik `m |}r(rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| gemkp| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `gk| cm| kêeiljgpjik| kgpjikgcm|mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|# w}m H+ Pbjog}cp g êegcmhmkp rmcmqêm+

l* Cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `m cilg}

C‚grpjlcm C+ ?70?(2 `} li`m `} prgqgjc vrêqijp w}m `m| cilg} |zk`jlgp|ìjqmkp äprm ai}rkj| vgr c‚mkprmvrj|m 4

“ |j mccm lihvpm `m ?66 æ 7 666 |gcgrjê|# c‚mhvcizm}r g c‚iocjegpjik `mai}rkjr }k cilgc lihh}k æ c‚mk|mhocm `m| |mlpjik| >

“ |j mccm lihvpm vc}| `m 7 666 |gcgrjê|# c‚mhvcizm}r hmp# mk i}prm# æ cg`j|vi|jpjik `m lbgw}m |mlpjik |zk`jlgcm lik|pjp}êm vgr }km iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcmrmvrê|mkpgpjqm `gk| c‚mkprmvrj|m }k cilgc likqmkgocm# ghêkgeê mp ìpê `} hgpêrjmc

kêlm||gjrm æ |ik aiklpjikkmhmkp+Jc m|p kgp}rmccmhmkp jhvi||jocm `m lbjaarmr lm| hizmk| hgpêrjmc| hj| æ cg

`j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm+

`* Cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m 4 `m| hizmk| lik|j`êrgocm| mp }km prgk|vgrmklm jk|}aaj|gkpm

Cg |jp}gpjik `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m gvvmccm }k `êqmcivvmhmkp vgrpjl}cjmr+ Agj|gkp vgrpjm `m| jk|pjp}pjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `} vmr|ikkmc "J_V*# jc| |m`j|pjke}mkp `m| g}prm| jk|pjp}pjik| `m hähm kgp}rm vgr cm agjp w}‚jc| oêkêajljmkp# mk vc}| `m| pmhv| `m `êcêegpjik g}w}mc| ikp `rijp cm}r| hmhorm|# `m hizmk|ajkgkljmr| lik|j`êrgocm|+



‐ <2 ‐

\mcik cm li`m `} prgqgjc# cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m| rmåijqmkp mk maamp `mc‚mhvcizm}r `m} |}oqmkpjik| `j|pjklpm| 4

“ }km |}oqmkpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp# qmr|êm pi}| cm| gk| mp êegcm æ 6#? -`m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm or}pm+ Mccm vmrhmp `m vrmk`rm mk lbgrem cm| argj| mkegeê| `gk|

cm lg`rm cêegc `m c‚mmrljlm `m| gpprjo}pjik| êlikihjw}m| mp vriam||jikkmccm| `}lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m "lik`jpjik| `m prgqgjc# mhvcij# airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm‡*#`m| bikirgjrm| `‚mvmrp "7*# hgj| g}||j cm| argj| gaaêrmkp| g} aiklpjikkmhmkp `}lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m >

“ }km likprjo}pjik g} ® glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm| ¾ iregkj|êm| vrjirjpgjrmhmkp g} oêkêajlm `m| |gcgrjê| mp `m cm}r| aghjccm|+ G}l}k pg} k‚m|p cæjhvi|ê vgr cm li`m `} prgqgjc > pi}pmaij|# lmppm likprjo}pjik km vm}p äprm jkaêrjm}rmg} pipgc cm vc}| êcmqê `m| |ihhm| gaamlpêm| g} `êvmk|m| |iljgcm| `m c‚mkprmvrj|mgppmjkp g} li}r| `m| prij| `mrkjârm| gkkêm| vrêlê`gkp cg vrj|m mk lbgrem `m| glpjqjpê||iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm| vgr cm lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m "?* mp cm rgvvirp `m lmppmlikprjo}pjik g} hikpgkp eciogc `m| |gcgjrm| vgzê| km vm}p kik vc}| äprm jkaêrjm}r g} hähm rgvvirp mj|pgkp vi}r cg hähm gkkêm `m rêaêrmklm "grpjlcm C+ ?<?<(21 `}li`m `} prgqgjc*+

◉ \‚gej||gkp `m| |}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp# ik vm}p |‚maairlmr `‚mkêqgc}mr cg hg||m g} kjqmg} kgpjikgc mk vgrpgkp `m| ìkkêm| `m c‚GLI\\ |}r cghg||m |gcgrjgcm+ Lmccm `m| mkprmvrj|m| `m vc}| `m ljkw}gkpm |gcgrjê| g rmvrê|mkpê vrâ| `m <72 hjccjgr`| `‚m}ri| mk ?676+ Lmvmk`gkp# pi}pm| lm| mkprmvrj|m| km |ikp

vg| ìpêm| `‚}k lihjpê+ Jc likqjmkp ìkl `‚gvvcjw}mr g} hg||m| |gcgrjgcm| `m|`jaaêrmkpm| lcg||m| `‚mkprmvrj|m| rgkeêm| |mcik cm}r maamlpja }k limaajljmkp `m pg}`m vrê|mklm `‚}k lihjpê “ |ikp jlj vrj| mk lihvpm cm| pg} `m li}qmrp}rm `m||gcgrjê| vgr }k lihjpê `‚êpgocj||mhmkp "i} }km `êcêegpjik }kjw}m `} vmr|ikkmc*hm|}rê| mk ?660(?66= vgr cg @G_M\+

Cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm g||}dmppjm g} |}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp g} lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m

Pgjccm `mc‚mkprmvrj|m

Hg||m |gcgrjgcm"mk hjccjik| `‚m}ri|*

Pg} `m li}qmrp}rm `m||gcgrjê| vgr }k lihjpê

`‚mkprmvrj|m

Hg||m |gcgrjgcm `gk| cm|mkprmvrj|m| ìpêm| `‚}k

LM"mk hjccjik| `‚m}ri|*

=6 æ :: |gcgrjê| <5 ?66 6#5= ?5 :66766 æ 0:: |gcgrjê| :0 <66 6#:< 25 1::Vc}| `m=66 |gcgrjê|

721 ?66 6#:= 751 2:6

Pipgc <75 566 “ ?:? 02:

"7* Cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m vm}qmkp agjrm gvvmc æ }k mvmrp ® |}r pi}| cm| êcêhmkp| `‚ir`rm êlikihjw}m#ajkgkljmr i} |iljgc kêlm||gjrm| æ cg lihvrêbmk|jik `m| lihvpm| mp æ c%gvvrêljgpjik `m cg |jp}gpjik `mc‚mkprmvrj|m ¾ "grpjlcm C+ ?<?=(<1 `} li`m `} prgqgjc*+

"?* Æ c%mlc}|jik `m| `êvmk|m| pmhvirgjrm| cir|w}m cm| om|ijk| lirrm|vik`gkp| ikp `j|vgr}+



‐ <: ‐

\j cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm `m| mkprmvrj|m| ìpêm| `m lihjpê| m|p vrilbm `m<66 hjccjgr`| `‚m}ri|# c‚gvvcjlgpjik `} pg} `m 6#? - lik`}jp æ }km m|pjhgpjik vrilbm `m 166 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `m cg hg||m `m| |}oqmkpjik| cêegcm| `maiklpjikkmhmkp w}j |ikp gpprjo}êm| æ lm| lihjpê|+ Cm| mhvcizm}r| vm}qmkp gccmr g}(`mcæ `m lm hjkjh}h cêegc# jc likqjmkp `m cm rgvvmcmr 4 cg _GPV# vgr mmhvcm# g virpê æ 6#< - `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm cm pg} `m cg |}oqmkpjik gpprjo}êm eciogcmhmkp æ|ik lihjpê lmkprgc mp æ |m| lihjpê| `jp| `m ® `êvgrpmhmkp| ¾+ @gk| c‚g}prm |mk|# jclikqjmkp g}||j `‚äprm lik|ljmkp w}m pi}| cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m km |ikp vg| eêrê| vgr `m| êc}| |}r cj|pm |zk`jlgcm > l‚m|p lmvmk`gkp cm lg| `m lm} `m pi}pm| i} vrgpjw}mhmkp pi}pm| cm| ergk`m| mkprmvrj|m| > l‚m|p vi}rw}ij jc m|p rgj|ikkgocm`‚m|pjhmr æ g} hijk| =66 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| cm ac} `m |}oqmkpjik| `maiklpjikkmhmkp w}j qikp æ `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m eêrê| vgr `m| êc}| |zk`jlg}+

Ik rgvvmccmrg mkajk w}m# lihhm vi}r c‚êqgc}gpjik `m| `êlbgrem| birgjrm|#

lm o}èmp km lirrm|vik` æ vrivrmhmkp vgrcmr g} ajkgklmhmkp `m| ® |zk`jlgp| ¾#hgj| vc}| vrêlj|êhmkp æ lmc}j `m c‚glpjqjpê `m| êc}| |zk`jlg} g} |mjk `m| lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m+

◉ \‚gej||gkp `m| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm|# jc m|p `jaajljcm `‚êqgc}mr cm}r hikpgkp eciogc# cm pg} `m likprjo}pjik qgrjgkp |mcik cm| mkprmvrj|m|+ @gk|lmccm| `m vmpjpm pgjccm# lm pg} m|p |i}qmkp prâ| agjocm+ Lmvmk`gkp# cm| `jaaêrmkpm|g}`jpjik| `m |mlrêpgjrm| `m lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| hmkêm| vgr cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm hikprmkp w}m lm| likprjo}pjik| vm}qmkp g}||j rmvrê|mkpmr `m| hikpgkp| prâ| jhvirpgkp|# `‚g}pgkp w}‚mccm| |ikp lihvcêpêm| `gk| cm o}èmp `m

lm| lihjpê| vgr cm| vgrpjljvgpjik| `jrmlpm| `m| oêkêajljgjrm| `m| Ŝ}qrm| |iljgcm|g} `jaaêrmkpm| glpjqjpê|+

Cg likprjo}pjik `‚mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| g} glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm|

Likprjo}pjik g} ajkgklmhmkp `m|glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm|

"mk hjccjik| `‚m}ri|* Hi`m `m lgcl}c

\KLA :<#= 7#5?7 - `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm_GPV 02#:? ?#277 - `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcmM@A 721#= 7 - `m| rmlmppm| `m cg orgklbmOgkw}m `m Argklm 75#? ?#0=? - `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm

<+ Cm |mlpm}r v}ocjl

Cm| g}`jpjik| `m cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# lihvcêpêm| vgr cm| rêvik|m|rmå}m| æ }k w}m|pjikkgjrm êlrjp `} rgvvirpm}r# ikp vmrhj| `‚êpgocjr }k êpgp `m| cjm}g||mt `êpgjccê `m| `rijp| |zk`jlg} `gk| vc}|jm}r| ergk`m| mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| mprê|mg} lbgreê| `‚}km hj||jik `m |mrqjlm v}ocjl+

Cm| lik|pgp| qgrjmkp |mcik cm| lg|+ Vc}|jm}r| cjekm| `m airlm# lihh}km|kipghhmkp g} mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| êp}`jêm|# vgrgj||mkp lmvmk`gkp vi}qijr äprm`êegeêm| 4



‐ 06 ‐

“ c‚êpgp `} `rijp |zk`jlgc gvvgrgëp |i}qmkp lihvcmm# lgr |m lihojkmkp “ vg| pi}di}r| `gk| `m| lik`jpjik| `m `rijp prâ| lcgjrm| “ mp |‚gdi}pmkp c‚gvvcjlgpjik`m| râecm| lihh}km| `} `rijp `} prgqgjc "7*# vgraij| lmccm `m pmpm| |pgp}pgjrm| æ og|m cêegcm i} rêecmhmkpgjrm# mkajk lmccm `‚gllir`| liccmlpja| i} `m vrgpjw}m| vrivrm| g} mkpjpê| mk lg}|m >

“ lmlj lik`}jp mk eêkêrgc æ }k kjqmg} eciogc `m `rijp| |zk`jlg}#kipghhmkp mk pmrhm| `m `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê# gccgkp ojmk g}(`mcæ `} `rijplihh}k >

“ mk vgrpjl}cjmr# `m| vmr|ikkmc| g||mt qijrm prâ| kihorm} |m pri}qmkp|i}qmkp äprm hj| æ pmhv| vcmjk æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m| |zk`jlgp|# `m| lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m# mp hähm `m aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| `m orgklbm i} `mlikaê`êrgpjik| >

“ `m hähm# cm| hizmk| gaamlpê| g} Ŝ}qrm| |iljgcm| eêrêm| vgr cm| lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m "i} |pr}lp}rm| êw}jqgcmkpm|* |ikp lik|j`êrgocm| >

“ }km vicjpjw}m vc}| i} hijk| gqgklêm `m lcgrjajlgpjik mp `m rmhj|m mkir`rm# qijrm `m rê`}lpjik `m| hizmk| gaamlpê| g} `rijp |zk`jlgc# m|p eêkêrgcmhmkpmkegeêm vgr cm| `jrmlpjik|# w}j# lmvmk`gkp# ikp g}||j hgkjam|pê `mqgkp cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm cm}r gppglbmhmkp æ }k `jgcie}m |iljgc `m w}gcjpê# lm w}jmjem `m| hizmk| lihhm mccm| mk likqjmkkmkp+

g* Cg \KLA

Cm| hizmk| ilprizê| vgr cg \KLA æ c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm |ikp rêej| æ cg aij| vgr cm li`m `} prgqgjc mp vgr }k |pgp}p `m kgp}rm rêecmhmkpgjrm+

Lm| hizmk| lihvrmkkmkp# mk vrmhjmr cjm}# `m| bm}rm| `m `êlbgrem|gpprjo}êm| g} `êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} mp rmvrê|mkpgkp| êc}| `} vmr|ikkmc+7#752 hjccjik bm}rm| `m `êlbgrem| ikp êpê gpprjo}êm| æ lm pjprm mk ?677#lirrm|vik`gkp æ 517 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk+

Bm}rm| ̀ m ̀ êlbgrem| gpprjo}êm| æ `m| ̀ êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} i} rmvrê|mkpgkp| ̀ } vmr|ikkmc

êc}| |}r }km cj|pm |zk`jlgcm mk ?677 g} |mjk `m cg \KLA

Lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm|Mk êw}jqgcmkp|

pmhv| vcmjkÊc}| `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m 767 606 27_mvrê|mkpgkp| `} vmr|ikkmc êc}||}r }km cj|pm |zk`jlgcm

=51 5=1 <10

@êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} =66 :== <71Pipgc 7 752 5=7 517

\i}rlm 4 \KLA+

"7* Jc ag}p cm rgvvmcmr# cm| gemkp| `m| ergk`| êpgocj||mhmkp| v}ocjl| jk`}|prjmc| mp lihhmrljg} i} mklirm lm}`m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm |ikp `m| ® |gcgrjê| ¾ rêej| vgr cm li`m `} prgqgjc mp kik `m| aiklpjikkgjrm|# hähm |‚jc|oêkêajljmkp êqmkp}mccmhmkp# mk |}|# `m ® |pgp}p| ¾+



‐ 07 ‐

Vgr gjccm}r|# |‚gej||gkp `m| `êlbgrem| jkpêergcm| `m |mrqjlm# `gk| cm|êcêhmkp| êlrjp| prgk|hj| g} rgvvirpm}r# cg `jrmlpjik `m cg \KLA g jk`jw}ê w}m® c‚mkprmvrj|m k‚g||}rm vg| `m |pgpj|pjw}m g} kjqmg} kgpjikgc `m| gemkp|oêkêajljgkp `‚}km `êlbgrem jkpêergcm g} pjprm `} l}h}c `m `jaaêrmkp| hgk`gp| `}

agjp `‚}km em|pjik cilgcm `m| jk|pgklm| mp `‚}km go|mklm `m lik|êw}mklm| vi}r c‚mkprmvrj|m `m lm l}h}c |}r cm| bm}rm| pipgcm| `m `êlbgrem| ¾+

Mk rmqgklbm# mccm g g}||j vrêlj|ê w}‚jc mj|pm prij| airhm| `m `êlbgrem|jkpêergcm| `m prgqgjc g}prm w}m cm| lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm| cjê| æ `m| hgk`gp| 4

“ cm| gemkp| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik i} ® gemkp| mk |mrqjlm cjorm ¾ "7* 4 g}vrâ| `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# |gk| aglp}rgpjik æ c‚iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm >

“ cm| gemkp| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik likprm aglp}rgpjik vi}r c‚mmrljlm `maiklpjik| |zk`jlgcm| "?*+ Lm| gemkp| likpjk}mkp `m vmrlmqijr cm}r rêh}kêrgpjik `m

cg \KLA mp c‚iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm vrilâ`m mk|}jpm g} rmhoi}r|mhmkp `m cg\KLA >

“ cm| gemkp| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik likprm aglp}rgpjik g}vrâ| `‚iregkj|hm||zk`jlg} vgrpjmccmhmkp lihvi|ê| `m prgqgjccm}r| `m| lbmhjk| `m amr "<*+ Cm liþp`m lm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik m|p g}||j rmaglp}rê æ c‚iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm liklmrkêm+

G} pipgc# lihhm cm hikprm cm pgocmg} |}jqgkp# 72: gemkp| |ikpjkpêergcmhmkp `êlbgreê|# ìkp 71? hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm||gk| w}m cm}r| rêh}kêrgpjik| km ag||mkp c‚iodmp `‚}k rmhoi}r|mhmkp }cpêrjm}r+

@êlbgrem| ̀ m prgqgjc jkpêergc

LEP ]K\G \]@(_gjc LA@P AI PipgcGemkp| mk |mrqjlm cjorm =6 06 << <7 2 71?Hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik æ=6 - "grp+ =*

7? “ “ 7 “ 7<

Hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik æ766 - "grp+ =*

5 “ “ 7 “ 2

Hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik æ

766 - "grp+ :*

< “ “ < “ 1

Pipgc 5? 06 << <1 2 72:

\i}rlm 4 \KLA+

Vgr gjccm}r|# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik cm 2 kiqmhorm# cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg \KLA# H+ E}jccg}hm Vmvz# g êqiw}ê cm| jhvirpgkp| hizmk|ajkgkljmr| ilprizê| g} lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m| `} eri}vm 4 ® vi}r lm w}j m|p `m|jk|pjp}pjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `} vmr|ikkmc mp `m| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm|# cmlgcl}c `m| `rijp| lik|mkpj| vgr cm |pgp}p lik`}jp cg \KLA æ ilprizmr lbgw}m gkkêm

"7* Grpjlcm 0 `} lbgvjprm 7 `} |pgp}p `m| rmcgpjik| liccmlpjqm| mkprm cg \KLA mp |ik vmr|ikkmc+

"?* Grpjlcm = `} lbgvjprm 7 `} |pgp}p `m| rmcgpjik| liccmlpjqm| mkprm cg \KLA mp |ik vmr|ikkmc+

"<* Grpjlcm : `} lbgvjprm 7 `} |pgp}p `m| rmcgpjik| liccmlpjqm| mkprm cg \KLA mp |ik vmr|ikkmc+



‐ 0? ‐

g} lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m mp g} lihjpê lmkprgc `‚mkprmvrj|m "LLM* w}mcw}m7?6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 4 :6 - `m lmppm |ihhm |ikp qmr|êm| mk gvvcjlgpjik `m|`j|vi|jpjik| `} li`m `} prgqgjc# 76 - mk gvvcjlgpjik `‚gllir`| liccmlpja| jkpmrkm|æ cg \KLA# cm| likqmkpjik| `‚mkprmvrj|m ¾+ Lm| hizmk| |m rêvgrpj||mkp `m cg agåik|}jqgkpm 4

“ 76#22 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| g} pjprm `m cg |}oqmkpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp+Lmccm(lj m|p qmr|êm æ c‚mk|mhocm `m| lihjpê| `‚êpgocj||mhmkp| g} vrirgpg `m cm}r|maamlpja| mp lm| `mrkjmr| mk rêprilâ`mkp 76 - g} lihjpê lmkprgc `‚mkprmvrj|m >

“ :<#= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| g} pjprm `} ajkgklmhmkp `m| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mpl}cp}rmccm|# |ijp 7#5?7 - `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm >

“ 0#0 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| g} pjprm `m c‚mkprmpjmk mp `m| prgqg} `m kgp}rm æg||}rmr cg vêrmkkjpê `m| jhhm}ocm| ìkp cg \KLA m|p rm|pêm vrivrjêpgjrm cir| `}

prgk|amrp `m| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| qmr| cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m cm 7mr dgkqjmr 7:21+

G}(`mcæ `m |m| iocjegpjik| cêegcm|# cg \KLA ilprijm `m| hizmk||}vvcêhmkpgjrm| æ |m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m 4

“ <#2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r ajkgklmr `m| rêbgojcjpgpjik| lihvcâpm|`‚jk|pgccgpjik| |iljgcm| >

“ 7#:=5 hjccjik `‚m}ri| vi}r agljcjpmr cm| jkqm|pj||mhmkp| mp cjhjpmr cm|liþp| `‚mkprmpjmk vi}r c‚mkprmvrj|m >

“ 1#0 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| g} pjprm `‚}km likprjo}pjik |}vvcêhmkpgjrm gkk}mccmg} pjprm `m cg rm|pg}rgpjik+

$

Vc}|jm}r| gaagjrm|# ìkp cg vrm||m |‚m|p agjpm c‚êlbi# ikp liklmrkê cm lihjpêlmkprgc `‚mkprmvrj|m mp cm| lihjpê| `‚êpgocj||mhmkp rêejikg} `m cg \KLA mp|}|ljpmkp `m| jkpmrriegpjik| |}r cm aiklpjikkmhmkp `m lm| jk|pgklm| mp |}r `‚êqmkp}mc| ajkgklmhmkp| `jrmlp| `‚iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+

◉ Lm| jkpmrriegpjik| liklmrkmkp# mk vrmhjmr cjm}# c‚}pjcj|gpjik `m|ìpgpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| lihjpê| `‚êpgocj||mhmkp rêejikg}+

]km gaagjrm m|p glp}mccmhmkp mk li}r| `mqgkp cg d}|pjlm liklmrkgkp cm`êpi}rkmhmkp |}vvi|ê `‚}km vgrpjm `m cg |}oqmkpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp `} lihjpê`‚êpgocj||mhmkp rêejikgc `m Czik "LM_* g} vriajp `‚iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+ Æ cg|}jpm `m vcgjkpm| `m `m} |gcgrjê| `m lm lihjpê "7*# cm vril}rm}r `m cg _êv}ocjw}m vrâ| cm prjo}kgc `m ergk`m jk|pgklm `m Czik g |iccjljpê cg hj|m mk mghmk `m||zk`jlgp| mk lg}|m vi}r rmlmc `‚go}| `m likajgklm+ Cm d}em `‚jk|pr}lpjik lbgreê `}

ì||jmr g lmvmk`gkp liklc} æ }k kik(cjm} mk lik|pgpgkp w}m cm| agjp| `‚go}| `m

"7* @ikp lmccm `m H+ Ujccjgh Vg|lbm g}`jpjikkê vgr cg lihhj||jik+



‐ 0< ‐

likajgklm k‚êpgjmkp vg| `êhikprê| lgr lm| |zk`jlgp| k‚gqgjmkp vg| c‚jkpmkpjik `m`êpi}rkmr lmp gremkp+ Cm vril}rm}r `m cg _êv}ocjw}m g hgjkpmk} |g rêw}j|jpjik `mrmkqizmr c‚gaagjrm `mqgkp }k prjo}kgc lirrmlpjikkmc mp }k ki}qmg} d}em`‚jk|pr}lpjik g êpê lbgreê `} ì||jmr+

@‚gvrâ| cm| êcêhmkp| prgk|hj| æ cg lihhj||jik# jc gvvgrgëp w}‚}km vgrpjm `mcg |}oqmkpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp `} LM_ g êpê maamlpjqmhmkp ® rêvgrpjm ¾ mkprm cm|b}jp iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vrê|mkpm| g} |mjk `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m “ mkaiklpjik `m cm}r| rê|}cpgp| g} êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| “ vi}r }k hikpgkp w}jg}rgjp rmvrê|mkpê <<: =66 m}ri| mk ?660+

H+ Dmgk(Ci}j| Vjm`mlg}|g# |mlrêpgjrm `} lihjpê `‚êpgocj||mhmkp rêejikgc`m Czik g kjê c‚mj|pmklm `‚}k `êpi}rkmhmkp# cm < kiqmhorm# mk lm| pmrhm| 4 ® cmrâecmhmkp jkpêrjm}r# w}j rêejp cm aiklpjikkmhmkp `} LM_ `m Czik# vrêqijp }kmcjhjpgpjik `m| `êvmk|m| g} vrirgpg `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `m| `êcêegpjik| `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| g} |mjk `} LM+ Jc |‚gejp# dm cm rêvâpm# kik `‚}k qmr|mhmkp `‚gremkp hgj| `‚}km cjhjpgpjik `m| `êvmk|m|+ W}j vc}| m|p# cm| rmhoi}r|mhmkp| |m

aikp }kjw}mhmkp |}r aglp}rm¾+ Jc g# vgr gjccm}r|# lik|j`êrê w}m cm lihjpê`‚mkprmvrj|m êpgjp lihvêpmkp d}rj`jw}mhmkp vi}r vrmk`rm g||mt cgremhmkp mk lbgremcm| argj| mvi|ê| vgr |m| êc}| 4 ® cm LM `m Czik# dm qi}| c‚gj `jp# lm |ikp prmjtm êc}|pjp}cgjrm|# prmjtm êc}| |}vvcêgkp| mp vc}| `m ?66 êc}| hgk`gpê|# `m| lihhj||jik|cilgcm| hjpm| mp `m| LB\LP+ Ir cm LM k‚g vg| ?66 ir`jkgpm}r|# kj ?66 o}rmg}i} mklirm ?66 vbipilivjm}r|+ Cg \KLA km hmp vg| æ kiprm `j|vi|jpjik }k o}rmg}

vgr êc}+ Cm| êc}| }pjcj|mkp kêlm||gjrmhmkp cm| hizmk| w}‚jc| ikp mp |m aikp

rmhoi}r|mr mk aiklpjik `m cm}r hj||jik+ \j }k êc} ìjp agjrm }k lihvpm rmk`} æHikpêcjhgr gcir| w}‚jc bgojpm Czik# jc |mrg rmhoi}r|ê `m| argj| w}‚jc g}rgmkegeê| |}r |ik pmhv| `‚êc}+ Cm| êc}| k‚ikp vg| cm| hizmk| `‚mmrlmr kirhgcmhmkp cm}r hgk`gp# `‚iú c‚mj|pmklm `‚}k o}èmp `m aiklpjikkmhmkp ¾+

\gk| vrêd}emr `m| |}jpm| d}`jljgjrm| w}j |mrikp ìkkêm| æ lmppm gaagjrm# jc m|pcêejpjhm `m |‚jkpmrriemr mk c‚m|vâlm |}r cg vrj|m mk lbgrem# vgr }k lihjpê`‚mkprmvrj|m# `m `êvmk|m| `m qizgem mp `m rm|pg}rgpjik maamlp}ê| vgr cm| hmhorm|êc}| |gk| vrê|mkpgpjik `m d}|pjajlgpja| "7* i} |}r cm agjp `m rmhoi}r|mr æ `m||zk`jlgp| `m| `êvmk|m| `m airhgpjik `m cm}r| êc}| gcir| w}m lmccm|(lj |ikp `êdæ

vrj|m| mk lbgrem `jrmlpmhmkp vgr cm lihjpê+

Vc}| eêkêrgcmhmkp# cg rêqêcgpjik `m lm hêlgkj|hm `m rêvgrpjpjik |zk`jlgcm “ w}m lm |ijp |i}| cg airhm `m qmr|mhmkp| i} `m ® `rijp| `m pjrgem ¾ “ `m cgìpgpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp `‚}k lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m mp cm| d}emhmkp| `jqmr|w}‚mccm |}|ljpm “ cm |mlrêpgjrm `} lihjpê `‚êpgocj||mhmkp mk lg}|m pri}qgkp kirhgcmcg |jp}gpjik “ |ikp |jekjajlgpja| 4 jc mj|pm ojmk mkprm cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m mp cm||zk`jlgp| }km airhm `m ® viri|jpê ¾ ajkgkljârm w}m lmrpgjk| |zk`jlgcj|pm| d}emkpcêejpjhm+

"7* Cm| aglp}rm| rmhoi}r|êm| vgr cm LM_ `m Czik |m rgvvirpgjmkp æ `m| argj| `m airhgpjik# æ `m| glbgp| `mhgpêrjmc "pêcêlivjm}r* mp `m| aglp}rm| `m pêcêvbikm# `m rmvg| i} `‚bêomremhmkp+ @m| oij||ik| gcliicj|êm|#`m| lgrpm| ri}pjârm| mp `m| prglp| |zk`jlg} ikp g}||j aje}rê vgrhj lm| rmhoi}r|mhmkp|+



‐ 00 ‐

◉ Vgr gjccm}r|# c‚gpprjo}pjik `m| hgrlbê| g} |mjk `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m`m cg \KLA m|p g}||j |i}rlm `‚jkpmrriegpjik|+

Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 7< ilpiorm ?677# H+ Vbjcjvvm Lbgojk "7* g `êlcgrê æcg lihhj||jik w}m cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m| `m cg \KLA rmli}rgjmkp pi}di}r| g}

hähm| vrm|pgpgjrm| mp w}m lm| vrm|pgpgjrm| “ w}gcjajê| |mcik cm| lg| `m ® arârm| ¾ i}® ghj| ¾ “ ® vrilbm| ¾ `m cg LEP ajkgkågjmkp prâ| vriogocmhmkp jk`jrmlpmhmkp lm|zk`jlgp# kipghhmkp vgr cm ojgj| `m v}ocjljpê| `gk| cm di}rkgc Cg prjo}km `m|lbmhjkip|+ \m| vrivi| `êkiklmkp lcgjrmhmkp cg ® vrijhjpê ¾ `m lmrpgjk| vrm|pgpgjrm| `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m gqml cg LEP 4 ® `m| rê}kjik| `m |mlrêpgjrm|`m LM ikp cjm} pi}| cm| prij| hij| mp# }km aij| vgr gk i} pi}| cm| `m} gk|# }kmlikaêrmklm `m| |mlrêpgjrm| `m LM |m pjmkp æ Hikprm}jc# gqml }k hjkj(|gcik `m|® vrm|pgpgjrm| arârm| ¾ mp `m| ® vrm|pgpgjrm| ghj| ¾+ Cg Prjo}km `m| lbmhjkip| #

di}rkgc g`rm||ê æ c‚mk|mhocm `m| |zk`jw}ê| “ dm qi}| vrê|mkpm jlj }k k}hêri `m

?66:# hgj| cg rêgcjpê k‚g vg| lbgkeê `mv}j| “ lihvirpm `m| vgem| `m v}ocjljpê# vgr mmhvcm vi}r }km lihvgekjm `‚g||}rgklm i} vi}r cm eri}vm \mlgaj+ Lm`mrkjmr# ® vrm|pgpgjrm arârm ¾# g êpê lrêê vgr `m| `jrjemgkp| `m cg LEP mp `} Vgrpjlihh}kj|pm argkågj| mp vbgeilzpm cg pipgcjpê `m c‚mvmrpj|m lihvpgocm `gk| cm|lihjpê| `‚êpgocj||mhmkp `m cg \KLA gjk|j w}m# vgr cm ojgj| `‚}km hzrjg`m `m

ajcjgcm|# pi}| cm| g|vmlp| `m c‚mvmrpj|m ¾+ Vgr gjccm}r|# H+ Vbjcjvvm Lbgojk g g}||jjk`jw}ê w}‚}k lihhmrljgc “ w}j w}jppgjp cg |iljêpê E}mzìk vrm|pgpgjrm `} lihjpê`‚mkprmvrj|m vi}r cg likl}rrmklm “ c‚gqgjp jkairhê ® w}‚}km rêprilm||jik `m = - æ76 - `} lbjaarm `‚gaagjrm| eciogc rêgcj|ê gqml cm| ?1 LM `m cg \KLA êpgjp ivêrêm

|i}| airhm `m v}ocjljpê `gk| cm| di}rkg} `m cg LEP ¾+

Cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm km `j|vi|m vg| `m| êcêhmkp| kêlm||gjrm| vi}r w}gcjajmr cg qêrgljpê `m lm| gll}|gpjik|# w}m cm| em|pjikkgjrm| glp}mc| `m vc}|jm}r|lihjpê| `m cg \KLA# g}`jpjikkê| vgr mccm# ikp `êhmkpjm|+

H+ @ihjkjw}m Cgeirji# |mlrêpgjrm `} lihjpê lmkprgc `‚mkprmvrj|m# g gjk|jjk`jw}ê æ cg lihhj||jik# cm < kiqmhorm ?677# w}‚jc gqgjp rmli}r| æ }km vrilê`}rm`m `mqj| vi}r cm| prgqg} w}ipj`jmk| mp `‚i}qmrp}rm `‚mkqmcivvm| `mqgkp cm o}rmg} vi}r cm| jkqm|pj||mhmkp| vc}| jhvirpgkp|# ojmk w}m cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m| km|ijmkp vg| cêegcmhmkp |i}hj| æ }km vrilê`}rm `‚gvvmc `‚iaarm|+

Lmvmk`gkp# cm rgvvirpm}r km vm}p |‚mhvälbmr `m lik|pgpmr w}m cm| lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m| `m cg \KLA |m pi}rkmkp |z|pêhgpjw}mhmkp qmr| cm| hähm| vrm|pgpgjrm|+ L‚m|p kipghhmkp cm lg| `m| mkprmvrj|m| `} eri}vm \mlgaj Gcvbg# w}j|mhocm gqijr cm hikivicm `m c‚mvmrpj|m lihvpgocm g}vrâ| `m| lihjpê| `m cg \KLAmp w}j |mhocm g}||j äprm prâ| |i}qmkp rmpmk} lihhm ® mvmrp ¾ êlikihjw}m g}vrâ|`m lm| hähm| lihjpê|+ C‚jk|mrpjik `m v}ocjljpê| vi}r lm lgojkmp `gk| }k di}rkgc`m|pjkê æ `m| lbmhjkip| w}j k‚ikp vg| qilgpjik# æ vrjirj# æ gqijr rmli}r| æ `m| vrm|pgpjik| `‚mvmrpj|m i} `‚g}`jp vm}p g}||j |mhocmr vi}r cm hijk| êpikkgkpm‡

"7* Gkljmk |mlrêpgjrm `} LM Lcjmkpâcm| `m cg \KLA+



‐ 0= ‐

Lmppm aj`êcjpê m|p `‚g}pgkp vc}| |}rvrmkgkpm w}m `m| rêlmkpm| hgcqmr|gpjik|jkpmrqmk}m| g} lihjpê lmkprgc `m cg \KLA# mp w}j êpgjmkp |mhocm(p(jc cm agjp `‚}kjk`jqj`} j|icê "7*# gqgjmkp agjp c‚iodmp vmk`gkp vc}|jm}r| gkkêm| `m ag}||m| aglp}rm|#|gk| w}m lm lgojkmp `‚mvmrp|(lihvpgocm| km cm `êli}qrm+ H+ @ihjkjw}m Cgeirji#|mlrêpgjrm `m lm lihjpê# g pmkpê `‚mvcjw}mr lmppm aj`êcjpê g} eri}vm \mlgaj Gcvbg#|gk| vi}r g}pgkp rêmccmhmkp d}|pjajmr cm agjp `‚gqijr lik|mrqê lm vrm|pgpgjrm w}jk‚gqgjp vg| êpê mk hm|}rm `m hmpprm g} di}r `m| hgcqmr|gpjik|# lihhm cm hikprmc‚êlbgkem |}jqgkp# æ c‚illg|jik `m |ik g}`jpjik cm < kiqmhorm 4

® H+ cm rgvvirpm}r+ Ki}| |ihhm| pi}p `m hähm êpikkê| w}m lm lgojkmp k‚gjp dghgj| `êli}qmrp cm| hgcqmr|gpjik| w}m ki}| gqik| êqiw}êm| gcir| w}‚jc lmrpjajm qi| lihvpm|+ Bgojp}mccmhmkp# }k lgojkmp `‚mvmrp|(lihvpgocm| `êli}qrmjhhê`jgpmhmkp lm| vrgpjw}m|+

® Hhm Hgrjm(Lbrj|pjkm @gccit# vrê|j`mkpm+ I} jc |m rmhmp mk w}m|pjik+

® H+ cm rgvvirpm}r+ Mk rê|}hê# ki}| ki}| êpikkik| `m cg `}rêm `m|likprgp|# `} agjp w}‚jc k‚z gjp w}‚}k |m}c lgojkmp mp w}m lmc}j(lj km |jekgcm vg| cm|`jaajl}cpê| rmklikprêm|+ Lmcg vgrgëp `jaajljcm æ d}|pjajmr |}r cm| vcgk| æ cg aij|êpbjw}m mp lihvpgocm+

® H+ @ihjkjw}m Cgeirji+ Jc km ag}p vg| i}ocjmr w}m cm| hgcqmr|gpjik|ìkp ki}| gqik| êpê qjlpjhm| “ dm km |}j| vg| }k |vêljgcj|pm `} hjcjm} hj| mk lg}|m

“ ikp rêqêcê }k hêlgkj|hm prâ| ojmk b}jcê# w}j lik|j|pgjp g} hjm} mk |}raglp}rgpjik| mp g} vjrm mk ag}||m| aglp}rm|+ Cm lgojkmp `‚mvmrp|(lihvpgocm| |‚gppglbm c}j æ qêrjajmr cg lihvpgojcjpê gkgczpjw}m+

® Hhm Hgrjm(Lbrj|pjkm @gccit# vrê|j`mkpm+ Vrêlj|êhmkp 4 cm| ag}||m| aglp}rm| i} cg |}raglp}rgpjik |ikp |vikpgkêhmkp qj|jocm| mk lihvpgojcjpêgkgczpjw}m+ Dm km lihvrmk`| vg| w}m lm lgojkmp |ijp vg||ê æ lðpê mp w}‚jc k‚z gjp m}# mk|}jpm# g}l}km rmhj|m mk w}m|pjik `m |g hj||jik+

® H+ cm rgvvirpm}r+ L‚m|p mk maamp cm vc}| êpikkgkp '

® H+ @ihjkjw}m Cgeirji+ D‚mkpmk`| qiprm êpikkmhmkp+ Ki}| k‚gqik| vg|

cm| hähm| hêpjmr|+ Jc k‚mk `mhm}rm vg| hijk| w}m ki}| gqik| om|ijk g}di}r`‚b}j`m lm| mvmrpj|m| vi}r ki}| gj`mr æ vrierm||mr ¾+

H+ Ciél Bj|cgjrm# `jrmlpm}r `m| rm||i}rlm| b}hgjkm| `m cg \KLA# g g}||jlikqmk} `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik# cm 2 kiqmhorm ?677# `m cg aj`êcjpê `} lihjpêlmkprgc `‚mkprmvrj|m mp `m| lihjpê| `‚êpgocj||mhmkp æ lmrpgjk| vrm|pgpgjrm| 4® lihhm qi}|# ki}| |ihhm| êpikkê| w}m cm| vrm|pgpgjrm| lbij|j| |ijmkp pi}di}r|cm| hähm|+ \‚gej||gkp mk vgrpjl}cjmr `m c‚mvmrpj|m mk hgpjârm `‚bzejâkm mp `m

|êl}rjpê# cm| `m} hähm| lgojkmp| rmqjmkkmkp |z|pêhgpjw}mhmkp# kipghhmkp |}r cmhgrlbê# acirj||gkp lm| `mrkjmr| hij|# `m| rj|w}m| v|zlbi|iljg}+ Ki}| gqik|

"7* Lmppm gaagjrm liklmrkm }km hgcqmr|gpjik vrê|}hêm# virpgkp |}r <66 666 m}ri| mkqjrik g} |mjk `} LLM+



‐ 01 ‐

likpm|pê `mqgkp cg d}|pjlm cg acirgj|ik `‚êp}`m| |}r lm pbâhm# |i}cjekgkp w}m lm|mkw}äpm| k‚gqgjmkp vg| cjm} `‚äprm v}j|w}‚jc k‚z gqgjp vg| `m `gkemr rêmc mp jhhê`jgp mp w}m cg \KLA hmkgkp mccm(hähm `m| prgqg} `m lm pzvm# rjmk km

d}|pjajgjp `m agjrm gvvmc æ `m| lgojkmp| mpêrjm}r| vi}r rêgcj|mr cm| hähm| mkw}äpm|+ Ki}| |ihhm| vgrqmk}| æ agjrm gkk}cmr lmrpgjkm| `m lm| mvmrpj|m|# hgj| l‚m|p prâ|lihvcjw}ê# mp ki}| km vi}qik| hgcbm}rm}|mhmkp jkpmrqmkjr+ Mkajk# cm lgojkmp \mlgaj Gcvbg g }km ciem g} \pg`m `m Argklm# lm w}j c}j vmrhmp `‚jkqjpmr lmrpgjkm|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| æ g||j|pmr g} hgplb| `m c‚êw}jvm `m Argklm ¾+

◉ Cg kgp}rm `m| glpjik| hj|m| mk Ŝ}qrm vgr cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m |}|ljpm g}||j `m| w}m|pjikkmhmkp|+

Pi}p `‚goir`# ik vm}p rmcmqmr cm ajkgklmhmkp vgr cm lihjpê `‚êpgocj||mhmkp`m cg rêejik Vriqmklm(Gcvm|(Lðpm `‚Gt}r `m c‚ivêrgpjik ® ]k ogpmg} vi}r Egtg ¾+ Cm hikpgkp “ 766 m}ri| “ êpgjp |zhoicjw}m hgj| }k pmc ajkgklmhmkp km|mhocm vg| mkprmr `gk| cm vêrjhâprm `‚glpjik `‚}k lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m+

Cg lghvgekm `m v}ocjljpê "7* ajkgklêm mk aêqrjmr ?677 vgr cm lihjpê lmkprgcmp cm lihjpê `‚êpgocj||mhmkp Armp # vi}r }k o}èmp `‚mkqjrik <66 666 m}ri|# vi|mg}||j cg w}m|pjik `} lbghv `m lihvêpmklm| `} LM+ Cg `jrmlpjik# w}j z g q} `}® `êkjermhmkp ¾ virpgkp gppmjkpm æ c‚jhgem `} eri}vm# g |gj|j mk rêaêrê cm prjo}kgc`m ergk`m jk|pgklm `m Vgrj| gajk `‚iopmkjr cm rmprgjp `m| gaajlbm| mp `m cg hmkpjikjklrjhjkêm |}r cm |jpm jkpmrkmp ® \g}qik|cmarmp+ar ¾+ @gk| }km irìkkgklm rmk`}m cm? hgr| ?677# lm prjo}kgc g `êoi}pê cg \KLA mp g `êlcgrê jrrmlmqgocm |g `mhgk`m#

lik|j`êrgkp w}m c‚gaajlbm ® vgrpjljvgjp `‚}k `êogp cêejpjhm ¾ mp |‚jk|lrjqgjp ® `gk|cg cjomrpê `‚mvrm||jik ìkp oêkêajljmkp lm| jk|pgklm| ¾+ \mcik cm| `m} |zk`jlgp| Ajr|p mp Airlm i}qrjârm# lmppm lghvgekm g |}rpi}p |mrqj cm| jkpêräp| `m cg LEP# æw}mcw}m| |mhgjkm| `m| êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| `} ?0 hgr| "?*+

◉ Cm| pmk|jik| g} |mjk `} vmr|ikkmc `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m `m cg \KLA vm}qmkp g}||j gvvgrgëprm lihhm rêqêcgprjlm| `m `z|aiklpjikkmhmkp|`gk| lm| jk|pgklm|+

H+ Dmgk(C}l Pi}cz# `gk| |ik i}qrgem vrêljpê C‚gremkp kijr `m| |zk`jlgp|#

|i}cjekm cm kihorm jhvirpgkp `m cjlmkljmhmkp| jkpmrqmk}| lm| `mrkjârm| gkkêm| g}|mjk `} lihjpê lmkprgc# v}j|w}m lm}(lj ikp liklmrkê# |mcik |m| `jrm| ® cm| `m}`jrmlpm}r| `m| rm||i}rlm| b}hgjkm| mp cm}r| prij| g`dijkp|# cm| `m} likprðcm}r| `m

em|pjik# cm `jrmlpm}r g`hjkj|prgpja mp ajkgkljmr# cm| `m} lbma| lihvpgocm|# cmrm|vik|gocm `} |mrqjlm prgqg} mp hgpêrjmc mp |ik g`dijkp# cm rm|vik|gocm `}

|mrqjlm qglgklm| aghjcjgcm|# |gk| lihvpmr cm| gemkp| `m hgëprj|m ¾ "<*+ Cir| `m |ik

"7* \}r 7 :66 gaajlbm|# c‚jhgem `‚}km hgkmppm `m vihvm æ m||mklm vmjkpm g} li}cm}r| `m cg \KLA mp vijkpêm`m hgkjârm æ aje}rmr }k vj|picmp pjrgkp |}r }k ugeik `m armp êpgjp g||irpjm `‚}km cêemk`m mvcjw}gkp w}m cg\KLA# cm Ei}qmrkmhmkp# c‚Êpgp# êpgjmkp mk prgjk `m ® p}mr ¾ cm armp amrriqjgjrm# cm |ciegk |}r cm| gaajlbm|êpgkp 4 ® pi}| cm| di}r|# ik p}m cm armp amrriqjgjrm ¾+

"?* Prglp `m| |zk`jlgp| Airlm i}qrjârm armp mp Ajr|p 4 ® @V armp \KLA 4 jc| p}mkp cm |zk`jlgcj|hm ¾# ugeik`‚jkAIrhgpjik| k¶ ?0+

"<* V+ 2?+



‐ 05 ‐

g}`jpjik cm 70 |mvpmhorm ?677# c‚g}pm}r g |i}cjekê cg |jp}gpjik `jaajljcm `gk|cgw}mccm |m |ikp pri}qê| lmrpgjk| |gcgrjê| `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m# cm}r mhvcizm}r êpgkp g}||j cm}r vrjkljvgc jkpmrcil}pm}r |zk`jlgc 4 ® w}gk` pi}p |m vg||gjp ojmk# lmcgkm vi|gjp vg| `m vriocâhm# hgj| }k lmrpgjk kihorm `‚mkprm m} |‚êpgkp rmomccê| “ cm| `m} vmr|ikkm| w}m d‚gj ljpêm|# hgj| g}||j `m| amhhm| w}j ikp agjp c‚iodmp `m`j|lrjhjkgpjik “# `m ?66< æ ?661 cm| lbi|m| ikp `êeêkêrê+ Gcir| }k g}prm |zk`jlgp g êpê lik|pjp}ê# gvvmcê vgr jrikjm ® Pi}| mk|mhocm ¾# ìkp c‚mj|pmklm g êpêlikpm|pêm vgr c‚mhvcizm}r “ ìkl vgr cg LEP‡ Hgj| cg d}|pjlm cm}r g ìkkêrgj|ik mp cg cj|pm w}‚jc| ikp vrê|mkpêm g} êcmlpjik| w}j ikp |}jqj g rmhvirpê 2= -`m| qij# pgk`j| w}m cg LEP k‚mk iopmkgjp w}m 7= -+ "‡* W}gkp æ H+ Vg|lbm# ojmkw}‚jc `mhm}rm |gcgrjê `} LM `m Czik# qijcæ prij| gk| w}‚jc k‚g vc}| gllâ| æ |iko}rmg} ìkp cg virpm g êpê qmrri}jccêm‡ Hähm cm vjrm `m| mhvcizm}r| vrjqê| km

amrgjp vg| lmcg ' ¾

H+ @ihjkjw}m Cgeirji# |mlrêpgjrm `} lihjpê lmkprgc `‚mkprmvrj|m jkpmrrieêæ lm |}dmp cm < kiqmhorm# k‚g lmvmk`gkp vg| êpê mk hm|}rm `‚jkajrhmr i} `mlikajrhmr |j cm kihorm `m cjlmkljmhmkp| jkpmrqmk}| gqgkp |ik grrjqêm g} vi|pm `m|mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc êpgjp jhvirpgkp 4 ® vi}r lm w}j liklmrkm cg vêrji`m gkpêrjm}rm æhg vrj|m `m aiklpjik|# d‚gj m} likkgj||gklm `m ì||jmr| rmcgpja| æ `m| cjlmkljmhmkp|

vrikiklê| |}r `êlj|jik `} `jrmlpm}r `m| |mrqjlm| mp w}j ikp agjp c‚iodmp `m rmli}r|`mqgkp cm| vr}`‚bihhm|+ Cm `jrmlpm}r gqgjp m|pjhê w}m cm| |gcgrjê| mk lg}|mk‚g||}hgjmkp vg| cm}r| rm|vik|gojcjpê|+ Cm `jrmlpm}r `m| |mrqjlm| g||}hm pi}pm cgrm|vik|gojcjpê `m lm| jkjpjgpjqm|# hähm |j# |‚gej||gkp `m| vi|pm| m||mkpjmc|# lihhmlmc}j `m likprðcm}r `m em|pjik# cm cjlmkljmhmkp agjp c‚iodmp `‚}k êlbgkem gqml cm

|mlrêpgjrm mp cm| êc}| `} LLM+ Dm k‚gj m}# vmr|ikkmccmhmkp# g}l}k cjlmkljmhmkp æ vrikiklmr mk `mbir| `m lmc}j w}m d‚gj êqiw}ê ^}k |gcgrjê gll}|ê `m bgrlâcmhmkp|m}mc vrêlê`mhhmkp hmkpjikkêX mp# vm}p(äprm `mhgjk# `m lmc}j `‚}k `jrmlpm}r `mqjccgem `m qglgklm| w}j km ìkkm vg| |gpj|aglpjik# hgj| jc m|p pi}pmaij| mklirm privpðp vi}r c‚êqiw}mr ¾+

◉ Cm agjp w}m `m kihorm}|m| grlbjqm| lihvpgocm| `m lm| lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m gjmkp êpê `êpr}jpm| m|p mkajk `m kgp}rm æ ki}rrjr `m|

|}|vjljik|+

Mk maamp# }km vgrpjm `m| grlbjqm| `} lihjpê lmkprgc `‚mkprmvrj|m `m cg \KLAikp êpê `êpr}jpm| vgr }k jklmk`jm+ @m hähm# }km vcgjkpm g êpê `êvi|êm cm 77 ilpiorm?66= vgr cg `jrmlprjlm `} lihjpê `‚êpgocj||mhmkp rêejikgc `m Czik vi}r cm qic `m vjâlm| lihvpgocm| liklmrkgkp cm| lihvpm| `m| gkkêm| ?66?# ?66< mp ?660 "7*‡

$

Cm rgvvirpm}r km `j|vi|m vg| `m| êcêhmkp| kêlm||gjrm| vi}r prgklbmr |}r lm| `jaaêrmkpm| gaagjrm|# ìkp vc}|jm}r| aikp c‚iodmp `m vrilê`}rm| d}`jljgjrm|+

"7* Likprgjrmhmkp g} vrivi| pmk}| vgr H+ Dmgk(Ci}j| Vjm`mlg}|g cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik cm2 kiqmhorm 4 ® Æ c‚êviw}m dm k‚êpgj| vg| cm |mlrêpgjrm `} LM_ `m Czik+ Jc hm |mhocm kêgkhijk| w}m cg vicjlm g iopmk} cm| vjâlm| lihvpgocm| `m| gkkêm| ?66? æ ?660 cir|w}‚mccm cm| g `mhgk`êm|+ ¾



‐ 02 ‐

Kêgkhijk|# jc km vm}p w}m lik|pgpmr cm hgkw}m `m prgk|vgrmklm `gk| cmaiklpjikkmhmkp `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m# w}j cgj||m mk lik|êw}mklm cjorm li}r| æpi}pm| cm| gll}|gpjik| vi||jocm|# w}‚mccm| |ijmkp aik`êm| i} kik+

Mj|pm(p(jc }km ® viri|jpê ¾ mkprm cm ajkgklmhmkp `m lmrpgjk| lihjpê|

`‚mkprmvrj|m mp lmc}j `m |zk`jlgp| 9 Cm| hizmk| lik|j`êrgocm| w}j prgk|jpmkp vgr cm|ergk`| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m mp cm hgkw}m `m prgk|vgrmklm `m cm}r em|pjik mkmkprmpjmkkmkp kêlm||gjrmhmkp “ hähm |j l‚m|p vm}p(äprm jkd}|pmhmkp “ cg |}|vjljik+

o* M@A

Cm `rijp |zk`jlgc# æ M@A# rmvi|m |}r vc}|jm}r| |prgpm| |}vmrvi|êm|# w}jlirrm|vik`mkp æ c‚gvvcjlgpjik `} li`m `} prgqgjc# æ lmccm `m `j|vi|jpjik| |pgp}pgjrm|mp mkajk æ lmccm `‚gllir`| liccmlpja|+

◉ Cm| pmhv| `m `êcêegpjikC‚iregkj|gpjik `m| jk|pjp}pjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `} vmr|ikkmc g} |mjk `‚M@A

g êpê vriaik`êhmkp rmhgkjêm `gk| cm lg`rm `m c‚grpjlcm ?2 `m cg cij k¶ ?660(26< `}: giþp ?660 rmcgpjqm g} |mrqjlm v}ocjl `m c‚êcmlprjljpê mp `} egt mp g} mkprmvrj|m|êcmlprjw}m| mp egtjârm|# w}j vrêqizgjp }k gcjekmhmkp |}r cm| râecm| `} `rijplihh}k g} vc}| pgr` cm <7 `êlmhorm ?665+ @‚gvrâ| cm| rêvik|m| ai}rkjm| æ }kw}m|pjikkgjrm êlrjp `} rgvvirpm}r# ik `êkihorm g}di}r`‚b}j# æ M@A# 0 ?02 hgk`gp|cêeg} `gk| cm| jk|pjp}pjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `} vmr|ikkmc mk gvvcjlgpjik `m lmppmrêairhm+

Mk lihvcêhmkp `m lm| hgk`gp| cêeg}# cm |pgp}p kgpjikgc `m| mkprmvrj|m|êcmlprjw}m| mp egtjârm| jk|pjp}m `m| lihhj||jik| vgrjpgjrm| vi}r c‚mk|mhocm `m|mkprmvrj|m| `m cg orgklbm# lm w}j rmvrê|mkpm 0?? hgk`gp| vi}r M@A+

Cm| lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm| cêeg} gppglbê| æ lm| 0 :62 hgk`gp| rmvrê|mkpmkp07? 565 bm}rm| `m `êlbgrem|# rmvrê|mkpgkp mk kihorm `m vi|pm| ?1?#2 êw}jqgcmkp|pmhv| vcmjk+

\‚z gdi}pmkp 020 551 bm}rm| rê|}cpgkp `‚gllir`| `‚mkprmvrj|m|# |ijp

c‚êw}jqgcmkp `m <62#5 vi|pm| æ pmhv| vcmjk+ Lm| hizmk| likqmkpjikkmc| aikp ìkl vc}| w}m ì}ocmr c‚mkqmcivvm `m| hizmk| cêeg} mp |pgp}pgjrm|+

Qgcirj|ê |}r cg og|m `} kjqmg} `m rêh}kêrgpjik hizmk `m c‚mkprmvrj|m# cmliþp `m| bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik| m|p m|pjhê vgr cg `jrmlpjik `‚M@A æ <7#? hjccjik|`‚m}ri|+

◉ Cm| hizmk| ajkgkljmr| mp hgpêrjmc|

Cm `rijp lihh}k |‚gvvcjw}m vi}r lm w}j m|p `m cg |}oqmkpjik `m

aiklpjikkmhmkp g} lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m# w}j |‚êcâqm æ 6#? - `m cg hg||m|gcgrjgcm# |ijp 1#< hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r ?676+



‐ 0: ‐

\‚gej||gkp `m| hizmk| hgpêrjmc|# 066 cilg} vriam||jikkmc| |ikp hj| æ`j|vi|jpjik `m| jk|pjp}pjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `} vmr|ikkmc mp `m| |mlpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+Cm hgpêrjmc jkairhgpjw}m mp o}rmg}pjw}m hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik m|p qgcirj|ê æ bg}pm}r `m7#:1 hjccjik `‚m}ri|+

◉ Cm| hizmk| b}hgjk| mp ajkgkljmr| gaamlpê| g} aê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `mcg orgklbm mp likaê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm|

<= `m| êc}| |zk`jlg} `j|vi|mkp êegcmhmkp `‚}k hgk`gp aê`êrgc# mmrågkpgjk|j pi}p i} vgrpjm `m cm}r glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm g} |mjk `m cm}r aê`êrgpjik vriam||jikkmccm mp = |gcgrjê| |ikp `êpglbê| g} |mjk `m cm}r likaê`êrgpjik+

Vgr gjccm}r|# g} pjprm `m c‚gvv}j g} aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| aê`êrgpjik|rgppglbêm| æ cg orgklbm `m| jk`}|prjm| êcmlprjw}m| mp egtjârm| "JME*# c‚mkprmvrj|mgvvirpm }km likprjo}pjik ajkgkljârm ìkp cm hikpgkp |‚m|p êcmqê mk ?676 æ

7#?: hjccjik `‚m}ri|# lihvcêpê| vgr cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `m 05 |gcgrjê| mmrågkp`m| aiklpjik| `‚gvv}j g`hjkj|prgpja “ ìkp cm| |gcgjrm| rmvrê|mkpmkp ?#=: hjccjik|`‚m}ri| “# gjk|j w}m `m| vräp| `m qêbjl}cm m|pjhê æ <: 666 m}ri|+ ]km aê`êrgpjik|zk`jlgcm rmhoi}r|m }km vgrpjm `m| |gcgjrm| mp lbgrem| `} vmr|ikkmc g`hjkj|prgpja hj| æ |g `j|vi|jpjik# æ bg}pm}r `m ??7 666 m}ri|+ Mk qgcirj|gkp c‚mk|mhocm `m lm|êcêhmkp| “ z lihvrj| cm| êc}| `êpglbê| “# cm| gvvirp| `jqmr| `‚M@A g} |m}cm|aê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m cg orgklbm `m| JME `êvg||mkp |gk| ì}pm = hjccjik|`‚m}ri|+

◉ Cm| glpjqjpê| l}cp}rmccm| mp |iljgcm|

\‚gej||gkp `m| glpjqjpê| l}cp}rmccm| mp |iljgcm|# cg Lgj||m lmkprgcm `‚glpjqjpê||iljgcm| "LLG\* m|p c‚iregkj|hm lihvêpmkp g} |mjk `m| jk`}|prjm| êcmlprjw}m| mpegtjârm|+ Mk qmrp} `m cg cij k¶ 01(1?2 `} 2 gqrjc 7:01 |}r cg kgpjikgcj|gpjik `mc‚êcmlprjljpê mp `} egt# lm| glpjqjpê| |ikp ajkgklêm| æ bg}pm}r `m 7 - `} lbjaarm`‚gaagjrm| "mp kik `‚}k vi}rlmkpgem `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm*+ Cg likprjo}pjik `‚M@Ag êpê# vi}r ?676# `m 721#= hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

@m vc}|# mk qmrp} `‚}km `j|vi|jpjik rêecmhmkpgjrm `m 7:2<# cm| mkprmvrj|m|`m cg orgklbm vrmkkmkp mk lbgrem lmrpgjkm| lbgrem| "lipj|gpjik| |iljgcm| vgprikgcm|kipghhmkp* `m| vmr|ikkmc| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik vgr cm| mkprmvrj|m| g}vrâ| `m|jk|pjp}pjik| |iljgcm|# lm| `mrkjârm| vrmkgkp mk lbgrem cm| |gcgjrm| mp cm rm|pm `m|lbgrem|+ Cm hikpgkp `m lmppm vgrpjljvgpjik m|p `m :#: hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r M@A+Vgr gjccm}r|# `m| g}pirj|gpjik| `‚go|mklm |ikp ilprizêm| æ `m| |gcgrjê| `mc‚mkprmvrj|m g} pjprm `} aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| "7*+ Lm| g}pirj|gpjik|`‚go|mklm |ikp qgcirj|êm| æ bg}pm}r `m 2#= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676+

Cm| `jaaêrmkpm| g}`jpjik| hmkêm| vgr cg lihhj||jik ikp hikprê c‚êlgrpmkprm cm| hizmk| lik|j`êrgocm| ilprizê| æ cg LLG\ mp cm lgrglpârm prâ| cjhjpê qijrm

"7* Mmrljlm `m cm}r hgk`gp# go|mklm| viklp}mccm| vi}r c‚iregkj|gpjik `m aäpm| lihhm c‚grorm `m Kiîc#likqizgem `‚mkagkp| |m rmk`gkp mk licikjm| ̀ m qglgklm# mpl+



‐ =6 ‐

jkmj|pgkp `m| likprðcm|+ Mk maamp# `m agåik `êriegpijrm g} `rijp lihh}k# cmlikprðcm `m lm| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| m|p `êqic} æ c‚Êpgp# cm| mhvcizm}r| k‚êpgkp vg| vrê|mkp| g} jk|pgklm| `êcjoêrgkpm| `m| jk|pjp}pjik| |iljgcm|+ Ir# lihhm cm rgvvmccmcg Li}r `m| lihvpm|# `gk| |ik |mlik` rgvvirp |}r cm| jk|pjp}pjik| |iljgcm| `} vmr|ikkmc `m| jk`}|prjm| êcmlprjw}m| mp egtjârm| "JME* "7* 4 ® `gk| cm| agjp|# lihhmc‚Êpgp k‚mmrlm vg| |m| vi}qijr| `m likprðcm |}r cm| JME# cm| iregkj|gpjik|rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m| |gcgrjê| `m| jk`}|prjm| êcmlprjw}m| mp egtjârm| `j|vi|mkp `‚}kmlihvcâpm g}pikihjm `gk| cg em|pjik `m| jk|pjp}pjik| |iljgcm| `} vmr|ikkmc mp `mcm}r| glpjqjpê| ¾+

Lmppm go|mklm `m likprðcm g lmrpgjkmhmkp likprjo}ê æ c‚êcgrej||mhmkp# `gk|`m| vrivirpjik| jhvirpgkpm|# `} lbghv `‚glpjik `m cg LLG\ mp æ `m| lbij`‚jkqm|pj||mhmkp| d}eê| g}di}r`‚b}j bg|gr`m}+ L‚m|p cm lg| kipghhmkp `} rglbgp`m cg Lihvgekjm jkpmrkgpjikgcm Gk`rê Prjegki "LJGP*# vi}r }k liþp `m

2? hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+ Cm| jkpmrriegpjik| w}‚g |i}cmqêm| lmppm vicjpjw}m `‚glw}j|jpjik|ikp êlcgjrgkpm| 4 cm lihjpê lmkprgc `‚mkprmvrj|m `m cg LLG\ g êhj| }k gqj|`êagqirgocm |}r lm vridmp `‚glw}j|jpjik mp g lrjpjw}ê cg Lgj||m vi}r cg lik`}jpm vm}liklmrpêm `m lm vridmp `‚glbgp mp cm hgkw}m `‚jkairhgpjik `êcjqrêm |}r c‚grpjl}cgpjik `} `êqmcivvmhmkp `m cg LJGP gqml lmc}j `m cg LLG\ "?*+

Cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LA@P# H+ Argkåij| Lbêrâw}m# g g}||j êhj| `m|ì}pm| `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cm ?0 ilpiorm ?677# |}r cg vmrpjkmklm `mlmppm vicjpjw}m `‚glw}j|jpjik mp |}r cm lbghv `m lihvêpmklm `m cg LLG\ 4 ® |}r lmppm w}m|pjik# jc ki}| m|p `jaajljcm `m ìkkmr }k gqj| vgrpjl}cjmr lgr cg LA@P |‚m|p

lik|pjp}êm vgrpjm ljqjcm `gk| cg vcgjkpm liklmrkgkp cg Lgj||m lmkprgcm `‚glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| "LLG\* `‚M@A+ Lmppm `mrkjârm |‚m|p prgk|airhêm vmpjp æ vmpjp mkmkprmvrj|m# gccgkp d}|w}‚g} rglbgp `m Prjegki # w}j km ki}| vgrgëp vg| d}|pjajê+ ]klihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m k‚g vg| æ |m vcglmr |}r cm hgrlbê likl}rrmkpjmc > dm vmk|m w}mlm k‚m|p vg| |ik rðcm hähm |‚jc vm}p cm agjrm+ Jc ìjp |m cjhjpmr æ |g qilgpjik# w}j m|p `m eêrmr }k vgprjhijkm g} oêkêajlm `m| |gcgrjê|# lm w}j k‚mhvälbm vg| `‚iaarjr }km

vgrpjm `m| cjp| w}‚jc vi||â`m æ `m| vmr|ikkm| mpêrjm}rm| ¾+

Cg LLG\ |‚m|p g}||j cgklêm `gk| }km vicjpjw}m `‚glw}j|jpjik `m vgrp| `m|iljêpê| ljqjcm| jhhiojcjârm|# vicjpjw}m d}eêm g}||j prâ| |êqârmhmkp vgr cg Li}r `m|

lihvpm| `gk| cm rgvvirp vrêljpê 4 ® cm |i}pjmk æ c‚êlikihjm `} pi}rj|hm |iljgc km agjp vg| vgrpjm `m| hj||jik| `m cg LLG\ pmccm| w}m `êajkjm| vgr cm |pgp}p kgpjikgc `} vmr|ikkmc `m| JME+ Cg LLG\# vi}r |i}pmkjr cm |mlpm}r `} pi}rj|hm |iljgc# iodmlpja êcijekê `m| hj||jik| w}m c}j g||jekmkp cm |pgp}p kgpjikgc `} vmr|ikkmc# |‚m|p ìklcgklêm `gk| }km ghojpjm}|m vicjpjw}m `‚jkqm|pj||mhmkp+ \m| jkqm|pj||mhmkp| rêvêpê|`gk| `m| \LJ `êajljpgjrm| |‚gllihvgekmkp `m |irpjm| `m aik`| lrij||gkpm|# |gk|

egrgkpjm `m rmhoi}r|mhmkp# mp ìkp |m}c| w}mcw}m| ivêrgpm}r| `} pi}rj|hm |iljgc pjrmkp oêkêajlm# g} `êprjhmkp `m| jkpêräp| `m| êcmlprjljmk| mp egtjmr| ¾+

"7* ® Cm| jk|pjp}pjik| |iljgcm| `} vmr|ikkmc `m| jk`}|prjm| êcmlprjw}m| mp egtjârm| 4 }km rêairhm `m agåg`m# }km |jp}gpjik geergqêm ¾# Li}r `m| lihvpm| "hgj ?677*+

"?* Cm vrilâ| qmrogc `m cg |êgklm `} ?0 kiqmhorm m|p mvcjljpm 4 ® jc k‚m|p e}ârm om|ijk `‚äprm ergk` lcmrl vi}r lihvrmk`rm lihojmk lmppm ki}qmccm IVG `m cg LLG\ pri}ocm c‚m|vrjp `‚}k lmrpgjk kihorm `m hjcjpgkp| ¾+



‐ =7 ‐

Vgr gjccm}r|# cm rgvvirpm}r |‚jkpmrriem |}r cm ajkgklmhmkp `‚glpjik| w}j|mhocmkp `gqgkpgem rmcmqmr `m c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm w}m `m| Ŝ}qrm| |iljgcm| vrivrmhmkp `jpm|+ Cm ajkgklmhmkp “ æ bg}pm}r `m <66 666 m}ri| “ `‚}km lghvgekm`m v}ocjljpê likprm cm vridmp `m cij |}r cg ki}qmccm iregkj|gpjik `} hgrlbê `mc‚êcmlprjljpê# `jpm cij ® KIHM ¾# |mhocm gjk|j g||mt êcijekê `m| lihvêpmklm| `‚}klihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m# g airpjirj `m lmccm| `‚}km jk|pjp}pjik lbgreêm |vêljajw}mhmkp`m cg em|pjik `m| glpjqjpê| l}cp}rmccm| mp |iljgcm| hgj| æ c‚mlc}|jik `m|lihvêpmklm| `‚jkairhgpjik(lik|}cpgpjik `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m `m `rijplihh}k+

Cm| `jrjemgkp| `m cg LLG\ |mhocmkp `‚gjccm}r| gqijr }km liklmvpjik cgrem `mcm}r lbghv `‚jkpmrqmkpjik# z lihvrj| `gk| cm ìhgjkm `m c‚glpjik |zk`jlgcm® rmqmk`jlgpjqm ¾# lihhm mk pêhijekmkp cm| vrivi| `m H+ Lbrj|pjgk Amrmic# prê|irjmr `m cg LLG\# cm 2 kiqmhorm ?677 `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm 4 ® cg LLG\

k‚iregkj|m vg| `m hgkjam|pgpjik| |}r cm| w}m|pjik| cjêm| g} glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| “ l‚m|p cm rðcm `m| aê`êrgpjik| mp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+ Hgj| |‚gej||gkp `m cg /cij KIHM/# kiprm lik|mjc `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik m|pjhm cêejpjhm `m |‚mvrjhmr mp `‚gvvmcmr |m| oêkêajljgjrm|# mk pgkp w}m pmc| mp kik mk pgkp w}m |zk`jw}ê|# æ vgrpjljvmr æ cm}r hgkjârm > lm k‚m|p vg| airlêhmkp mk hgkjam|pgkp# lmcg vm}p g}||j vrmk`rm cg airhm `m

vêpjpjik|# vgr mmhvcm+ Cg Li}r `m| lihvpm| g maamlpjqmhmkp vijkpê cg vgrpjljvgpjik`m oêkêajljgjrm| æ lmrpgjkm| hgkjam|pgpjik| > ik ki}| g `mhgk`ê `m rmhoi}r|mr cm|? 666 m}ri| mkegeê| vi}r }k o}| > hgj| ki}| gqik| hgjkpmk} kiprm vi|jpjik |mcikcgw}mccm cm lik|mjc `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik g cm `rijp `‚gvvmcmr |m| oêkêajljgjrm| æ |mhiojcj|mr vi}r `êamk`rm cm}r| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| ¾+

l* Cg _GPV

\mcik cm| jkairhgpjik| prgk|hj|m| vgr |g `jrmlpjik# cg _GPV ilprijm?01 116 bm}rm| `m `êlbgrem| gkk}mccm| vi}r cm| `êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} mp vi}r cm|hgk`gp| `m rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} vmr|ikkmc# |ijp c‚êw}jqgcmkp `m 7:=#5 vi|pm| æ pmhv| vcmjk+ Qgcirj|êm| ajkgkljârmhmkp# lm| bm}rm| `m `êlbgrem| rmvrê|mkpmkp5#?1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+ Cm| `m} pgocmg} |}jqgkp| `êpgjccmkp cg rêvgrpjpjik `m lm|bm}rm| `m `êlbgrem|+

Bm}rm| ̀ m ̀ êlbgrem| gkk}mccm| ̀ m| ̀ êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg}

"7*

@êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} lmkprg} 7 006@êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} `‚êpgocj||mhmkp `rijp |zk`jlgc 2= =16

@êcêe}ê||zk`jlg}

cêeg} @êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} `‚mklg`rmhmkp ? 066@êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} lmkprg} g`dijkp| 5 ?66@êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} `êvgrpmhmkpg} <? 106

@êcêe}ê||zk`jlg}

likqmkpjikkmc| @êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} likqmkpjikkmc| `‚êpgocj||mhmkp`m `rijp |zk`jlgc

6

Pipgc gkk}mc mk bm}rm| 7?: ?06Pipgc gkk}mc mk MPV 2?#02Qgcirj|gpjik ajkgkljârm "mk hjccjik| `‚m}ri|* <#61

"7* Kihorm pbêirjw}m+

\i}rlm 4 _GPV+



‐ =? ‐

Bm}rm| ̀ m ̀ êlbgrem| gkk}mccm| ̀ m| hgk`gp| `m rmvrê|mkpgkp| ̀ } vmr|ikkmc "7*

@êcêe}ê| `} vmr|ikkmc "pjp}cgjrm|* bir| |êgklm @V æ `}rêm qgrjgocm 762 :66Mc}| L@MV "pjp}cgjrm| mp rmvrê|mkpgkp| |zk`jlg}* bir| |êgklm| æ `}rêmqgrjgocm

?5 726

Êc}| L_M "pjp}cgjrm|# |}vvcêgkp| mp rmvrê|mkpgkp| |zk`jlg}* lrê`jp|`‚bm}rm . |êgklm : <16

Lihhj||jik iocjegpijrm "êlikihjw}m# airhgpjik ‡* 2 606Hmhorm| LB\LP ?< :06Pipgc gkk}mc mk bm}rm| 775 0?6Pipgc gkk}mc mk MPV 77<#??Qgcirj|gpjik ajkgkljârm 0#? hjccjik| `‚m}ri|

"?* Kihorm pbêirjw}m+

\i}rlm 4 _GPV+

Vgr gjccm}r|# ?? gemkp| |ikp `êpglbê| æ pjprm ergljm} g}vrâ| `‚iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| mp 1 gemkp| |ikp `êpglbê|# |i}| rê|mrqm `‚}k rmhoi}r|mhmkp vgr c‚iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm oêkêajljgjrm+

Cg _GPV ilprijm g}||j `m| |}oqmkpjik| g} lihjpê ® rêejm `‚mkprmvrj|m ¾"L_M* “ w}j di}m cm rðcm `‚}k lihjpê lmkprgc “ mp g} iktm lihjpê|`êvgrpmhmkpg} êlikihjw}m| mp vriam||jikkmc| "L@MV* “ c‚êw}jqgcmkp `m lihjpê|`‚êpgocj||mhmkp “ ìkp cm| hikpgkp| rmvrê|mkpmkp 4

“ 6#7 - `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm or}pm g} L_M mp 6#? - `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm

or}pm g} L@MV g} pjprm `m cg |}oqmkpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp# |ijp <#0 hjccjik|`‚m}ri| mk ?677 >

“ ?#277 - `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm or}pm g} pjprm `m| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mpl}cp}rmccm|# |ijp 02#:? hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?677+

Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik cm 2 kiqmhorm ?677# H+ VjmrrmHikejk# vrê|j`mkp `m cg _GPV# g agjp rmhgrw}mr w}m ® cm liþp pipgc `m| hizmk|cêeg} mp likqmkpjikkmc| lik|glrê| æ c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc m|p "‡* `m71 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vgr gk# |ijp `m} aij| cm `rijp lihh}k+ Cm| hizmk|

likqmkpjikkmc| gcci}ê| g}(`mcæ `} `rijp lihh}k rmvrê|mkpmkp# mk pi}p# w}mcw}m5 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| ¾+

Æ c‚jkjpjgpjqm `m cg `jrmlpjik# }k g}`jp jkpmrkm g êpê hmkê mk aêqrjmr ?676gajk `m hm|}rmr cm hikpgkp `} ajkgklmhmkp eciogc `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `} vmr|ikkmc mp `} vmr|ikkmc |zk`jlgc g} |mjk `m cg _GPV+ Lmc}j(lj g hj| mk êqj`mklm`m| ® gkihgcjm| ¾ 4

“ cg |}oqmkpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp# `m 77< m}ri| vgr gemkp# êpgjp `‚}khikpgkp êcmqê vgr rgvvirp æ `‚g}prm| mkprmvrj|m| `m hähm pgjccm "7* >

"7* Lmppm |}oqmkpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp |‚êcâqm æ =: m}ri| vgr gemkp æ cg \KLA# 767 m}ri| æ Grmqg mp ?60 m}ri| æ Cg Vi|pm+



‐ =< ‐

“ cg _GPV lihvpgjp }k kihorm êcmqê `‚gemkp| `êpglbê| g}vrâ|`‚iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| >

“ cm hêlgkj|hm `} ® lbâw}m(rmcâqm ¾ "vmrhmppgkp `m d}|pjajmr cm| pmhv| `m`êcêegpjik* k‚êpgjp vg| g||mt mklg`rê mp agj|gjp c‚iodmp `‚}|gem| go}|ja| 4 cm|

lbâw}m| ® `mhj(di}rkêm| ¾ k‚êpgjmkp vg| pi}di}r| }pjcj|ê| vgr cm}r oêkêajljgjrmjkjpjgc mp jc| êpgjmkp |pilnê| mp }pjcj|ê| vmk`gkp vc}|jm}r| gkkêm|+ Jc mk rê|}cpgjp }km|}rlik|ihhgpjik `‚bm}rm| vgr rgvvirp æ c‚mkqmcivvm cêegcm+

Vgr lik|êw}mkp# vc}|jm}r| vripilicm| ikp êpê liklc}| gqml cm| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| gajk `m rêairhmr cm| hizmk| ilprizê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| 4

“ cm hêlgkj|hm `} ® lbâw}m(rmcâqm ¾ g êpê hi`jajê 4 lm| lbâw}m| ikp`ê|irhgj| }km qgcj`jpê gkk}mccm “ mp kik vc}| jccjhjpêm “# jc| km vm}qmkp oêkêajljmr w}‚æ `m| vmr|ikkm| gllrê`jpêm| mp vi}r `m| iodmp| `êajkj| >

“ cm| hizmk| gpprjo}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ikp êpê rmlgcjorê| |}r cg og|m `m| `rijp| glw}j| `gk| cm lg`rm `} vripilicm vrêlê`mkp# |gk| gcci}mr g}iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| j||}m| `m| êcmlpjik| cm| hizmk| `m lmccm| w}j kmc‚êpgjmkp vc}|+ Cm| hizmk| ilprizê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ikp ìkl êpêrê`}jp| `m ?6 -+

\‚gej||gkp `m| vmr|ikkmc| `êpglbê|# }km lcgrjajlgpjik `m cm}r |pgp}p g êpêmkegeêm# gjk|j w}‚}k vcgk `m `jhjk}pjik `m cm}r maamlpja “ cm}r kihorm `mqgkp äprmrê`}jp `m ?? æ 7:+ Lihhm c‚g |i}cjekê H+ Vjmrrm Hikejk `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik# cg

_GPV m|p }km `m| |m}cm| mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| æ gqijr |jekê }k vripilicm `gk| lmìhgjkm 4 ® cm `j|vi|jpja `m `êpglbmhmkp vmrhgkmkp `m |gcgrjê| |i}| |pgp}p `m cg

_GPV g}vrâ| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| kgpjikgcm| g êegcmhmkp êpê lcgrjajê+ Lm`j|vi|jpja mj|pgjp `m cike}m `gpm hgj|# mk gvvcjlgpjik `} ki}qmc grpjlcm C+ 2?07(7`} li`m `} prgqgjc j||} `m cg cij `m ?662# `m| vripilicm| |ikp `ê|irhgj| |jekê|gqml cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| liklmrkêm| vgr lm| `êpglbmhmkp| > ki}| gqik|

|jekê cm <7 giþp `mrkjmr }k vripilicm `m hêpbi`m gqml cm| |zk`jlgp|+ Ki}| gqik|rê`}jp# mp ki}| rê`}jrik| mklirm# cm kihorm `m lm| `êpglbmhmkp|# w}j ìjp äprm

|prjlpmhmkp kêlm||gjrm æ c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm mk rgvvirp gqml c‚mkprmvrj|m+

7: gemkp| |ikp `ê|irhgj| `êpglbê| æ lm pjprm# likprm ?< gqgkp cg |jekgp}rm `} vripilicm+ Cg _GPV m|p æ hg likkgj||gklm cg |m}cm mkprmvrj|m v}ocjw}m gzgkp |jekê gqml cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| }k vripilicm æ lm |}dmp ¾+

`* Cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm

Mk ?662# }k vripilicm rmcgpja g} ajkgklmhmkp `} `rijp |zk`jlgc g vmrhj| `mrmlmk|mr vrêlj|êhmkp cm| hizmk| gpprjo}ê| g} |mjk `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm+ Lm}(ljrmvrê|mkpmkp vrâ| `m <: hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# |ijp =66 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk w}j |mrêvgrpj||mkp `m cg agåik |}jqgkpm 4

“ cg vrmhjârm vgrpjm `} vripilicm liklmrkm cm| |gcgrjê| `êpglbê| g} pjprm `mhj||jik| kgpjikgcm| 4 jc |‚gejp `m <7? êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk w}j lik|glrmkp }km



‐ =0 ‐

hgdirjpê `m cm}r pmhv| æ cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik |zk`jlgcm g} kjqmg} aê`êrgc i}likaê`êrgc >

“ cg |mlik`m vgrpjm `} vripilicm liklmrkm cm| lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm| g} kjqmg}cilgc 4 jc vrêqijp `m| `êcêegpjik| æ bg}pm}r `m 722 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk# æ rgj|ik

`m 0 bm}rm| `m `êlbgrem| hgjh}h vgr |gcgrjê+

Cm liþp gkk}mc `m lm| pmhv| `m `êcêegpjik m|p êqgc}ê æ ?2#= hjccjik|`‚m}ri|# g}w}mc| |‚gdi}pmkp :#2 hjccjik| vi}r cm| argj| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp `m|jk|pgklm| `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik `} vmr|ikkmc+

Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 7? ilpiorm# H+ Vbjcjvvm _mkgr`# `jrmlpm}r `mc‚]kjik `m| lgj||m| kgpjikgcm| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm "]LGK\\*# g pmk} æ |i}cjekmr c‚gqgklêm w}m rmvrê|mkpm c‚gllir` liklc} mk ?662 4 ® cm vrmhjmr iodmlpja `mc‚gllir` |}r c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc w}m ki}| gqik| kêeiljê gqml cm|

vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} êpgjp `‚g||}rmr cg prgk|vgrmklm mp cm |}jqj `m| hj|m| æ`j|vi|jpjik `m vmr|ikkmc g} |zk`jlgp|+ "‡* Lmp gllir` g g}||j vmrhj| `‚g||}rmr cg |êl}rjpê d}rj`jw}m `m lm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik mp `m rgpprgvmr }k lmrpgjk kihorm`m `êrgvgem| gkpêrjm}r|+ Mkajk# jc lihvirpm pi}p }k qicmp |}r cg kik `j|lrjhjkgpjikgjk|j w}m |}r cm rmpi}r æ c‚glpjqjpê vriam||jikkmccm }km aij| cm hgk`gp |zk`jlgc gllihvcj+ "‡* C‚êpgp `m| cjm} g ajkgcmhmkp êpê êpgocj# `gk| }km rmcgpjik `mlikajgklm gqml cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+ Mk|}jpm# ki}| gqik| ajê }k iodmlpja `m qic}hm 4 mk vgrpgkp `m lmp êpgp `m| cjm}# |mcik cmw}mc cm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjikrmvrê|mkpgjmkp 6#?? - mk MPV `m c‚maamlpja `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm# ki}| gqik| êpgocj

}km ljocm jkpmrhê`jgjrm æ 6#7: - mp }km `êajkjpjqm æ 6#71 -+ Mp dm rgvvmccm w}m lm|pg} |‚gvvcjw}mkp æ `m| maamlpja| `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm w}j |ikp m}(hähm| mk`jhjk}pjik ' Ki}| gqik| ìkl hgjkpmkgkp }km ergk`m hgëprj|m `m cg |jp}gpjik ¾+

Cg hj||jik `‚êqgc}gpjik vrêljpêm |}r cm| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `gk| cm| `êvgrpmhmkp| `} _bðkm mp `} Cijrmpg g}||j kipê cm| vrierâ| w}m rmvrê|mkpm lm vripilicm 4 l‚m|p }k qmlpm}r `‚bgrhikj|gpjik `m| `rijp| mp `m| vrgpjw}m| `gk| pi}p cm rê|mg} `m| iregkj|hm| `m|êl}rjpê |iljgcm mp cg `êhgrlbm vmrhmp }k gd}|pmhmkp vrierm||ja `m| hizmk|lihvpm pmk} `m cg rm|pr}lp}rgpjik `m| rê|mg}+ Cg hj||jik liklc}p w}m# `gk| cm|

iregkj|hm| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm# ® cm| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} |zk`jlgp| aikp c‚iodmp `‚}km em|pjik g`hjkj|prgpjqm lik|êw}mkpm mp `‚}k |}jqj gppmkpja |‚jk|êrgkp `gk| }kmqêrjpgocm l}cp}rm `m cg kêeiljgpjik |i}ljm}|m `‚ivpjhj|mr cm `jgcie}m |iljgc# lm w}jhgrw}m }km g}prm kipgocm `jaaêrmklm gqml cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m ¾+

m* Cg Ogkw}m `m Argklm

◉ Mk ?676# ?61#< ® êw}jqgcmkp| gemkp| pmhv| vcmjk ¾ "MGPV* ikp êpê hj| æ`j|vi|jpjik `m| lihjpê| `‚êpgocj||mhmkp mp `} lihjpê lmkprgc `‚mkprmvrj|m "LLM* `mcg Ogkw}m `m Argklm mp `m| g||iljgpjik| aiklpjikkgkp |i}| cm}r êej`m vi}r }k liþp



‐ == ‐

êqgc}ê æ 70#<= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| "7*+ Lm kihorm g êpê rghmkê æ 7:=#= MGPV mk?677# |ijp 7#= - `m| maamlpja|+

◉ Vgr gjccm}r|# mk qmrp} `m c‚gllir` `‚mkprmvrj|m |}r cm `jgcie}m |iljgc `}<6 |mvpmhorm 7::5# cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| oêkêajljmkp `m 0< vmrhgkmkp|

rêvgrpj| mkprm cm| |zk`jlgp| mk aiklpjik `m cm}r g}`jmklm# lm w}j rmvrê|mkpm }k liþp`m < hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676+

◉ Mk i}prm# 702 5=? bm}rm| `m `êlbgrem| |ikp gpprjo}êm| æ `m| `êcêe}ê||zk`jlg} i} rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} vmr|ikkmc êc}| |}r }km cj|pm |zk`jlgcm+

Bm}rm| ̀ m ̀ êlbgrem| gpprjo}êm| æ `m| ̀ êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} i} rmvrê|mkpgkp| ̀ } vmr|ikkmc êc}| |}r }km cj|pm |zk`jlgcm g} |mjk `m cg Ogkw}m `m Argklm

Kgp}rm `} hgk`gp Kihorm Pipgc gkk}mc `m| bm}rm| `m

`êcêegpjik g} pmrhm| `}li`m `} prgqgjc@êcêe}ê| `} vmr|ikkmc 115 =: :06Êc}| `} LM ?27 ?5 166Êc}| `} LLM 06 “ @êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} <71 01 266Êc}| `m| LB\LP 77= 70 07?Pipgc 7 07: 702 5=?

\i}rlm 4 Ogkw}m `m Argklm+

Æ lm| bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik| cêegcm| |‚gdi}pmkp cm| bm}rm| gpprjo}êm| vi}r cmhgk`gp `m lik|mjccmr eêkêrgc rmvrê|mkpgkp cm vmr|ikkmc "?* mp |ik lgojkmp# |ijp<#< MGPV# vi}r }k liþp êqgc}ê æ ?<7 66 m}ri|+

Lm| `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê rmvrê|mkpmkp :0 MGPV# |ijp }k liþp eciogc `m1#1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| "<*+

◉ Vgr gjccm}r|# cg Ogkw}m `m Argklm qmr|m `jaaêrmkpm| |}oqmkpjik| æ |iklihjpê lmkprgc `‚mkprmvrj|m mp æ |m| lihjpê| `‚êpgocj||mhmkp| rêejikg} i} cilg} 4

“ :16 666 m}ri| g} pjprm `m cg |}oqmkpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp mk ?677 > “ 75#? hjccjik| `‚m}ri| g} pjprm `m| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm| mk ?676#

|ijp ?#0=? - `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm+ Lmppm |}oqmkpjik m|p qmr|êm g} lihjpê|`‚êpgocj||mhmkp w}j rmqmr|mkp }km w}ipm(vgrp g} LLM+ Mk i}prm# cg Ogkw}m qmr|m`jrmlpmhmkp g} LLM `m} |}oqmkpjik| `m|pjkêm| æ li}qrjr rm|vmlpjqmhmkpc‚g||}rgklm ® rm|vik|gojcjpê ljqjcm ¾ |i}|lrjpm vgr lmc}j(lj mp cm| lihjpê|`‚êpgocj||mhmkp "0: 666 m}ri| mk ?676* mp }km vgrpjm `m| vrm|pgpjik| |iljgcm| ìkp oêkêajljmkp lmrpgjk| gemkp| rmprgjpê| "7<< 666 m}ri| mk ?676* >

"7* Lbgrem| vgprikgcm| lihvrj|m|+

"?* C‚êcmlpjik `m lm lik|mjccmr m|p vrêq}m vgr c‚grpjlcm _+ 70?(1 `} li`m hikêpgjrm mp ajkgkljmr+

"<* Lbgrem| vgprikgcm| lihvrj|m|+



‐ =1 ‐

“ 7?#1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676 `m |}oqmkpjik| lihvcêhmkpgjrm| vi}r vmrhmpprm cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| rm|pg}rgkp| `‚mkprmvrj|m w}j |ikp mk em|pjik `jrmlpm vgr cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m >

“ 7#<= hjccjik `‚m}ri| mk ?676 "7* `m |}oqmkpjik| |gcgrjgcm| qmr|êm| g} pjprm

`} vmr|ikkmc `gk| cm| lmkprm| `m qglgklm|+

L+ CM ® VG_JPG_J\HM ¾

Cm| ajkgklmhmkp| `jp| `} ® vgrjpgrj|hm ¾ ikp vi}r lgrglpêrj|pjw}m “ vi}r `êajkjpjik# hähm “ `m oêkêajljmr |zhêprjw}mhmkp mp æ vgrjpê "|g}a mlmvpjik|* g}iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê|+ Cm rgvvirpm}r km rmqjmk`rg ìkl vg|cike}mhmkp# |‚gej||gkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê|# |}r cm| `j|vi|jpja| w}‚jc g vrê|mkpê| `gk| cg vgrpjm lik|glrêm g} iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|+ Cm| êcêhmkp|

rml}mjccj| kipghhmkp cir| `m| g}`jpjik| vmrhmppmkp lmvmk`gkp `‚gvvirpmr w}mcw}m|êlcgjrgem| |vêljajw}m| |}r cm vgrjpgrj|hm pmc w}‚jc m|p qêl} `} lðpê `m| iregkj|gpjik|`m |gcgrjê|+

7+ Cm| vrêcâqmhmkp| g} pjprm `m cg em|pjik `‚iregkj|hm| vgrjpgjrm|

@gk| cm| lik`jpjik| w}j ikp êpê `êqmcivvêm| `gk| cg vgrpjm `} vrê|mkprgvvirp rmcgpjqm g} ajkgklmhmkp| vgrjpgjrm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# cg vgrpjljvgpjik `‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r| j||}| `m lmccm|(lj# hgj| g}||j `m lmccm| `m |gcgrjê|# æcg ei}qmrkgklm `m prâ| kihorm} iregkj|hm| `} lbghv |iljgc "lgj||m| `m |êl}rjpê

|iljgcm# g||}rgklm lbðhgem# ® 7 - ciemhmkp ¾# mpl+* mp vc}| mklirm `} lbghv `m cgairhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm "IVLG* ìkkm cjm} æ `m| qmr|mhmkp| `jqmr|# i}® vrêljv}p| ¾ 4 lihvmk|gpjik `m vmrpm| `m| |gcgjrm|# jk`mhkjpê| airagjpgjrm|# argj| `m`êvcglmhmkp# argj| `m airhgpjik# vrj|m mk lbgrem `m argj| `m ® |mlrêpgrjgppmlbkjw}m ¾# mpl+

Vgr gjccm}r|# g} kjqmg} jkpmrvriam||jikkmc# }k vrêcâqmhmkp m|p maamlp}ê |}r cg liccmlpm `m c‚mk|mhocm `m| aik`| `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm `m| |gcgrjê| g} oêkêajlm `m| likaê`êrgpjik| kgpjikgcm| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| > jc prgk|jpm vgr }km|pr}lp}rm gvvmcêm AIKEMAI_+

g* @m| rm||i}rlm| |jekjajlgpjqm| vi}r cm| likaê`êrgpjik|

Cm| hikpgkp| w}m rmvrê|mkpmkp lm| ajkgklmhmkp| vgrjpgjrm| |ikplik|êw}mkp|+ Gjk|j# cm| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| ikp(mccm| kipghhmkp oêkêajljê mk?676# vi}r vc}| `m |ijgkpm hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mp |gk| w}m lmppm cj|pm |ijpmbg}|pjqm 4

“ `m cg hijpjê `m| hizmk| prgk|jpgkp vgr cm AIKEMAI_# |ijp 70#= hjccjik|`‚m}ri| >

"7* :66 666 m}ri| mk ?677+



‐ =5 ‐

“ qrgj|mhocgocmhmkp `m cg hijpjê `m| vrêljv}p| qmr|ê| g} pjprm `m cg em|pjik`m| IVLG# lm w}j ìkkmrgjp 72#= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| >

“ `‚}km vgrp |jekjajlgpjqm “ |gk| ì}pm vc}| `m ?= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| “ `m|10 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| eciogcmhmkp rmlmk|ê| g} pjprm `m| argj| `m| lik|mjc|

`‚g`hjkj|prgpjik `m| iregkj|hm| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm >

“ `m vrâ| `‚}k hjccjik `‚m}ri| `m cg vgrp `m| rêejhm| `m rmprgjpm|lihvcêhmkpgjrm| GEJ_L mp G__LI >

“ `m hähm# `m cg hijpjê `m| qmr|mhmkp| g} pjprm `m cg ei}qmrkgklm `mc‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem# |ijp mkqjrik ? hjccjik| `‚m}ri| >

“ `m 6#? hjccjik `‚m}ri| æ vm} vrâ| `m |}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp mk vriqmkgklm `m c‚GEMAJVB# g}w}mccm| |‚gdi}pm cm ajkgklmhmkp `‚glpjik| `m

|mk|jojcj|gpjik mp `m airhgpjik `m| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} vmr|ikkmc "cm| |ihhm| qmr|êm|æ lm pjprm mk ?676 km |ikp vg| likk}m|# hgj| ik vm}p |jekgcmr w}m cm o}èmp vrêq} vi}r ?67? m|p `m 7#: hjccjik `‚m}ri|* >

“ `m < hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `m ®`êargjmhmkp airagjpgjrm ¾ mk vriqmkgklm `}® 7- ciemhmkp ¾+

Lm| |ihhm| km |m rmpri}qmkp vg| jkpêergcmhmkp `gk| cm| lihvpm| `m|likaê`êrgpjik| `m |gcgrjê|# }km vgrpjm êpgkp gpprjo}êm æ `‚g}prm| mkpjpê| 4 vgr mmhvcm# cm| IVLG |mlpirjmc| |ikp eêrê| kik vgr cm| likaê`êrgpjik|# hgj| vgr `m|

aê`êrgpjik| |mlpirjmccm| > `m vc}|# lmrpgjk| argj| rmhoi}r|ê| g} pjprm `m c‚mmrljlm`m| `jqmr| hgk`gp| cm |ikp `jrmlpmhmkp g} vmr|ikkm| w}j mk |ikp pjp}cgjrm|+

Vgr gjccm}r|# `gk| lm| lihvpm| likaê`êrg}# cm| ajkgklmhmkp| `} vgrjpgrj|hm |ikp mk eêkêrgc kizê| `gk| }km r}orjw}m ® |}oqmkpjik|)likprjo}pjik| ¾w}j km vmrhmp vg| `m cm| j`mkpjajmr lcgjrmhmkp+ W}mcw}m| êcêhmkp| vm}qmkppi}pmaij| äprm |jekgcê| 4

“ jc rm||irp `m c‚g}`jpjik `} |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc mp `} prê|irjmr `m cg LAPLw}m lmppm likaê`êrgpjik vmrlmqrgjp mkqjrik = hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `m ajkgklmhmkp| `m

lmppm kgp}rm > “ cm| lihvpm| v}ocjê| vgr cg LEP vi}r ?676 aikp gvvgrgëprm }km cjekm

® jk`mhkj|gpjik|(likprjo}pjik| ¾# `j|pjklpm `m lmccm lik|glrêm g} ® |}oqmkpjik| v}ocjw}m| ¾# w}j |‚êcâqm æ 7<#?:< hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mp `gk| cgw}mccm |ikp `j|pjke}ê|<#=2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `m rm||i}rlm| ® airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm ¾# ?#10< hjccjik|`m rmhoi}r|mhmkp| `m |pgem| mp 6#:50 hjccjik `m rm||i}rlm| ® `jgcie}m |iljgc grpj|gkgp ¾ "w}j rmkqijmkp hgkjam|pmhmkp æ c‚® gllir` ]VG ¾* >

“ mk gkkmm `m| lihvpm| ?676 `m cg LA@P# cm| ® vgrpjljvgpjik mp glpjik|

maamlp}êm| `gk| cm lg`rm `‚iregkj|hm| vgrjpgjrm| ¾ |ikp lbjaarêm| æ 1#267 hjccjik|`‚m}ri|+ Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm cm ?0 ilpiorm ?677#Hhm Gki}|bmb Ngrqgr# prê|irjârm `m cg LA@P# g vrêlj|ê cm| rm||i}rlm| pjrêm| vgr



‐ =2 ‐

|ik iregkj|gpjik `m |g vgrpjljvgpjik æ cg em|pjik `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm#|ijp eciogcmhmkp ® <#5=< hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+ ]km vgrpjm vriqjmkp `} AIKEMAI_ “ ? :10 =10 m}ri| gqgkp qmkpjcgpjik “ c‚g}prm `m| IVLG jkpmrvriam||jikkmc| 4c‚IVLG ]kjairhgpjik vi}r 76< 666 m}ri|# c‚GEMAI\(VHM# vi}r 0:= 666 m}ri|#c‚IVLGH\# `m|pjkê g} |gcgrjê| `m c‚grpj|gkgp# `} lihhmrlm mp `m| |mrqjlm|# vi}r 7: 666 m}ri|# IVLGCJG# vi}r 766 666 m}ri|# mp c‚IVLG(VC# g} |mrqjlm `m|

vriam||jik| cjoêrgcm|# vi}r 57 666 m}ri|¾+ Mccm g gdi}pê w}m `m| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| `m cg LA@P vmrlmqgjmkp `m| vrêljv}p| `m cg vgrp `‚IVLG vriam||jikkmc|+

Cm| ajkgklmhmkp| `} ® vgrjpgrj|hm ¾ rmli}qrmkp kipghhmkp lmc}j `m® lik|mjccmr| pmlbkjw}m| ¾ lbgreê| `‚g||j|pmr cm| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| `m| iregkj|hm| vgrjpgjrm|+ \mcik }k ìl}hmkp prgk|hj| vgr cg LAM(LEL# lmppm vrgpjw}mliklmrkmrgjp `m kihorm} iregkj|hm| 4 cg LKGH > cg LKGA > cg LKGQ >

c‚GLI\\ > c‚GEJ_L > c‚G__LI > c‚GE__ > c‚GEMAJVB‡ \mrgjmkp li}qmrp| cm|argj| cjê| æ cg rêh}kêrgpjik `m| vmr|ikkm| gaamlpêm| æ lm| hj||jik|# hgj| g}||j cm|`êvmk|m| `m em|pjik li}rgkpm mp `‚jkqm|pj||mhmkp cjêm|‡

H+ Vbjcjvvm Ci}j|# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LAPL g vi}r |g vgrp rmlikk} cm?6 ilpiorm `mrkjmr w}m cm| ® := |gcgrjê| ^`m cg likaê`êrgpjikX |ikp cjê|# vi}r cg

vc}vgrp# æ `m| iregkj|hm| vgrjpgjrm| gqml cm|w}mc| ki}| vg||ik| }km likqmkpjik+Lmrpgjk| `m lm| iregkj|hm| ki}| ìkkmkp `m| hizmk| vi}r mhog}lbmr }klik|mjccmr pmlbkjw}m “ lmc}j(lj êvg}cm c‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r# cmw}mc |jâem eêkêrgcmhmkp æ cg lgj||m kgpjikgcm “ mp vi}r airhmr ki| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| ¾+

Vgr gjccm}r|# jc km |g}rgjp äprm mlc} w}m cg vgrpjljvgpjik æ cg em|pjik `m|iregkj|hm| vgrjpgjrm| v}j||m ìkkmr cjm} æ w}mcw}m| `êrjqm|+

Vgrhj cm| lrjpjw}m| |êqârm| w}m cg Li}r `m| lihvpm| gqgjp mk ?66? mvrjhêw}gkp g} dm} `} vgrjpgrj|hm `gk| cg em|pjik `m c‚GEMAJVB "rgvvirp v}ocjl gkk}mc vi}r ?66?*# aje}rgjp gjk|j }km hj|m mk lg}|m hm|}rêm `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m|gcgrjê| 4 ® |j cm| iregkj|hm| vgprikg} ^êpgjmkpX cm| vrjkljvg} oêkêajljgjrm| `m|

ajkgklmhmkp| `m c‚GEMAJVB vi}r cm| glpjik| `‚jkairhgpjik mp `m |mk|jojcj|gpjik`} hik`m êlikihjw}m# cm| ergk`m| likaê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ^gqgjmkpX êegcmhmkp#

`gk| lm lg`rm# |jekê }km likqmkpjik gqml c‚GEMAJVB+ @m| likqmkpjik| mghjkêm| vgr cg Li}r# jc ^rm||irpgjpX w}m c‚glpjik mkprmvrj|m ^êpgjpX # vi}r c‚m||mkpjmc#lik|pjp}êm vgr `m| |m||jik| `m airhgpjik `m lg`rm| mp `m hjcjpgkp| |zk`jlg} g}

vriocâhm| rmklikprê| vgr cm| bgk`jlgvê| `gk| cm}r jk|mrpjik vriam||jikkmccm# |m||jik| cm vc}| |i}qmkp rêgcj|êm| /mk jkpmrkm/ gqml# cæ mklirm# lihhm d}|pjajlgpja|#`m| êcêhmkp| |m}cmhmkp `êlcgrgpja|+++ ¾+

C‚g}`jpjik `} vrê|j`mkp mp `} `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc `m c‚GEMAJVB vgr cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cm 70 kiqmhorm ?677# g hikprê w}m lmp iregkj|hm gqgjphj| cikepmhv| æ rêgejr g} io|mrqgpjik| `m cg Li}r+ \mcik cm| êcêhmkp| prgk|hj| æ

lmppm illg|jik# c‚GEMAJVB mkqj|gem vi}r ?67? }k o}èmp `m 7#: hjccjik `‚m}ri| vi}r |ik glpjqjpê `m hiojcj|gpjik mp `m airhgpjik `m| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} vmr|ikkmc+



‐ =: ‐

o* ]km rêvgrpjpjik g||mt êegcjpgjrm `m| hgk`gp| mp `m| ajkgklmhmkp|mkprm cm| likaê`êrgpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc mpjkpmrvriam||jikkmc

Cm| ajkgklmhmkp| `} vgrjpgrj|hm |ikp vrm|w}‚mlc}|jqmhmkp rê|mrqê| g}

ljkw lmkprgcm| |zk`jlgcm| w}j oêkêajljmkp `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê g} vcgk kgpjikgc mpjkpmrvriam||jikkmc+ Lm |ê|ghm glw}j|# cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| hgk`gp| mp `m|ajkgklmhmkp| gvvgrgëp g||mt êegcjpgjrm “ lm w}j g} `mhm}rgkp vm}p äprm `j|l}pê g}rmegr` `m| `jaaêrmklm| `m kihorm `‚g`bêrmkp| mp `‚g}`jmklm êcmlpirgcm mkprm lm|iregkj|gpjik| 4

“ cm| hizmk| `} AIKEMAI_ |ikp rêvgrpj| æ êegcjpê “ ?#: hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r lbgl}km `m| ljkw likaê`êrgpjik| mk ?676 >

“ cm kihorm `m hgk`gp| `‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r m|p êegcmhmkp cm hähm `gk|

kihorm `‚iregkj|hm| 4 c‚G__LI# c‚]kê`jl# c‚GEMAJVB# cm ® 7 - ciemhmkp ¾#c‚IVLG GEMAI\(VHM‡ “ gqml mk lik|êw}mklm `m| `êargjmhmkp| |mk|jocmhmkpêeg} vi}r cm| `jaaêrmkpm| iregkj|gpjik|‡

“ `gk| `‚g}prm| iregkj|hm|# ik `j|lrjhjkm "hi`êrêhmkp* prij| ® ergk`| ¾|zk`jlgp|# cg LA@P# cg LEP mp AI# mp `m} ® vmpjp| ¾# cg LAM(LEL mp cg LAPL+Gjk|j# `gk| cg ei}qmrkgklm `m| lgj||m| kgpjikgcm| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm# cm| vrmhjmr|`j|vi|mkp(jc| lbgl}k `m prij| |jâem| likprm `m} |m}cmhmkp vi}r cm| g}prm| > `gk|cm| lgj||m| rêejikgcm| mp cilgcm|# ik g `m} |jâem| vi}r lbgw}m ® ergk` ¾ |zk`jlgpmp }k vi}r lbgw}m ® vmpjp ¾+

Lmppm rêvgrpjpjik êegcjpgjrm m|p `‚gjccm}r| lrjpjw}êm vgr lmrpgjk||zk`jlgcj|pm|+ Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm cm ?0 ilpiorm`mrkjmr# cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LA@P# H+ Argkåij| Lbêrâw}m# g gjk|j êqiw}ê cmlg| `m c‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem 4 ® æ c‚]kê`jl# ìkp cg LA@P g||}hm vgr gcpmrkgklmcg vrê|j`mklm# cm| |}oqmkpjik| qmr|êm| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| |ikp cm|hähm| w}mc| w}m |ijmkp cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `m lbgl}km `‚mkprm mccm| mp cm rðcmw}‚mccm| di}mkp `gk| c‚jk|pgklm+ Lmrpm|# ki}| gqik| }k lik|mjccmr pmlbkjw}m# hgj|lmppm rm|vik|gojcjpê ki}| ill}vm æ vcmjk pmhv| mp liþpm æ kiprm iregkj|gpjik# w}j

c‚g||}hm vrgpjw}mhmkp |m}cm “ `} hijk| gqml cm| |m}cm| iregkj|gpjik| gvvgrpmkgkp g} /hgdirjpê| `m em|pjik/+ \gk| cg `êkjermr# }km iregkj|gpjik lihhm cg LEP# w}jk‚g dghgj| |jekê }k gllir` `mv}j| cg lrêgpjik `m c‚]kê`jl# oêkêajljm `m| hähm|hizmk| w}m cg kðprm vi}r }km rm|vik|gojcjpê `m em|pjik w}‚mccm k‚g||}hm vg|+Lmcg ki}| jkpmrvmccm airlêhmkp ¾+ Vc}| eêkêrgcmhmkp# `} vijkp `m q}m `mH+ Lbêrâw}m# ® jc likqjmkp `m hjm} pmkjr lihvpm `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `gk| cgrêvgrpjpjik `m| hgk`gp| `‚g`hjkj|prgpm}r mp `m| hizmk| "‡*+ Cm aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| vr}`‚bihhm| m|p }k oik mmhvcm mk cg hgpjârm# v}j|w}m l‚m|p cm kihorm`‚êc}| w}j `êpmrhjkm cm hikpgkp `m| |}oqmkpjik|+ Hgj| `gk| `‚g}prm| lg|# pi}pm|cm| iregkj|gpjik| ikp cm| hähm| hizmk|# i} ojmk c‚ik `j|pjke}m |m}cmhmkp prij|

/ergk`|/ |zk`jlgp| “ cg LA@P# cg LEP mp AI “ mp `m} /vmpjp|/ ¾+



‐ 16 ‐

Cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LA@P g d}|pjajê |ik vijkp `m q}m# ìkp jc m|p ojmk lik|ljmkp w}‚jc vrjqjcêejm cm| vc}| eri||m| iregkj|gpjik|# l‚m|p(æ(`jrm cg LEPmp cg |jmkkm vrivrm# mk io|mrqgkp w}m cg Argklm m|p ® cm |m}c vgz| `‚M}rivm w}jlihvpm b}jp iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# lm w}j mkprgëkm }k gaagjocj||mhmkp `}

|zk`jlgcj|hm vgr rgvvirp æ |g rm|vik|gojcjpê |iljgcm "‡*+ Cg lgvgljpê`‚mkegemhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| m|p jkqmr|mhmkp vrivirpjikkmccm æ cm}r êvgrvjccmhmkp+ Jc ag}p ìkl cm| rmeri}vmr# |gk| gccmr d}|w}‚æ }km iregkj|gpjikhikicjpbjw}m+ C‚M|vgekm mp c‚Jpgcjm k‚ikp w}m `m} i} prij| iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| 4 cm}r lgvgljpê `‚mkegemhmkp m|p omg}li}v vc}| airpm w}m `gk| }k vgz|lihhm cg Argklm+ Jc z qg `m c‚maajlgljpê `m cg `êhilrgpjm |iljgcm ¾+

G}`jpjikkê cm ?5 ilpiorm ?677# H+ Omrkgr` Pbjog}cp# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `mcg LEP# |gk| äprm g}||j vrêlj| w}m H+ Lbêrâw}m# g |i}bgjpê c}j g}||j w}m cgrêvgrpjpjik `m| hizmk| `m ajkgklmhmkp `m| hj||jik| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc `m|

|zk`jlgp| |ijp aik`êm ® |}r cm| hêlgkj|hm| `m cg `êhilrgpjm rmvrê|mkpgpjqm¾#gdi}pgkp w}m |‚i}qrgjp gcir| }k `êogp# w}m c}j(hähm km prgklbgjp vg|# mkprm cg vrj|mmk lihvpm `} kihorm `m qij g} êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| i} lmccm `} kihorm`‚êc}| |zk`jlg}+

l* @m| rm||i}rlm| d}|pjajêm|# |mcik cm| iregkj|gpjik| g}`jpjikkêm|

Cm| `jrjemgkp| |zk`jlg} g}`jpjikkê| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm ikpêqiw}ê| vc}|jm}r| pzvm| `‚gre}hmkp| w}gkp æ cg d}|pjajlgpjik `m| argj| `} vgrjpgrj|hm+

◉ Lmrpgjk| hmppmkp `‚goir` mk mmre}m# pi}p |jhvcmhmkp# cg cêejpjhjpê `m|lihvmk|gpjik| `m argj| iopmk}m| mp cm oik }|gem `m| aik`|+

Vi}r cg LAPL# H+ Vbjcjvvm Ci}j| g gjk|j d}|pjajê c‚mj|pmklm `m® lik|mjccmr| pmlbkjw}m| ¾ ajkgklê| vgr `jqmr| iregkj|hm| 4 ® cm| g`hjkj|prgpm}r|#w}j |ikp mkqjrik < 666 ^æ cg LAPLX # ikp vgr gjccm}r| om|ijk `‚jkairhgpjik|+ W}gk` ki}| grräpik| }km vi|jpjik# vgr mmhvcm g} |mjk `m cg Lgj||m kgpjikgcm `m|gccilgpjik| aghjcjgcm|# jc ag}p cg rêvmrl}pmr `gk| pi}pm| cm| lgj||m| `‚gccilgpjik|

aghjcjgcm|# lm w}j `mhgk`m }k lmrpgjk prgqgjc `m |zkpbâ|m mp `m |mlrêpgrjgp+ Gjk|j

cm| |gcgrjê| ^kipghhmkp cm| lik|mjccmr| pmlbkjw}m|X prgqgjccmkp(jc| æ vm} vrâ| pi}| æ airhmr mp æ jkairhmr cm| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| "‡*+ W}mc m|p c‚gqgkpgem `‚}k pmc hi`m`m aiklpjikkmhmkp 9 Qi}| qi}| ì}pmt ojmk w}m lbgl}km `m| kêeiljgpjik| w}mki}| gqik| æ |}jqrm mk pgkp w}m /vicjpjw}m|/ `mhgk`m æ äprm vrêvgrêm+ Cm prgqgjc maamlp}ê vgr cm| pmlbkjljmk| g}vrâ| `m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| m|p /rêl}vêrê/ vi}r gccmr qmr| cg kêeiljgpjik 4 vgr mmhvcm# cir|w}m c‚ik kêeiljm }km likqmkpjik ]kê`jl#g}pgkp |gqijr pi}p lm w}j |‚m|p vg||ê g} |mjk `m c‚]kê`jl g} li}r| `m| `m} i} prij|`mrkjârm| gkkêm| vi}r vi}qijr oïpjr `m| vi|jpjik| `m kêeiljgpjik lrê`jocm| mp agjrmgqgklmr cm |z|pâhm ¾+

Jc g `m hähm d}|pjajê cm `j|vi|jpja AIKEMAI_ “ vi}r cmw}mc cm| lihvpm|(rmk`}| `‚}pjcj|gpjik `m| aik`| vri`}jp| "vi}r c‚mmrljlm ?676* vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik|rm|pmkp vi}rpgkp prâ| |ihhgjrm|# pmkgkp vgraij| mk }k pgocmg} `êlihvi|gkp mk



‐ 17 ‐

|j r}orjw}m| rêecmhmkpgjrm| cg |}oqmkpjik “ 4 ® cm AIKEMAI_ g vi}r iodmlpja cg vrihipjik `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m|# lm w}j jhvcjw}m `mki}| z rmk`rm+ Æ lmppm ajk# ki}| `mqik| airhmr mp jkairhmr ki| `êcêe}ê|+ Cm|

|ihhm| w}m ki}| rmlmqik| `m lm aik`| li}qrmkp ìkl mk ergk`m vgrpjm `m| argj|`m vmr|ikkmc|+ Ki}| ki}| maairåik| `m `jaa}|mr `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| }k kihormhgjhgc `‚i}pjc| 4 ki}| gqik| gjk|j lrêê mk ?661 }k vg||mvirp airhgpjik# w}mki}| `j|prjo}ik| `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| “ cm cêej|cgpm}r |‚mk m|p `} rm|pm jk|vjrê mk?676 “ mp w}j |mrp `m ìl}hmkp `m og|m g} |gcgrjê| w}j qm}cmkp# kipghhmkp#iopmkjr }km qgcj`gpjik `m| glw}j| `m c‚mvêrjmklm+ Cm| lrê`jp| `} AIKEMAI_ki}| |mrqgkp m||mkpjmccmhmkp æ airhmr ki| `êcêe}ê|# jc| |ikp rêvgrpj| mkprm pi}| cm|

vi|pm| ¾+

Cm hähm g mkajk `êlcgrê w}m |ik iregkj|gpjik rmhoi}r|gjp|z|pêhgpjw}mhmkp cm| aik`| vgrjpgjrm| `ê`jê| kik }pjcj|ê|# ljpgkp mk mmhvcm }km

|i}|(lik|ihhgpjik æ bg}pm}r `m 7?= 666 m}ri| `m cg |}oqmkpjik `} ® 7 -ciemhmkp ¾ mk ?676# w}j |mrg `êagcw}êm `m cg |}oqmkpjik vi}r ?677+

◉ ]km g}prm gre}hmkpgpjik `êqmcivvêm `m hgkjârm g||mt |z|pêhgpjw}m# lmw}j c}j ìkkm }km lmrpgjkm lrê`jojcjpê# êqiw}m cg h}cpjvcjlgpjik `m| jk|pgklm| `mlik|}cpgpjik i} `m liklmrpgpjik “ ikp vgr mmhvcm êpê ljpê| cm Ermkmccm `mc‚mkqjrikkmhmkp mp cm| Êpgp| eêkêrg} `m c‚jk`}|prjm# cm|w}mc| |mrikp |}jqj| vgr cg Likaêrmklm kgpjikgcm `m c‚jk`}|prjm “ g}w}mccm| cm| |zk`jlgp| |ikp likqjê| |gk|w}‚g}l}k `êargjmhmkp km cm}r |ijp vrivi|ê+

Cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LEP g gjk|j rmhj| æ cg lihhj||jik cg livjm`‚}k jhvrm||jikkgkp @jlpjikkgjrm `m| jk|pgklm| `‚mmrljlm `m| hgk`gp| "7* iú |ikprêvmrpirjê| mkqjrik 066 pzvm| `‚jk|pgklm| i} iregkj|hm| iú cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg}|ikp lmk|ê| |jêemr+ Jc g jk`jw}ê cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik w}m |ik iregkj|gpjik `mqgjp vgraij| rmkiklmr æ vgrpjljvmr æ lmrpgjkm| jk|pgklm| ® ag}pm `m hizmk|¾# i} `}hijk| km |m pri}qgjp vg| mk hm|}rm `‚z mkqizmr cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| w}j |mrgjmkp cm| vc}| w}gcjajê|+

Cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LA@P g# vi}r |g vgrp# êqiw}ê `mqgkp cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm cm| kihorm}|m| jk|pgklm| g}w}mccm| cm| iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| |ikp likqjêm| g} kjqmg} rêejikgc# gcir| hähm w}‚}km jk`mhkj|gpjikk‚m|p vrêq}m w}m `gk| }k |m}c lg|# lmc}j `m| lik|mjc| êlikihjw}m|# |iljg} mpmkqjrikkmhmkpg} rêejikg}+

Orma# cg hgdirjpê `m| jk|pjp}pjik| qmjccgkp æ c‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc "i} |}vvi|êm|z qmjccmr* g}w}mccm| cm| |zk`jlgp| vgrpjljvmkp km ìkkmrgjmkp cjm} æ g}l}kmlikprmvgrpjm# lm w}j amrgjp vc}| w}m lihvmk|mr cm| lrjpjw}m| w}m lmrpgjk|ajkgklmhmkp| eêkêrm} `} vgrjpgrj|hm vm}qmkp |}|ljpmr+

Gccgkp vc}| cijk# Hhm Gki}|bmb Ngrqgr# prê|irjârm `m cg LA@P# g |i}bgjpê

w}m c‚ik vrêqijm `m hgkjârm eêkêrgcm }k `êargjmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik|

"7* Vri`}jp vgr _êgcjpê| `} `jgcie}m |iljgc+



‐ 1? ‐

likqiw}êm| vi}r pi}pm| |irpm| `‚jk|pgklm| pmhvirgjrm|+ Mccm g jk|j|pê |}r }k g|vmlppmrhjkiciejw}m 4 jc likqjmkp ojmk `m vgrcmr# |‚gej||gkp `} vgrjpgrj|hm# `m ® cgrêh}kêrgpjik `‚}km hj||jik `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc likajêm g} iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| ¾# kik `m |}oqmkpjik| i} `m ajkgklmhmkp| v}ocjl|+

Vi}r g}pgkp# cm di}rkgcj|pm mp g}pm}r Mrugk \mtkml# jkpmrrieê |}r lm vijkpcir| `m |ik g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# k‚g vg| vgr} likqgjkl} vgr lmppmgre}hmkpgpjik |zk`jlgcm 4 ® Lmp gre}hmkp# w}m cm| |zk`jlgcj|pm| }pjcj|mkp |i}qmkp#êpgjp rmlmqgocm qijcæ }km w}jktgjkm `‚gkkêm|# hgj| |j cm| |zk`jlgp| gqgjmkp qi}c}

agjrm |gqijr w}‚/ik/ cm}r `mhgk`gjp `m |jêemr `gk| priv `‚jk|pgklm| “ lihjpê|/Pbêi`}cm/ i} kik “# jc| c‚g}rgjmkp v}+ Pmc k‚g vg| êpê cm lg| 4 jc| km `j|mkp dghgj|kik ' ¾

◉ Vc}| eêkêrgcmhmkp# c‚mj|pmklm `m ajkgklmhmkp| v}ocjl| i} vgrgv}ocjl|`m| |zk`jlgp| m|p arêw}mhhmkp d}|pjajêm vgr cm agjp w}m lm| `mrkjmr| rmhvcj||mkp `m|hj||jik| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc# mp lm g} vriajp `m c‚mk|mhocm `m| |gcgrjê| mp kik `m cm}r||m}c| lipj|gkp| “ cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m c‚]K\G# H+ C}l Oêrjccm# g gjk|j rgvvmcêw}m# |mcik cm li`m `} prgqgjc# ® cm| |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc| ikp mlc}|jqmhmkp vi}r iodmp c‚êp}`m mp cg `êamk|m `m| `rijp| gjk|j w}m cm| jkpêräp| hgpêrjmc| mp hirg} ^‡X`m| vmr|ikkm| qj|êm| vgr cm}r| |pgp}p| ¾ > jc mk g liklc} 4 ® vi}r lm w}j ki}|liklmrkm# l‚m|p ìkl c‚mk|mhocm `m| |gcgrjê| w}m ki}| `êamkìk| ¾+

Vgr gjccm}r|# ik ìjp vrmk`rm mk lihvpm cm agjp w}m# `gk| kiprm vgz|# cm|gllir`| liccmlpja| |jekê| vgr cm| |zk`jlgp| |‚gvvcjw}mkp æ pi}| cm| |gcgrjê| `m cm}r

lbghv# jk`êvmk`ghhmkp `m cm}r gaajcjgpjik “ i} vc}| |i}qmkp kik(gaajcjgpjik “ |zk`jlgcm+ H+ Omrkgr` Pbjog}cp# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LEP# c‚g |i}cjekê 4 cm||zk`jlgp|# mk Argklm# kêeiljmkp vi}r c‚mk|mhocm `m| |gcgrjê|+ Jc g êegcmhmkpêqiw}ê# g} kihorm `m| hj||jik| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc rmhvcjm| vgr |ik |zk`jlgp g} oêkêajlm `m c‚mk|mhocm `m| |gcgrjê|# cm| 2=6 666 lik|}cpgpjik| d}rj`jw}m| ìkkêm| vgr cm| lik|mjccmr| vr}`‚bihg} LEP cir| `m cm}r| vmrhgkmklm| cilgcm|# w}j oêkêajljmkp mk vgrpjl}cjmr æ `m| |gcgrjê| `‚mkprmvrj|m| `êvi}rq}m| `m vrê|mklm|zk`jlgcm+ Jc g mkajk êpgocj }k cjmk lcgjr mkprm cm| `jaajl}cpê| `} ajkgklmhmkp `m||zk`jlgp| mk Argklm mp cm}r rðcm g} oêkêajlm `m c‚mk|mhocm `m| |gcgrjê| 4 ® cm}r|hizmk| `êvmk`mkp# vi}r c‚m||mkpjmc# `m| |zk`jw}ê| m}(hähm|# gcir| w}m cg cij

cm}r rmlikkgëp }k rðcm `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m c‚mk|mhocm `m| |gcgrjê|# w}‚jc| |ijmkp |zk`jw}ê| i} kik ¾+

?+ Cm| gllir`| `m ajkgklmhmkp `} `jgcie}m |iljgc

Ik vmk|m pi}p `‚goir` cæ# kgp}rmccmhmkp# æ c‚® gllir` ]VG ¾ “ c‚® gllir` `} 7? `êlmhorm ?667 rmcgpja g} `êqmcivvmhmkp `} `jgcie}m |iljgc `gk|c‚grpj|gkgp ¾# vrê|mkpê |}vrg `gk| cm JJ `} vrê|mkp rgvvirp “ mp æ |m| gllir`| `m`êlcjkgj|ik+ Cg arglpjik `m ajkgklmhmkp gaamlpêm mk gvvcjlgpjik `m lmp gllir` g}iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| m|p vgrpgeêm æ rgj|ik `m <)7<âhm| vi}r cg LA@P# cg LEP mpAI mp ?)7<âhm| vi}r cg LAM(LEL mp cg LAPL+ \j c‚ik mk lrijp cm| ìkkêm| vri`}jpm| vgr c‚]VG cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# lmppm arglpjikg}rgjp rmvrê|mkpê mkqjrik : hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676+



‐ 1< ‐

Jc likqjmkp g}||j `m rgvvmcmr c‚mj|pmklm `‚g}prm| gllir`| `m hähm kgp}rm`‚}km vgrp `gk| `m| orgklbm| |vêljajw}m|# gqml }k lbghv vc}| cjhjpê# `‚g}prm vgrp`gk| cm |mlpm}r gerjlicm# iú cm}r rmk`mhmkp rmvrê|mkpm |gk| ì}pm vi}r cm|iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| w}mcw}m| hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

C‚® gllir` ]VG ¾ g êpê w}gcjajê `m ® oikkm lbi|m ¾ vgr H+ Vbjcjvvm Ci}j|# vi}r cg LAPL# ®mk rgj|ik `m c‚mj|pmklm `m eri||m| cgl}km| `gk| cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ¾ 4 |j ® g} kjqmg} `m| mkprmvrj|m|# cm| /cij| G}ri}/ ikp rêecê cg w}m|pjik `m cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm mp `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik |zk`jlgcmmk ìkkgkp `m| hizmk| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# g} êc}| mp g} lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m "‡*# mk rmqgklbm# cm cêej|cgpm}r k‚g rjmk vrêq} vi}r cg kêeiljgpjik `morgklbm# w}j k‚m|p# gvrâ| pi}p# w}‚}km kêeiljgpjik h}p}gcj|êm mkprm vc}|jm}r|mkprmvrj|m| ¾+ Jc g êegcmhmkp hj| mk gqgkp c‚mjemklm `m lihvêpmklm `m|kêeiljgpm}r| 4 ® priv |i}qmkp# w}m lm |ijp g} vcgk rêejikgc i} g} vcgk kgpjikgc# ik

vm}p qijr `m| lbmhjkip| kêeiljmr }km likqmkpjik liccmlpjqm rmcgpjqm æ cgoi}cgkemrjm ' Lm |ikp cm| aê`êrgpjik| w}j kêeiljmkp mp mccm| mkqijmkp cm| vmrhgkmkp| w}‚mccm| ikp |i}| cg hgjk "‡*+ Mk agjp# l‚m|p rgrmhmkp cm oikkêeiljgpm}r w}j m|p g}pi}r `m cg pgocm# lm w}j k}jp g} `jgcie}m |iljgc+ Jc ag}p ìkkmr æ lmc}j(lj cm| hizmk| kêlm||gjrm| "‡*+ C‚gllir` ]VG k‚g vg| vi}r iodmp cm

ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| 4 |ik m|vrjp m|p `m vmrhmpprm æ `m| vriam||jikkmc| `} |êrgjc `m |m rmpri}qmr g}pi}r `m cg pgocm `m| kêeiljgpjik| ¾+

H+ Omrkgr` Pbjog}cp# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LEP# g `êamk`} cg `êhgrlbm`m c‚® gllir` ]VG ¾ `gk| `m| pmrhm| g||mt vrilbm|# mk cg rmcjgkp g}||j g} cgl}km|

`} li`m `} prgqgjc# cmw}mc km vrêqijp vg| `m `rijp |zk`jlgc mmrågocm bir| `mc‚mkprmvrj|m mp m|p ìkl jkg`gvpê# kipghhmkp vi}r cm| vc}| vmpjpm| mkprmvrj|m|+

@m hgkjârm vc}| eêkêrgcm# vi}r H+ Pbjog}cp# }km hj|m æ likprjo}pjik `m|mhvcizm}r| vi}r ajkgklmr cm `jgcie}m |iljgc m|p cêejpjhm lihvpm pmk} `m c‚jkêegcjpêaik`ghmkpgcm w}‚jc qijp `gk| cm ajkgklmhmkp glp}mc `‚}km vgrp `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m|gcgrjê|# `‚g}prm vgrp `m lmccm| `‚mhvcizm}r| 4 ® cm| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| |ikp m||mkpjmccmhmkp ajkgklêm| vgr cm| lipj|gpjik| qicikpgjrm| `m cm}r| g`bêrmkp| "‡*+

Cm| iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm|# mccm|# |ikp ajkgklêm| vgr }km lipj|gpjik jhv}pêm |}r cm| argj| eêkêrg} `m c‚mkprmvrj|m 4 ik pri}qm cêejpjhm w}‚}km vgrp `m cg rjlbm||m

lrêêm `gk| c‚mkprmvrj|m ajkgklm cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| mhvcizm}r| |gk| w}m cm| |gcgrjê| `j|vi|mkp `m c‚êw}jqgcmkp+ Jc rê|}cpm `m lm hêlgkj|hm }km ergqm jkêegcjpê`m prgjpmhmkp ¾+ @m vc}|# gcir| w}m cm `rijp `} prgqgjc km vrêqijp rjmk# glp}mccmhmkp# vi}r cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| |gcgrjê| `â| cir| w}m c‚ik `êvg||m cm kjqmg} `mc‚mkprmvrj|m# vi}r lm w}j m|p `m cg vgrpjm vgprikgcm# ® lm |ikp cm| `jrmlpjik| `m|rm||i}rlm| b}hgjkm|# qijrm cm| `jrmlpm}r| m}(hähm|# cm| mvmrp| pmlbkjw}m|# cm|lg`rm| |}vêrjm}r|# pi}| vgzê| vgr c‚mkprmvrj|m# w}j g||}rmkp ^cm rðcm `mrmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| jkpêräp| vgprikg}X # lihhm |‚jc êpgjp vgrpjm jkpêergkpm `} hêpjmr

vi}r cmw}mc jc| |ikp rêh}kêrê|+ Æ kiprm likkgj||gklm# cm HM@MA# w}j m|p cg vrmhjârm `m| iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm|# km rmhoi}r|m vg| g} mkprmvrj|m| cm|lihvêpmklm| w}m lmccm|(lj c}j ai}rkj||mkp vi}r }km hj||jik `m lgrglpârm |zk`jlgc+

Jc z g# cæ g}||j# `m} vij`| `m} hm|}rm| ¾+



‐ 10 ‐

Pi}pmaij|# io|mrqm H+ Pbjog}cp# lmppm lgvgljpê `‚}pjcj|mr cm| hizmk| `m|mkprmvrj|m| vi}r cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| jkpêräp| vgprikg} m|p vrivrm g} ergk`m|mkprmvrj|m| mp k‚mj|pm vg| `gk| c‚grpj|gkgp# lm w}j likli}rp æ mvcjw}mr c‚® gllir`]VG ¾ mp cêejpjhm cm agjp w}m lmp gllir` vrêqijm g}||j cm ajkgklmhmkp `m cg vgrpjm® mhvcizm}r| ¾ 4 ® lm ajkgklmhmkp ^`m c‚gllir` ]VGX liklmrkm g}||j# ojmkmkpmk`}# cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| mhvcizm}r| 4 jc m|p prâ| lihvcjw}ê# vi}r }k oi}lbmr i} }k oi}cgkemr# `m |‚go|mkpmr }km di}rkêm vi}r vgrpjljvmr æ }km `j|l}||jik gqml`m| |zk`jlgp|# gcir| w}m cm| ergk`| eri}vm| k‚ikp g}l}k vriocâhm vi}r `êegemr `} vmr|ikkmc g||}rgkp cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik vgprikgcm “ |gk| w}‚jc z gjp dghgj|# `}rm|pm# jhv}pgpjik lihvpgocm `m lm| go|mklm| ¾+

@+ CM\ \]OQMKPJIK\ V]OCJW]M\# VC]\ I] HIJK\ @J_MLPM\ MP VC]\I] HIJK\ J@MKPJAJGOCM\

Vc}|jm}r| `j|vi|jpja| `m c‚Êpgp ikp vi}r iodmp `jrmlp cm ajkgklmhmkp `mlmrpgjk| g|vmlp| `m cg qjm |zk`jlgcm# kipghhmkp cg airhgpjik# i} c‚mkli}rgemhmkpæ c‚g`bê|jik g} |zk`jlgp|+ Jc| vrmkkmkp cg airhm `m cjekm| o}èêpgjrm| eêrêm| vgr cm hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc mp `‚}km `êvmk|m aj|lgcm+

\‚z gdi}pmkp `m| ajkgklmhmkp| vc}| jk`jrmlp|# mk lm |mk| w}‚jc| oêkêajljmkpæ `m| |zk`jlgcj|pm| mk pgkp w}‚jc| rmhvcj||mkp lmrpgjk| hgk`gp| 4 ik vmk|m vgr mmhvcm g} ajkgklmhmkp `} Lik|mjc êlikihjw}m# |iljgc mp mkqjrikkmhmkpgc i}mklirm æ lmc}j `m c‚jk|pjp}pjik vr}`‚bihgcm+

Cm| likli}r| `m| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| rm|pmkp# vi}r cm}r vgrp# hgclikk}|+

7+ ]k hikpgkp rmcgpjqmhmkp cjhjpê `‚gj`m| v}ocjw}m| kgpjikgcm|mvcjljpmhmkp `m|pjkêm| g} |zk`jlgp|

g* Cg `ê`}lpjik vgrpjmccm `m| lipj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `} hikpgkp `mc‚jhvðp |}r cm rmqmk}

Cm| |gcgrjê| qmr|gkp }km lipj|gpjik æ }k |zk`jlgp rmvrê|mkpgpja vm}qmkp mk

`ê`}jrm 11 - `} hikpgkp `m cm}r jhvðp |}r cm rmqmk} "7*+ Jc |‚gejp `‚}km rê`}lpjikmp kik `‚}k lrê`jp `‚jhvðp 4 |m}cm| cm| vmr|ikkm| jhvi|gocm| |ikp liklmrkêm|# cgrê`}lpjik km vi}qgkp vg| `êvg||mr cm hikpgkp `m c‚jhvðp `þ+

Mk ?676# 7#=0 hjccjik `m hêkgem| ikp oêkêajljê `m lmppm rê`}lpjik# vi}r }km `êvmk|m aj|lgcm m|pjhêm æ 7?= hjccjik| `‚m}ri|+

"7* Pi}pmaij|# lm pipgc km vm}p vg| `êvg||mr 7 - `} rmqmk} or}p jhvi|gocm rmcmqgkp `m cg lgpêeirjm `m|prgjpmhmkp|# |gcgjrm|# vmk|jik| mp rmkpm| qjgeârm| æ pjprm ergp}jp+



‐ 1= ‐

o* Cm| gj`m| æ cg airhgpjik

Mk qmrp} `m c‚grpjlcm C+ ?70=(7 `} li`m `} prgqgjc# cm| |gcgrjê| gvvmcê| æmmrlmr `m| aiklpjik| |zk`jlgcm| oêkêajljmkp `} likeê `m airhgpjik êlikihjw}m#|iljgcm mp |zk`jlgcm+ Lmppm airhgpjik vm}p äprm g||}rêm |ijp vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| "7* mccm|(hähm|# |ijp vgr `m| jk|pjp}p| `} prgqgjc "?* gerêê| vgr cm hjkj|prm`} prgqgjc "<*+

@gk| cm| êcêhmkp| êlrjp| prgk|hj| g} rgvvirpm}r# cg `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `}prgqgjc g jk`jw}ê w}m cg rmkêeiljgpjik `m| likqmkpjik| prjmkkgcm| vi}r cg vêrji`m?677(?67< |‚êpgjp `êri}cêm `gk| }k likpmpm o}èêpgjrm likprgjkp gqml }km ogj||m`m 7?#5< - vgr rgvvirp g} hikpgkp| gllir`ê| `gk| cm lg`rm `m| likqmkpjik|?662(?676+ G} pjprm `m cg vêrji`m li}qmrpm vgr cm| likqmkpjik| prjmkkgcm| ?677(?67<# cg `jrmlpjik qmr|mrg }km |ihhm eciogcm `m 1:#1? hjccjik| `‚m}ri| g}|jekgpgjrm| `m lm| likqmkpjik|# æ |gqijr |j iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|"1=#=0 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|* mp ì}tm jk|pjp}p| `} prgqgjc "0#62 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|*+ Jcm|p vrêq} cm qmr|mhmkp `m ?<#5 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r ?677# ?<#7 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r c‚gkkêm ?67? mp ??#2 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| g} pjprm `m c‚gkkêm ?67<+

Cg `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `} prgqgjc |i}cjekm w}m ® lmppm ogj||m g `}rmhmkp êpê rm||mkpjm vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| w}j aikp qgcijr w}m cg vcglm `m cgkêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm êpgjp lik|pghhmkp rmkairlêm mp w}m cm| `mrkjârm|êqic}pjik| cêej|cgpjqm| mp rêecmhmkpgjrm| mkprgëkgjmkp `m| om|ijk|

|}vvcêhmkpgjrm| mk pmrhm| `m airhgpjik `m| |gcgrjê| gvvmcê| æ mmrlmr `m|

rm|vik|gojcjpê| |zk`jlgcm| "prgk|vgrmklm ajkgkljârm mp ki}qmccm| iocjegpjik|lihvpgocm|# g}`jmklm |zk`jlgcm# mpl+*+ Vgr li}rrjmr `} ?? kiqmhorm ?676# cm|likaê`êrgpjik| LA@P# LAM(LEL# LAPL# LEP mp LEP(AI ikp gcmrpê cm hjkj|prm`} prgqgjc |}r cm likpmk} `m cg a}p}rm likqmkpjik prjmkkgcm ?677(?67< rmcgpjqm æc‚gj`m ajkgkljârm gvvirpêm vgr c‚Êpgp g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm lg`rm`m| glpjqjpê| `m airhgpjik êlikihjw}m# |iljgcm mp |zk`jlgcm "AM\\*# likpm|pgkp cg`jhjk}pjik `m| hizmk| o}èêpgjrm| gllir`ê| vi}r cg airhgpjik |zk`jlgcm `m|

|gcgrjê| gjk|j w}m cm| likprgjkpm| cjhjpgkp cm| vi||jojcjpê| `m cm| }pjcj|mr g} rmegr` `m c‚jkêcjejojcjpê `m| aiklpjikkgjrm| æ lm| |}oqmkpjik| ¾+

"7* LEP# LA@P# LEP(AI# LAPL# LAM(LEL mp ]K\G+"?* G} kihorm `m 7?+

"<* Cm hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc liklc}p `m| likqmkpjik| prjmkkgcm| gqml lm| iregkj|hm| w}j ajmkp cm| iocjegpjik| `m|oêkêajljgjrm| `m cg |}oqmkpjik# gjk|j w}m cm| hi`gcjpê| mp lik`jpjik| `m qmr|mhmkp `m lmppm `mrkjârm+



‐ 11 ‐

Êqic}pjik `m| lrê`jp| lik|glrê| æ cg airhgpjik |zk`jlgcm"mk hjccjik| `‚m}ri|*

7ârm| likqmkpjik| prjmkkgcm|?âhm| likqmkpjik|

prjmkkgcm|<âhm| likqmkpjik|

prjmkkgcm|

?66= ?661 ?665 ?662 ?66: ?676 ?677 ?67? ?67<

Iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ?0#?: ?0#6: ?0#6: ?=#6< ?=#6< ?=#6< ??#<= ?7#50 ?7#0=LEP =#=1 =#=1 =#=1 =#55 =#55 =#55 =#7= =#67 0#:=LA@P =#02 =#<5 =#<5 =#=2 =#=2 =#=2 0#:: 0#2= 0#52LEP(AI =#02 =#<5 =#<5 =#=2 =#=2 =#=2 0#:: 0#2= 0#52LAPL ?#15 ?#15 ?#15 ?#55 ?#55 ?#55 ?#02 ?#07 ?#<5LAM(LEL ?#: ?#: ?#: <#67 <#67 <#67 ?#1: ?#1? ?#=2]K\G ?#?? ?#?? ?#?? ?#< ?#< ?#<6 ?#61 ? 7#:5

Jk|pjp}p| `} prgqgjc mp g||iljgpjik| Kihorm `m oêkêajljgjrm| 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7? 7?

L}h}c jk|pjp}p| `} prgqgjc 7#= 7#= 7#= 7#=1 7#=1 7#=1 7#<: 7#<= 7#<<PIPGC EÊKÊ_GC ?=#5: ?=#=: ?=#=: ?1#=: ?1#=: ?1#=: ?<#5= ?<#6: ??#5:

\i}rlm 4 `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `} prgqgjc+

Cm| |}oqmkpjik| |ikp gpprjo}êm| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| glp}mccmhmkprmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} kjqmg} kgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc "LEP# LA@P# LEP(AI#LAPL mp LAM(LEL* gjk|j w}‚æ c‚]K\G "7* mp |m rêvgrpj||mkp `m cg agåik |}jqgkpm 4

\}oqmkpjik vi}r airhgpjik |zk`jlgcm gllir`êm g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| |}r cg vêrji`m ?676(?67<

"mk hjccjik| `‚m}ri|*

LEP 7=#7?LA@P 70#1?LEP(AI 70#1?LAPL 5#?1LAM(LEL 5#2:]K\G 1#60

Æ cg |}jpm `m `m} likprðcm| `m cg Li}r `m| lihvpm|# c‚glpjik `m likprðcm

`} hjkj|pârm |}r lm| |}oqmkpjik| |‚m|p lik|j`êrgocmhmkp rmkairlêm+ @gk| |ikrgvvirp v}ocjl ?662# cg Li}r g vrj| glpm `m| êqic}pjik| hj|m| mk Ŝ}qrm vgr cmhjkj|pârm# pi}p mk airh}cgkp `m| io|mrqgpjik| lihvcêhmkpgjrm| virpgkp kipghhmkp|}r 4

“ c‚go|mklm `m aik`mhmkp d}rj`jw}m `m rmhoi}r|mhmkp| `m vmrpm| `m|gcgjrm| >

“ cg |}oqmkpjik qmr|êm g} jk|pjp}p| rêejikg} `} prgqgjc >

"7* Mk qmrp} `m `êlj|jik| `} Vrmhjmr hjkj|prm# `gpgkp rm|vmlpjqmhmkp `‚giþp 7:51 mp `m d}jccmp 7::0+



‐ 15 ‐

“ c‚mj|pmklm `m rmpgr`| kik |gklpjikkê| `gk| cg prgk|hj||jik `m|ìl}hmkp| likprglp}mccmhmkp iocjegpijrm| >

“ cg agjocm||m k}hêrjw}m `m| likprðcm| >

“ cm agjp w}m cm| |}oqmkpjik| qmr|êm| vgr cm hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc km ìjqmkp vg| ajkgklmr `m| airhgpjik| vi}r `m| gemkp| v}ocjl|+

Cm hjkj|pârm |‚m|p# vgr lik|êw}mkp# mkegeê æ }k prjvcmhmkp `m| likprðcm|+Hhm Gkkmcirm Li}rz# |i}|(`jrmlprjlm `m| rmcgpjik| jk`jqj`}mccm| mp liccmlpjqm| `}prgqgjc g gjk|j jk`jw}ê# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm <7 giþp ?677# w}m `mv}j| cm rgvvirp`m cg Li}r `m| lihvpm|# 726 likprðcm| ikp êpê rêgcj|ê| mp w}m 06 - `m| |pgem|rêgcj|ê| `gk| cm lg`rm `m| jk|pjp}p| `} prgqgjc ikp êpê likprðcê|+ Cg airhgpjik `m|lik|mjc| `m vr}`‚bihhm| agjp c‚iodmp# w}gkp æ mccm# `m likqmkpjik| prjmkkgcm| vi}r hjm} likprðcmr c‚}pjcj|gpjik `m| lrê`jp| mp cg w}gcjpê `m cg airhgpjik+

Cm hähm di}r# H+ Dmgk(@mkj| Lihormmccm# `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc `} prgqgjc glmvmk`gkp |i}cjekê cm| `jaajl}cpê| jkprjk|âw}m| |i}cmqêm| vgr lm| likprðcm| 4 ® ki}|gqik| }k |i}lj vicjpjw}m# l‚m|p cm `merê `} likprðcm æ mmrlmr |}r cg w}gcjpê `m|

airhgpjik| 4 jc k‚gvvgrpjmkp vg| æ c‚Êpgp `m `jrm w}mc ìjp äprm cm}r likpmk} > lmcgêpgkp# c‚gremkp v}ocjl ìjp gccmr æ `m| airhgpjik| `m w}gcjpê# |}rpi}p gvrâ| lm w}m dmqi}| gj `jp |}r c‚jhvirpgklm `m cg w}gcjpê `m| kêeiljgpm}r|+ ]k eri}vm `m prgqgjc gìkl êpê lik|pjp}ê mkprm cg @EP mp cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vi}r êqgc}mr cm|

airhgpjik|# hgj| cm |}dmp m|p |mk|jocm "‡*+ Lbgw}m aij| w}m cg @EP g qi}c} gccmr vc}| cijk `gk| cm likprðcm# w}‚jc |‚gej||m `m cg airhgpjik êlikihjw}m mp |iljgcm i}`m lmccm `m| vr}`‚bihhm|# cm| |pgaa| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| |ikp hikpê| g}lrêkmg} vi}r `êkiklmr c‚jkeêrmklm jkg`hj||jocm `m c‚Êpgp+ Cm| iodmlpja|`‚g}pikihjm vicjpjw}m `m| |zk`jlgp| mp `m oikkm }pjcj|gpjik `m| aik`| v}ocjl| |ikp

vgraij| `jaajljcm| æ likljcjmr ¾+

?+ Cm| gj`m| jk`jrmlpm|

g* Cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| êcmlpjik| vr}`‚bihgcm|

C‚iregkj|gpjik `} |lr}pjk `m| êcmlpjik| vr}`‚bihgcm| `m `êlmhorm ?662 gkêlm||jpê }k o}èmp `m :7#1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| "7*+ Cm| vrjkljvg} vi|pm| `m `êvmk|m|ikp liklmrkê cg lik|pjp}pjik `m cg cj|pm êcmlpirgcm "?5#1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|*#c‚glbmhjkmhmkp `m| ìl}hmkp| êcmlpirg} "}k vm} vc}| `m ?5 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|* mpcm| `êvmk|m| `m lihh}kjlgpjik "vc}| `m 77#? hjccjik| `‚m}ri|* "?*+

"7* Jc likqjmkp `‚gdi}pmr æ lm| hikpgkp| lm} `m| liþp| kik lihvpgojcj|ê|# lihvi|ê| m||mkpjmccmhmkp `m| liþp|

`m vmr|ikkmc |}vvirpê| kik |m}cmhmkp vgr cm| `jaaêrmkp| |mrqjlm| `m c‚Mpgp mp `m| lihh}km| hgj| g}||j vgr cm| mkprmvrj|m|# g} pjprm# vgr mmhvcm# `} vgjmhmkp `} pmhv| `m prgqgjc `m| |gcgrjê| lik|glrê g} qipm+

"?* @ikp }km vgrp |jekjajlgpjqm "= hjccjik| `‚m}ri|* |i}| cg airhm `m |}oqmkpjik| qmr|êm| vi}r cm}r lghvgekm`m lihh}kjlgpjik g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| gzgkp iopmk} i} gvvrilbê = - `m| qijcir| `m cg vrêlê`mkpm êcmlpjik iregkj|êm mk ?66?+



‐ 12 ‐

@gk| cm| êcêhmkp| êlrjp| prgk|hj| g} rgvvirpm}r# cg `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `}prgqgjc kipm w}‚® g} li}r| `m| `mrkjmr| |lr}pjk|# cm| liþp| cjê| æ c‚iregkj|gpjik `m|êcmlpjik| vr}`‚bihgcm| ikp rêe}cjârmhmkp g}ehmkpê# vg||gkp `m 1? hjccjik|`‚m}ri| mk 7:25 æ 21#1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk m}ri| lik|pgkp| vi}r ?662 ¾ "7*+

o* Cg airhgpjik `m| lik|mjccmr| vr}`‚bihhm|

Cm| |}oqmkpjik| qmr|êm| g} g||iljgpjik| lrêêm| vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| vi}r cg airhgpjik `m| lik|mjccmr| vr}`‚bihg} |m|ikp êcmqêm| æ 2#5 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676+

Mk ?67?# cm vridmp gkk}mc `m vmrairhgklm `m cg hj||jik ® Prgqgjc mpmhvcij ¾ jk`jw}m w}m lm| |}oqmkpjik| `mqrgjmkp rmvrê|mkpmr 5#: hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mkg}pirj|gpjik| `‚mkegemhmkp mp 2#7 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk lrê`jp| `m vgjmhmkp+ Lmì}lhmkp vrêlj|m w}m lm| lrê`jp| vmrhmpprikp `m ajkgklmr mkqjrik <5 666 di}r| `m

airhgpjik+

l* Cm| liþp| g`hjkj|prgpja| `m cg ki}qmccm hm|}rm `m c‚g}`jmklm `m| |zk`jlgp|

Mk gvvcjlgpjik `m c‚grpjlcm 77 `m cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662 virpgkp rêkiqgpjik`m cg `êhilrgpjm |iljgcm mp rêairhm `} pmhv| `m prgqgjc# cm hjkj|pârm `} Prgqgjclik`}jp }k vridmp `m hj|m mk vcglm `‚}k i}pjc `m hm|}rm `m c‚g}`jmklm êcmlpirgcm g}kjqmg} `m| orgklbm| mp g} kjqmg} kgpjikgc jkpmrvriam||jikkmc+ Lmppm g}`jmklm |mrglikk}m mk ?67<# æ vgrpjr `} liccgpjikkmhmkp `m| rê|}cpgp| `m| êcmlpjik| g}

lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m| "i}# æ `êag}p# `m| `êcêe}ê| `} vmr|ikkmc*+ Lmppm ivêrgpjik#ìkp cm liþp m|p êqgc}ê æ 77 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# rmvi|m m||mkpjmccmhmkp |}r cglik|pr}lpjik mp c‚mvcijpgpjik `‚}k |z|pâhm `‚jkairhgpjik+

Vgrgccâcmhmkp æ lm `j|vi|jpja# }km hm|}rm `m c‚g}`jmklm `m| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| qg äprm iregkj|êm# ajk ?67?# `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| `m hijk| `miktm |gcgrjê|# mk gvvcjlgpjik `m cg cij k¶ ?676(7?7= `} 7= ilpiorm ?676+ Cm liþp`} |z|pâhm `‚jkairhgpjik k‚m|p lmvmk`gkp vg| mklirm lbjaarê+

`* Cm| gj`m| o}èêpgjrm| g} `êqmcivvmhmkp `m cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm

Mk ?677# ?#: hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `‚g}pirj|gpjik| `‚mkegemhmkp |ikp jk|lrjpm|g} o}èmp vi}r ajkgklmr `jqmr|m| glpjik| vmrhmppgkp `‚ghêcjirmr cm `jgcie}m |iljgcg} kjqmg} `m| orgklbm| mp `m| mkprmvrj|m| "ajkgklmhmkp `‚êp}`m| mp `m airhgpjik|#jk`mhkj|gpjik| `m| vrê|j`mkp| `m| lihhj||jik| hjpm| vgrjpgjrm|# mpl+*+

"7* Cg vrjkljvgcm lg}|m `m lmppm g}ehmkpgpjik g êpê c‚ghêcjirgpjik `m cg w}gcjpê `m cg cj|pm êcmlpirgcm mp `m cgw}gkpjpê `‚êcmlpm}r| jk|lrjp|# vg||êm `m 7< hjccjik| mk 7:25 æ 75 hjccjik| mk ?66? mp æ vc}| `m 7: hjccjik| mk?662+



‐ 1: ‐

m* Cm| ajkgklmhmkp| jhvcjljpm| gpprjo}ê| æ prgqmr| cm Lik|mjc êlikihjw}m# |iljgc mp mkqjrikkmhmkpgc# c‚Jk|pjp}p `m rmlbmrlbmêlikihjw}m mp |iljgcm mp cm| lik|mjc| êlikihjw}m|# |iljg} mpmkqjrikkmhmkpg} rêejikg}

Cm| |mrqjlm| `} Vrmhjmr hjkj|prm gllir`mkp `m} pzvm| `m ajkgklmhmkp|w}j oêkêajljmkp jk`jrmlpmhmkp g} |zk`jlgp| 4

“ cg ìpgpjik æ c‚Jk|pjp}p `m rmlbmrlbm êlikihjw}m mp |iljgcm "J_M\*#lbgw}m likaê`êrgpjik |zk`jlgcm oêkêajljgkp `‚}k `rijp `m pjrgem |}r lmp iregkj|hm vi}r |ik vrierghhm `m rmlbmrlbm|+ Lihhm cm hikprm cm pgocmg} |}jqgkp#<#<< hjccjik| `‚m}ri| ikp êpê qmr|ê| æ c‚J_M\ mk ?677 >

Hikpgkp `m cg |}oqmkpjik qmr|êm æ c‚Jk|pjp}p `m rmlbmrlbm êlikihjw}m mp |iljgcm"mk hjccjik| `‚m}ri|*

?667 ?66? ?66< ?660 ?66= ?661 ?665 ?662 ?66: ?676 ?677<#? <#<1 <#6 ?#:? <#<0 <#?0 <#0< <#07 <#07 <#=7 <#<<

\i}rlm 4 `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `} prgqgjc+

“ cg ìpgpjik `} Lik|mjc êlikihjw}m# |iljgc mp mkqjrikkmhmkpgc "LM\M*#cm| |zk`jlgcj|pm| w}j z |jâemkp rmqmr|gkp eêkêrgcmhmkp cm}r| jk`mhkjpê| æ cm}r|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rm|vmlpjqm|+ H+ Dmgk(Vg}c @mcmqizm g |i}cjekê `mqgkp cglihhj||jik cm ?7 |mvpmhorm ?677 w}m cg |ihhm `m| jk`mhkjpê| rmqmr|êm|rmvrê|mkpgjp vc}| `m < hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676 4 ® cm| hmhorm| `} LM\M rmqmr|mkp æ c‚iregkj|gpjik w}j cm| g `ê|jekê| g} Lik|mjc `m| |ihhm| kik kêecjemgocm| "‡*+Lm vrilê`ê# w}‚ik vm}p gkgcz|mr lihhm }k |i}pjmk jk`jrmlp g} g||iljgpjik|

vriam||jikkmccm|# k‚g rjmk `m lbiw}gkp mk |ij# `gk| cg hm|}rm iú lm| |ihhm| aje}rmkp `gk| cm| lihvpm| `m lm| iregkj|gpjik| ¾+

Hikpgkp `m| jk`mhkjpê| qmr|êm| g} rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| |jêemgkp g}Lik|mjc êlikihjw}m# |iljgc mp mkqjrikkmhmkpgc

"mk hjccjik| `‚m}ri|*

?667 ?66? ?66< ?660 ?66= ?661 ?665 ?662 ?66: ?676

?#21 ?#2: ?#:? ?#:< ?#:1 < <#6? <#6= <#61 <#76

\i}rlm 4 Lik|mjc êlikihjw}m# |iljgc mp mkqjrikkmhmkpgc+

@m hähm# cm| jk`mhkjpê| qmr|êm| g} hmhorm| `m| lik|mjc| êlikihjw}m|mp |iljg} rêejikg} vm}qmkp äprm rmqmr|êm| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vgr cm}r|rmvrê|mkpgkp| "7*+

"7* Cm Lik|mjc rêejikgc `} Cjhi}|jk g qmr|ê `m| jk`mhkjpê| æ bg}pm}r `m 706 5=1#:< m}ri| g} êc}| `} LM\M_mk ?676+



‐ 56 ‐

<+ Cm| gj`m| `m| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm|

g* Cg ai}rkjp}rm `m hizmk| hgpêrjmc|

Cm| gj`m| mk kgp}rm ilprizêm| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| g} kjqmg} cilgc

|ikp cijk `‚äprm kêecjemgocm|+ Gjk|j# cg vc}vgrp `m| ergk`m| qjccm| hmppmkp(mccm| `m|cilg}# pmc| w}m `m| oi}r|m| `} prgqgjc i} `m| hgj|ik| `m| |zk`jlgp|# æ `j|vi|jpjik`m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# gccgkp vgraij| d}|w}‚æ cg vrj|m mk lbgrem# mk pipgcjpêi} mk vgrpjm# `m c‚mkprmpjmk# `} lbg}aagem# `m c‚êlcgjrgem# mpl+# lm w}j rmk` prâ|`jaajljcm cm lbjaargem `m c‚gj`m gjk|j ai}rkjm+

Cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LEP# H+ Omrkgr` Pbjog}cp# g êqiw}ê cir| `m|ik g}`jpjik# cm ?5 ilpiorm ?677# c‚jhvirpgklm `m| oi}r|m| `} prgqgjc# pi}p mkrmermppgkp w}m cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `m lmccm|(lj æ pjprm ergp}jp |ijp rmhj|m mk lg}|m vgr lmrpgjkm| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| 4 ® vi}r lm w}j m|p `m ki| rmcgpjik| gqml cm|

liccmlpjqjpê| cilgcm|# cm| lbi|m| |ikp prâ| qgrjgocm|+ Vc}|jm}r| likacjp| |ikp mk li}r|g} |}dmp `} ojmk aik`ê `m cg vrj|m mk lbgrem `m lmrpgjk| êpgocj||mhmkp|bj|pirjw}m|# kipghhmkp cm| oi}r|m| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| `} prgqgjc+ Gcir| w}momg}li}v `m lm| cjm} `‚mkprgj`m mp ® vðcm| mhvcij ¾ `m c‚êviw}m aäpmkp cm}r lmkpmkgjrm# cm| liccmlpjqjpê| cilgcm|# mk rgj|ik `m vriocâhm| `m em|pjik w}j cm}r

|ikp vrivrm|# rmhmppmkp vgraij| mk lg}|m lm w}j êpgjp lik|j`êrê lihhm kirhgc vmk`gkp `m| `êlmkkjm|+ Ik vm}p lihvrmk`rm w}m `m| h}kjljvgcjpê| likpm|pmkp `‚gqijr cg lbgrem mlc}|jqm `‚}k êpgocj||mhmkp æ qilgpjik `êvgrpmhmkpgcm# hgj| jc gvvgrpjmkp g} êc}| h}kjljvg} mp `êvgrpmhmkpg} `m pri}qmr }k pmrrgjk

`‚mkpmkpm# vc}pðp w}m `m `mhgk`mr g} |zk`jlgp| `m `êhêkgemr+ Lm| oi}r|m| aikp vgrpjm `m| hizmk| w}j likprjo}mkp æ cg vrê|mklm |zk`jlgcm `gk| cm| cilgcjpê| ¾+

o* Cg vi||jojcjpê `m |}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp

Cg cij k¶ ?66?(5< `} 75 dgkqjmr ?66? `m hi`mrkj|gpjik |iljgcm g g}pirj|êc‚ilprij `m |}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp vgr cm| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| g}|pr}lp}rm| cilgcm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm|+ ]k `êlrmp mkLik|mjc `‚Êpgp `mqgjp mk vrêlj|mr cm| lik`jpjik|+

Ag}pm `m `êlrmp vrj| gqgkp ?66=# cm d}em g`hjkj|prgpja g `êajkj cm lg`rm d}rj`jw}m `m c‚ilprij `m lm| |}oqmkpjik|+ @gk| }km `êlj|jik `} 0 gqrjc ?66= "7*# cmLik|mjc `‚Êpgp lik|j`ârm w}m `m pmccm| |}oqmkpjik| |ikp vi||jocm| |j mccm| vrê|mkpmkp }k jkpêräp v}ocjl cilgc# rêvik`mkp g} om|ijk| `m cg viv}cgpjik mp |jmccm| rm|vmlpmkp cm| vrjkljvm| `‚êegcjpê mp `m km}prgcjpê+

]k `êlrmp `} ?= d}jccmp ?66= "?* g rmvrj| lm| lrjpârm| d}rj|vr}`mkpjmc|+ Cm|liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| vm}qmkp ìkl qmr|mr `m| |}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkpg} |pr}lp}rm| cilgcm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| w}j |ikp ìpêm|

"7* Lik|mjc `‚Êpgp# Lihh}km ̀ ‚Gremkpgk# 0 gqrjc ?66= "k¶ ?10=:1*+

"?* @êlrmp k¶ ?66=(20: `} ?= d}jccmp ?66= rmcgpja æ c%gpprjo}pjik vgr `m| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| `m |}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp g} |pr}lp}rm| cilgcm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| mp hi`jajgkp cm li`m eêkêrgc `m| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm|+



‐ 57 ‐

`m cg vmr|ikkgcjpê hirgcm mp w}j rmhvcj||mkp `m| hj||jik| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc |}r cmpmrrjpijrm `m cg liccmlpjqjpê liklmrkêm+ Cm| |zk`jlgp| km vm}qmkp vg| rmqmr|mr lm||}oqmkpjik| æ `‚g}prm| vmr|ikkm| hirgcm| mp ìjqmkp rmk`rm lihvpm `m cm}r }pjcj|gpjik+ Cg hj||jik `‚êqgc}gpjik vrêljpêm `m ?66: |}r cm| hizmk| gcci}ê| g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| kipm w}m ® lm|

|}oqmkpjik| ikp vmrhj| `m |êl}rj|mr cm| |}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp w}mlmrpgjkm| liccmlpjqjpê| cilgcm| qmr|gjmkp `êdæ g} |zk`jlgp|+ Lihvpm pmk} `m cg`êajkjpjik d}rj`jw}m `m c‚jkpêräp cilgc# lm| |}oqmkpjik| |ikp rê|mrqêm| mk vrgpjw}mg} }kjik| `m |zk`jlgp| mp km |‚gvvcjw}mkp ìkl vg| |vêljajw}mhmkp g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m+ @gk| c‚êlbgkpjccik `mliccmlpjqjpê| gkgcz|ê vgr cg hj||jik# lm| |}oqmkpjik|# w}gk` mccm| mj|pmkp# |ikp rêvgrpjm| |}r cg og|m `m| rê|}cpgp| g} êcmlpjik| vr}`‚bihgcm| i} `m cgrmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| |zk`jlgp| g} lik|mjc êlikihjw}m mp |iljgc rêejikgc+ ¾

Mk rêvik|m æ }k w}m|pjikkgjrm êlrjp mkqizê vgr cm rgvvirpm}r# iktm rêejik|ikp lihh}kjw}ê cm hikpgkp `m| gj`m| ilprizêm| g} |zk`jlgp| 4 jc gvvgrgëp w}m cgergk`m hgdirjpê `m| rêejik| gzgkp lihh}kjw}ê `m| êcêhmkp| cm}r qmr|mkp `m||}oqmkpjik|+ Lihhm cm hikprm cm pgocmg} |}jqgkp# lm| |}oqmkpjik| |ikp `‚}khikpgkp prâ| qgrjgocm v}j|w}‚mccm| qikp `m =0 71= m}ri| vi}r cm lik|mjc rêejikgc `}Cjhi}|jk æ 7#67 hjccjik `‚m}ri| vi}r cm lmc}j `‚Jcm(`m(Argklm+

\}oqmkpjik| ilprizêm| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vgr cm| lik|mjc| rêejikg}

Gw}jpgjkm =?< 155 m}ri| "7*

Og||m( Kirhgk`jm

“ \}oqmkpjik| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| 4 :< <:1 m}ri|

“ Lihjpê jkpmr|zk`jlgc vi}r cm `êqmcivvmhmkp rêejikgcêlikihjw}m 4 76 666 m}ri|

Ormpgekm “ \}oqmkpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp 4 71 0<< m}ri| "?*

“ \}oqmkpjik 4 ?66 666 m}ri|Lbghvgekm(Gr`mkkm

“ \}oqmkpjik `‚êw}jvmhmkp 4 0? 666 m}ri|# 7 gk |}r ? “ \}oqmkpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp 4 7<0 :72 m}ri|

Lmkprm “ \}oqmkpjik 4 7?2 666 m}ri| “ Jk`mhkj|gpjik airagjpgjrm vgr di}rkêm `m vrê|mklm vi}r cm| rê}kjik|iregkj|êm| vgr cg rêejik 4 <= 666 m}ri|

E}zgkm G}l}kmJcm(`m(Argklm 7#67 hjccjik `‚m}ri|

Cjhi}|jk =0 71= m}ri|Hj`j(Vzrêkêm| \}oqmkpjik `m aiklpjikkmhmkp 4 ?66 666 m}ri|

"7* Lm| |}oqmkpjik| liklmrkmkp æ cg aij| cm| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| mp cm| |zk`jlgp| `‚mhvcizm}r|+

"?* Hizmk| lik|ihhê|+

Lihvpm pmk} `m| hikpgkp| jk`jw}ê| `gk| cm pgocmg} lj(`m||}|# w}j aikprm||irpjr `m c‚ir`rm `m `m} hjccjik| `‚m}ri| gpprjo}ê| vgr }km `jtgjkm `m lik|mjc|rêejikg}# cm rgvvirpm}r lik|j`ârm w}m cm| |}oqmkpjik| rêejikgcm| g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vi}rrgjmkp rmvrê|mkpmr eciogcmhmkp mkqjrik ljkw hjccjik|`‚m}ri|+

Hhm Gekâ| Qmr`jmr(Hicjkjê# `jrmlprjlm `m cg aik`gpjik jA_GV# g vi}r |g vgrp m|pjhê# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm ?7 |mvpmhorm ?677# w}m cm hikpgkp `m||}oqmkpjik| `m| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| `gk| cm}r mk|mhocm æ lm| iregkj|gpjik|



‐ 5? ‐

vi}rrgjp gppmjk`rm `j hjccjik| `‚m}ri| 4 ® |j cg |jp}gpjik m|p rmcgpjqmhmkp lcgjrm |‚gej||gkp `m| |}oqmkpjik| `m c‚Êpgp# ki}| gqik|# mk rmqgklbm# rmklikprê `m|`jaajl}cpê| vi}r rêgcj|mr }km êqgc}gpjik g} kjqmg} `m| rêejik|+ W}ij w}‚jc mk |ijp#

|mcik }km vridmlpjik rêgcj|êm æ vgrpjr `m `j rêejik| w}j g}rgjmkp gpprjo}ê g} |m}c| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| <#5 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676# cm| |}oqmkpjik|gllir`êm| vgr cm| rêejik| vi}rrgjmkp |‚êcmqmr æ 0 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| “ |gk| vi}qijr ojmk mkpmk`} m|pjhmr lm w}‚jc mk m|p `m| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m cilg}+ Mk jklc}gkp cm| g}prm| liccmlpjqjpê| cilgcm|# cm| |ihhm| gcci}êm| `mqrgjmkp |‚êcmqmr æ mkqjrik76 hjccjik| gkk}mc|# c‚m||mkpjmc `} ajkgklmhmkp liklmrkgkp cm| vmr|ikkmc|# v}j| cm|

vräp| `m cilg} ¾+

M+ LIKLC]\JIK 4 ]KM GLPJQJPÊ \ZK@JLGCM W]J K‚M\P W]M P_Â\VG_PJMCCMHMKP Æ CG LBG_EM MAAMLPJQM @M\ G@BÊ_MKP\

Cm pgocmg} lj(gvrâ| |‚maairlm `m pipgcj|mr cm| ac} `m| hizmk| w}j vmrhmppmkp æ c‚glpjqjpê `m| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| `m |m `êvcizmr# `} kjqmg} `m|mkprmvrj|m| g} kjqmg} likaê`êrgc+ L‚m|p g} |mk| cm vc}| cgrem w}m c‚glpjqjpê|zk`jlgcm m|p lik|j`êrêm# mk li}qrgkp c‚mk|mhocm `m| hizmk| erïlm g}w}mc| cm|`êpmkpm}r| `m hgk`gp| |zk`jlg} "êcmlpja| i} `ê|jekgpja|* vm}qmkp cm| mmrlmr “ cm|Ŝ}qrm| |iljgcm| `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m km |ikp pi}pmaij| vg| vrj|m| mk lihvpm#`gk| cg hm|}rm iú mccm| km rmcâqmkp mk rjmk "mk vrjkljvm* `m c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm# ojmk w}m eêrêm| vgr `m| êc}| |zk`jlg}+

Cm| hikpgkp| jk`jw}ê| |ikp kgp}rmccmhmkp gvvrijhgpja| mp lmrpgjk| ac}#

jhvi||jocm| æ qgcirj|mr "vgr mmhvcm cm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m cilg} g} pjprm `}`rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| pi}pm| cm| liccmlpjqjpê| `m prgqgjc‡*# km |ikp vg| êqgc}ê|+

Ik cm qijp# l‚m|p vrm|w}m 0 hjccjgr`| `‚m}ri| w}j |ikp qrgj|mhocgocmhmkplik|glrê| gkk}mccmhmkp æ c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm mk Argklm+ C‚m||mkpjmc `m lm| hizmk|":6 -* |mhocm vriqmkjr `m c‚mmrljlm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| mp cgaiklpjik v}ocjw}m# pgk`j| w}m cm| likprjo}pjik| `jrmlpm| `m| |zk`jw}ê| |i}| airhm`m lipj|gpjik| k‚mk rmvrê|mkpmrgjmkp# gvrâ| `ê`}lpjik `m c‚gj`m aj|lgcm# w}m < - æ0 - > hgj| jc m|p qrgj w}m cm pmhv| lik|glrê oêkêqicmhmkp g} hjcjpgkpj|hm vgr cm||zk`jw}ê|# g}(`mcæ `m| `êlbgrem| ìkp jc| vm}qmkp oêkêajljmr# k‚m|p vg| kik vc}|m|pjhê‡



‐ 5< ‐

Cm ajkgklmhmkp gkk}mc `m c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm mk Argklm

Hikpgkp| "m}ri|* Mk - `} pipgcJ+“ _m||i}rlm| vrivrm| 776(716 hjccjik| < æ 0Lipj|gpjik| kmppm| `m c‚gqgkpgem aj|lgc 76=(7== hjccjik| < æ 0

Vi}r hêhijrm 4 lipj|gpjik| or}pm| ?<6(?26 hjccjik|_mlmppm| v}ocjljpgjrm| < hjccjik| 6#7Vri`}jp| ajkgkljmr| < hjccjik| 6#7

JJ+“ Hizmk| vriqmkgkp `m| mhvcizm}r| <#= hjccjgr`| Vrâ| `m :6@êlbgrem| birgjrm| j||}m| `} li`m `} prgqgjc 7#1 hjccjgr` 06\}oqmkpjik| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp g} lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m eêrê| vgr `m| êc}| |}r cj|pm |zk`jlgcm 6#= hjccjgr` 7<® 6#62 vi}r hjccm ¾ "likeê `m airhgpjik* ?6#1 hjccjik| 6#=Aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m|# |}r cg og|m `m ?=6 m}ri| vgr gemkp "la+ rgvvirp| `‚jk|vmlpjik* 7#<0 hjccjgr` <=

JJJ+“ ® Vgrjpgrj|hm ¾ G} hijk| 26 hjccjik| ?Airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm "IVLG mp AIKEMAI_* << hjccjik| 7G}prm| iregkj|hm| vgrjpgjrm| <= hjccjik| 7Gllir`| `m pzvm ® gllir` ]VG ¾ 7= hjccjik| 6#0

JQ+“ \}oqmkpjik| v}ocjw}m| "bir| `rijp |zk`jlgc* G} hijk| 75= hjccjik| 0 æ =Êpgp 4 756 hjccjik| 0 æ =

“ ìkp airhgpjik |zk`jlgcm ?5 hjccjik| 6#5 “ ìkp airhgpjik vr}`‚bihgcm : hjccjik| 6#? “ ìkp LM\M <#7 hjccjik| 6#7 “ ìkp J_M\ <#= hjccjik| 6#7

“ ìkp rê`}lpjik `‚jhvðp 7?= hjccjik| <Liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| =(76 hjccjik| 6#7 æ 6#?

PIPGC <#2 æ <#: hjccjgr`| 766

A+ ]KM MRLMVPJIK A_GKÅGJ\M MK M]_IVM

Cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mk Argklm vrê|mkpm `m| vgrpjl}cgrjpê| w}j mk aikp }km mlmvpjik mk M}rivm+

◉

Mk vrmhjmr cjm}# likprgjrmhmkp æ cg |jp}gpjik argkågj|m# cm| lipj|gpjik|lik|pjp}mkp cg vrjkljvgcm |i}rlm `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mk M}rivm+ Lihhmc‚g |i}cjekê Hhm Qgcêrjm \gjkpizgkp# li(g}pm}r `m c‚êp}`m `‚g`hjkj|prgpjiklihvgrêm# vrêljpêm# w}‚g rêgcj|êm c‚Jk|vmlpjik eêkêrgcm `m| gaagjrm| |iljgcm| mk?660# `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik cm 70 |mvpmhorm ?677# ® cm| lipj|gpjik| ill}vmkp }km

vgrp vrjhir`jgcm `gk| cm| rm||i}rlm| `m| |zk`jlgp|# |ijp vc}| `m 26 - `mc‚mk|mhocm+ Mccm| rmvrê|mkpmkp mkqjrik 7 hjccjgr` `‚m}ri| `gk| lbgl}k `m lm| vgz|^Gccmhgekm# Omcejw}m# Ergk`m(Ormpgekm# Jpgcjm mp \}â`mX # æ c‚mlmvpjik `m cg

Omcejw}m iú lm hikpgkp m|p hijk`rm lihvpm pmk} `m cg viv}cgpjik vc}| agjocm+ \jc‚ik vrmk` mk lihvpm `‚g}prm| rm||i}rlm| vrivrm|# pjrêm| kipghhmkp `} vcglmhmkp

`‚glpja|# lmppm vrivirpjik `êvg||m :6 -+ Ki| jkpmrcil}pm}r| ikp m|pjhê w}m lmp êpgp `m agjp aik`gjp cg cêejpjhjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp cm}r g}pikihjm



‐ 50 ‐

ajkgkljârm qj|(æ(qj| `m| vi}qijr| v}ocjl|# `‚iú cg qicikpê `m lmccm|(lj `m aj`êcj|mr mp rmki}qmcmr cm}r| g`bêrmkp| ¾+

Cm| rm||i}rlm| j||}m| ̀ m| lipj|gpjik| vi}r `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mk M}rivm

Kihorm `mvmr|ikkm||zk`jw}êm|

Ir`rm `m ergk`m}r `mcg |ihhm `m|lipj|gpjik|

Omcejw}m <#? hjccjik| 066 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|Gccmhgekm 2#: hjccjik| 7 <66 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|Ergk`m(Ormpgekm 5#< hjccjik| 7 666 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|Jpgcjm 77#< hjccjik| 7 766 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|\}â`m <#: hjccjik| :66 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|

\i}rlm 4 Jk|vmlpjik eêkêrgcm `m| gaagjrm| |iljgcm|+

Lmppm |jp}gpjik |‚mvcjw}m vgr cm| pg} `m |zk`jlgcj|gpjik lik|pgpê| `gk|lm| vgz|# êcmqê| i} `} hijk| gvvrêljgocm| hähm |‚jc| |ikp vgraij| mk ogj||m `mv}j|w}mcw}m| gkkêm| "kipghhmkp mk Gccmhgekm*+

Pg} ̀ m |zk`jlgcj|gpjik ̀ m| |gcgrjê|

\}j||m 0= -Gccmhgekm 75 -@gkmhgrn 56 -M|vgekm 71 -_izg}hm(]kj ?1#1 -\}â`m 2< -Omcejw}m 1= -Jpgcjm ?=)=6 - "7*

"7* Glpja|)rmprgjpê|+

◉ @m}jâhm lgrglpêrj|pjw}m `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mk M}rivm# cm|mhvcizm}r| ai}rkj||mkp }kjw}mhmkp `m| hizmk| kêlm||gjrm| æ cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik`m| |gcgrjê| `gk| c‚mkprmvrj|m+ Cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `m aiklpjikkgjrm| g}vrâ| `m||zk`jlgp|# |j lihh}km mk Argklm# mj|pm g}||j mk Jpgcjm "7*# hgj| vg| `gk| cm| g}prm|

vgz| êp}`jê|+◉ Prij|jâhm lgrglpêrj|pjw}m 4 cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m| vgz|

m}rivêmk| mmrlmkp mk eêkêrgc `m| hj||jik| `‚® jkpêräp eêkêrgc ¾# gcir| w}‚mkArgklm# cm| |zk`jlgp| vm}qmkp äprm g||iljê| æ cg em|pjik `‚iregkj|hm| `‚jkpêräpeêkêrgc "cm ® vgrjpgrj|hm ¾*# hgj| km ai}rkj||mkp vg| `jrmlpmhmkp# liklrâpmhmkp#`m| |mrqjlm| `m lmppm kgp}rm+ Mk Omcejw}m mp mk \}â`m# cm| |zk`jlgp| g||}rmkp gjk|jcg em|pjik mp cm vgjmhmkp `m| gccilgpjik| `m lbðhgem# mk Gccmhgekm# cg airhgpjik`m `mhgk`m}r| `‚mhvcij# mk Jpgcjm# c‚gj`m æ cg lik|pjp}pjik `m ì||jmr| `m `mhgk`m`m vrm|pgpjik| |iljgcm|+ Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 70 |mvpmhorm# Hhm Qgcêrjm

\gjkpizgkp g gjk|j vrêlj|ê 4 ® lm| hj||jik| |ikp rmlikk}m| vgr c‚Êpgp mp aikp c‚iodmp

"7* Mccm liklmrkm mkqjrik < 666 vmr|ikkm| mp agjp c‚iodmp `‚}km likqmkpjik v}ocjw}m+



‐ 5= ‐

`‚}k ajkgklmhmkp v}ocjl# hgj| cm| aik`| ìjqmkp äprm qmr|ê| æ `m| mkpjpê| d}rj`jw}m|`j|pjklpm| mp cm| vi}qijr| v}ocjl| mk likprðcmkp c‚}pjcj|gpjik+ Cm| |zk`jlgp| km pjrmkp ìkl vg| `m lm| glpjqjpê| `m oêkêajlm ajkgkljmr `jrmlp# hgj| }k oêkêajlm jk`jrmlp# cm

agjp `‚iaarjr lm| |mrqjlm| g} |gcgrjê| cm}r vmrhmppgkp `m cm| aj`êcj|mr+ \j `gk| cg vc}vgrp `m| lg|# g`bêrmr æ }k |zk`jlgp k‚m|p vg| iocjegpijrm vi}r `j|vi|mr `m lm| |mrqjlm|# mk vrgpjw}m cm cjmk mkprm cm| `m} m|p w}g|jhmkp g}pihgpjw}m+ Mk \}â`m# vgr mmhvcm# }k |gcgrjê |i}bgjpgkp |‚jk|lrjrm æ cg lgj||m `‚gccilgpjik| lbðhgem |mqijp vrivi|mr mk hähm pmhv| c‚g`bê|jik g} |zk`jlgp ¾+ Cm| g}prm| |}oqmkpjik| v}ocjw}m| rmlmk|êm|# kipghhmkp vi}r cg airhgpjik# gllir`êm| g} |zk`jlgp| |ikphgrejkgcm| g} rmegr` `m cm}r| rm||i}rlm| eciogcm|+

◉ Mk rmqgklbm# ik kipmrg# vi}r lm w}j m|p `} likprðcm mp `m cg v}ocjljpê `m|lihvpm|# `m| |jp}gpjik| vc}| `jqmr|m|+ Mk eêkêrgc# |j cm| vi}qijr| v}ocjl|likprðcmkp eêkêrgcmhmkp m}(hähm| cm| aik`| gllir`ê| g} |zk`jlgp| vi}r cm|

hj||jik| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc# jc| km qêrjajmkp vg| cm}r| lihvpm|+ @gk| cg vc}vgrp `m| vgz|# cm| |zk`jlgp| |ikp `m| g||iljgpjik| `m agjp k‚gzgkp vg| `m vmr|ikkgcjpê d}rj`jw}m+ Lm| lihvpm| aikp c‚iodmp `‚}k |z|pâhm `m likprðcm jkpmrkm i} `‚}kmlmrpjajlgpjik+ Mk \}â`m# lm| lihvpm| |ikp pi}pmaij| lmrpjajê| vgr `m| lihhj||gjrm|g} lihvpm| mp g} _izg}hm(]kj# i}prm lmppm airhgcjpê# jc mj|pm }km g}pirjpê `mlmrpjajlgpjik gzgkp vi}r hj||jik `m rmlmk|mr pi}pm| cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# `mrml}mjccjr cm}r| lihvpm| gkk}mc|# `‚mk likprðcmr êqmkp}mccmhmkp cg rêgcjpê mp `m cm| v}ocjmr |}r }k |jpm jkpmrkmp “ lm w}j m|p ajkgcmhmkp g||mt vrilbm `m c‚ivpjikargkågj|m `m v}ocjlgpjik iocjegpijrm `m| lihvpm| |i}| c‚êej`m `m| vi}qijr| v}ocjl|+



‐ = ‐

JQ+( @M W]MCW]M\ ® VG_G@IRM\ ¾ Q]\ \I]\ C‚GKECM @M\HI@M\ @M AJKGKLMHMKP

Mk ?662# cg `jrmlpjik `m c‚gkjhgpjik `m cg rmlbmrlbm# `m| êp}`m| mp `m||pgpj|pjw}m| "@G_M\* `} hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc g lik|glrê }k k}hêri `m |g rmq}mbmoìhg`gjrm g} ® vgrgìm `} |zk`jlgcj|hm argkågj| 4 }k agjocm kihorm`‚g`bêrmkp|# hgj| `m| |zk`jlgp| ojmk jhvcgkpê| ¾ "7*+

Cm rgvvirpm}r m|pjhm w}m cm i} vc}pðp cm| vgrgìm| w}j lgrglpêrj|mkp cm|rmvrê|mkpgpjik| |gcgrjgcm mp vgprikgcm mk Argklm vm}qmkp kipghhmkp äprm êlcgjrê| vgr c‚gkgcz|m `m| ljrl}jp| `m ajkgklmhmkp mp `m| hg||m| ajkgkljârm|+

G+ CM VG_G@IRM @‚]K \ZK@JLGCJ\HM GQML VM] @‚G@BÊ_MKP\ MPLMVMK@GKP V_M\MKPÊ LIHHM V]J\\GKP MP GLPJA

7+ Cm hgjkpjmk `‚}km kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm `zkghjw}m hgcerê cg`ê|zk`jlgcj|gpjik

Cm vgrgìm w}‚g |i}bgjpê hmpprm mk c}hjârm cg @G_M\ mk ?662 m|p vgrpjl}cjârmhmkp ojmk jcc}|prê vgr }k ergvbjw}m# liklmrkgkp c‚mk|mhocm `m| vgz| `mc‚]kjik m}rivêmkkm# w}‚mccm gqgjp gcir| v}ocjê+ Lm ergvbjw}m# rmvri`}jp lj(gvrâ|#agj|gjp gvvgrgëprm æ cg aij| cm pg} `m |zk`jlgcj|gpjik mp cm pg} `m |gcgrjê| vi}r

cm|w}mc| }k |zk`jlgp m|p jhvcgkpê `gk| cm}r liccmlpjqjpê `m prgqgjc "mkprmvrj|m i}g`hjkj|prgpjik*+

Ik z io|mrqm lcgjrmhmkp# lm w}j jkp}jpjqmhmkp km vm}p w}‚gvvgrgëprmkgp}rmc# }km lirrêcgpjik `gk| cg vc}vgrp `m| vgz| mkprm |zk`jlgcj|gpjik mpjhvcgkpgpjik `m| |zk`jlgp| |}r cm| cjm} `m prgqgjc 4 l‚m|p gjk|j w}m cm| vgz||lgk`jkgqm| ill}vmkp cm| prij| vrmhjârm| vcglm| mk pmrhm| `m |zk`jlgcj|gpjik "vc}|`m 56 - `m |gcgrjê| |zk`jw}ê|*# hgj| g}||j prij| `m| w}gprm vrmhjârm| vcglm| mkpmrhm| `m |gcgrjê| vi}r cm|w}mc| }k |zk`jlgp m|p jhvcgkpê > æ c‚ivvi|ê# `m| vgz| pmc|w}m cm| vgz| ogcpm| "M|pikjm# Cmppikjm mp Cjp}gkjm* mp# `gk| }km hijk`rm hm|}rm# cm

Virp}egc# c‚M|vgekm# cg Bikerjm mp cg Viciekm |ikp `gk| cm og| `} lcg||mhmkp pi}pg}pgkp vi}r cm pg} `m |zk`jlgcj|gpjik w}m vi}r cg vrê|mklm |zk`jlgcm |}r cm| cjm}`m prgqgjc+ Ik k‚io|mrqm mk agjp w}m w}mcw}m| |jp}gpjik| gpzvjw}m|# pmccm lmccm `mHgcpm "airpm |zk`jlgcj|gpjik# hgj| prâ| agjocm jhvcgkpgpjik |zk`jlgcm*# mp |}rpi}plmccm `m cg Argklm 4 cm vc}| agjocm pg} `m |zk`jlgcj|gpjik# mp vi}rpgkp }km vrê|mklm`m| |zk`jlgp| |}r cm| cjm} `m prgqgjc |}vêrjm}rm æ cg hizmkkm lihh}kg}pgjrm '

"7* ® Vrmhjârm| |zkpbâ|m| ¾# k¶ 71+7# gqrjc ?662# @G_M\+



‐ 1 ‐

\zk`jlgcj|gpjik mp vrê|mklm |zk`jlgcm ̀ gk| c‚]kjik m}rivêmkkm

Lbghv| 4 \gcgrjê| `m| |mlpm}r| v}ocjl mp vrjqê "mk ?66?(?66<*+

\i}rlm 4 ® Jk`}|prjgc rmcgpjik| jk M}rivm ?661 ¾# M}rivmgk Lihhj||jik# @jrmlpirgpm(emkmrgc air mhvcizhmkp# |iljgc gaagjr| gk` mw}gc ivvirp}kjpjm|# ® Vrmhjârm| |zkpbâ|m| ¾# @G_M\# k¶ 71+7# gqrjc ?662+

C‚gkgcz|m `} pg} `m li}qmrp}rm likqmkpjikkmccm# l‚m|p(æ(`jrm `} pg} `m|gcgrjê| w}j |ikp li}qmrp| vgr cm| |pjv}cgpjik| `‚}k gllir` liccmlpja “ mp vg||m}cmhmkp vgr cm| râecm| cêegcm| mp cm| lcg}|m| `m cm}r likprgp jk`jqj`}mc “# agjprm||irpjr cm hähm pzvm `m `j|pir|jik w}gkp æ cg |jp}gpjik `m cg Argklm+

Gjk|j# |}r cm ergvbjw}m w}j |}jp# mprgjp `‚}k rgvvirp `m c‚IL@M mp ìklli}qrgkp c‚mk|mhocm `m| hmhorm| `m lmppm iregkj|gpjik# ik qijp ojmk }kmlirrêcgpjik rmcgpjqm mkprm pg} `m |zk`jlgcj|gpjik mp pg} `m li}qmrp}rmlikqmkpjikkmccm 4 }k mk|mhocm `m vgz| |jp}ê| mk `mbir| `m c‚M}rivm illj`mkpgcmlikpjkmkpgcm |m lgrglpêrj|mkp æ cg aij| vgr }km agjocm |zk`jlgcj|gpjik mp }km agjocm

li}qmrp}rm likqmkpjikkmccm "Lirêm `} \}`# Êpgp|(]kj|# Dgvik# _êv}ocjw}mplbâw}m# Bikerjm# Viciekm# _izg}hm(]kj‡* > cm| g}prm| vgz| m}rivêmk| vrê|mkpmkp pi}| }km hmjccm}rm li}qmrp}rm likqmkpjikkmccm# hgj| cæ mklirm cg Argklmm|p gpzvjw}m mk g||iljgkp }k pg} `m li}qmrp}rm likqmkpjikkmccm vgrhj cm| vc}|

6- ?6- 06- 16- 26- 766-

]M æ ?=

@gkmhgrn

\}â`m

Ajkcgk`m

Hgcpm

Lbzvrm

Omcejw}m

C}mhoi}re

\ciqêkjm

Jrcgk`m

Jpgcjm

G}prjlbm

\ciqgw}jm

Ergk`m(Ormpgekm

Vgz|(Og|

_êv+ Plbâw}m

Gccmhgekm

Erâlm

Viciekm

Bikerjm

Virp}egc

M|vgekm

Cmppikjm

Cjp}gkjm

M|pikjm

Argklm

Vi}rlmkpgem `m |gcgrjê| |zk`jw}ê|

6- ?6- 06- 16- 26- 766-

]M æ ?=

\}â`m

Ajkcgk`m

\ciqêkjm

@gkmhgrn

Vgz|(Og|

Jpgcjm

Omcejw}m

G}prjlbm

C}mhoi}re

Argklm

Jrcgk`m

Gccmhgekm

\ciqgw}jm

Lbzvrm

Ergk`m(Ormpgekm

_êv+ Plbâw}m

Erâlm

M|vgekm

Viciekm

Bikerjm

Virp}egc

Cmppikjm

M|pikjm

Cjp}gkjm

Hgcpm

Vi}rlmkpgem `m |gcgrjê| vi}r cm|w}mc| }k |zk`jlgp

m|p v rê|mkp `gk| c%mkprmvrj|m i} c%g`hjkj|prgpjik



‐ 5 ‐

êcmqê| "vc}| `m :6 -* gqml cm vc}| agjocm pg} `m |zk`jlgcj|gpjik `m| vgz|`êqmcivvê|+ Cm agjp w}m cm| ìkkêm| |ijmkp }k vm} gkljmkkm| "?666* km lbgkem rjmkæ lmppm rêgcjpê# cm| êqic}pjik| êpgkp cmkpm| `gk| cm ìhgjkm `m| rmcgpjik| |iljgcm|+

Pg} `m li}qmrp}rm likqmkpjikkmccm mp `m |zk`jlgcj|gpjik `gk| c‚IL@M "?666*

\i}rlm 4 IL@M# ?660# ® Vmr|vmlpjqm| `m c‚mhvcij `m c‚IL@M ¾+

@m |}rlriëp# cm| |pgpj|pjw}m| vc}| rêlmkpm| “ hähm |j mccm| km |ikp vg| prâ|rêlmkpm| “ hikprmkp w}m# `gk| kiprm vgz|# cg pmk`gklm g} rmkairlmhmkp `m cg vrê|mklm |zk`jlgcm `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| lihhm `m cg li}qmrp}rm likqmkpjikkmccmkm |m `êhmkp vg|# hgcerê cm| kjqmg} `êdæ êcmqê| gppmjkp| 4

“ `m 7::2(7::: æ ?660(?66=# cm pg} `m |gcgrjê| w}j êqic}mkp `gk| }kêpgocj||mhmkp ìpê `‚}km airhm `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik `} vmr|ikkmc# êcmlpjqm "`êcêe}ê|`} vmr|ikkmc# lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m‡* i} `ê|jekgpjqm "`êcêe}ê |zk`jlg}*# m|p vg||ê “ |}r c‚mk|mhocm `m| |gcgrjê| `m| êpgocj||mhmkp| `‚g} hijk| qjkep |gcgrjê| “ `m22 - æ :6 - > lm pg} m|p vg||ê `m 16 - æ 1= - |j c‚ik vrmk` mk lihvpm cg |m}cm

vrê|mklm `m `êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} >

“ cg li}qmrp}rm likqmkpjikkmccm g `m hähm likpjk}ê æ g}ehmkpmr 4 `m7::5 æ ?660# cm pg} `m li}qmrp}rm m|p vg||ê `m :<#5 - æ :5#5 - `m| |gcgrjê| "`gk|cm |mlpm}r likl}rrmkpjmc kik gerjlicm* > |m}c| `ê|irhgj| ?#< - `m| |gcgrjê|# |ijp }k vm} vc}| `m <=6 666 vmr|ikkm|# k‚êpgjmkp pi}di}r| vg| li}qmrp| vgr }k pmpmlikqmkpjikkmc i} |pgp}pgjrm mk ?660 "7*+ W}gkp g} aiklpjikkgjrm|# jc| km |ikp vgr `êajkjpjik vg| liklmrkê| vgr cg kipjik `m li}qmrp}rm likqmkpjikkmccm# hgj| oêkêajljmkp `m |pgp}p|+

"7* ® Vrmhjârm| |zkpbâ|m| ¾# k¶ 01+?# kiqmhorm ?661# @G_M\+



‐ 2 ‐

Lm kjqmg} `m li}qmrp}rm m|p gppmjkp erïlm æ }km glpjqjpê |i}pmk}m `mkêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm 4 `‚gvrâ| cm ojcgk `m Cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm mk ?676 “ cmhjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc vri`}jp gkk}mccmhmkp lm ìl}hmkp “ ik g `êkihorê c‚gk`mrkjmr# mk Argklm# ?= gllir`| jkpmrvriam||jikkmc|# 7 7<1 gllir`| `m orgklbm mp vrâ| `m <0 666 gllir`| g} kjqmg} `m| mkprmvrj|m|+ Lm `zkghj|hm `m cg kêeiljgpjikliccmlpjqm m|p g} `mhm}rgkp mkprmpmk} vgr cg h}cpjvcjlgpjik# `mv}j| hgjkpmkgkp }km oikkm w}jktgjkm `‚gkkêm|# `m| pmpm| cêej|cgpja| w}j rmkqijmkp cm| hi`gcjpê| `mhj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `m| `jqmr|m| rêairhm| "vgr mmhvcm cg rê`}lpjik `} pmhv| `mprgqgjc* mp vicjpjw}m| "vgr mmhvcm cg vrihipjik `m c‚mhvcij `m| |mkjir|* æ cgkêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm+

Lmvmk`gkp# cm `êlgcgem lrij||gkp w}m c‚ik lik|pgpm mkprm lm `zkghj|hm `mcg kêeiljgpjik mp cg agjocm||m `m| maamlpja| `m |zk`jw}ê| ajkjp vgr |}|ljpmr w}mcw}m|jkpmrriegpjik|+

Lm# pi}p `‚goir`# vgrlm w}‚}km kêeiljgpjik li}vêm `m| vrêill}vgpjik| `m||gcgrjê| ® `m cg og|m ¾ m|p æ cg aij| jccêejpjhm mp jkmaajlglm+ @mqgkp cg lihhj||jik`‚mkw}äpm# H+ Dmgk(Vjmrrm Og|jcjmk "li(g}pm}r `} rgvvirp _mlik|pr}jrm cm `jgcie}m

|iljgc vi}r c‚Jk|pjp}p Hikpgjekm mk d}jk ?677* g io|mrqê cm ?7 |mvpmhorm ?677 w}m® cm| |gcgrjê| w}j vgrpjljvmkp g} prgqg} `m cm}r iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm vi}r `êpmrhjkmr cm| vi|jpjik| w}j |mrikp vrj|m| mk cm}r kih g}vrâ| `m| `jrmlpjik|# i}

vi}r |m `êpmrhjkmr vgr rgvvirp æ `‚g}prm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg}# |ikp prâ| vm}kihorm}+ Cg `jhjk}pjik vrierm||jqm `m| g`bê|jik| ajkjp vgr qj`mr `m cm}r

|}o|pgklm cm| |mlpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m| mkprmvrj|m|+ Ik vm}p gcir| |‚jkpmrriemr |}r cg

cêejpjhjpê `m| `êlj|jik| i} `m| ivpjik| w}j |ikp vrj|m| mp |}r cg cêejpjhjpê `m| vi|jpjik| gìvpêm| g} li}r| `m| `êogp| mp `gk| cm| kêeiljgpjik| jkpmrkm| æc‚mkprmvrj|m "‡*+ @m vc}| mk vc}| |i}qmkp# cm ai||ê |m lrm}|m mkprm cm| vi|jpjik|

vrj|m| g} kjqmg} `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik |zk`jlgcm lmkprgcm `m c‚mkprmvrj|m# g} kjqmg}`m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik |zk`jlgcm `m| `jaaêrmkpm| lihvi|gkpm| `m cg hähm mkprmvrj|mmp g} kjqmg} `m| |mlpjik| cilgcm| ¾+

]k `m}jâhm pzvm `‚io|mrqgpjik| lrjpjw}m| virpm |}r cm `merê`‚jk`êvmk`gklm `‚iregkj|gpjik| ìkp cm| rm||i}rlm| vrivrm| |ikp agjocm|+H+ @ihjkjw}m Cgooê# io|mrqgpm}r prâ| |êqârm `} |zk`jlgcj|hm argkågj|# |‚m|p gjk|j

jkpmrrieê cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm cm <7 giþp ?677 4® `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| i} `gk| cm| prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m|# cm| |zk`jlgcj|pm| w}jk‚ikp vc}| `‚g`bêrmkp| |ikp gjk|j `mqmk}| pipgcmhmkp `êvmk`gkp| `m cm}r|mhvcizm}r| 4 lihhmkp vi}rrgjmkp(jc| kêeiljmr `‚êegc æ êegc gqml lm| `mrkjmr|gcir| w}m lm}(lj cm}r ai}rkj||mkp cm}r vrivrm |gcgjrm# hgj| g}||j vrgpjw}mhmkp pi}pm| cm| rm||i}rlm| ìkp jc| ikp om|ijk vi}r aiklpjikkmr 9 Lihhmkp# `gk| lm|lik`jpjik|# vgrcmr mklirm `m |zk`jlgcj|hm cjorm mp jk`êvmk`gkp 9 ¾ @gk| c‚i}qrgemw}‚jc g li|jekê gqml H+ @ihjkjw}m Gkìcagppi# Pi}di}r| hijk| ' @êlcjk `}

|zk`jlgcj|hm æ cg argkågj|m# lmppm gre}hmkpgpjik m|p lihvcêpêm 4 ® g} kjqmg} `m|mkprmvrj|m|# c‚g}ehmkpgpjik likpjk}m `} kihorm `‚gllir`| lihvirpgkp }km lcg}|mrmcgpjqm g} `rijp| |zk`jlg} m|p cm vrmhjmr |zhvpðhm `m cg `êvmk`gklm `m|

|zk`jlgcj|pm| 4 hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `m vmr|ikkmc|# ai}rkjp}rm `m hizmk| hgpêrjmc| mp ajkgkljmr| g} |zk`jlgp|# qijrm g} aê`êrgpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# `êargjmhmkp `m|



‐ : ‐

|zk`jlgcj|pm|# g}ehmkpgpjik `} kihorm `‚bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik# vricikegpjik `m|hgk`gp|‡ "7* ¾

Vi}r cm| hähm| g}pm}r|# cm agjocm kihorm `‚g`bêrmkp| k}jp æ cg lgvgljpê `mkêeiljmr `m| |zk`jlgp| kik |m}cmhmkp `} agjp `m cm}r `êvmk`gklm ajkgkljârm

rê|}cpgkp `m cg agjocm||m `m| lipj|gpjik| mklgj||êm|# hgj| g}||j `m c‚go|mklmlirrêcgpjqm `m ® pri}vm| ¾ |zk`jw}êm| vräpm| æ |}jqrm cm| hip| `‚ir`rm vi}r êpgocjr }k rgvvirp `m airlm 4 ® mk Argklm# |m}cm }km hjkirjpê |}jp cm| hip| `‚ir`rm `m

erâqm mp cm hi}qmhmkp |m pmrhjkm |i}qmkp `gk| cg lika}|jik ¾ "?*+ Cg agjocm||m `m|rm||i}rlm| `m lipj|gpjik| `m| |zk`jlgp| mp lmccm `} |}jqj `m| hip| `‚ir`rm `merâqm "<* |m rmklikprmkp `‚gjccm}r| `gk| cg w}m|pjik `m| ® lgj||m| `m erâqm ¾#arêw}mkpm| æ c‚êprgkemr hgj| rgrm| mk Argklm# lm w}j rmk` `jaajljcm| cm| hi}qmhmkp|cike|+ Æ c‚mlmvpjik `m cg LA@P# cm| |zk`jlgp| argkågj| k‚ikp mk maamp vg| `mlgj||m| `m erâqm |pr}lp}rêm| > cm}r| `jrjemgkp| g}`jpjikkê| vgr cg lihhj||jik

`‚mkw}äpm ikp eêkêrgcmhmkp jk`jw}ê w}m lmcg km agj|gjp vg| vgrpjm `m cm}r| vrgpjw}m| prg`jpjikkmccm| mp w}m |j `m| lgj||m| `m |icj`grjpê êpgjmkp vgraij|lik|pjp}êm|# l‚êpgjp vc}| |i}qmkp g} li}v vgr li}v "vi}r }k hi}qmhmkp |iljgc`êpmrhjkê* mp vgraij| |}jpm g} `mhgk`m| `m cg og|m vc}pðp w}‚æ c‚jkjpjgpjqm `m|`jrjemgkp|+

@gk| lm likpmpm# H+ @ihjkjw}m Cgooê g virpê `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik }k d}emhmkp |gk| gvvmc |}r cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm mk Argklm 4 ®cg kêeiljgpjikliccmlpjqm# |vêljgcmhmkp `gk| cm |mlpm}r vrjqê# m|p pipgcmhmkp `ê|êw}jcjorêm+ Æ pi}|cm| kjqmg}# mccm |m `êri}cm pi}di}r| g} |jâem `m c‚mhvcizm}r# cmw}mc ajm c‚gemk`g

mp cm| pbâhm| `m kêeiljgpjik# g||}rm cm |mlrêpgrjgp# rê`jem cm| liklc}|jik| mp `jaa}|m cm| gllir`|+ Vm}p(ik mklirm vgrcmr `m kêeiljgpjik 9 ¾ Vi}r likairpmr lm d}emhmkp# jc |‚m|p rêaêrê g} pg} êcmqê `m |jekgp}rm `m| gllir`| vgr cm|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# kipghhmkp g} kjqmg} `m| mkprmvrj|m|# liklc}gkp 4 ® vm}p(ik lrijrm |êrjm}|mhmkp w}‚}k pmc pg} `m /rê}||jpm/ hgkjam|pm }k êw}jcjorm `gk| cgkêeiljgpjik 9 ¾

Cm pgocmg} lj(gvrâ| lihvgrm# `‚gvrâ| cm| |pgpj|pjw}m| iaajljmccm|# cm|lihvirpmhmkp| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| w}gkp æ cg |jekgp}rm `m| gllir`|liccmlpja|+ Jc agjp gvvgrgëprm# `m agjp# }km |jp}gpjik `jaaêrmkpm |mcik cm| kjqmg} `m

kêeiljgpjik+ G} kjqmg} |}vêrjm}r# cm| lihvirpmhmkp| `m |jekgp}rm `m| gllir`| `m orgklbm lirrm|vik`mkp æ c‚jhgem lihh}kêhmkp gppglbêm æ lbgw}m |zk`jlgp# gqml}k lihvirpmhmkp prâ| `jaaêrmkp `m| |zk`jlgp| ® rêairhj|pm| ¾ hmkê| vgr cg LA@P`‚}km vgrp “ cg LA@P |jekgkp vc}| `m| prij| w}grp| `m| gllir`| “# `m cg LEP`‚g}prm vgrp “ w}j k‚mk |jekm w}m <6 -+ Hgj| g} kjqmg} jkaêrjm}r# pi}| cm|

"7* Ê`jpjik| Egccjhgr`# ® cm `êogp ¾# v+ 5?+

"?* Hähm |i}rlm# v+ :<+

"<* Cg likacjlp}gcjpê vm}p gvvgrgëprm êcmqêm mk Argklm hgj| m|p mk agjp liklmkprêm `gk| w}mcw}m| |mlpm}r|+ Mk?66:# |mcik cm ojcgk `m Cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm mk ?676# cm| mkprmvrj|m| `m vc}| `m `j |gcgrjê| ikp mkhizmkkm `êlcgrê 7<1 di}r| `m erâqm vi}r hjccm |gcgrjê|# hgj| lmppm hizmkkm rmli}qrm `‚êkirhm| `j|vgrjpê| |mlpirjmccm| 4 77 di}r| `m erâqm mk hizmkkm `gk| cg lik|pr}lpjik# 7< `gk| cm lihhmrlm# hgj| =:5 `gk| cm |mlpm}r ® prgk|virp| mp mkprmvi|gem ¾ "w}j jklc}p kipghhmkp Cg Vi|pm# cg \KLA mp cg _GPV* '



‐ 76 ‐

|zk`jlgp|# hähm lm} gaajcjê| æ cg LEP# gvvi|mkp cm}r |jekgp}rm |}r 26 - æ :6 -`m| gllir`| kêeiljê| `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| iú jc| |ikp vrê|mkp|+

Pg} `m |jekgp}rm `m| gllir`| liccmlpja| mk ?676"mk -*

LA@P LAM(LEL LAPL LEP AIPg} `m |jekgp}rm `m| gllir`| `m orgklbm 51#1 12#5 56#2 <6#0 1:#2Vrivmk|jik æ |jekmr cm| gllir`| `‚mkprmvrj|m :< :7 22 2= 2:

Kipm 4 cm ® pg} `m |jekgp}rm `m| gllir`| `m orgklbm ¾ rgvvirpm cm kihorm `‚gllir`| `m orgklbm |jekê| vgr lbgw}miregkj|gpjik g} pipgc `m| pmpm| |jekê|+ G} kjqmg} `m| mkprmvrj|m|# pi}| cm| |zk`jlgp| km |ikp vg| pi}di}r| vrê|mkp|`gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| > gajk `m lihvgrmr cg ® vrivmk|jik æ |jekmr ¾ `m lm} w}j |ikp vrê|mkp|# ik rgvvirpm cm kihorm`‚gllir`| |jekê| vgr cm| gaajcjê| `m lbgw}m iregkj|gpjik g} kihorm `‚gllir`| |jekê| |}jpm æ `m| kêeiljgpjik| iú lmppmiregkj|gpjik êpgjp vrê|mkpm+

\i}rlm 4 ojcgk `m Cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm mk ?676 "v}ocjê vgr cm hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc*+

\j lmppm gkgcz|m `jaaêrmkpjmccm `m| lihvirpmhmkp| |mcik cm| kjqmg} `m cgkêeiljgpjik m|p jkpêrm||gkpm# jc k‚mk rm|pm vg| hijk| w}m cm d}emhmkp w}gcjpgpja virpê vgr HH+ Cgooê mp Gkìcagppi |}r cm| gllir`| liccmlpja| mk Argklm m|p|}odmlpja mp ìkl |}dmp æ `j|l}||jik+ Lm w}j c}j ìkkm }km lmrpgjkm lrê`jojcjpê# l‚m|pcm |i}lj rm||mkpj vc}| eêkêrgcmhmkp# lbmt cm| vmr|ikkm| mkpmk`}m| vgr cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# w}gkp æ cg w}gcjpê `m cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm mp `m|kêeiljgpm}r|+ Lm vijkp g kipghhmkp êpê êqiw}ê vgr cm `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc `} prgqgjc#H+ Dmgk(@mkj| Lihormmccm# g}`jpjikkê cm <7 giþp ?677# i} mklirm vgr H+ Eêrgr`G`gh# lig}pm}r `} rgvvirp _mlik|pr}jrm cm `jgcie}m |iljgc w}j g êpê g}`jpjikkê cm?7 |mvpmhorm ?677# vi}r w}j ® ki}| hgkw}ik|# mk Argklm# `‚}k |z|pâhm `‚gj`m mp

`‚gvv}j æ cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm+ Lmrpgjk| gllir`|# kipghhmkp `gk| `m| vmpjpm|orgklbm|# vgrlm w}‚jc| |ikp d}rj`jw}mhmkp hgc lik|pr}jp|# lrêmkp `gqgkpgem `m

vriocâhm| w}‚jc| k‚mk rê|icqmkp ¾+

?+ Cm vgrgìm `‚}k |zk`jlgcj|hm vmrå} lihhm v}j||gkp `gk|c‚mkprmvrj|m mp lmvmk`gkp lihhm êcijekê `} pmrrgjk

]k g}prm lik|pgp `m HH+ Gkìcagppi mp Cgooê vm}p |mhocmr vgrgìgc+@gk| cm}r i}qrgem vrêljpê Pi}di}r| hijk| ' @êlcjk `} |zk`jlgcj|hm æ cg argkågj|m#

lm| g}pm}r| êpgocj||mkp }k vgrgccâcm mkprm cm| |zk`jlgcj|hm| argkågj| mp êpgp|(}kjmk#mk rmcmqgkp w}m `gk| cm| `m} vgz|# `‚}km vgrp ® cm |zk`jlgp m|p lmkprê |}r c‚mkprmvrj|m# mp cm| |pr}lp}rm| aê`êrgpjqm| mp likaê`êrgcm| ikp vm} `m vi}qijr |}r cm}r| gaajcjê| ¾# `‚g}prm vgrp ® c‚ivjkjik qijp cm| |zk`jlgp| vc}pðp lihhm `m|o}rmg}lrgpjm| `jrjeêm| vgr `m| oi|| w}m lihhm `m| iregkj|gpjik| g} |mrqjlm `mcm}r| g`bêrmkp| ¾ "7*+

Jc m|p æ vrmhjârm q}m |}rvrmkgkp w}‚}k |zk`jlgcj|hm `êlmkprgcj|ê# lmkprê|}r c‚mkprmvrj|m "i} cg |pr}lp}rm g`hjkj|prgpjqm*# v}j||m mk hähm pmhv| äprm vmrå}lihhm o}rmg}lrgpjw}m mp êcijekê `m| g`bêrmkp|+

"7* V+ ?1+



‐ 77 ‐

Hgj| lm lik|pgp vm}p äprm rgvvrilbê `m| io|mrqgpjik| w}m c‚ik g v} agjrm|}r cg liklmkprgpjik `m| hizmk| “ mk lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm| mp `gk| }km hijk`rm hm|}rmmk |}oqmkpjik| “ w}‚mkprgëkm c‚gvvcjlgpjik `} li`m `} prgqgjc g} oêkêajlm `m|`êpmkpm}r| `m hgk`gp| |zk`jlg} `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m|# kipghhmkp cm| vc}| ergk`m|#mp `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m+ Lihhm c‚g io|mrqê H+ Og|jcjmk cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik#® c‚m||mkpjmc `m| rm||i}rlm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| êpgkp gvvirpêm| vgr cm `rijp |zk`jlgc

“ lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm|# hizmk| gaamlpê|‡“# cm| |mlpjik| km |ikp vg| jkljpêm| æ`êqmcivvmr cm| g`bê|jik| `gk| cm| êpgocj||mhmkp| i} `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| ¾+ @gk|cm |mlpm}r vrjqê "mp cm| ergk`m| mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m|*# cm |zk`jlgcj|hm m|p ojmk }k|zk`jlgcj|hm `‚mkprmvrj|m# cm li`m `} prgqgjc c‚jhvi|m# hgj| l‚m|p }k |zk`jlgcj|hmg}w}mc `m| hizmk| |jekjajlgpja| |ikp egrgkpj|# `m |irpm w}‚jc k‚m|p vg| pi}di}r|likprgjkp `m rmlbmrlbmr mp `m hiojcj|mr `m| g`bêrmkp| mp vm}p ìkl# vgraij|# äprm vmrå} lihhm ® o}rmg}lrgpjw}m ¾ mp li}vê `m| |gcgrjê|+

Vgraij| hähm lmppm |jp}gpjik |m ì}ocm `m |i}våik| `m licc}|jik gqmlc‚mhvcizm}r# qijrm `m lirr}vpjik+ ]km pmccm êqic}pjik vm}p kipghhmkp grrjqmr `gk|cm| lg| `m aje}rm iú cg `jrmlpjik `m| mkprmvrj|m| mk lg}|m cg agqirj|m# mk lbmrlbgkp æ|mrqjr |m| vrivrm| jkpêräp|+ H+ Lbrj|pivbm Hikemrhikp# lig}pm}r gqml HH+ Dmgk(C}l Pi}cz mp _iemr Cmkecmp `m C‚gremkp kijr `m| |zk`jlgp|# g gjk|j `êlrjp cm70 |mvpmhorm ?677 æ cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm cm |z|pâhm w}j g}rgjp êpê hj| mk vcglm æ Qjqmk`j "`mqmk} mk|}jpm Qmicjg* jc z g }km `jtgjkm `‚gkkêm| 4 ® Dmgk(HgrjmHm||jmr g m} c‚jkpmccjemklm `m rmhmpprm mk lg}|m cm aiklpjikkmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp|

vgr }k gllir` liccmlpja vg||ê gqml lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# w}j vmrhmppgjp# mk ìkkgkp pi}| vi}qijr| g} |mlrêpgjrm| eêkêrg} `m| |zk`jlgp|# `m

likpi}rkmr c‚jk`êvmk`gklm w}m cg cij egrgkpjp g} |zk`jlgp| `m og|m qj|(æ(qj| `m|}kjik| `êvgrpmhmkpgcm| mp rêejikgcm| lihhm `m cg aê`êrgpjik kgpjikgcm+ Gjk|j# cm

|mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m eri}vm vi}qgjp(jc oêkêajljmr `m |}o|j`m| `m c‚mkprmvrj|m#`ê|jekmr cm| `êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} mp gpprjo}mr cm| lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm| ajê| vgr lmp gllir`+ @m cg |irpm# c‚mhvcizm}r k‚gqgjp w}‚}k |m}c jkpmrcil}pm}r# gqml cm| rj|w}m|`m lirr}vpjik w}m lmcg mhvirpm+ L‚m|p ojmk lm w}j |‚m|p vg||ê g} |mjk `m Qmicjg # iúcm| rm|vik|gocm| |zk`jlg} kgpjikg} |m qizgjmkp |}ojpmhmkp ilprizmr# g} di}r `mcm}r kihjkgpjik# prmkpm gk| `‚gkljmkkmpê# gqml cg rêh}kêrgpjik gccgkp gqml+ W}j

vc}| m|p# `m| hjccjmr| `‚bm}rm| |}vvcêhmkpgjrm| ajlpjqm| êpgjmkp vgzêm| mp `m| vgem|`m v}ocjljpê `gk| `m| di}rkg} êpgjmkp glbmpêm|+ Pi}pm| cm| iregkj|gpjik| w}joêkêajljgjmkp `m pmccm| agqm}r| gqgjmkp `m| vi|jpjik| |zk`jlgcm| w}m dm w}gcjajmrgj`m prâ| /lik|mk|}mccm|/‡ ¾

O+ @M\ I_EGKJ\GPJIK\ VGP_IKGCM\ W]J G\\]HMKP @JAAJLJCMHMKPCM]_ \JP]GPJIK @M LIKL]__MKLM

@m |ik lðpê# cm lihvirpmhmkp `m| likaê`êrgpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| k‚m|p vg|`êvi}rq} `m likprg`jlpjik|+

Jc cm}r grrjqm `m |‚gaarikpmr `}rmhmkp# cir| `m lmrpgjkm| êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| “ vgr mmhvcm g} lbghorm| `m hêpjmr| “# i} mklirm `mqgkp cg d}|pjlm mp mk |‚maairågkp `m vm|mr |}r cm| `êlj|jik| `} Ei}qmrkmhmkp mp `}



‐ 7? ‐

cêej|cgpm}r “ w}m c‚ik vmk|m vgr mmhvcm g} cjpjem| mp vrm||jik| |}r c‚® gllir`]VG ¾# |ik mpmk|jik# v}j| `gk| cg ai}cêm |}r cg lrêgpjik êqmkp}mccm `mlihhj||jik| vgrjpgjrm| pmrrjpirjgcm| vi}r cm| PVM "7*+

Hgj|# i}prm w}m lm| iregkj|gpjik| |jâemkp mk|mhocm `gk| `m kihorm}

iregkj|hm|# iú |i}qmkp mccm| vrmkkmkp cm| hähm| vi|jpjik|# jc m|p êegcmhmkparêw}mkp w}‚mccm| êqjpmkp c‚gaarikpmhmkp w}gk` vi}rpgkp cm |z|pâhm z jkqjpm#kipghhmkp mk vrê|mkpgkp `m| cj|pm| `‚}kjik vi}r lmrpgjkm| êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| 4 jc mk m|p gjk|j vi}r cm| êcmlpjik| `m| lik|mjccmr| vr}`‚bihhm|mhvcizm}r|# vi}r cm|w}mccm| |m}c| cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m c‚êlikihjm |iljgcm ikp`êlj`ê `m agjrm lgqgcjmr |m}c+

@mrrjârm lm| lihvirpmhmkp| w}j bê|jpmkp mkprm cg liivêrgpjik mp cglikl}rrmklm |m vriajcm ojmk |þr cm `êogp |}r cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê vgprikgcm+

Vgr rgvvirp æ lm `êogp# cm HM@MA g||}hm |m| rêpjlmklm| mk |i}cjekgkpc‚jhvirpgklm `m hgjkpmkjr c‚}kjpê `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| mhvcizm}r| aglm æ lmccm`m| |gcgrjê|# lihhm c‚g jk`jw}ê æ cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm H+ Omkiëp _iemr(Qg||mcjk cm 7< ilpiorm `mrkjmr 4 ® mk ?662# `gk| cm lg`rm `m cg vi|jpjik lihh}km#cm| |zk`jlgp| ikp agjp cm lbij li}rgem} `m rmeri}vmr cm}r| airlm| gajk `m ìkkmr

vc}| `m vij`| g} `jgcie}m |iljgc > `gk| lm| lik`jpjik|# hirlmcmr cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik vgprikgcm |mrgjp vgrpjl}cjârmhmkp jkivvirp}k+ Pi}p cm vriocâhm m|p `‚jkpêermr c‚mk|mhocm `m| iregkj|gpjik| |gk| gaagjocjr cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik vgprikgcm ¾+

@‚g}prm|# lihhm H+ Dmgk Cgr`jk# vrê|j`mkp `m c‚]VG# mkpmk`} cm hähm di}r# |m |ikp `êlcgrê| vräp| æ cg lihvêpjpjik 4 ® ki}| km |ihhm| vg| jkw}jmp| w}‚ikmkqj|gem `m hm|}rmr cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm|+ G}likprgjrm 4 ki}| ki}| mkprgëkik| vi}r cm hgplb ' ¾

Hgj| w}mc m|p c‚mkdm} `m| rmqmk`jlgpjik| |}r cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê vgprikgcm 9\‚gejp(jc `m rmaik`mr cg cêejpjhjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| 9 I} vc}| vri|géw}mhmkp `‚iopmkjr c‚gllâ| æ pmc i} pmc ajkgklmhmkp# kipghhmkp `}® vgrjpgrj|hm ¾# rê|mrqê g} iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc mpjkpmrvriam||jikkmc “ i} `m rêêw}jcjormr lm| ajkgklmhmkp| mkprm lmccm| w}j

oêkêajljmkp `êdæ `m lm |pgp}p 9Cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| rmvi|m glp}mccmhmkp |}r

`jqmr|m| rm||i}rlm| w}j km |ikp vg| jccjljpm|# hgj| ìkp cg cêejpjhjpê hgkw}m `mairlm v}j|w}m |i}qmkp mccm| km rê|}cpmkp w}m `m vi|jpjik| `m agjp glw}j|m| `gk|c‚bj|pijrm 4 pmccm iregkj|gpjik prâ| gkljmkkm g gll}h}cê `‚êkirhm| rê|mrqm| w}j c}j vmrhmppmkp `m ® qjqrm `m |m| rmkpm| ¾ `m vri`}jp| vgprjhikjg} > pmccm g}prm g |}iopmkjr æ }km lmrpgjkm êviw}m }km lcma `m vgrpgem agqirgocm `gk| cg rêvgrpjpjik `m|hgk`gp| mp `m| vrêljv}p| `m| iregkj|hm| vgrjpgjrm|‡ @m hähm# lm| rm||i}rlm| km

"7* Gqml cm| `êogp| vg||jikkê| |}|ljpê| vgr cg cij k¶ ?676(7?7= `} 7= ilpiorm ?676 lihvcêpgkp cm| `j|vi|jpjik|rmcgpjqm| æ cg `êhilrgpjm |iljgcm j||}m| `m cg cij k¶ ?662(52: `} ?6 giþp ?662# ìkp cg virpêm vrgpjw}m mp d}rj`jw}m rêmccm “ rêgaajrhmr `gk| cm li`m `} prgqgjc cg vi||jojcjpê `m lrêmr `m| lihhj||jik| vgrjpgjrm|pmrrjpirjgcm| vi}r cm| PVM# lm w}m lm li`m vmrhmppgjp `êdæ‡“ km d}|pjajgjp vi}rpgkp vg| }km pmccm qjr}cmklm+



‐ 7< ‐

|ikp vg| ill}cpm|# hgj| rm|pmkp ivgw}m| mp hêlikk}m| 4 mccm| k‚ikp d}|w}‚æ vrê|mkp dghgj| êpê c‚iodmp `‚}km ergk`m v}ocjljpê mp cg |pr}lp}rgpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| kmagljcjpm vg| cg cj|jojcjpê# gqml cm |z|pâhm `m| g`bê|jik| jk`jrmlpm| mp cg vi||jojcjpê`‚gaajcjgpjik| h}cpjvcm|# kipghhmkp `m| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| æ }km i} vc}|jm}r| `m| prij| likaê`êrgpjik| jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm|+ @gk| lm| lik`jpjik|#lihojmk `m lbma| `‚mkprmvrj|m w}j g`bârmkp æ }km aê`êrgpjik vriam||jikkmccm cilgcm|gqmkp w}m vgr lm ojgj|# jc| |ikp g`bêrmkp| jk`jrmlp| `} HM@MA# `m cg LEVHM# `mc‚]VG# i} `m `m} i} prij| `m lm| iregkj|gpjik| mk hähm pmhv| 9 W}gkp æ |gqijr cg vgrp `m cm}r lipj|gpjik cilgcm w}j rmqjmk`rg æ lm| likaê`êrgpjik|# jc k‚z g g}l}kmlbgklm cir|w}m c‚ik qijp w}m cm| lipj|gpjik| `m| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| g}likaê`êrgpjik| rm|pmkp vgraij| ajêm| g} erê æ erê‡

Lmppm |jp}gpjik g |gk| ì}pm |g vgrp `m rm|vik|gojcjpê `gk| lm w}j gvvgrgëplihhm c‚gppjp}`m ìhjkgkpm `gk| cm hik`m `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| 4 }km

|jp}gpjik `m likl}rrmklm# lmrpm|# hgj| g}||j `‚jhorjlgpjik `m| gaajcjgpjik| mp `m|jkpêräp| iú c‚ik |mhocm |i}qmkp vrêaêrmr cm| grrgkemhmkp| `j|lrmp| æ c‚gaarikpmhmkp v}ocjl w}‚jhvcjw}mrgjmkp cg vrê|mkpgpjik |z|pêhgpjw}m `m cj|pm| ivvi|êm| cir| `m|êcmlpjik| w}j liklmrkmkp `êdæ cm| lbma| `‚mkprmvrj|m "êcmlpjik| vr}`‚bihgcm| mplik|}cgjrm|* mp# g airpjirj# }km eêkêrgcj|gpjik `} rmli}r| g} hêlgkj|hm|êcmlpirg} vi}r aik`mr cg cêejpjhjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik|+

L+( CG _M\VIK\GOJCJPÊ @M\ GLPM]_\ VICJPJW]M\

Cm| airhm| `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik vriam||jikkmccm `gk| lbgw}m vgz| rê|}cpmkp

kgp}rmccmhmkp vi}r }km ergk`m vgrp `m cg hgkjârm ìkp# æ cg og|m# `m| |gcgrjê| `‚}klðpê# `m| mhvcizm}r| `m c‚g}prm# |m |ikp rmeri}vê| vi}r agjrm qgcijr cm}r| jkpêräp| 4cm agjp w}m cm |zk`jlgcj|hm rmvi|m |}r cg cjorm g||iljgpjik m|p prâ| eêkêrgcmhmkpg`hj| `gk| cm hik`m `êhilrgpjw}m+

Vi}r g}pgkp# cm ® hi`âcm ¾ êcgoirê `gk| lbgw}m vgz| m|p g}||j `êpmrhjkê vgr cm| ivpjik| w}‚ikp vrj|m| g} ajc `m| gk| cm| ei}qmrkmhmkp| mp cm| hgdirjpê| vgrcmhmkpgjrm|+ Cm vgz|gem |zk`jlgc argkågj|# mk vgrpjl}cjmr# m|p ci}r`mhmkp`êpmrhjkê vgr }k lmrpgjk kihorm `m lbij vicjpjw}m| mp d}rj`jw}m|+ @gk| cmìhgjkm w}j ki}| jkpêrm||m# lmc}j `} ajkgklmhmkp# cm vrmhjmr `m lm| lbij m|pmvrjhê vgr cg cij ® Ugc`mln(_i}||mg} ¾ aik`gprjlm `} ?7 hgr| 7220 4 cm|zk`jlgcj|hm km |‚jk|lrjp vg|# d}rj`jw}mhmkp# `gk| cm `rijp lihh}k `m|g||iljgpjik| mp g}l}km iocjegpjik `m prgk|vgrmklm km c}j |mrg ìkl jhvi|êm d}|w}‚æ‡ cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662+

7+ ]km ivpjik argkågj|m 4 }k |zk`jlgcj|hm vicjpjw}m vc}pðp w}‚}k|zk`jlgcj|hm `m |mrqjlm|

Hgj| cm vij`| `m| `êpmrhjkgpjik| vicjpjw}m| qg ojmk g}(`mcæ `} |m}c |}dmp

`m cg prgk|vgrmklm ajkgkljârm+ @m hgkjârm eêkêrgcm# lihhm c‚io|mrqm cg @G_M\`gk| |g v}ocjlgpjik `m ?662 vrêljpêm# cg ® likaje}rgpjik ¾ `} hi`âcm argkågj| "vm}`‚g`bêrmkp| `gk| cm| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| mp lmvmk`gkp }km oikkm rmvrê|mkpgpjik



‐ 70 ‐

`gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| mp cm| g`hjkj|prgpjik|* ® m|p jk`j||iljgocm `m cg agåik ìkp cm |zk`jlgcj|hm |‚m|p bj|pirjw}mhmkp |pr}lp}rê `gk| lm vgz| 4 `mv}j| cg ajk `} RJR mhm |jâlcm# cm hi}qmhmkp |zk`jlgc |‚m|p vrierm||jqmhmkp jk|pjp}pjikkgcj|ê g}lðpê|# `‚}km vgrp# `‚}k Êpgp w}j# pi}p g} cike `m cg vêrji`m# m|p rm|pê }k glpm}r lmkprgc `m cg rêe}cgpjik |iljgcm g} prgqgjc# mp# `‚g}prm vgrp# `m hi}qmhmkp|h}p}gcj|pm| w}j |m |ikp cgremhmkp `êqmcivvê| jk`êvmk`ghhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm|# likprgjrmhmkp æ `‚g}prm| vgz|¾+ Lihhm c‚ikp rgvvmcê `m| mvmrp|mkpmk`}| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cg Argklm g agjp vrêlilmhmkp cm ì}ocmlbij `‚}k |zk`jlgcj|hm |i}qmkp cjê g} vgrpj| vicjpjw}m| mp rma}|gkp cm® |zk`jlgcj|hm `m |mrqjlm| ¾ w}j |‚gppglbm |m| g`bêrmkp| vgr c‚iaarm `m |mrqjlm|jk`jqj`}mc|+

G}`jpjikkê cm ?6 ilpiorm ?677# H+ Bmkrj _i}jccmg}cp g gjk|j io|mrqê w}m® cg Argklm g pgr`ê æ rmlikkgëprm cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg}# v}j|w}m lm k‚m|p w}‚mk

7220 w}‚mccm g rmlikk} cm| iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm| mp cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# |ijp ojmk gvrâ| c‚jk|pg}rgpjik `} |}aargem }kjqmr|mc# gcir| w}m cglbrikiciejm g êpê jkqmr|m mk Ergk`m(Ormpgekm i} mk Gccmhgekm# iú cgrmlikkgj||gklm `} |zk`jlgcj|hm g vrêlê`ê cm |}aargem }kjqmr|mc hg|l}cjk+ Cgkêeiljgpjik `m orgklbm k‚g vg| êpê rmlikk}m gqgkp 7:7:# mp cg kêeiljgpjikjkpmrvriam||jikkmccm mp `‚mkprmvrj|m km c‚g êpê w}‚gvrâ| 7:12 ¾+ Cg rmlikkgj||gklm`} |zk`jlgcj|hm mk Argklm gvvgrgëp ìkl hijk| lihhm }km likw}äpm g}pikihmw}m lihhm }km lik|êw}mklm `m cg `êhilrgpjm vicjpjw}m+ Vi}r H+ _i}jccmg}cp#® lmppm bj|pijrm mvcjw}m cg agjocm||m `} pg} `‚g`bê|jik `gk| kiprm vgz|# pgkp g}iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m| |gcgrjê| w}‚g} iregkj|gpjik| vgprikgcm|+ Mk

i}prm# c‚g`bê|jik z m|p vc}| j`êiciejw}m w}m cjêm g} |mrqjlm| rmk`}|# æ cg`jaaêrmklm `m lm w}j |m vg||m g} kir` `m c‚M}rivm “ mp `m lm vijkp `m q}m# cm kir` `m c‚M}rivm lihhmklm `â| cg Omcejw}m "‡*+ Cg vrijhjpê j`êiciejw}m `m lmrpgjk|

|zk`jlgp| gqml `m| vgrpj| vicjpjw}m| vi|m êegcmhmkp w}m|pjik ¾+

H+ Omrkgr` Qjqjmr m|p w}gkp æ c}j rmqmk}# `}rgkp |ik g}`jpjik cm <7 giþp?677# |}r cm hihmkp iú cg kipjik `m |zk`jlgcj|hm `m |mrqjlm| g êpê rmdmpêm g} vriajp `‚}km qj|jik prâ| vicjpjw}m 4 ®irjejkmccmhmkp# cm |zk`jlgcj|hm `m |gcgrjê|rmk`gjp `m| |mrqjlm|+ Mk 72:=# cir| `m |g lrêgpjik# cg LEP g `êqmcivvê }k

|zk`jlgcj|hm /æ og|m| h}cpjvcm|/ prâ| vrilbm `} h}p}gcj|hm+ ]k qjgpjl}h êpgjp

gjk|j qmr|ê g} |gcgrjê| w}j lbgkemgjmkp `m qjccm# `m| airhgpjik| êpgjmkp `j|vmk|êm|mp cm| oi}r|m| `} prgqgjc lik|pjp}gjmkp cm| vrêhj||m| `m ki| gkpmkkm| `m Vðcmmhvcij+ Cm| gkgrlbi(|zk`jlgcj|pm| `êkikågjmkp gcir| cm /hjccmrgk`j|hm/ w}j# mkìkkgkp `m c‚gremkp g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# qi}cgjp |m cm| gppglbmr w}gk` m} pmkgjmkp omg}li}v æ lm w}m `m| |mrqjlm| |ijmkp rmk`}| g} |gcgrjê| mklikprmvgrpjm `m cm}r| lipj|gpjik|+ L‚m|p cg liklmvpjik rêqic}pjikkgjrm e}m|`j|pmw}j g mkprgëkê cg prgk|airhgpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mk gvvgrmjc| cjê|g} vgrpj| vicjpjw}m| ¾+

Lmppm |irpm `m `êvmk`gklm `} hi}qmhmkp |iljgc vgr rgvvirp g} lbghv `} vicjpjw}m m|p |gk| ì}pm vgrpjl}cjârmhmkp jcc}|prêm vgr cm| êqâkmhmkp| `} Arikp viv}cgjrm mk 7:<1 4 cm vc}| jhvirpgkp hi}qmhmkp `m erâqm `m c‚bj|pijrm kgpjikgcmm|p gcir| `êlcmklbê vgr }k agjp v}rmhmkp vicjpjw}m# cg qjlpijrm êcmlpirgcm `} Arikp



‐ 7= ‐

viv}cgjrm > cg |irpjm `m lrj|m m|p mk|}jpm irlbm|prêm |i}| c‚êej`m `jrmlpm `} lbma `}Ei}qmrkmhmkp# gqml cm| ® gllir`| `m Hgpjekik ¾+

@gk| cm hähm pmhv|# cm rmprgjp `m| |zk`jlgp| argkågj| vgr rgvvirp æ c‚iaarm`m |mrqjlm| `gk| cm ìhgjkm |iljgc lik`}j|gjp g} `êqmcivvmhmkp `‚}k lmrpgjk

kihorm `‚jk|pjp}pjik| g}pikihm| vgr rgvvirp g} |zk`jlgp| "h}p}mccm|# |êl}rjpê|iljgcm# g||}rgklm lbðhgem# mpl+*# hähm |j# `gk| cm lg`rm `} ® vgrjpgrj|hm ¾#iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r| vm}qmkp di}mr }k rðcm vc}| i} hijk|ergk` `gk| cm}r em|pjik+

?+ Cg lik|pr}lpjik `‚}k lg`rm d}rj`jw}m cikepmhv| ajeê w}j k‚jkljpgjpvg| cm| |zk`jlgp| æ cg w}äpm `‚g`bêrmkp|

Cg lik|pr}lpjik `} lg`rm cêej|cgpja `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik |zk`jlgcm mp `m cgkêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm g êegcmhmkp likli}r} æ hgjkpmkjr c‚Êpgp g} lmkprm `m cgrêe}cgpjik |iljgcm# vc}pðp w}m cm| g`bêrmkp| `m| |zk`jlgp|+

]k vm} pgr`jqmhmkp# hgj| æ vgrpjr `m 7:7: pi}p `m hähm# cm `rijp argkågj|g rmlikk} mp mklg`rê cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm+ Cm| |zk`jlgp| ikp g}||j iopmk} vrierm||jqmhmkp cg rmlikkgj||gklm cêegcm `m cm}r rðcm `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| mp cm|g`hjkj|prgpjik|+ ]k mk|mhocm `m râecm| `m `rijp ikp gcir| êpê lik|pr}jpm| w}jlikqmremgjmkp “ |gk| w}m lmcg k‚gjp dghgj| êpê cm}r iodmlpja “ vi}r rmk`rmcgremhmkp agl}cpgpjqm cg w}äpm `‚g`bêrmkp| vgr cm| |zk`jlgp| mp# |zhêprjw}mhmkp# vi}r km vg| jkljpmr cm| |gcgrjê| æ |‚gaajcjmr+

g* Cg kipjik `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê 4 cg vripmlpjik `} vc}rgcj|hm |zk`jlgc g} vrj `‚}km airhm `m `êvmk`gklm qj|(æ(qj| `} vi}qijr vicjpjw}m

@â| gvrâ| w}m cg cij# mk 7:7:# g rmlikk} cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm# |‚m|p vi|êm cg w}m|pjik `m w}j êpgjp cêejpjhm æ |jekmr `m| gllir`| liccmlpja|+ L‚m|p gjk|jw}‚mk 7:?<# jc a}p vrêq} w}m cm| grräpê| vrêamlpirg} `‚gvvcjlgpjik `‚}km cij |}r cmrmvi| bmoìhg`gjrm iocjegpijrm `mqgjmkp rml}mjccjr }k gllir` jkpmr|zk`jlgc > cmLik|mjc `‚Êpgp `êajkjp gcir| }k gllir` |zk`jlgc lihhm lmc}j `‚iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| ® rmvrê|mkpgkp cm vc}| ergk` kihorm `m| jkpêrm||ê| ¾ "7*+ Ik qijp cæ

gvvgrgëprm }k liklmvp w}m cm cêej|cgpm}r qg mk|}jpm `êajkjr# lmc}j `m® rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê ¾ mk pgkp w}m vrêgcgocm æ cg agl}cpê `m |jekmr `m| gllir`|liccmlpja|+

H+ _gvbgîc Bg`g|(Cmomc cm rgvvmccm `gk| |ik rgvvirp `m ?661 "?*# ® cgkipjik `m |zk`jlgp rmvrê|mkpgpja m|p jk|êvgrgocm `m cg vrê|mklm `‚}km vc}rgcjpê`‚iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+ Lm k‚m|p vg| }k bg|gr` |j cg w}m|pjik |m vi|m mkpmrhm| `jaaêrmkp| `gk| cm `rijp `} prgqgjc gkecgj| i} gccmhgk`# `} agjp `mc‚mj|pmklm `gk| lm| `m} vgz| `‚}km iregkj|gpjik `m pzvm likaê`êrgc cgremhmkp

"7* Lik|mjc `‚Êpgp# ?5 hgr| 7:?=# ® \zk`jlgp `m| ergk`m| vbgrhgljm| `m Argklm mp `m| licikjm| mp g}prm| ¾+

"?* ® Vi}r }k `jgcie}m |iljgc maajlglm mp cêejpjhm 4 rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê mp ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| mp |zk`jlgcm| ¾# rgvvirp g} Vrmhjmr hjkj|prm# hgj ?661# v+ ?6+



‐ 71 ‐

hgdirjpgjrm ¾+ Mk maamp# `gk| cm| vgz| ìpê| `‚}km prg`jpjik `m |zk`jlgcj|hm `mhg||m mp }kjpgjrm# cg w}m|pjik km |m vi|m e}ârm 4 cm| glpm}r| |zk`jlg} cêejpjhm||ikp ® êqj`mkp| ¾ mp rmlikk}| |gk| w}m c‚ik gjp om|ijk `m cm| `êajkjr vgr cg cij+ Vgr gjccm}r|# cm vc}rgcj|hm |zk`jlgc mk pgkp w}m qgcm}r vi|jpjqm km qg vg| `m |ij+ Cgprg`jpjik |zk`jlgcm `m| vgz| kir`(ghêrjlgjk| "Mpgp|(]kj| mp Lgkg`g* qgcirj|m gjk|jc‚gllrê`jpgpjik hgdirjpgjrm 4 `gk| }km mkprmvrj|m ìkkêm# jc km vm}p z gqijr `m|zk`jlgp w}m |‚jc m|p gllrê`jpê vgr c‚g`bê|jik i} cm qipm `m cg hgdirjpê `m| |gcgrjê| >lmppm gllrê`jpgpjik ìkkm g} |zk`jlgp }k hgk`gp mlc}|ja `m kêeiljmr vi}r }kmlmrpgjkm `}rêm c‚mk|mhocm `m| lik`jpjik| `m prgqgjc mp `m |gcgjrm `m pi}| cm| |gcgrjê|gqml c‚mhvcizm}r+ ]k pmc |z|pâhm mlc}p cm vc}rgcj|hm |zk`jlgc g} kjqmg} `mc‚mkprmvrj|m# vrjqjcêejgkp c‚jkpêräp "vi}r cm| |gcgrjê|* `} rgvvirp `m airlm v}j||gkpw}‚}k |zk`jlgp }kjw}m mp bêeêhikjw}m vm}p êpgocjr aglm æ c‚mhvcizm}r+

Cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê mk pgkp w}m liklmvp d}rj`jw}m `êajkj vgr cg cij i} cg

d}rj|vr}`mklm mp aik`gkp cg cêejpjhjpê |zk`jlgcm k‚m|p ìkl vg| jkbêrmkpm æ pi}p|z|pâhm `m `rijp |zk`jlgc > mccm k‚mj|pm vcmjkmhmkp w}m `gk| w}mcw}m| vgz| pmc|w}m c‚M|vgekm# c‚Jpgcjm# cg Omcejw}m mp ojmk |þr cg Argklm+ Mccm vmrhmp `m egrgkpjr cm vc}rgcj|hm |zk`jlgc# hgj| mk likprmvgrpjm `‚}k vi}qijr `m cêejpjhgpjik `m||zk`jlgp| w}j m|p cgremhmkp cgj||ê æ c‚g}pirjpê vicjpjw}m+

Mk Argklm# l‚m|p g} cmk`mhgjk `m cg \mlik`m e}mrrm hik`jgcm w}m cm`j|vi|jpja |‚m|p ajê# vi}r vc}| `‚}k `mhj(|jâlcm# `gk| }k likpmpm vicjpjw}m ojmk vgrpjl}cjmr# lmc}j `m cg E}mrrm arij`m 4 lihvpm pmk} `m c‚irjmkpgpjik vicjpjw}m `} vrjkljvgc |zk`jlgp# w}j cm}r êpgjp qjicmhhmkp bi|pjcm# cm| ei}qmrkgkp| ikp m} cm

|i}lj `m |}|ljpmr mp `m vripêemr }k vc}rgcj|hm |zk`jlgc+C‚irìkkgklm k¶ 0=(?26 `} ?? aêqrjmr 7:0= g gjk|j cjê cm| vrêriegpjqm| `m|

|zk`jlgp| vi}r c‚êcmlpjik `m| hmhorm| `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m æ cm}r rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê > jc mk g êpê `m hähm mk 7:01 vi}r cm| `êcêe}ê| `} vmr|ikkmc i} cgkêeiljgpjik `m| likqmkpjik| liccmlpjqm|# pgk`j| w}‚}km ljrl}cgjrm `jpm ® Vgri`j ¾ `}?2 hgj 7:0= ajgjp `m| lrjpârm| `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê w}m cg cij k¶ =6(?6= `}77 aêqrjmr 7:=6 rmcgpjqm g} likqmkpjik| liccmlpjqm| `mqgjp rmvrmk`rm mp |pgojcj|mr+Cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê gjk|j `êajkjm “ w}j vmrhmp æ pi}p |zk`jlgp `m |jekmr `m| gllir`|liccmlpja| qgcj`m| “ rmvi|gjp |}r `m| lrjpârm| w}gcjpgpja| "7*# ìkl |}dmp| æ

jkpmrvrêpgpjik# mp cm Ei}qmrkmhmkp |‚gpprjo}gjp hähm cm `rijp `m `êpmrhjkmr vgr grräpê cg cj|pm `m| iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc mpjkpmrvriam||jikkmc# cj|pm lihvirpgkp ljkw likaê`êrgpjik| `mv}j| }k grräpê `}<7 hgr| 7:11+ Cm |z|pâhm g mk|}jpm êpê vi}||ê æ c‚mprähm# æ c‚illg|jik `m|cij|G}ri} `m 7:2?# gqml cm vrjkljvm `m ® vrê|ihvpjik jrrêargegocm `m|lmk`gkpm ¾ `mrmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê 4 pi}p |zk`jlgp gaajcjê æ c‚}km `m lm| ljkw likaê`êrgpjik| êpgjp mklik|êw}mklm rêv}pê rmvrê|mkpgpja `m| |gcgrjê| w}‚jc vrêpmk`gjp rmvrê|mkpmr |gk|gqijr æ `êhikprmr |ik jhvcgkpgpjik `gk| cm lbghv lik|j`êrê mp |gk| w}m |grmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê v}j||m äprm likpm|pêm+ Ik km vi}qgjp agjrm hjm} vi}r egrgkpjr cg

"7* Maamlpja|# jk`êvmk`gklm# lipj|gpjik|# mvêrjmklm mp gkljmkkmpê# mkajk ® gppjp}`m vgprjipjw}m vmk`gkp c‚Ill}vgpjik ¾+



‐ 75 ‐

vrê|mklm |zk`jlgcm mp cm vc}rgcj|hm vgrpi}p# pi}p mk `j|vmk|gkp cm| |zk`jlgp|`‚gqijr æ ® lihvpmr cm}r| pri}vm| ¾+

Vgrgccâcmhmkp# `‚g}prm| jk|pr}hmkp| d}rj`jw}m|# kipghhmkp cg cij `} ?0 d}jk7:<1 |}r cm| likqmkpjik| liccmlpjqm|# glpgjmkp cg lgvgljpê `m likprðcm `} vi}qijr

vicjpjw}m |}r cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm# mk jhvi|gkp `gk| cm| likqmkpjik| `m orgklbm `m| lcg}|m| iocjegpijrm| mp mk cm| |i}hmppgkp æ }k rêejhm `‚mpmk|jik vgr grräpê hjkj|pêrjmc# ìkl æ }k likprðcm g`hjkj|prgpja+

Vgr gjccm}r|# jc m|p jkpêrm||gkp `m rgvvmcmr w}m cm likpmpm `m cg E}mrrmarij`m mp cg qicikpê `m vrê|mrqmr cm vc}rgcj|hm |zk`jlgc ikp |mrqj `m d}|pjajlgpjikirjejkmccm kik |m}cmhmkp æ `m| râecm| `m `rijp# hgj| g}||j g} `êqmcivvmhmkp `m vrgpjw}m| `m ajkgklmhmkp ill}cpm|+ Cg qjicmklm `m| likacjp| |iljg} `m lmppmêviw}m “ mp vm}p(äprm vc}| mklirm `m| gkkêm| vi|pêrjm}rm| æ hgj 7:12# hgrw}êm| vgr cg vi}||êm `m c‚}cprg(eg}lbm “ mp cm| |}|vjljik| `m ajkgklmhmkp vgr c‚êprgkemr w}j |‚gppglbgjmkp æ lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ikp v} gcir| d}|pjajmr `m|`êrjqm|# kipghhmkp æ c‚jkjpjgpjqm `m| mhvcizm}r| i} `m cm}r| iregkj|gpjik|+ \mcikcg airh}cm `m H+ Omrkgr` Qjqjmr `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# ® cm|mkprmvrj|m| êpgjmkp mk e}mrrm "‡* ' Vgrlm w}m cm| cjm} `m prgqgjc êpgjmkp }k m|vglm`m e}mrrm ljqjcm# cm| mkprmvrj|m| `mqgjmkp vc}| w}m dghgj| g||}rmr cm}r vri`}lpjik+

Gcir| w}m cm| }k| rmlmqgjmkp `m c‚gremkp `m prâ| cijk# cm| g}prm| mk rmlmqgjmkp `mprâ| vrâ| ¾+

o* Cg prgk|vi|jpjik vgrpjmccm `m cg kipjik `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê g} lg| `m|

iregkj|gpjik| ̀ ‚mhvcizm}r|Lihhm ik c‚g q} vc}| bg}p# cg kipjik `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê g êpê likå}m mp

`êqmcivvêm vi}r w}gcjajmr cg cêejpjhjpê `m| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê|+ Cm `rijp vi|jpja m|p mk rmqgklbm rm|pê "mp rm|pm mklirm æ lm di}r* |}lljklp mp ghoje} |}r cg® rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê vgprikgcm ¾+

Jc m|p qrgj w}m lmccm(lj k‚g êqj`mhhmkp vg| `‚mkdm} g} kjqmg} `m|mkprmvrj|m| "c‚mhvcizm}r |jekm cm| gllir`| vi}r c}j(hähm* > g} kjqmg} `m| orgklbm| i} jkpmrvriam||jikkmc# cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|

|jekgpgjrm| `‚gllir`| k‚g `m hähm vg| cjm} `‚äprm qêrjajêm# `gk| cg hm|}rm iú lm|gllir`| k‚mkegemkp w}m cm| mkprmvrj|m| hmhorm| `m lm| iregkj|gpjik|+ Cgrmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê k‚g ìkl êpê vrm|lrjpm æ cg vgrpjm vgprikgcm |jekgpgjrm w}m |jc‚mpmk|jik `m c‚gllir` m|p `mhgk`êm "grpjlcm C+ ??17(7: `} li`m `} prgqgjc*+ @gk|cg vrgpjw}m# cg w}m|pjik `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `‚}km iregkj|gpjik `‚mhvcizm}r| |m vi|m ìkl g} hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc w}gk` jc ìjp |pgp}mr |}r c‚mpmk|jik "i} kik*`‚}km likqmkpjik liccmlpjqm > m|p gcir| `jcjemkpêm }km mkw}äpm `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê#w}j lik`}jp æ }km `êlj|jik g`hjkj|prgpjqm |i}hj|m g} likprðcm `} d}emg`hjkj|prgpja+ Cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê vm}p g}||j äprm }km lik`jpjik `m cg vgrpjljvgpjik ælmrpgjkm| êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| > gjk|j# mk ?66=# gvrâ| w}m cm Ei}qmrkmhmkp

m}p v}ocjê }km cj|pm iaajljmccm `‚iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m c‚grpj|gkgpg}pirj|êm| æ |m vrê|mkpmr g} êcmlpjik| g} lbghorm| `m| hêpjmr| mp `m c‚grpj|gkgp#



‐ 72 ‐

c‚]VG g(p(mccm likpm|pê gqml |}llâ|# `mqgkp cm Lik|mjc `‚Êpgp# cg vrê|mklm `m cgLEVHM |}r lmppm cj|pm+

Vi}r prgklbmr `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê vgprikgcm# c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik mp cg d}|pjlmikp vrj| c‚bgojp}`m `m |m rêaêrmr# mk cm| g`gvpgkp# g} lrjpârm| w}gcjpgpja| `êajkj| vgr

cg cij `m 7:=6 vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê|# |‚gppglbgkp# vgr mmhvcm# æêqgc}mr cm| maamlpja| `m| iregkj|gpjik| mk lg}|m# hgj| mk |m likpmkpgkp |i}qmkp `m vrmk`rm mk lihvpm cm| `êlcgrgpjik| `m| jkpêrm||ê| "ag}pm `‚g}prm| ìkkêm|*+

Lihhm cm hikprm c‚mmhvcm |}|hmkpjikkê `m cg likpm|pgpjik `} `rijp`‚}km iregkj|gpjik æ vrê|mkpmr `m| cj|pm| cir| `‚êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|# cgprgk|vi|jpjik g} iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| `} |z|pâhm `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê gm} }k vm} cm hähm maamp w}m vi}r lmccm| `m |gcgrjê|# mk cm}r vmrhmppgkp æc‚illg|jik `m vrêaêrmr cm lihogp d}rj`jw}m g} lihogp êcmlpirgc mp `‚® mj|pmr ¾ |gk|gqijr# vg| vc}| w}m cm| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê|# æ d}|pjajmr priv vrêlj|êhmkp `m cm}r g||j|m vgrhj cm}r| hgk`gkp|+

l* @m| `j|vi|jpjik| vripmlprjlm| w}j egrgkpj||mkp `m| vrêriegpjqm| mp `m| hizmk| g} |zk`jlgp|

]k g}prm hi}qmhmkp vrierm||ja g q} c‚ê`jlpjik `m râecm| `m vc}| mk vc}|êcgoirêm| vi}r egrgkpjr c‚mj|pmklm `m c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm |}r cm| cjm} `m prgqgjc+Lm| `j|vi|jpjik| |‚jk|lrjqmkp `gk| vc}|jm}r| gm| 4 cg rmlikkgj||gklm `gk|c‚mkprmvrj|m `‚jk|pgklm| êcmlpjqm|# lihhm cm lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m# i} `jrmlpmhmkp|zk`jlgcm|# lihhm cg |mlpjik |zk`jlgcm# vi}r g||}rmr cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik liccmlpjqm`} vmr|ikkmc gqml `jqmr|m| vrêriegpjqm| > c‚iocjegpjik vi}r cm| mhvcizm}r|`‚gllir`mr `m| hizmk| "|i}| airhm `m lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm| vrjkljvgcmhmkp* vi}r lmppmrmvrê|mkpgpjik `} vmr|ikkmc > cg vripmlpjik `m| |gcgrjê| w}j mk g||}rmkp cm| hgk`gp|likprm cm| cjlmkljmhmkp| mp cm| |gklpjik| > vc}| eêkêrgcmhmkp cg vripmlpjik `m||gcgrjê| |zk`jw}ê| likprm pi}pm `j|lrjhjkgpjik vi}r lm hipja+

Lm pzvm `m râecm| m|p vrê|mkp æ `m| `merê| `jqmr| `gk| c‚mk|mhocm `m|`êhilrgpjm| mp m|p êqj`mhhmkp cêejpjhm+ Jc k‚z g ìkl vg| cjm} `m |‚z gppglbmr cike}mhmkp# |g}a vi}r io|mrqmr w}‚mk egrgkpj||gkp `m| hizmk|# `m| vrêriegpjqm| mp

`m| vripmlpjik| g} |zk`jlgcj|pm|# mccm| rmk`mkp hijk| }remkpm cg rmlbmrlbm`‚g`bêrmkp| “ }k ergk` kihorm `‚g`bêrmkp| êpgkp# g likprgrji# `gk| cm| rêejhm| `m`rijp hijk| agqirgocm|# cm vrjkljvgc hizmk vi}r }k |zk`jlgp `‚gqijr `m| rm||i}rlm|mp `m vripêemr# erïlm g} rgvvirp `m airlm| gjk|j êpgocj# |m| `jrjemgkp|+

Vgrgccâcmhmkp# cm| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| lihhm lmccm| `‚mhvcizm}r| |m|ikp pri}qêm| mk Argklm g||iljêm| æ cg em|pjik `‚}k ergk` kihorm `‚iregkj|hm|`‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc “ lgj||m| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm# g||}rgklm lbðhgem# ® 7 -ciemhmkp ¾# iregkj|hm| liccmlpm}r| `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# mpl+ “# lm w}jcm}r g êegcmhmkp gvvirpê `m| hizmk|+ Mkajk# `m| hêlgkj|hm| `m |}oqmkpjik| ikp

êpê hj| mk vcglm+L‚m|p }km iregkj|gpjik rmvrê|mkpgkp cm| mvcijpgkp| gerjlicm| “ iregkj|gpjik

w}j# lihhm |m| likl}rrmkpm| `gk| cm |mlpm}r# m|p vrjkljvgcmhmkp ajkgklêm vgr `m|



‐ 7: ‐

aik`| vriqmkgkp `jrmlpmhmkp `m| o}èmp| v}ocjl| i} `} hijk| `m vrêcâqmhmkp|iocjegpijrm| “ w}j g |gk| ì}pm cm hjm} mvrjhê `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpmæ w}mc vijkp cg hj|m mk vcglm `m rm||i}rlm| jk|pjp}pjikkmccm| egrgkpjm| vm}p gqijr vi}r maamp `m |}vvrjhmr c‚jkljpgpjik æ rmlbmrlbmr `m| g`bêrmkp| 4 gvrâ| gqijr agjpêpgp `} kihorm cjhjpê "mkqjrik 76 666* `m| g`bêrmkp| `m |ik iregkj|gpjik mp `}hikpgkp cjhjpê `m lipj|gpjik| w}j mk rê|}cpm "lm| lipj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgkp hijk| `}`jjâhm `m |ik o}èmp*# H+ Vbjcjvvm Liccjk# virpm(vgricm `m cg Likaê`êrgpjik vgz|gkkm# g io|mrqê cm ?5 ilpiorm `mrkjmr w}m ® |j cm kihorm `m| g`bê|jik| lihhmcm vri`}jp `m| lipj|gpjik| |ikp jk|}aaj|gkp|# vi}r rmlr}pmr `m| g`bêrmkp|# jc ag}p g}||j }k vm} `m hizmk| ' Ir# cm| hizmk| hjcjpgkp| |ikp g}di}r`‚b}j lik|glrê|

vi}r c‚m||mkpjmc æ g||}rmr cm aiklpjikkmhmkp jk|pjp}pjikkmc lirrm|vik`gkp æ kiprm vcglm rmlikk}m¾+ H+ Liccjk g lmrpm| êqiw}ê vgr gjccm}r| `‚g}prm| aglpm}r|mvcjlgpja| `m cg `jaajl}cpê æ |}|ljpmr `m| g`bê|jik| lbmt cm| gerjl}cpm}r| mp `}agjocm vri`}jp `m| lipj|gpjik| 4 cg `j|vmr|jik eêiergvbjw}m `m| gerjl}cpm}r|# w}j

gllriëp cm| liþp| `m `êhgrlbgem `‚êqmkp}mc| g`bêrmkp| > cm| `jaajl}cpê|êlikihjw}m| `m cg vriam||jik# w}j km vmrhmppmkp vg| `m `mhgk`mr `m| lipj|gpjik|êcmqêm|+ Jc k‚mhvälbm w}m c‚ik km |g}rgjp hjm} mvrjhmr lihhmkp }kmiregkj|gpjik |iljgcm æ cgw}mccm cm |z|pâhm vicjpjw}m g rmlikk} }k rðcm jk|pjp}pjikkmcmp iaamrp cm| ajkgklmhmkp| gaaêrmkp| vm}p |m pri}qmr `m agjp `gk| }km |jp}gpjik iú cgrmlbmrlbm `‚g`bêrmkp| k‚m|p pi}p |jhvcmhmkp vg| ® rmkpgocm ¾‡

`* @m| `j|vi|jpjik| cêegcm| w}j k‚jkljpmkp vg| cm| |gcgrjê| æ g`bêrmr æ}k |zk`jlgp

\zhêprjw}mhmkp# |j c‚ik |m vcglm `ê|irhgj| `} vijkp `m q}m `m| |gcgrjê|m}(hähm| mp kik `m lmc}j `m| |zk`jlgp|# `‚g}prm| râecm| `m `rijp ikp m} vi}r maamp`m rê`}jrm c‚jkljpgpjik æ c‚gaajcjgpjik |zk`jlgcm# `‚}km vgrp mk rm|prmjekgkp cm|gqgkpgem| vmr|ikkmc| `jrmlp| w}‚mccm vi}qgjp gvvirpmr# `‚g}prm vgrp mk |}vvrjhgkpcm rj|w}m w}‚jc vi}rrgjp z gqijr æ km vg| |‚jkqm|pjr `gk| c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm+

Lm| râecm| |ikp `‚gjccm}r| cm liriccgjrm `m c‚mj|pmklm `m cg kipjik `mrmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê 4 |j lmccm(lj g `þ äprm `êajkjm vi}r `êpmrhjkmr cm| |zk`jlgp| bgojcjpê|æ mkegemr cm| |gcgrjê| vgr cg qijm `‚gllir`| liccmlpja|# l‚m|p ojmk |þr vgrlm w}m cmlikpmpm `m vc}rgcj|hm |zk`jlgc vi|gjp cg w}m|pjik `m |gqijr w}j êpgjp cêejpjhm#

hgj| l‚m|p g}||j mp `‚goir` æ lg}|m `m cg kgp}rm `m| gllir`| liccmlpja|# w}j|‚gvvcjw}mkp mk Argklm æ c‚mk|mhocm `m| |gcgrjê| mp vg| |m}cmhmkp æ lm} w}j |ikpgaajcjê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |jekgpgjrm|+ \j cm| gllir`| liccmlpja| k‚mkegemgjmkp “ lihhm l‚m|p cm lg| `gk| `m kihorm} vgz| “ w}m cm| g`bêrmkp| `m| |zk`jlgp|# cgw}m|pjik `m cm}r cêejpjhjpê æ cm| |jekmr km |m vi|mrgjp pi}p |jhvcmhmkp vg|+

Lm vrjkljvm `m qgcj`jpê ® mreg ihkm| ¾ `m| gllir`| liccmlpja| m|p cjê vgr cmli`m `} prgqgjc æ }k g}prm vrjkljvm# cm ® vrjkljvm `m agqm}r ¾# |mcik cmw}mc# mkprm cm|`j|vi|jpjik| `m cg cij# `m| gllir`| liccmlpja| mp `} likprgp `m prgqgjc# lm |ikppi}di}r| cm| vc}| agqirgocm| g} |gcgrjê| w}j ìjqmkp |‚gvvcjw}mr+ C‚grpjlcm C+ ??=0(7`m lm li`m `j|vi|m ìkl w}m ® cir|w}‚}k mhvcizm}r m|p cjê vgr cm| lcg}|m| `‚}kmlikqmkpjik i} `‚}k gllir`# lm| lcg}|m| |‚gvvcjw}mkp g} likprgp| `m prgqgjc liklc}| gqml c}j# |g}a |pjv}cgpjik| vc}| agqirgocm| ¾+



‐ ?6 ‐

@gk| lm| lik`jpjik|# cm| |gcgrjê| km |ikp vg| jkljpê| æ |m |zk`jw}mr# cm|gqgkpgem| iopmk}| vgr cm| |zk`jlgp| êpgkp gvvcjlgocm| æ pi}|+ @} |prjlp vijkp `m q}mhgpêrjmc# hjm} qg}p äprm }k ® vg||gemr lcgk`m|pjk ¾ w}j oêkêajljm `m| likw}äpm||zk`jlgcm| |gk| cm| rj|w}m| mp cm| liþp| "mk pmhv|# mk lipj|gpjik|* `m c‚glpjik|zk`jlgcm+

Mp# `gk| c‚g}prm |mk|# `â| cir| w}m cm| |gcgrjê| km vm}qmkp w}‚äprm egekgkp|æ c‚mj|pmklm `‚}k gllir` liccmlpja "mp w}‚m|p vrê|mrqêm cm}r cjomrpê `‚iopmkjr mklirm vc}| mk kêeiljgkp jk`jqj`}mccmhmkp*# jc k‚z g}l}k rj|w}m æ km vg| |m |zk`jw}mr vi}r vm|mr `gk| cm| lbij liccmlpja| 4 lm w}m vm}p |jekmr }k |zk`jlgp km vm}p vg| virpmr vrêd}`jlm g} |gcgrjê|+

<+ @m| êqic}pjik| cêej|cgpjqm| rêlmkpm| w}j rmqgcirj|mkp ® cg cij `}kihorm ¾

g* @m| agl}cpê| `m `êriemr g} vrjkljvm `m agqm}r# hgj| |i}| rê|mrqm `mpmkjr lihvpm ̀ m| rê|}cpgp| êcmlpirg} ̀ m| |zk`jlgp|

Æ vgrpjr `m| gkkêm| 7:26# cm `rijp `} prgqgjc g êpê ghmkê æ rmhmpprm mklg}|m cm vrjkljvm `m agqm}r# `gk| }k likpmpm hgrw}ê vgr cg lihvcmjajlgpjik `mc‚iodmp `m| gllir`| liccmlpja|+ Mk maamp# |‚jc m|p gj|ê mp cêejpjhm# `gk| }km hgpjârmpmccm w}m cm| |gcgjrm|# `m |m rêaêrmr æ lm vrjkljvm “ cm |gcgrjê g `rijp g} vc}| êcmqê`m| hikpgkp| w}m |ikp cm hjkjh}h cêegc# l‚m|p(æ(`jrm cm \HJL# cm hjkjh}hlikqmkpjikkmc `m |g erjccm `m orgklbm mp cm |gcgjrm jk`jw}ê |}r |ik likprgp `m

prgqgjc “# jc `mqjmkp qjpm hijk| êqj`mkp `m |gqijr lm w}j m|p i} kik ® agqirgocm ¾g} |gcgrjê| w}gk` c‚ik vg||m æ `m| gllir`| rmcgpja| vgr mmhvcm æ c‚iregkj|gpjik mpg} pmhv| `m prgqgjc 4 jc k‚m|p e}ârm gj|ê `m `jrm |j pmc i} pmc rêejhm `‚birgjrm| `mprgqgjc# gllihvgekê `m pmccm i} pmccm lihvmk|gpjik mk gremkp i} mk likeê|# m|p vc}| i} hijk| ® agqirgocm ¾# lmcg `êvmk`gkp `m| likprgjkpm| mp `m| vrêaêrmklm| `mlbgl}k+

Cm cêej|cgpm}r g ìkl jk|pjp}ê# pi}p vgrpjl}cjârmhmkp `gk| cm ìhgjkm `}pmhv| `m prgqgjc# `m| lg| iú jc g}pirj|gjp cm| mkprmvrj|m| æ `êriemr# vgr gllir`liccmlpja# g} `rijp lihh}k ajê vgr cm li`m `} prgqgjc+ \‚m|p gcir| vi|êm

jhhê`jgpmhmkp cg w}m|pjik `m cg cêejpjhjpê `m| |zk`jlgp| w}j |jekmrgjmkp cm|gllir`| mk lg}|m# vg| kêlm||gjrmhmkp ® agqirgocm| ¾ g} |gcgrjê|+ Ag}pm |gk| ì}pm`m vi}qijr |m rêaêrmr g} kihorm `m cm}r| g`bêrmkp|# jc g êpê `êlj`ê `m vrmk`rm mklihvpm cm}r| rê|}cpgp| êcmlpirg}+

L‚m|p gjk|j w}m c‚irìkkgklm k¶ 2?(07 `} 71 dgkqjmr 7:2? rmcgpjqm æ cg`}rêm `} prgqgjc mp g} likeê| vgzê|# vrêqizgkp cg vi||jojcjpê `‚gllir`|`‚mkprmvrj|m i} `‚êpgocj||mhmkp `êriegpijrm|# g lik`jpjikkê c‚mkprêm mk qje}m}r `mlm| gllir`| æ c‚go|mklm `‚ivvi|jpjik `‚}km "`m|* iregkj|gpjik"|* |zk`jlgcm"|* kik|jekgpgjrm"|* gzgkp iopmk} vc}| `m =6 - `m| qij `m| jk|lrjp| g} `mrkjârm|

êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| "g} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m i}# æ `êag}p# vi}r cm| `êcêe}ê|`} vmr|ikkmc*+ Cg kipjik `m `rijp `‚ivvi|jpjik hgdirjpgjrm gvvgrgj||gjp gjk|j# cg



‐ ?7 ‐

|m}cm rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `m| |zk`jlgp| |jekgpgjrm| km |}aaj|gkp vc}| `} vijkp `m q}m `}cêej|cgpm}r+

Lm pzvm `m `j|vi|jpja| g mk|}jpm êpê }pjcj|ê `gk| `jaaêrmkp| lg| `m aje}rm#kipghhmkp vi}r cg rê`}lpjik `} pmhv| `m prgqgjc bmoìhg`gjrm æ <= bm}rm|# vi}r

cgw}mccm cm| gllir`| `m hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| `mqgjmkp "vi}r ìkkmr `rijp æ `m| gccâemhmkp| `m lbgrem|* äprm |jekê| vgr }km i} `m| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| gzgkp rml}mjccj cg hgdirjpê `m| |}aargem| mvrjhê| cir| `m| `mrkjârm|êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|# i} ojmk äprm rgpjajê| `jrmlpmhmkp vgr }k rêaêrmk`}h`‚mkprmvrj|m+

Mkajk# lm pzvm `m `êhgrlbm g likk} }km vrmhjârm eêkêrgcj|gpjik+ \}jpm æ}km ® vi|jpjik lihh}km ¾ |jekêm cm 71 d}jccmp ?667 vgr lmrpgjk| `m| vgrpmkgjrm||iljg} kgpjikg}# cg cij k¶ ?660(<:7 `} 0 hgj ?660 rmcgpjqm æ cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm pi}p g} cike `m cg qjm mp g} `jgcie}m |iljgc g# æ cg aij| mp `gk| cghähm ciejw}m 4

“ g}pirj|ê `m hgkjârm eêkêrgcm "æ c‚mlmvpjik `m lmrpgjkm| hgpjârm| i}`‚}km jkpmr`jlpjik mvrm||m `gk| }k gllir` `m rgke |}vêrjm}r* cm| gllir`| liccmlpja|æ `êriemr æ lm} `m rgke |}vêrjm}r# vgr mmhvcm lm} `‚mkprmvrj|m æ `êriemr g}gllir`| `m orgklbm# |gk| w}m c‚ik gjp æ |m vi|mr cg w}m|pjik `m c‚gvvcjlgpjik `} vrjkljvm `m agqm}r >

“ eêkêrgcj|ê cm vrjkljvm hgdirjpgjrm mk rmpmkgkp# vi}r c‚mk|mhocm `m|gllir`| liccmlpja|# cm vrjkljvm `} `rijp `‚ivvi|jpjik hgdirjpgjrm "mmrlê# g} vcgkjkpmrvriam||jikkmc i} `m| orgklbm|# vgr }km hgdirjpê grjpbhêpjw}m `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm|# g} kjqmg} `m| mkprmvrj|m| mp `m|êpgocj||mhmkp|# vgr cm i} cm| |zk`jlgp| hgdirjpgjrm| g} vrmhjmr pi}r `m| `mrkjârm|êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|*+

o* Cm| cij| `} ?6 giþp ?662 mp `} = d}jccmp ?676 4 cm| rê|}cpgp|êcmlpirg} lcma ̀ m cg cêejpjhjpê |zk`jlgcm

Cg cij k¶ ?662(52: `} ?6 giþp ?662# prgk|vi|gkp cg ® vi|jpjik lihh}km ¾liklc}m cm : gqrjc ?662 vgr cg LA@P# cg LEP# cg LEVHM mp cm HM@MA# i}prmw}‚mccm jhvi|m vi}r cg vrmhjârm aij|# lihhm ik c‚g q}# `m| iocjegpjik| `mprgk|vgrmklm ajkgkljârm g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# hgrw}m }km êpgvm|}vvcêhmkpgjrm `gk| cg qgcirj|gpjik `m| rê|}cpgp| êcmlpirg} lihhm aik`mhmkp `mcg cêejpjhjpê |zk`jlgcm+

Lmppm cij rmvrmk` mp ghêkgem cm| lrjpârm| prg`jpjikkmc| `m cgrmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê 4 c‚gppjp}`m vgprjipjw}m vmk`gkp c‚Ill}vgpjik lâ`m cg vcglm g}rm|vmlp `m| qgcm}r| rêv}ocjlgjkm| > c‚gkljmkkmpê m|p vrêlj|êm "`m} gk| |ikpmjeê|* > c‚® g}`jmklm ¾# c‚® jkac}mklm ¾# vrêgcgocmhmkp `êegeêm| vgr cg

d}rj|vr}`mklm# mp cg ®prgk|vgrmklm ajkgkljârm ¾# lrjpârm qrgjhmkp ki}qmg}# |ikpjk|lrjpm| `gk| cm li`m `} prgqgjc+



‐ ?? ‐

Hgj| |}rpi}p# cg cij ìkkm }km `êajkjpjik lbjaarêm `m c‚g}`jmklm# w}j m|p mkagjp c‚g}`jmklm êcmlpirgcm 4 jc likqjmkp `ê|irhgj| `m d}|pjajmr `m 76 - `m| |}aargem|mvrjhê| g} vrmhjmr pi}r `m| `mrkjârm| êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| `gk| cm|mkprmvrj|m|# `m 2 - `m lm| |}aargem| g} kjqmg} `m| orgklbm| mp g} kjqmg} kgpjikgcjkpmrvriam||jikkmc+ Æ lm| `m} kjqmg}# lm |m}jc km vi}rrg äprm gvvrêljê w}m |}jpm æ}k liccgpjikkmhmkp `m| rê|}cpgp| g} êcmlpjik| `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m i} `m|`êcêe}ê| `} vmr|ikkmc `m pi}pm| cm| mkprmvrj|m|# g}w}mc ik gdi}pmrg cm rê|}cpgp `}|lr}pjk `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê iregkj|ê vi}r cm| |gcgrjê| `m| prâ| vmpjpm| mkprmvrj|m| mkgvvcjlgpjik `m cg cij k¶ ?676(7?7= `} 7= ilpiorm ?676 > lm liccgpjikkmhmkp `mqgkpäprm maamlp}ê |}r }k lzlcm lihvcmp `‚êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|# |ijp w}gprm gk|# cmrê|}cpgp k‚mk |mrg likk} w}‚mk ?67< mp lm k‚m|p w}‚æ vgrpjr `m lmppm êlbêgklm w}mcm| ki}qmccm| râecm| `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê |‚gvvcjw}mrikp g} orgklbm| mp g} kjqmg}kgpjikgc jkpmrvriam||jikkmc+

Cg cij `m ?662 lihvrmk` vc}|jm}r| hm|}rm| lihvcêhmkpgjrm| `m lmppmrêairhm aik`ghmkpgcm `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê 4

“ cg vrê|ihvpjik jrrêargegocm `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `j|vgrgëp# cgrmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `mqgkp ìkl `ê|irhgj| äprm êpgocjm æ pi}| cm| kjqmg} iú mccm m|pjkqiw}êm >

“ cg qgcj`jpê `m| gllir`| liccmlpja| |mrg `ê|irhgj| |}oirìkkêm æ cm}r |jekgp}rm vgr }km i} `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| d}|pjajgkp# `gk| cm}r lbghv# `m<6 - `‚g}`jmklm êcmlpirgcm# mp æ c‚go|mklm `‚ivvi|jpjik `‚}km i} `‚iregkj|gpjik|

hgdirjpgjrm| `gk| cm| hähm| lik`jpjik| > “ gajk `m hmpprm ajk g} |mlpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ® bir|(|ic ¾# jc `mqjmkp

iocjegpijrm vi}r }km |mlpjik |zk`jlgcm `‚gqijr ® vc}|jm}r| ¾ g`bêrmkp| mp cm|`êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} ìjqmkp äprm lbij|j| vgrhj cm| |gcgrjê| w}j# gzgkp aje}rê |}r }kmcj|pm g} `mrkjârm| êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|# ikp rml}mjccj |}r cm}r kih 76 - g}hijk| `m| |}aargem| mvrjhê|+

Mk rmqgklbm# cm cêej|cgpm}r |‚m|p egr`ê mk ?662 `m prgjpmr `m cgrmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# w}m|pjik jc m|p qrgj êlgrpêm `m cg

vi|jpjik lihh}km vrêgcgocm `m| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg}+ Ik |m ìjp pi}di}r| `mlik|pgpmr w}m cm li`m `} prgqgjc# pi}p mk likpjk}gkp `m vgrcmr `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê vgprikgcm æ lmrpgjkm| illg|jik| "kipghhmkp vi}r c‚mpmk|jik `m| gllir`|liccmlpja|*# k‚gvvcjw}m airhmccmhmkp cm| ki}qmccm| râecm| `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê w}‚g}|m}cm| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| "cm dm} `m| grpjlcm| `êajkj||gkp cm lbghv`‚gvvcjlgpjik `m| `jaaêrmkpm| hm|}rm| km vmrhmppgkp vg| `m |gqijr lcgjrmhmkp |jmccm| |‚gvvcjw}mkp g}||j g} iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|*+

Cg cij k¶ ?676(5=7 `} = d}jccmp ?676 rmcgpjqm æ cg rêkiqgpjik `} `jgcie}m|iljgc mp lihvirpgkp `jqmr|m| `j|vi|jpjik| rmcgpjqm| æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m vrêqijp#

vi}r c‚Êpgp# cm| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| mp cm| bðvjpg} v}ocjl|# `m| hm|}rm| ìkpc‚jk|vjrgpjik eêkêrgcm m|p cg hähm w}m lmccm `m cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662+ Lihhmlmppm `mrkjârm# mccm agjp |}jpm æ `m| gllir`| |jekê| gqml cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg}# cm



‐ ?< ‐

? d}jk ?662# `jp| ® gllir`| `m Omrlz ¾+ Lihhm cg cij `m ?662# lmccm `m ?676qgcirj|m cm| êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| lihhm aik`mhmkp `m cg cêejpjhjpê|zk`jlgcm 4 rêvgrpjpjik `m| |jâem| `gk| cm| `jaaêrmkpm| jk|pgklm| lik|}cpgpjqm| `m cgaiklpjik v}ocjw}m mk aiklpjik `m| |m}c| rê|}cpgp| iopmk}| g} êcmlpjik| >eêkêrgcj|gpjik `m c‚êcmlpjik `m| hmhorm| `m| lihjpê| pmlbkjw}m| > vg||gem æc‚® gllir` hgdirjpgjrm ¾ "cm| gllir`| liccmlpja| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `mqrikp äprm|jekê| vgr }km i} vc}|jm}r| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| gzgkp rml}mjccj g} hijk| =6 -`m| qij cir| `m| `mrkjârm| êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm|# gvrâ| }km vbg|m prgk|jpijrmiú lm |m}jc m|p ajê æ ?6 - gqml go|mklm `‚ivvi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik|hgdirjpgjrm|*+

Cm| `j|vi|jpjik| `m cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662 km rmklikprmkp kgp}rmccmhmkp vg|c‚gvvriogpjik }kgkjhm `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m |gcgrjê|+ I}prm cm rmermp |}r c‚go|mklm `m rêairhm `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# lmccm|

w}j z |ikp ivvi|êm| hmppmkp mk gqgkp `m} pzvm| `‚gre}hmkp| 4 “ }km lrjpjw}m `m aik` virpm |}r cm lbij w}j m|p lcgjrmhmkp glpê `m aik`mr

vrjkljvgcmhmkp cg cêejpjhjpê |zk`jlgcm |}r cm| rê|}cpgp| êcmlpirg} mp kik |}r c‚mkegemhmkp hjcjpgkp "g`bêrmkp|# lipj|gpjik|‡*+ Æ lmp êegr`# cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc`m Airlm i}qrjârm# H+ Dmgk(Lcg}`m Hgjccz# g d}|pjajê `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik`‚mkw}äpm# cm 7= kiqmhorm `mrkjmr# c‚bi|pjcjpê `m |ik iregkj|gpjik æ lmppm ivpjik mkrmcmqgkp w}m cg rmhj|m mk lg}|m `m cg cjomrpê `m lbij `m| `êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} vgr cm| |m}c| hmhorm| `m cg |mlpjik |zk`jlgcm "v}j|w}m cm}r lbij m|p hgjkpmkgkprm|prmjkp g} |m}c| |gcgrjê| w}j |m |ikp vrê|mkpê| g} `mrkjârm| êcmlpjik|

vriam||jikkmccm| mp z ikp iopmk} 76 - `m| qij* vi|m }k vriocâhm `m ®cjomrpê |zk`jlgcm ¾+ Jc g gdi}pê w}m lmppm |}rqgcirj|gpjik `m c‚êcmlpjik vcgågjp cm| |zk`jlgp|mk |jp}gpjik `m ® lghvgekm êcmlpirgcm vmrhgkmkpm ¾ mp k}j|gjp g} `jgcie}m |iljgc#cg liklc}|jik `‚gllir`| liccmlpja| `gk| cm| vêrji`m| vrêêcmlpirgcm| `mqmkgkp |mcikc}j jhvi||jocm >

“ }km lrjpjw}m vc}| ljrlik|pgkljêm hmp mk gqgkp cm rj|w}m `‚gaagjocjr mklirm vc}| cm| |zk`jlgp| `gk| cm| lik`jpjik| glp}mccm|# gcir| w}m c‚iodmlpja m|p `m cm| vi}||mr æ rmeri}vmr cm}r| airlm|+ Cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg LAM(LEL# H+ Omrkgr` QgkLrgmzkm|p# g gjk|j `êlcgrê `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cm 0 ilpiorm ?677#

w}‚® g}di}r`‚b}j# prij| gk| gvrâ| c‚gìvpjik `m cg cij# lm w}m ki}| jhgejkjik| g}`êvgrp m|p mk prgjk `m |m rêgcj|mr 4 }k gaagjocj||mhmkp |}vvcêhmkpgjrm `m|

|zk`jlgp|+ Lmrpm|# vgrhj cm| rgj|ik| `m lmc}j(lj# aje}rm }k êcêhmkp |pr}lp}rmc 4 cm| |zk`jlgcj|pm| qjmjccj||mkp mp jc m|p `jaajljcm `‚jkpêrm||mr cm| vc}| dm}km| eêkêrgpjik|mk kihorm |}aaj|gkp vi}r g||}rmr cm rmki}qmccmhmkp+ Hgj| cg cij g g}||j |g vgrp `mrm|vik|gojcjpê 4 cm |m}jc `m 76 - `m rê|}cpgp êcmlpirgc vi}r äprm rmvrê|mkpgpja `gk|cm| mkprmvrj|m| êcjhjkm `m| |zk`jlgcj|pm| ¾+ @m agjp# g}`jpjikkê vgr cg lihhj||jik`‚mkw}äpm cm 2 kiqmhorm ?677# cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg _GPV g kipê w}m cg vrmhjârmgvvcjlgpjik `m cg râecm(li}vmrmp `m| 76 - `gk| |ik mkprmvrj|m# æ c‚illg|jik `m|êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| `m ?676# gqgjp rê`}jp `m b}jp æ |j cm kihorm `m||zk`jlgp| w}j z |ikp rmlikk}| rmvrê|mkpgpja| mp lik`}jp# mk lik|êw}mklm# æ }km`jhjk}pjik `m ?6 - `m| hizmk| æ gpprjo}mr g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# vrjkljvgcmhmkp mk `êlbgrem| birgjrm| `jqmr|m| "cm| hizmk| gkljmkkmhmkp gaamlpê|



‐ ?0 ‐

æ lmccm| w}j ikp lm||ê gcir| `‚äprm rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| k‚gzgkp vg| æ äprm rm`j|prjo}ê|g} g}prm|* > `m hähm# cm @_B `m cg \KLA g m|pjhê# êegcmhmkp cm 2 kiqmhorm#w}m c‚gvvcjlgpjik `gk| |ik lg| `m cg hähm râecm gqgjp lik`}jp æ }km `jhjk}pjik`‚mkqjrik 7= - `m| hizmk| g} pjprm `} `rijp |zk`jlgc > cm hähm pzvm `m lik|pgpqg}p g}||j vi}r M@A "la + g}`jpjik `} 76 kiqmhorm ?677*+

@gk| c‚g}prm |mk|# }km likaê`êrgpjik w}j g pi}p æ egekmr æ lmppm cij# k‚êpgkpg}di}r`‚b}j vg| rmlikk}m rmvrê|mkpgpjqm g} vcgk kgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc#c‚]K\G# g |gc}ê cg ajk `m cg `j|lrjhjkgpjik æ |ik mklikprm w}‚mkprgëkgjp cm vrjkljvm`m vrê|ihvpjik jrrêargegocm 4 lihhm cm| |zk`jlgp| gaajcjê| æ c‚]K\G k‚mk oêkêajljgjmkp vg|# cm| gppgw}m| `m| mhvcizm}r| "qijrm `m| |zk`jlgp| likl}rrmkp| 9*|m liklmkprgjmkp gvvgrmhhmkp |}r m}+ Cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m c‚]K\G# H+ C}lOêrjccm# g gjk|j io|mrqê `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cm ?6 ilpiorm ?677#w}‚® gqgkp cg cij `m ?662# ^c‚jhvcgkpgpjik vrierm||jqm `m c‚]K\GX `gk| cm |mlpm}r

vrjqê |‚m|p prg`}jpm vgr }km cike}m |êrjm `m vrilâ| “ w}mcw}m| 7 =66 g} pipgc “# g}li}r| `m|w}mc| ik c}j `mhgk`gjp `m vri}qmr |g rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê vgr cm kihorm `m |m| g`bêrmkp|# |ik glpjqjpê i} |ik jk`êvmk`gklm+ @mv}j| cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662#w}mcw}m 7 166 |mlpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m c‚]K\G ikp êpê lrêêm| `gk| cm |mlpm}r

vrjqê ¾+ H+ Dglw}m| Oirz# prê|irjmr `m c‚iregkj|gpjik g gdi}pê w}m cm| ® argj|`‚bikirgjrm| `‚gqilgp| |ikp vg||ê| `‚mkqjrik 716 666 m}ri| æ <2 666 m}ri| mk?676+ Cir| `m lm| vrilâ|# ki}| êpjik| iocjeê| `m ai}rkjr cg cj|pm `m ki| g`bêrmkp|#cgw}mccm êpgjp ìkl lihh}kjw}êm æ cg vgrpjm g`qmr|m# mk `‚g}prm| pmrhm| g}mhvcizm}r|+ W}mcw}m|(}k| `m ki| g`bêrmkp| k‚ikp gjk|j m} `‚g}prm |ic}pjik w}m `mrmdijk`rm Vðcm mhvcij‡ Cm| cij| `m ?662 mp ?676 ikp vmrhj| `m hmpprm }k pmrhm æ

lmppm ̀ j|lrjhjkgpjik ¾+

$

Cm| êqic}pjik| hgrw}êm| vgr cm| cij| `m ?662 mp ?676# vrêlê`êm| `‚gllir`|kgpjikg}# hikprmkp }km rêmccm vrj|m `m lik|ljmklm vgrpgeêm `m| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| mp `m| glpm}r| vicjpjw}m| w}gkp æ cg kêlm||jpê `m rmaik`mr cg cêejpjhjpê`m| glpm}r| `} `jgcie}m |iljgc+

@gk| cm hähm pmhv|# cm qipm v}j| c‚gvvcjlgpjik `m cg cij k¶ ?665(7<6 `}

<7 dgkqjmr ?665 `m hi`mrkj|gpjik `} `jgcie}m |iljgc "® cij Cgrlbmr ¾*# |}jqj| `mc‚gìvpjik mk ?66:(?676 `m vripilicm| êpmk`gkp |m| vrm|lrjvpjik|# mk cm| g`gvpgkp#g} jkjpjgpjqm| `m| |êkgpm}r| mp `m| `êv}pê|# rmlikkgëp g} iregkj|gpjik|`‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc}k rðcm vicjpjw}m lihvcâpmhmkp ki}qmg}# v}j|w}m cm| ergk`m| rêairhm| mk hgpjârm`m prgqgjc# `‚mhvcij mp `m airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm ìjqmkp `ê|irhgj||z|pêhgpjw}mhmkp äprm c‚iodmp `‚}km liklmrpgpjik vrêgcgocm gqml lm| iregkj|gpjik|#g}w}mccm| }k pmhv| `m kêeiljgpjik vgrjpgjrm vipmkpjmccm ìjp hähm äprm cgj||ê |jmccm| cm |i}bgjpmkp+

Lmvmk`gkp# lm| êqic}pjik| rêlmkpm| mp vgr lmrpgjk| lðpê| jklihvcâpm| km|}aaj|mkp vg| æ rmhmpprm mk lg}|m c‚mk|mhocm `‚}k ® |z|pâhm ¾ w}j# gqml }kmrm|vik|gojcjpê `m| glpm}r| vicjpjw}m| mp `} cêej|cgpm}r mk vgrpjl}cjmr# agqirj|m `m agjp



‐ ?= ‐

cg `ê|zk`jlgcj|gpjik “ |gk| w}m lmcg gjp dghgj| êpê c‚iodmlpja 4 ojmk g} likprgjrm# cm|cij| |}llm||jqm| qipêm| ikp pi}di}r| m} vi}r ghojpjik `m agqirj|mr c‚jhvcgkpgpjik|zk`jlgcm mp)i} `m qgcirj|mr cm `jgcie}m |iljgc+++

Jc gvvgrpjmkp g}di}r`‚b}j g} glpm}r| vicjpjw}m|# cm rgvvirpm}r mk m|p

likqgjkl}# `‚gejr vi}r jkqmr|mr lmppm pmk`gklm# lgr }km rmvrê|mkpgpjik |zk`jlgcmairpm `m| |gcgrjê| lihhm `m| mhvcizm}r| m|p kêlm||gjrm > ir# }km pmccmrmvrê|mkpgpjik km vm}p äprm airpm# jk`êvmk`gkpm mp cêejpjhm w}m |j mccm vm}pjhvcjw}mr `m| hjcjpgkp| kihorm} mp `j|vi|mr mk lik|êw}mklm `m rm||i}rlm| `mlipj|gpjik| |jekjajlgpjqm|+





‐ ?5 ‐

Q+( @M\ V_IVI\JPJIK\ VI]_ ]K \ZK@JLGCJ\HM VC]\P_GK\VG_MKP# VC]\ HJCJPGKP MP VC]\ _MV_M\MKPGPJA

Cm| lik|pgp| `rm||ê| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm hikprmkp c‚}pjcjpê `m |m|jkqm|pjegpjik| mp `m |g hj|m mk vcglm+ Hähm |‚jc m|p jk`êkjgocm w}m `m| maairp| ikpêpê mkprmvrj| vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp `‚mhvcizm}r| mk hgpjârm `mprgk|vgrmklm mp g}||j `m em|pjik# cg |jp}gpjik k‚m|p vg| mklirm |gpj|agj|gkpm+

Jc m|p `m c‚jkpêräp `m pi}|# w}‚jc |‚gej||m `m| iregkj|gpjik| liklmrkêm|# `m||gcgrjê|# `m| mkprmvrj|m| i} `m| vi}qijr| v}ocjl|# `m rmhê`jmr g}`z|aiklpjikkmhmkp| mp g} lgrmklm| w}j vmr|j|pmkp+ @m| hm|}rm| ki}qmccm| |ikpkêlm||gjrm| vi}r# pi}p æ cg aij|# rmkairlmr cg cêejpjhjpê `m| |zk`jlgp| mp `m|iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| “ cgw}mccm mjem }km lmrpgjkm jk`êvmk`gklm

ajkgkljârm mp }km g||j|m hjcjpgkpm# i} `} hijk| êcmlpjqm# |êrjm}|m “# ghêcjirmr cgprgk|vgrmklm `m| hizmk| ìkp jc| `j|vi|mkp# rêêw}jcjormr cm| hêlgkj|hm| `majkgklmhmkp v}ocjl mk qje}m}r mp `zkghj|mr cm `jgcie}m |iljgc+ Pmc m|p mk pi}p lg|cm |mk| `m| vrivi|jpjik| airh}cêm| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm+

Kgp}rmccmhmkp# pi}pm rêairhm `gk| `m pmc| ìhgjkm| km vm}p |m lik`}jrmw}m `gk| cg liklmrpgpjik mp cm `jgcie}m+ G} `mhm}rgkp# c‚grpjlcm C+7 `} li`m `}prgqgjc# j||} `m cg cij `m hi`mrkj|gpjik `} `jgcie}m |iljgc `} <7 dgkqjmr ?665 mp lihvcêpê vgr cm| vripilicm| gìvpê| g} \êkgp mp æ c‚G||mhocêm kgpjikgcm "7* mk?66: mp ?676# egrgkpjp cm| vrêriegpjqm| `m| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} mk cg hgpjârm 4 cm|

rêairhm| liklmrkgkp# kipghhmkp# cm lbghv `m| rmcgpjik| liccmlpjqm| `} prgqgjcìjqmkp äprm vrêlê`êm| `‚}km liklmrpgpjik gqml cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg}# qijrm# |‚jc|cm |i}bgjpmkp# `‚}km kêeiljgpjik `gk| cm| airhm|+ Cm| vrivi|jpjik| jlj airh}cêm|`mqrgjmkp ìkl kêlm||gjrmhmkp# vi}r cg vc}vgrp# äprm `j|l}pêm| gqml cm| vgrpmkgjrm||iljg}# qijrm mkprm m}# gqgkp `‚äprm hj|m| mk Ŝ}qrm+

G+ VI]_ ]KM \ZK@JLGCJ\HM VC]\ P_GK\VG_MKP

G} li}r| `m| g}`jpjik| `m cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# c‚mk|mhocm `m|

rm|vik|gocm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r|# gjk|j w}m cm| êc}| `} vmr|ikkmc mk lbgrem `m cg em|pjik `m| glpjik| |iljgcm| mp êlikihjw}m| `m| lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m# |m |ikp hikprê| i}qmrp| æ `gqgkpgem `m prgk|vgrmklm lihvpgocm mpajkgkljârm+ Jc ag}p `jrm w}m cm| râecm| mk qje}m}r# vi}r cm hijk| vmramlpjocm|# k‚ikp vg| mhvälbê cg vmr|j|pgklm `m vc}|jm}r| tikm| `‚ihorm vrêd}`jljgocm| æ c‚jhgem`m| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| mp `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|+ Gvvriaik`jr cgprgk|vgrmklm m|p ìkl `m cm}r jkpêräp mp `m lmc}j `m cm}r| êc}|+

"7* ® Vripilicm iregkj|gkp# æ pjprm mvêrjhmkpgc# cg liklmrpgpjik gqml cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} vrêgcgocmhmkp æ

c‚mghmk# vgr cm \êkgp# `m| vrivi|jpjik| `m cij rmcgpjqm| g} rmcgpjik| jk`jqj`}mccm| mp liccmlpjqm| `} prgqgjc#æ c‚mhvcij mp æ cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm ¾# gìvpê vgr cm O}rmg} `} \êkgp cm 71 `êlmhorm ?66:# mp ® Vripilicm rmcgpja æ cg lik|}cpgpjik `m| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} |}r cm| vrivi|jpjik| `m cij| æ lgrglpârm |iljgc rmcmqgkp `} lbghv `m cg kêeiljgpjik kgpjikgcm mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm ¾# gìvpê vgr cg Likaêrmklm `m| vrê|j`mkp| `m c‚G||mhocêm kgpjikgcm cm 71 aêqrjmr ?676+



‐ ?2 ‐

7+ Vi}r|}jqrm cg `êhgrlbm mkegeêm vgr cm| cij| k¶ ?662(52: `}?6 giþp ?662 mp k¶ ?66:(70<5 `} ?0 kiqmhorm ?66:

\j# jk`êkjgocmhmkp# cg cij k¶ ?662(52: `} ?6 giþp ?662 g rmvrê|mkpê }kmgqgklêm kipgocm mk agqm}r `m cg prgk|vgrmklm |}r cm| lihvpm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m

|gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r|# |g hj|m mk gvvcjlgpjik hikprm w}‚mccm km lik|pjp}mw}‚}km êpgvm mk cg hgpjârm+ @m hähm# cg rêairhm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccmmk ?66: g cgj||ê `m lðpê ojmk `m| g|vmlp|# vgrpjl}cjârmhmkp vi}r lm w}j liklmrkmc‚}|gem `m| aik`| liccmlpê|+ Jc jhvirpm ìkl `m vgrglbmqmr cm vrilm||}| `êdæ jkjpjê vgr cm cêej|cgpm}r# æ cg c}hjârm `m| mk|mjekmhmkp| `m c‚mvêrjmklm+

g* Vrjqjcêejmr cg lik|icj`gpjik `m| lihvpm|

C‚gcpmrkgpjqm mkprm v}ocjlgpjik `m lihvpm| lik|icj`ê| mp gergagem “ l‚m|p(æ(`jrm c‚gkkmjik `m| lihvpm| `m| mkpjpê| `j|pjklpm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| hgj| cjêm| æ

lmccm|(lj “# rmpmk}m mk ?662# |‚mvcjw}m vgr cg qicikpê `m km vg| |}ojpmhmkp vcglmr cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i} rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m| mhvcizm}r|# w}mccm w}m |ijpcm}r jhvirpgklm# `mqgkp }km iocjegpjik priv ci}r`m mp lihvcmm+ Jc m|p qrgj w}m#`gk| omg}li}v `m |zk`jlgp|# `‚}kjik| cilgcm| i} `m aê`êrgpjik|# cm| prê|irjmr| |ikprgrmhmkp lihvpgocm| `m airhgpjik mp ìjqmkp |m vcjmr `‚irm| mp `êdæ# vi}r |gpj|agjrmg} mjemklm| `m prgk|vgrmklm ki}qmccm|# æ `m| vrilê`}rm| ojmk vc}| airhmccm|w}‚g}vgrgqgkp+

Jc k‚mk `mhm}rm vg| hijk|# lihhm lmcg g êpê |i}cjekê vrêlê`mhhmkp# w}m|j cg hêpbi`m `m c‚gergagem vrê|mkpm cm hêrjpm `m cg |jhvcjljpê# mccm gppêk}m

|mk|jocmhmkp cg virpêm `m cg prgk|vgrmklm qi}c}m vgr cm cêej|cgpm}r# mk lm w}‚mccmjk`}jp }km airhm `m |êw}mkågem `m c‚jkairhgpjik vmrpjkmkpm+ Cg lik|icj`gpjik#w}gkp æ mccm# rmacâpm `m hgkjârm vc}| |jklârm cm| hizmk| ìkp `j|vi|m c‚iregkj|gpjik`jpm ® päpm `m vêrjhâprm ¾+

\mcik cm râecmhmkp k¶ ?66:(76 `} < `êlmhorm ?66: `} lihjpê `m cgrêecmhmkpgpjik lihvpgocm# gaaêrmkp g} râecm| lihvpgocm| `m| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm|# c‚êpgocj||mhmkp `m lihvpm| lik|icj`ê| rêvik` æ `m| lrjpârm| vrêlj| > mkmaamp 4

“ cg lik|icj`gpjik `m| lihvpm| `m| vmr|ikkm| hirgcm| |i}| likprðcmmlc}|ja `m c‚iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm m|p agjpm |mcik cg hêpbi`m `m c‚jkpêergpjikeciogcm "g``jpjik `m| vgprjhijkm|*# `êajkjm æ c‚gcjkêg ? `m c‚grpjlcm _+ ?<<(< `}li`m `m lihhmrlm >

“ lmccm `m| lihvpm| `m| vmr|ikkm| hirgcm| |i}| likprðcm likdijkp `mc‚iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm m|p rêgcj|êm |mcik cg hêpbi`m `m c‚jkpêergpjik vrivirpjikkmccm "g`diklpjik `‚}km arglpjik rmvrê|mkpgpjqm `m| jkpêräp| `mc‚iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm g} vgprjhijkm `m lmccm(lj*# vrêq}m æ c‚gcjkêg < `m c‚grpjlcm_+ ?<<(< `} li`m `m lihhmrlm >

“ mkajk# lmccm `m| lihvpm| `m| vmr|ikkm| hirgcm| |i}| jkac}mklm kipgocm `mc‚iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm m|p maamlp}êm |mcik cg hêpbi`m `m cg hj|m mk êw}jqgcmklm



‐ ?: ‐

"êqgc}gpjik vgr êw}jqgcmklm*# vi|êm æ c‚gcjkêg 0 `m c‚grpjlcm _+ ?<<(< `} li`m `mlihhmrlm+

Jc m|p êqj`mkp w}m cm| râecm| vrêq}m| vgr c‚grpjlcm C+ ?7<=(? `} li`m `}prgqgjc# ìkp c‚gvvcjlgpjik maamlpjqm g lihhmklê lmppm gkkêm |m}cmhmkp vi}r cgj||mr

g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| cm pmhv| `m |m vrêvgrmr# km|g}rgjmkp äprm oi}cmqmr|êm| `} di}r g} cmk`mhgjk+ Jc k‚mk vgrgëp vg| hijk| d}|pjajê#|}r cg og|m `} lik|pgp `} lgrglpârm jk|gpj|agj|gkp `m c‚gcpmrkgpjqm mk qje}m}r# `majmr }km vmr|vmlpjqm `‚êqic}pjik qmr| }k rêejhm }kjw}m `m lik|icj`gpjik `m|lihvpm|# `‚jlj w}mcw}m| gkkêm| |m}cmhmkp+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 7 4 æ }km êlbêgklm g||mt orâqm# `m w}mcw}m| gkkêm||m}cmhmkp# hi`jajmr c‚grpjlcm C+ ?7<=(? `} li`m `} prgqgjc# vi}r km rmpmkjr w}mcg hêpbi`m `m lik|icj`gpjik `m| lihvpm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp`‚mhvcizm}r|+

G}(`mcæ `m c‚}kjairhj|gpjik `} vêrjhâprm lihvpgocm `mqgkp äprm rmpmk} vgr pi}pm| cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i} `‚mhvcizm}r| g||}dmppjm| æ cg v}ocjlgpjik `mcm}r ojcgk# |m vi|m êegcmhmkp cg w}m|pjik `‚}km eciogcj|gpjik `m| lihvpm| `m|mkpjpê| gvvgrpmkgkp æ }km hähm likaê`êrgpjik i} aê`êrgpjik |zk`jlgcm# qjg cgpmlbkjw}m `m cg lihojkgj|ik lihvpgocm+

Cg lihojkgj|ik `m| lihvpm| |‚gvvcjw}m `â| cir| w}‚}k mk|mhocm `m vmr|ikkm| hirgcm| i} `m |pr}lp}rm| |i}bgjpm ìkkmr }km jkairhgpjik ajkgkljârm virpgkp |}r c‚mk|mhocm `m| mkpjpê| w}j cm lihvi|mkp > |j lmccm|(lj km |ikp vg| cjêm|mkprm mccm| vgr }k cjmk `m vgrpjljvgpjik# mccm| ìjqmkp mk rmqgklbm oêkêajljmr `mrmcgpjik| |}aaj|ghhmkp vrilbm| "gaamlpji aghjcjgm* i} `‚}k gllir` i} `‚}km`jrmlpjik lihh}km vi}r mk jk`}jrm }k lihvirpmhmkp |iljgc# lihhmrljgc#pmlbkjw}m i} ajkgkljmr lihh}k+

Vgrpjl}cjârmhmkp }pjcj|êm vgr cm| h}p}mccm| mp cm| g||iljgpjik|# lmppmpmlbkjw}m g êpê rêlmhhmkp êcgrejm g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| vgr c‚gìvpjik `} râecmhmkp k¶ ?66:(76 `} lihjpê `m cg rêecmhmkpgpjik lihvpgocm+Jc |‚gejp cæ# lmvmk`gkp# `‚}km vi||jojcjpê w}g|jhmkp jk}pjcj|êm# gcir| hähm w}‚mccm

iaarm }km qj|jik vc}| d}|pm mp vmrpjkmkpm `m| ajkgklmhmkp| hiojcj|ê| g} |mjk `‚}kmioê`jmklm |zk`jlgcm i} vriam||jikkmccm+

G pi}p cm hijk|# cg lihojkgj|ik `m| lihvpm| km `mqrgjp vc}| äprmagl}cpgpjqm vi}r cm| likaê`êrgpjik| rmlikk}m| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgkjkpmrvriam||jikkmc gqml cm| }kjik| pmrrjpirjgcm| mp cm| aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm||m rmqmk`jw}gkp `m cm}r ® cgomc ¾# æ }k birjtik pmhvirmc g||mt vrilbm+ ]km pmccmêqic}pjik `m cg rêecmhmkpgpjik mk qje}m}r vi}rrgjp jkpmrqmkjr liklihjpghhmkp æ cgeêkêrgcj|gpjik `m cg lik|icj`gpjik `m| lihvpm|# `m hgkjârm æ cgj||mr }k vrêgqj||}aaj|gkp g} iregkj|gpjik| vc}| vgrpjl}cjârmhmkp liklmrkêm| vi}r |‚z vrêvgrmr+ Mk

pi}p êpgp `m lg}|m# kêgkhijk|# jc |‚gejrgjp cæ `‚}k |g}p w}gcjpgpja lmrpgjk mk hgpjârm`m prgk|vgrmklm mp `m vi||jojcjpê `m likprðcm `} ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| mp `‚mhvcizm}r| mk Argklm+



‐ <6 ‐

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ ? 4 lirrêcgpjqmhmkp æ cg eêkêrgcj|gpjik `m| lihvpm|lik|icj`ê| æ c‚grpjlcm C+ ?7<=(? `} li`m `} prgqgjc# jhvi|mr cg lihojkgj|ik `m|lihvpm| `m| likaê`êrgpjik| rmlikk}m| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgkjkpmrvriam||jikkmc gqml cm}r| }kjik| pmrrjpirjgcm| mp cm| aê`êrgpjik|vriam||jikkmccm| |m rmqmk`jw}gkp `m cm}r ® cgomc ¾+

o* Lcgrjajmr cm| r}orjw}m| lihvpgocm|

C‚jkpêräp `m| jk`jlgpjik| lihh}kjw}êm| `gk| cm| ìl}hmkp| lihvpgocm|rmk`}| v}ocjl| `êvmk` kêlm||gjrmhmkp `} `merê `m vrêlj|jik mp `m cg kgp}rm `m|jkairhgpjik| `jq}ce}êm|+ Ir# cg cmlp}rm `m| `jaaêrmkp| ojcgk| v}ocjê| mp lmrpjajê| `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i} `‚mhvcizm}r| rêqâcm# æ lmp êegr`# }km prâ| ergk`mbêpêrieêkêjpê `m| r}orjw}m| lihvpgocm| rmpmk}m|+

Ik g}rgjp v} jhgejkmr# `m lm vijkp `m q}m# w}m cm râecmhmkp k¶ ?66:(76 `}

lihjpê `m cg rêecmhmkpgpjik lihvpgocm vrilâ`m æ }km lmrpgjkm bgrhikj|gpjik `m|kihmklcgp}rm|# `m hgkjârm æ agqirj|mr cm| lihvgrgj|ik| mp c‚mvcijpgpjik `m|ìkkêm|+ Jc k‚mk m|p hgcbm}rm}|mhmkp rjmk# hähm |j lm pmpm jhvi|m }k lg`rmlihh}k hjkjh}h+

@m agjp# c‚jkpmccjejojcjpê `m| ojcgk| v}ocjê| gvvgrgëp prâ| qgrjgocm `‚}kmiregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm i} vriam||jikkmccm æ c‚g}prm+ Gjk|j# cm| lihvpm| `m c‚]JHH#`m cg aê`êrgpjik argkågj|m `} oïpjhmkp i} `m cg LAPL |ikp vrêlj| mp mvcjljpm|w}gk`# `gk| cm hähm pmhv|# lm} `} \ZKPML# `m c‚]kjik |zk`jlgcm \icj`gjrm|i} `m cg lbghorm |zk`jlgcm `} prgk|virp gêrjmk# kipghhmkp# |m rêqâcmkpjk|}aaj|ghhmkp `êpgjccê| qijrm# vgraij|# jk`jemkp|+

Jcc}|prgpjik |jekjajlgpjqm `m| jklibêrmklm| `‚}km pmccm |jp}gpjik# lmrpgjk| ojcgk| `‚iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i} vriam||jikkmccm| km lihvirpmkp vg| `m cjekmmvrm||êhmkp lik|glrêm g} rmlmppm| pjrêm| `m| lipj|gpjik| `gk| cm}r| vri`}jp|`‚mvcijpgpjik+ \j pmc k‚m|p vg| cm lg| `m cg LA@P# `m cg LEP# `m cg LAPL# `}HM@MA# `m cg LEVHM i} `m cg aê`êrgpjik `m| prgqg} v}ocjl|# vgr mmhvcm# jck‚mk qg vg| `m hähm `m c‚]kjik |zk`jlgcm \icj`gjrm|# `m cg LAM(LEL# `m cgAê`êrgpjik `m| jk`}|prjm| hêlgkjw}m|# `m cg AKGJH i} `m cg Liir`jkgpjik r}rgcm#

vi}r km ljpmr w}m w}mcw}m| lg| rmcmqê|+ Ir# lmppm jkairhgpjik m|p vi}rpgkp lgvjpgcm vi}r hm|}rmr cm `merê `‚g}pikihjm ajkgkljârm `m| iregkj|gpjik| liklmrkêm|+

Vi}r pi}pm| lm| rgj|ik|# cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm |}eeârm w}m cm râecmhmkpk¶ ?66:(76 `} lihjpê `m cg rêecmhmkpgpjik lihvpgocm |ijp hi`jajê gajk `m `êpgjccmr mvrm||êhmkp }km kihmklcgp}rm lihvpgocm |vêljajw}m mp lihh}km æ pi}pm| cm|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# `m hgkjârm æ rmk`rm cm| jk`jlgpjik| v}ocjêm| mp lmrpjajêm| vc}| cj|jocm| mp æ agqirj|mr# cm lg| êlbêgkp cm| lihvgrgj|ik|+



‐ <7 ‐

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ < 4 `êajkjr# `gk| cm râecmhmkp k¶ ?66:(76 `} < `êlmhorm?66: `} lihjpê `m cg rêecmhmkpgpjik lihvpgocm# }km kihmklcgp}rm lihh}kmmp `êpgjccêm w}j vmrhmppm }km hmjccm}rm lihvrêbmk|jik `m c‚irjejkm `m|rm||i}rlm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp `m cm}r gaamlpgpjik pi}p mkagqirj|gkp cm| lihvgrgj|ik|+

Lm prgqgjc `‚}kjairhj|gpjik `m c‚jkairhgpjik lihvpgocm ìkkêm vgr cm|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m| mhvcizm}r| vi}rrgjp }pjcmhmkplik`}jrm æ lm w}m |ijmkp vrêlj|êm| lmrpgjkm| cjekm| ìkp cg `êkihjkgpjik m|pglp}mccmhmkp qge}m i} priv eêkêrgcm mp ìkkm cjm}# `m lm agjp# æ }k hgkw}m `mlcgrpê hgkjam|pm+ Cm lg| `m| ® vrm|pgpjik| `m |mrqjlm|¾ mp `m| ® qmkpm| `mhgrlbgk`j|m| ¾ m|p æ lmp êegr` vgrcgkp# `gk| cg hm|}rm iú lm| jkpjp}cê| rmli}qrmkp`m| rêgcjpê| g} likpi}r| vm} `êajkj|+

Jc gvvgrgëp mk i}prm w}m lmrpgjkm| rm||i}rlm|# mk rgj|ik `m cm}r kgp}rm vgrpjl}cjârm# `mqrgjmkp agjrm c‚iodmp `‚}km hmkpjik |vêljajw}m 4 pmc m|p cm lg|#kipghhmkp# `m| rmlmppm| v}ocjljpgjrm| cjêm| æ cg vgr}pjik `m| hgegtjkm| i} rmq}m|`m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm|+ @gk| cm lg| `‚m|vâlm# vi}r êqjpmr cm| go}| mp egrgkpjr cg prgk|vgrmklm cg vc}| maajlglm# jc |mrgjp |gk| ì}pm vmrpjkmkp`‚jk`jqj`}gcj|mr lm| rmlmppm| `gk| cm| vri`}jp| `‚mvcijpgpjik mp `‚gkkmmr vgr gjccm}r| c‚mk|mhocm `m| likprgp| v}ocjljpgjrm| vg||ê| gqml cm| gkkiklm}r| |}r c‚mmrljlm v}ocjê "`} hijk|# lm} `êvg||gkp }k lmrpgjk |m}jc*+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 0 4 vrêlj|mr cm| r}orjw}m| `} lihvpm `m rê|}cpgp#

kipghhmkp lmccm rmcgpjqm g} vrm|pgpjik| `m |mrqjlm| mp qmkpm| `m ojmk|# mpjk`jqj`}gcj|mr cm| rmlmppm| v}ocjljpgjrm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i}vriam||jikkmccm| pi}p mk gkkmgkp g} ojcgk cg cj|pm mp cm hikpgkp `m lbgw}mlikprgp vg||ê gqml `m| gkkiklm}r| g} li}r| `m c‚mmrljlm+

l* Êqgc}mr mk êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk mp qgcirj|mr cm| hj|m| mk`j|vi|jpjik|

\j cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662 lik|pjp}m }km jk`êkjgocm gqgklêm mk hgpjârm `mprgk|vgrmklm# cm| lihvpm| v}ocjê| vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp

vriam||jikkmccm| km vmrhmppmkp vg| `‚gqijr }km qj|jik lihvcâpm `m cm}r|rm||i}rlm|+ Mk maamp# lihhm jc g êpê hikprê vrêlê`mhhmkp# cm râecmhmkp k¶ ?66:(76 `} < `êlmhorm ?66: `} Lihjpê `m cg rêecmhmkpgpjik lihvpgocm gaaêrmkp g}râecm| lihvpgocm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| vrêqijp w}m cm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik`m vmr|ikkm| mp `m ojmk| km aikp c‚iodmp w}m `‚}km ® jkairhgpjik w}gcjpgpjqm ¾+ Jc|km |ikp ìkl vg| êqgc}ê| ajkgkljârmhmkp+ Ir# rgvvmcik| w}m cm| hizmk| hj| æ`j|vi|jpjik# m||mkpjmccmhmkp |i}| airhm `m `êlbgrem| `m prgqgjc# vgr cm|mhvcizm}r| v}ocjl| mp vrjqê| vi}rrgjmkp rmvrê|mkpmr cm| prij| w}grp| `m cg hg||m `m|hizmk| `êqic}| æ c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm mp `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| |gcgrjê| "mp `m|aiklpjikkgjrm|*+

H+ @ihjkjw}m Gkìcagppi g jk|j|pê# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm <7 giþp# |}r cgkêlm||jpê `m qgcirj|mr cm| hizmk| b}hgjk| mp hgpêrjmc| `gk| cm| lihvpm| `m|



‐ <? ‐

iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| 4 ® cg prgk|vgrmklm `mqrgjp |‚gvvcjw}mr g} gqgkpgem| mkkgp}rm “ |vêljgcmhmkp cm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik “ w}j |ikp mlc}| `m| v}ocjlgpjik|lihvpgocm| mp w}j `mqrgjmkp äprm `êpgjccê| kihjkgpjqmhmkp lgr lbgl}k `mqrgjp

|gqijr w}m pmc liccâe}m m|p vi}r pmccm rgj|ik `êlbgreê `m |ik vi|pm `m prgqgjc ¾+

C‚jkairhgpjik |}r cm| hizmk| b}hgjk| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm m|p `‚g}pgkp vc}| cjhjpêm w}m cg hgdirjpê `m| lihvpm| v}ocjê| vgr cm|likaê`êrgpjik| km hmkpjikkmkp hähm vg| lmppm ìkkêm+ Vgrhj cm| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| g}`jpjikkêm| vgr cg lihhj||jik# |m}cm cg LA@P g v}ocjê lmppmjkairhgpjik+ \m| lihvpm| aikp êpgp `m ?: vmr|ikkm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik mk ?676j||}m| ® m||mkpjmccmhmkp `m| mkprmvrj|m| mp aiklpjik v}ocjw}m| ¾ "7*+ @m hähm#lmrpgjk| lihvpm| `m aê`êrgpjik| v}ocjê| g} Di}rkgc iaajljmc jk`jw}mkp cm kihormr `m vmr|ikkm| hj|m| æ cm}r `j|vi|jpjik+ Æ pjprm `‚mmhvcm# cm| lihvpm| `m cg aê`êrgpjik® LA@P lbjhjm ¾ hmkpjikkmkp ?1 vmr|ikkm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik# lm} `m cg

aê`êrgpjik ® LA@P oij| ¾ }km vmr|ikkm mp cm ojcgk ajkgkljmr `m cg aê`êrgpjik® ]K\G lbmhjkip| ¾ agjp êpgp `m 06 vmr|ikkm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik vgr cg \KLA "?*+

Vgr lik|êw}mkp# cg lihhj||jik |}eeârm w}m cm râecmhmkp `} < `êlmhorm?66: vrêljpê |ijp hi`jajê gajk `m vrêqijr mvrm||êhmkp w}m cm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik|`m vmr|ikkmc| aikp c‚iodmp `‚}km êqgc}gpjik w}gkpjpgpjqm mk êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjkprgqgjccê "MPVP* mp `‚}km qgcirj|gpjik ajkgkljârm `gk| cm| lihvpm| `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm|+

C‚grpjlcm =: `} vridmp `m cij rmcgpja æ c‚gllâ| æ c‚mhvcij pjp}cgjrm mp æ

c‚ghêcjirgpjik `m| lik`jpjik| `‚mhvcij `m| gemkp| likprglp}mc| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m "<* |mhocm `‚gjccm}r| gkpjljvmr cg hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `‚}km pmccm hm|}rm vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m lgr c‚mvi|ê `m| hipja| `m lm vridmp `m cij vrêlj|m w}m c‚iocjegpjik `m v}ocjlgpjik `m| lihvpm| m|p gvvcjlgocm ælm| iregkj|gpjik| pi}p mk vrêlj|gkp w}‚}k `êlrmp mk Lik|mjc `‚Êpgp pjmk`rg lihvpm® `m cg vrêìhjkgklm `m| hizmk| b}hgjk| gllir`ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|`m aiklpjikkgjrm| ¾ mp w}m ® `m| râecm| |vêljajw}m| vi}rrikp äprm vrêq}m| mkhgpjârm `m qgcirj|gpjik ajkgkljârm `m| hizmk| gllir`ê| æ lm| iregkj|gpjik| ¾+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ = 4 vrêqijr w}m cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mpvriam||jikkmccm| aikp aje}rmr `gk| cm}r| lihvpm|# `‚}km vgrp }km êqgc}gpjik mkMPVP `m| hizmk| b}hgjk| hj| æ cm}r `j|vi|jpjik# `‚g}prm vgrp }kmqgcirj|gpjik ajkgkljârm `m lm| hizmk|# gjk|j w}m `m pi}| g}prm| hizmk| mkkgp}rm ìkp jc| `j|vi|mrgjmkp+

"7* Lm| vmr|ikkmc| aikp# mk i}prm# c‚iodmp ̀ ‚}km qgcirj|gpjik ajkgkljârm+

"?* Lmppm ìkkêm m|p prâ| jhvirpgkpm vi}r ojmk gvvrêbmk`mr cm| ajkgklm| `m lmppm aê`êrgpjik `gk| cg hm|}rm iúmccm k‚mhvcijm# vgr gjccm}r|# g}l}k |gcgrjê+

"<* Vridmp `m cij rmcgpja æ c‚gllâ| æ c‚mhvcij pjp}cgjrm mp æ c‚ghêcjirgpjik `m| lik`jpjik| `‚mhvcij `m| gemkp|likprglp}mc| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# æ cg c}ppm likprm cm| `j|lrjhjkgpjik| mp virpgkp `jqmr|m| `j|vi|jpjik|rmcgpjqm| æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m+



‐ << ‐

`* _mkairlmr cm likprðcm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm

Cg cij k¶ ?66:(70<5 `} ?0 kiqmhorm ?66: rmcgpjqm æ c‚irjmkpgpjik mp æ cgairhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm pi}p g} cike `m cg qjm lihvrmk`# ik c‚g q}# }k mk|mhocm|}o|pgkpjmc `m hm|}rm| vi}r pi}p æ cg aij| rmkairlmr cg prgk|vgrmklm `m| ljrl}jp| `m

ajkgklmhmkp `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm mp hjm} mk hgëprj|mr cm| liþp|+ Gjk|jcm| liþp| `m em|pjik `m| iregkj|hm| liccmlpm}r| "cm| IVLG* |mrikp(jc| hjm}mklg`rê| mp likprglp}gcj|ê| gqml c‚Êpgp# `gk| cm lg`rm `m likqmkpjik| prjmkkgcm|`‚iodmlpja| mp `m hizmk| > lm| iregkj|hm| ìjqmkp |m rmeri}vmr > cm}r vcgklihvpgocm m|p rêqj|ê > jkpmrkmp |mrg hiojcj|ê vi}r }km hmjccm}rm prgk|vgrmklm# pgkp`m| IVLG w}m `m| vrm|pgpgjrm| `m airhgpjik > }km |prjlpm jklihvgpjojcjpê m|pêpgocjm mkprm c‚mmrljlm `m aiklpjik| "|gcgrjêm| i} `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik* `gk| }k IVLGmp `gk| }k iregkj|hm `m airhgpjik‡

Vi}r lm w}j m|p `m| hizmk| `m likprðcm æ vrivrmhmkp vgrcmr# cg cij vrêqijp}km i}qmrp}rm d}rj`jw}m 4 c‚bgojcjpgpjik vi}r rêgcj|mr `m| ivêrgpjik| `m likprðcm `mcg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm k‚m|p vc}| rê|mrqêm g} |m}c| jk|vmlpm}r| mplikprðcm}r| `} prgqgjc mp jk|vmlpm}r| `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# hgj| vm}p äprmgllir`êm æ `‚g}prm| aiklpjikkgjrm| `m lgpêeirjm G+ Lmp êcgrej||mhmkp `} ® qjqjmr ¾ vipmkpjmc `‚jk|vmlpm}r| k‚g “ |mhocm(p(jc “ vg| m} d}|w}‚æ vrê|mkp `‚jklj`mklm vrgpjw}m |jekjajlgpjqm+ Cm| lg`rm| `jrjemgkp| `m cg `êcêegpjik eêkêrgcm æ c‚mhvcij mpæ cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm "@EMAV* k‚ikp vg| lglbê `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik`‚mkw}äpm w}m cm likprðcm k‚gqgjp vg| êpê# `gk| cm likpmpm `m cg hj|m mk vcglm `m cgrêairhm `m ?66:# cm}r vrjirjpê `m| `m} `mrkjârm| gkkêm| > jc| |ikp lik|ljmkp| w}m

cm| likprðcm| ìjqmkp äprm gllr}|# lm w}j |mhocm jklikpm|pgocm g} rmegr` `}® rmk`mhmkp ¾ êcmqê `m lm} w}j |ikp `êdæ vrgpjw}ê| “ mkqjrik 7= - `mrm`rm||mhmkp| mk hg||m vgr rgvvirp g} hikpgkp| `m aik`| |i}hj| æ likprðcm+

@gk| cm likpmpm o}èêpgjrm prâ| likprgjkp w}j m|p cm kðprm# cm rgvvirpm}r gvvmccm æ }km rmq}m `m| `jaaêrmkp| hizmk| ìkp `j|vi|m c‚Êpgp æ prgqmr| |m|h}cpjvcm| lirv| `m likprðcm# gajk w}m lm| hizmk| |ijmkp g}pgkp w}m vi||jocmh}p}gcj|ê| mp rm`êvcizê| qmr| cm| |mlpm}r| |i}|(ìpê| mp |}r cm| pzvm| `m likprðcmcm| vc}| ® rmkpgocm| ¾+ Cm| hizmk| `m likprðcm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm`mqrgjmkp g||}rêhmkp# `gk| lmppm ivpjw}m# äprm rmkairlê|+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 1 4 rmkairlmr cm| hizmk| `m| |mrqjlm| `m likprðcm `m cgairhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm mk rm`êvcizgkp cm| hizmk| `m likprðcm `m c‚Êpgp+

?+ I}qrjr `m ki}qmg} lbghv| `m prgk|vgrmklm

g* Gvvriaik`jr cm| iocjegpjik| lihvpgocm| mp vrilê`}rgcm| `m| lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m

Hgcerê `m| o}èmp| w}j vm}qmkp |m lihvpmr mk `jtgjkm|# qijrm mk lmkpgjkm|`m hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# cm| iocjegpjik| lihvpgocm| `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m |ikp vm}`êqmcivvêm|+ C‚grpjlcm _+ ?<?<(<5 `} li`m `} prgqgjc vrêqijp# mk maamp# w}m lbgw}mgkkêm cm lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m agjp }k lihvpm rmk`} `êpgjccê `m |g em|pjik ajkgkljârm#



‐ <0 ‐

w}j m|p virpê æ cg likkgj||gklm `m| |gcgrjê| vgr qijm `‚gaajlbgem |}r cm| pgocmg}rê|mrqê| g} lihh}kjlgpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+ \m}cm }km rm``jpjik `m| lihvpm| m|pjhvi|êm+ G}l}km vrilê`}rm k‚m|p vrêq}m w}gk` æ cm}r vrê|mkpgpjik+ Jc |‚gejp ìkl`‚}km |jhvcm lihvpgojcjpê jk`jw}gkp# `‚}km vgrp# cm hikpgkp `m| rm||i}rlm| ìkp cmlihjpê g `j|vi|ê vmk`gkp c‚gkkêm ljqjcm êli}cêm mp# `‚g}prm vgrp# cm hikpgkp `m|`êvmk|m| g||}hêm|# |ijp vi}r |ik vrivrm aiklpjikkmhmkp# |ijp vi}r cm| glpjqjpê||iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm|+ Lbgl}km `m lm| glpjqjpê| ìjp# mk maamp# agjrm c‚iodmp `‚}k o}èmp w}j c}j m|p vrivrm+

Cm| vrgpjw}m| lihvpgocm| `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m qgrjmkp |mcik cm}r pgjccm+Lm} `m| ergk`m| mkprmvrj|m|# `} agjp `m c‚jhvirpgklm `m| rm||i}rlm| w}j cm}r |ikpgpprjo}êm|# ikp }km qêrjpgocm iregkj|gpjik lihvpgocm# |i}qmkp hj|m mk vcglm |i}|c‚jhv}c|jik `‚mvmrp|(lihvpgocm|+ Cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m `m hizmkkm mp `m vmpjpm pgjccm ikp eêkêrgcmhmkp rmli}r| æ }km lihvpgojcjpê `jpm ® `m prê|irmrjm ¾# w}j

lik|j|pm æ mkrmej|prmr cm| rmlmppm| mp cm| `êvmk|m| > jc likqjmkp mk maamp `m egr`mr æc‚m|vrjp w}m cm| rm||i}rlm| `m lmrpgjk| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m vm}qmkp km vg| mlê`mr 7 166 m}ri| vgr gk "7*+

Vgr gjccm}r|# c‚grpjlcm _+ ?<?<(<5 `} li`m `} prgqgjc vrêqijp w}m cm ® ojcgk ¾êpgocj vgr cm lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m m|p ® gvvri}qê ¾ vgr }k lihhj||gjrm g}lihvpm|# w}j |m pri}qm äprm "`} agjp `} dm} `m| rmkqij| `m rêaêrmklm* lmc}j `mc‚mkprmvrj|m+ Æ c‚illg|jik `m cg rmli`jajlgpjik `} li`m `} prgqgjc# c‚grpjlcm _+ 0<?(70 “ `mqmk} c‚grpjlcm _+ ?<?<(<5 “ g |}oj }km hi`jajlgpjik rê`glpjikkmccm# v}j|w}‚jc êpgjp vrêlj|ê g}vgrgqgkp w}m lm ojcgk êpgjp ®êqmkp}mccmhmkp ¾ gvvri}qê

vgr cm lihhj||gjrm g} lihvpm+ Æ c‚illg|jik `m cg rmli`jajlgpjik# c‚g`qmrom g ìklêpê |}vvrjhê+ Lmvmk`gkp# lmppm |}vvrm||jik km |mhocm vg| vi}r g}pgkp rmk`rm lmppm`j|vi|jpjik jhhê`jgpmhmkp ivêrgpjikkmccm mp iocjegpijrm mk c‚êpgp# lmccm(lj|i}cmqgkp prij| `jaajl}cpê| 4 cg vrmhjârm m|p w}‚mccm êqiw}m }km ® gvvriogpjik ¾ `}lihhj||gjrm g} lihvpm gcir| w}‚}k lihhj||gjrm g} lihvpm| ® lmrpjajm ¾ `m|lihvpm| > cg |mlik`m m|p w}m cm likpmk} `} ojcgk æ gvvri}qmr k‚m|p vg| `êajkj > cgprij|jâhm m|p w}m cm rmli}r| g} lihhj||gjrm g} lihvpm| `m c‚mkprmvrj|m vm}p äprmq} lihhm virpgkp gppmjkpm æ c‚g}pikihjm `} lihjpê+

Vi}r vmrhmpprm cg hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm `m lmppm iocjegpjik rêecmhmkpgjrm# cg

`jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `} prgqgjc g hj| mk vcglm }k eri}vm `m prgqgjc |}r cm| iocjegpjik|lihvpgocm| `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m+ Cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# lik|}cpêm| ælmppm illg|jik# ikp jkairhê cm hjkj|pârm w}‚mccm| êpgjmkp agqirgocm| æ }km êqic}pjik`gk| lm ìhgjkm mp æ }km lmrpjajlgpjik `m| lihvpm| `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m|+

Lm lik|pgp m|p g}||j gvvgr} }kgkjhmhmkp vgrpgeê cir| `m| g}`jpjik|hmkêm| vgr cg lihhj||jik+ Gjk|j# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm ?0 ilpiorm# cm |mlrêpgjrmeêkêrgc `m cg LA@P# H+ Argkåij| Lbêrâw}m# g |i}cjekê w}m ® cg |m}cm agåik`‚gqijr }km prgk|vgrmklm |}r cg em|pjik `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m |mrgjp `m cm}r

"7* Lg| `} lihjpê `‚}km mkprmvrj|m `m ljkw}gkpm |gcgrjê| "|m}jc jkaêrjm}r `m c‚iocjegpjik `‚gqijr }k LM* w}j |mrgjmkp vgzê| g} \HJL mp iú# mk c‚go|mklm `‚Ŝ}qrm| |iljgcm|# cm| rm||i}rlm| |m rê`}jrgjmkp æ cg |}oqmkpjikcêegcm `m 6#? - `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm+



‐ <= ‐

gvvcjw}mr cm| râecm| `m lmrpjajlgpjik mp `m qgcj`gpjik ^gvvcjlgocm|X g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ¾+ @m hähm# cm |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LAPL#H+ Vbjcjvvm Ci}j|# g g}||j gvvri}qê }km pmccm êqic}pjik# cm ?6 ilpiorm# mkgaajrhgkp 4 ® cm| râecm| `m prgk|vgrmklm w}j |ikp gvvcjw}êm| g} iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm|# kipghhmkp cg lmrpjajlgpjik `m| lihvpm|# `mqrgjmkp äprm êegcmhmkp jhvi|êm| g} lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m# lm w}j vmrhmpprgjp `m lcgrjajmr cm}r |jp}gpjik+ ¾Mkajk# H+ Hjlbmc @ikm``}# prê|irjmr `m cg LEP# g rgvvmcê# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm?5 ilpiorm# w}m cg LEP êpgjp agqirgocm æ cg lmrpjajlgpjik `m| lihvpm| `m| lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m ® g}(`m||}| `‚}k lmrpgjk |m}jc ¾# pi}p mk vrêlj|gkp 4 ® ki}| km qi}cik|

vg| w}‚mccm |ijp maamlp}êm vgr cm hähm lihhj||gjrm g} lihvpm| w}m lmc}j `mc‚mkprmvrj|m+ Cm lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m ìjp äprm jk`êvmk`gkp `m c‚mhvcizm}r pgkp

vi}r cg em|pjik `m| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| w}m vi}r lmccm `} o}èmp `m aiklpjikkmhmkp ¾+

H+ Vjmrrm Hikejk# vrê|j`mkp `m cg _GPV# |‚m|p g}||j lcgjrmhmkp hikprêagqirgocm æ }km pmccm êqic}pjik# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 2 kiqmhorm# mk lik|j`êrgkpw}m ® cg râecm `m c‚g}pikihjm go|ic}m `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m vgr rgvvirp æ cg`jrmlpjik “ w}j k‚g g}l}k `rijp `‚jkeêrmklm kj hähm `m likkgj||gklm `} `êpgjc `mcg em|pjik “ `mqrgjp äprm gppêk}êm+ Dm |}eeârm w}m cm| lihvpm| `m| lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m `m| mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| |ijmkp lmrpjajê| vgr g} hijk| `m}lihhj||gjrm| g} lihvpm|+ G}di}r`‚b}j# lm k‚m|p vg| }km iocjegpjik cêegcm+ Lm

|mrgjp vi}rpgkp cg hijk`rm `m| lbi|m| vi}r }k lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m w}j rmåijp lbgw}m gkkêm vrâ| `m =6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `m c‚mkprmvrj|m ¾+

Jc m|p qrgj w}m# `gk| pi}pm jk|pjp}pjik i} iregkj|hm “ lm k‚m|p vg| }kmw}m|pjik `m em|pjik |zk`jlgcm i} kik “# cg liklihjpgklm `m hizmk| lik|j`êrgocm|mp `‚}km agjocm prgk|vgrmklm lik`}jp jkêqjpgocmhmkp æ `m| lg| g} hijk| viklp}mc|`m `êrjqm| mp# `m vc}| mk vc}| |i}qmkp# g} `êqmcivvmhmkp `‚}km |}|vjljikeêkêrgcj|êm+ Lbgl}k mk |mhocm g}di}r`‚b}j lik|ljmkp+

\j# lmrpgjkm| mkprmvrj|m|# lihhm Vm}eip Ljpriîk \G# |m |ikp mkegeêm| `gk|}km `êhgrlbm `m vc}| ergk`m prgk|vgrmklm `m| lihvpm| `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m#lm| `êhgrlbm| rm|pmkp viklp}mccm| mp }km êqic}pjik eêkêrgcm gvvgrgëp g}di}r`‚b}jkêlm||gjrm `gk| lm ìhgjkm+

Cg cgomccj|gpjik `m cg em|pjik `m| lihjpê| `‚êpgocj||mhmkp `gk| c‚mkprmvrj|m Vm}emip Ljpriîk G}pihiojcm \G

Lmrpgjk| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m |m |ikp `êdæ mkegeê| `gk| }km `êhgrlbm `m prgk|vgrmklm+L‚m|p cm lg| kipghhmkp lbmt Vm}emip Ljpriîk G}pihiojcm \G# w}j vgr }k gllir` `‚mkprmvrj|m|jekê cm 2 d}jccmp ?677# hmp mk vcglm vi}r cm| qjkep(w}gprm lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m `} eri}vm }km

vrilê`}rm ̀ m cgomccj|gpjik ̀ m cm}r em|pjik+

C‚gllir` vrivi|m g} lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m }k hi`m `‚êqgc}gpjik `m cm}r glpjqjpê cm}r vmrhmppgkp `m oêkêajljmr `‚}k cgomc ® em|pjik rm|vik|gocm ¾ w}j m|p prjmkkgc+ ]km lihhj||jik vgrjpgjrm mp }k rêaêrmkpjmc `m cgomccj|gpjik ikp êpê lrêê|# cm rêaêrmkpjmc vrmkgkp mk lihvpm

kipghhmkp cg rje}m}r lihvpgocm# cm| râecm| êpbjw}m|# cm| rgvvirp| gqml cm| ai}rkj||m}r|# cmrm|vmlp `m c‚mkqjrikkmhmkp‡ Cg erjccm `m cgomccj|gpjik lihvrmk` kipghhmkp `m| w}m|pjik|rmcgpjqm| æ c‚mj|pmklm `‚}k likprgp vi}r lbgw}m |gcgrjê `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m mp c‚mj|pmklm



‐ <1 ‐

`‚}k likprgp `m hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik vi}r lbgw}m |gcgrjê `êpglbê+ Cg cgomccj|gpjik m|p hj|m mkŜ}qrm æ c‚jkjpjgpjqm `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m mp vrmk` cg airhm `‚}k likprðcm rêgcj|ê vgr }kg}`jpm}r w}gcjajê# qijrm }k lihhj||gjrm g} lihvpm|+ Mk lihvcêhmkp# }km lihhj||jikajkgkljârm rê}kj||gkp V\G mp cm| |zk`jlgp| `m c‚êpgocj||mhmkp |m pjmk`rg pi}| cm| gk| vi}r gkgcz|mr cm| lihvpm| `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m+

Jc likqjmk`rg êqj`mhhmkp `m pmkjr lihvpm `m cg |}raglm ajkgkljârm `m|jk|pgklm| liklmrkêm|+ Jc km |‚gejp vg| `‚jhvi|mr }km lmrpjajlgpjik `m cm}r| lihvpm|æ `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m w}j ikp }k o}èmp `m w}mcw}m| hjccjmr| `‚m}ri|+ Vi}r lm|lihjpê| w}j eârmkp `m| |ihhm| hjkjhm|# cm| iocjegpjik| hjkjhgcm| mp jkairhmccm|glp}mccmhmkp mk qje}m}r gvvgrgj||mkp |}aaj|gkpm|+

@m hähm# |m vi|m cg w}m|pjik `m cg v}ocjljpê æ ìkkmr æ lm| lihvpm| 4 cmli`m `} prgqgjc vrêqijp glp}mccmhmkp w}m lm| lihvpm| km |ikp virpê| w}‚æ cglikkgj||gklm `m| |m}c| |gcgrjê| `m c‚mkprmvrj|m+ Lm| lihvpm| k‚ikp maamlpjqmhmkp

vg| airlêhmkp qilgpjik æ äprm v}ocjê| mk `mbir| `‚mkprmvrj|m| w}j# mccm|(hähm|# km|ikp vg| pi}di}r| pmk}m| `m v}ocjmr i} `êvi|mr cm}r| lihvpm| "|mcik cm}r airhm d}rj`jw}m# cm}r pgjccm# cm agjp w}‚mccm| |ikp i} kik lipêm|‡*+

Vgr gjccm}r|# cg vriocêhgpjw}m `m cg prgk|vgrmklm vi|m g}||j cg w}m|pjik `m|likprðcm| mmrlê| |}r cm| glpjik| hj|m| mk Ŝ}qrm vgr cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m g}pjprm `m| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm|+ Mk maamp# lihhm c‚ikp hikprê cm|g}`jpjik| hmkêm| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cg arikpjârm mkprm cm ajkgklmhmkp`‚glpjik| mk agqm}r `m| |gcgrjê| mp cm ajkgklmhmkp `‚glpjik| |zk`jlgcm|rmqmk`jlgpjqm| m|p vgraij| pêk}m+

Mkpmk`}| vgr cg lihhj||jik cm 2 kiqmhorm# cm vrê|j`mkp mp cm prê|irjmr eêkêrgc `m cg Lgj||m lmkprgcm `‚glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| `m| jk`}|prjm| êcmlprjw}m| mpegtjârm| ikp i}qmrpmhmkp rmqmk`jw}ê cm `rijp `m lmppm jk|pjp}pjik æ ajkgklmr `m|glpjik| `m kgp}rm rmqmk`jlgpjqm “ }km lghvgekm `m v}ocjljpê likprm }km rêairhmqipêm vgr cm Vgrcmhmkp# qijrm cg cilgpjik `‚}k o}| vi}r vgrpjljvmr æ }kmhgkjam|pgpjik “ g} hipja w}‚jc |‚gejrgjp `m `êamk`rm cm| Ŝ}qrm| |iljgcm| w}‚mccmeârm+ C‚jkpr}|jik `m lmppm jk|pjp}pjik “ jc m|p qrgj bir|(kirhm| “ `gk| `m| glpjqjpê|eêkêrgcmhmkp rê|mrqêm| g} mkprmvrj|m| likl}rrmkpjmccm|# gqml cm rglbgp `mc‚mkprmvrj|m Prjegki i} mklirm c‚iaarm `m vrm|pgpjik| mk hgpjârm `‚g||}rgklm|"|pgp}pgjrmhmkp g}pirj|êm# cm agjp m|p*# k‚m|p vg| kik vc}| |gk| |}|ljpmr w}mcw}m|jkpmrriegpjik|‡

Cm li`m `} prgqgjc km `rm||m vg| `m cj|pm mbg}|pjqm `m| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mpl}cp}rmccm|+ C‚grpjlcm C+ ?<?<(2< `} li`m `} prgqgjc vrêqijp w}m cm lihjpê`‚mkprmvrj|m ® g||}rm# likprðcm i} vgrpjljvm æ cg em|pjik `m pi}pm| cm| glpjqjpê|

|iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm| êpgocjm| `gk| c‚mkprmvrj|m vrjirjpgjrmhmkp g} oêkêajlm `m| |gcgrjê|# `m cm}r aghjccm mp `m| |pgejgjrm|# w}mc w}‚mk |ijp cm hi`m `m ajkgklmhmkp ¾mp c‚grpjlcm C+ ?<?<(2= `} hähm li`m vrêlj|m w}m ® cm lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m g||}rm

i} likprðcm cg em|pjik `m| glpjqjpê| vbz|jw}m| i} |virpjqm| mp vm}p `êlj`mr `m vgrpjljvmr æ cm}r ajkgklmhmkp ¾+ C‚grpjlcm _+ ?<?<(?6 `} li`m `} prgqgjc |mlikpmkpm `‚êqiw}mr lmrpgjkm| glpjqjpê| hj|m| mk vcglm æ lm pjprm "cm| lgkpjkm|# cm| dgr`jk| aghjcjg}# cm| lrâlbm|# cm| licikjm| `m qglgklm|# cm| ojocjipbâw}m|# mpl+*+



‐ <5 ‐

\m}cm `j|vi|jpjik vrêlj|m |}r c‚}pjcj|gpjik vi||jocm `m lm| aik`|# c‚grpjlcm C+ ?<?<(25 `} hähm li`m vrêqijp w}‚mk lg| `m rmcjw}gp o}èêpgjrm mp `gk| cg cjhjpm `m 7 -`} o}èmp `m| Ŝ}qrm| |iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm|# cm| hmhorm| `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m vm}qmkp `êlj`mr `m qmr|mr `m| aik`| æ }km g||iljgpjik b}hgkjpgjrm rmlikk}m`‚}pjcjpê v}ocjw}m gajk `m agqirj|mr cm| glpjik| cilgcm| i} rêejikgcm| `m c}ppm likprmc‚mlc}|jik i} `m| glpjik| `m rêjk|mrpjik |iljgcm+ Cg Li}r `m lg||gpjik g# w}gkp æmccm# vrêlj|ê `gk| |g d}rj|vr}`mklm w}m cm| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm| `mqgjmkprêvik`rm æ prij| lrjpârm| 4 äprm oêkêqicm|# km vg| äprm `j|lrjhjkgpijrm| mp ghêcjirmr cg qjm `} vmr|ikkmc `m c‚mkprmvrj|m+

Cm| likprðcm| ivêrê| |}r lm| glpjqjpê| |ikp vm} jhvirpgkp|+ Mk maamp#c‚mhvcizm}r km vgrpjljvm vg| g} qipm |}r }km rê|ic}pjik virpgkp |}r cg em|pjik `m|glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm| "7*+ H+ E}jccg}hm Vmvz# vrê|j`mkp `m cg \LKA# ggjk|j |i}cjekê# `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik cm 2 kiqmhorm# cm| vi||jojcjpê| cjhjpêm| `‚gejr

ìkp jc `j|vi|gjp mk pgkp w}‚mhvcizm}r 4 ® dm rgvvmccm w}‚mk `mbir| `} lg| vgrpjl}cjmr `‚}k lihjpê `‚êpgocj||mhmkp w}j# mk ergk`m `jaajl}cpê ajkgkljârm#gaajlbm }k `êajljp# lm w}j ki}| vmrhmp `m agjrm kihhmr }k mvmrp vgr qijm

d}`jljgjrm# cg `jrmlpjik `m cg \KLA k‚g g}l}k rêmc vi}qijr `‚jkqm|pjegpjik mp `mlikprðcm+ L‚m|p likairhm g} `rijp “ w}j êpgocjp c‚jk`êvmk`gklm `} lihjpê`‚êpgocj||mhmkp æ c‚êegr` `m c‚mkprmvrj|m “ mp æ }km d}rj|vr}`mklm `}?= dgkqjmr 7::= |mcik cgw}mccm cm vrê|j`mkp `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m km vm}p hähm

vg| qipmr |}r }km w}m|pjik liklmrkgkp cg em|pjik `m| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm|+ Ki| |m}c| hizmk| `‚glpjik |ikp cm| li}rrjmr| `‚gcmrpm g`rm||ê| vgr cm|

vrê|j`mkp| `m lihjpê| `‚êpgocj||mhmkp vi}r mjemr cm rêpgocj||mhmkp `m c‚êw}jcjorm

ajkgkljmr# }k rgvvmc `m| pmpm| i} `m cg d}rj|vr}`mklm ¾+ Cm Vrê|j`mkp vm}p g}||jagjrm }k rmli}r| `mqgkp cm d}em cir|w}‚jc lik|j`ârm w}m cm lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m gi}prmvg||ê |ik lbghv `m lihvêpmklm# hgj| lihhm cm hikprm c‚irìkkgklm rmk`}mcm ? hgr| ?677 vgr cm prjo}kgc `m ergk`m jk|pgklm `m Vgrj| æ vrivi| `m cg v}ocjljpê|}r cm armp ajkgklêm vgr cm lihjpê lmkprgc `‚mkprmvrj|m `m cg \LKA# lm emkrm`‚jkjpjgpjqm k‚m|p vg| pi}di}r| li}rikkêm `m |}llâ|+

@‚gjccm}r|# cm| jkairhgpjik| `êcjqrêm| g} |mjk `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m mpg}w}mccm| g gllâ| c‚mhvcizm}r rm|pmkp prâ| |}lljklpm|+ H+ Vjmrrm Hikejk# vrê|j`mkp `m cg _GPV# g agjp |gqijr æ cg lihhj||jik# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm

2 kiqmhorm# w}‚jc gqgjp `êli}qmrp# æ c‚illg|jik `‚}k likprðcm `m cg Li}r `m|lihvpm|# w}m ® cm lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m |‚êpgjp q} g`rm||mr }km hj|m mk `mhm}rm `mc‚jk|vmlpjik `} prgqgjc liklmrkgkp cm| rj|w}m| v|zlbi|iljg} mkli}r}| vgr |ik

vrivrm vmr|ikkmc ¾+ Mp cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg _GPV `‚gdi}pmr w}m ® cm| lihvpm| rmk`}|`m| |êgklm| `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m hikprmkp w}m lmppm hj|m mk `mhm}rm k‚g dghgj|êpê êqiw}êm mk |êgklm ¾+ Jc g mvcjw}ê lmppm |jp}gpjik vgr cm agjp w}m cm| lihvpm|rmk`}| gkk}mc| mk lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m |ikp prâ| vm} `êpgjccê| 4 ® cg cij vrêqijp lmrpm| }k lihvpm rmk`} gkk}mc mk lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m# hgj| lmc}j(lj m|p prâ|

|}lljklp mp jc k‚mj|pm g}l}km iocjegpjik cêegcm `m ìkkmr `m| jkairhgpjik|+ Lm

lihvpm rmk`}# w}gk` ojmk hähm cm L_M eârm }k o}èmp `m =6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|#

"7* Lg||+ |il+# ?= dgkq+ 7::=# k¶ :?(71+552+



‐ <2 ‐

k‚g ìkl rjmk æ qijr gqml# vgr mmhvcm# cm rgvvirp `‚glpjqjpê mp `m `êqmcivvmhmkp `}rgocm w}m ki}| `mqik| ai}rkjr g} hgrlbê iocjegpgjrm ¾+

Lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| km |mhocmkp vg| bi|pjcm| æ }km vc}|ergk`m jhvcjlgpjik `m c‚mhvcizm}r `gk| cm likprðcm `m c‚}pjcj|gpjik `m| aik`|

`ê`jê| g} glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| mp l}cp}rmccm|+ Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm ?6 ilpiorm#H+ Vbjcjvvm Ci}j|# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `m cg LAPL# |‚m|p lcgjrmhmkp hikprêagqirgocm æ }km pmccm êqic}pjik 4 ® cm| vrê|j`mkp| `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m`mqrgjmkp vrmk`rm cm}r| rm|vik|gojcjpê|+ G}pgkp jc| ìjqmkp cgj||mr cm| `êcêe}ê| mp cm| hmhorm| `m| LM agjrm cm}r prgqgjc |gk| cm| jkac}mklmr# g}pgkp jc| ìjqmkp mmrlmr cm}r hj||jik `m likprðcm+ \i}qmkp# jc| |‚jkpmr`j|mkp `‚z rmegr`mr `m priv

vrâ| ¾ '

Gccgkp vc}| cijk# H+ Argkåij| Lbêrâw}m g agjp vgrp# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik# `m|ik |i}bgjp `m qijr cg cêej|cgpjik êqic}mr `gk| lm ìhgjkm 4 ® jc vm}p grrjqmr w}m`m| êw}jvm| lihhmppmkp `m| hgcqmr|gpjik|# hgj| lm| `êrjqm| ghâkmkp æ |m vi|mr cgw}m|pjik `} rðcm `m c‚mhvcizm}r# w}j m|p pi}p `m hähm cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg |pr}lp}rm+

Gjk|j# cm `êajljp goz||gc `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m `‚Gjr Argklm# w}m cg LA@P |‚m|p rmpri}qêm æ eêrmr# êpgjp airlêhmkp cm ar}jp `‚}k lik|mk|}| mkprm c‚mk|mhocm `m|hmhorm| `m lm lihjpê# v}j|w}m c‚mhvcizm}r g }k `rijp `m rmegr`+ Ki}|lik|j`êrik| w}m c‚go|mklm `m qgcj`gpjik `m| lihvpm| m|p c‚}km `m| jk|}aaj|gklm| `mcg cij+ Ki}| gjhmrjik| cg qijr êqic}mr |}r lm vijkp# km |mrgjp(lm w}m vi}r vripêemr cm| hjcjpgkp|# w}j km |ikp vg| jkagjccjocm| ¾+

Mk rmqgklbm# cm| vrê|j`mkp| `‚mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| g}`jpjikkêm| vgr cglihhj||jik km |mhocmkp vg| `mhgk`m}r| `m ki}qmg} vi}qijr| `m likprðcm| g}|mjk `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m+ H+ E}jccg}hm Vêvz g gjk|j lik|j`êrê ® w}‚jc km

|mrgjp vg| vmrpjkmkp `m likajmr g} lbma `‚mkprmvrj|m i} æ |ik rmvrê|mkpgkp cm |ijk`m vrilê`mr æ `m| likprðcm| |}r vjâlm| i} |}r vcglm `gk| cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|mi} `‚êpgocj||mhmkp “ kik vc}| w}‚æ cg `jrmlpjik `m c‚g}`jp# w}j m|p vcglêm |i}| |grm|vik|gojcjpê ¾+ Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 76 kiqmhorm# H+ Bmkrj Vriecji g vgrpgeêcm hähm vijkp `m q}m 4 ® dm km |}j| vg| æ cg rmlbmrlbm `m rm|vik|gojcjpê| |}r `m|mkprmvrj|m| ìkp cg cij vrêqijp w}‚mccm| |ikp mpmrkgcj|êm|+ Cg cij jk`jw}m w}mc m|p cmrm|vik|gocm `} likprðcm mp dm k‚gj g}l}km gvvêpmklm vi}r cm rmhvcglmr+ Æ qrgj

`jrm# |j dm `mqgj| cm agjrm# dm cm amrgj| |}r ojmk `‚g}prm| |}dmp|# hm prgk|airhgkp vgr cæ hähm mk g}pi(likprðcm}r `m |z|pâhm| lmk|ê| ki}| likprðcmr+++ Orma# dm vrêaârmh‚mk pmkjr g} arikpjârm| `m hm| rm|vik|gojcjpê| ¾+

]km êqic}pjik cêej|cgpjqm mkqj|gemgocm |mrgjp `m hmpprm mk vcglm }km li(rm|vik|gojcjpê `m c‚mhvcizm}r mp `m| hmhorm| `} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m mk |ik |mjk+ Kêgkhijk| }km pmccm rêairhm# hmppgkp aik`ghmkpgcmhmkp mk lg}|m c‚êw}jcjormglp}mc `m cg em|pjik `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m# ìjp |gk| ì}pm vc}pðp äprm q}mlihhm }k ® `mrkjmr rmli}r| ¾ |j `m| hm|}rm| `m prgk|vgrmklm `mqgjmkp km vg||}aajrm+

Jc m|p ìkl vc}pðp vrivi|ê `m rmkairlmr cm| iocjegpjik| lihvpgocm| vm|gkp|}r cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m mk jhvi|gkp# g}(`mcæ `‚}k lmrpgjk |m}jc `m rm||i}rlm|#



‐ <: ‐

cg lmrpjajlgpjik `m cm}r| lihvpm|+ C‚êpgocj||mhmkp `m lihvpm| `êpgjccê| mpprgk|vgrmkp| |mrgjp# mk i}prm# `m kgp}rm æ agqirj|mr c‚jhvcjlgpjik mp cgrm|vik|gojcj|gpjik `} lbma `‚mkprmvrj|m# pi}p mk egrgkpj||gkp c‚jk`êvmk`gklm `}lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m æ c‚êegr` `m cg `jrmlpjik+

I}prm c‚jkpmrqmkpjik `} "i} `m|* lihhj||gjrm"|* g} lihvpm| `gk| cm|cjhjpm| `m |ik "cm}r* iaajlm# jc vi}rrgjp äprm }pjcm `m vrêqijr lmccm `‚}k g}prm ® pjmr|`m likajgklm ¾ `gk| cm| |jp}gpjik| iú |ijp c‚mhvcizm}r# |ijp `m| |gcgrjê|# |ijp vc}|qrgj|mhocgocmhmkp cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m c‚mkprmvrj|m w}j |ikphjkirjpgjrm| `gk| cg em|pjik `} lihjpê# qi}`rgjmkp gllê`mr æ pmccm i} pmccm vjâlm#gcir| w}‚glp}mccmhmkp cm| mhvcizm}r|# kipghhmkp# |mhocmkp |i}qmkp gqijr `mergk`m| `jaajl}cpê| æ iopmkjr `m| jkairhgpjik| |}r `m| agjp| w}j |ikp vi}rpgkp|}|lmvpjocm| `‚mkegemr cm}r rm|vik|gojcjpê "mk pgkp w}‚jc| g||}rmkp cg vrê|j`mklm `}lihjpê*+ C‚jk|vmlpjik `} prgqgjc vi}rrgjp lik|pjp}mr lm pjmr| `m likajgklm+

Mkajk# cm| lihvpm| lmrpjajê| vi}rrgjmkp lihvirpmr mk gkkmm# `gk| }kmivpjw}m `m prgk|vgrmklm `m| glbgp|# cg cj|pm `m| mkegemhmkp| mp `m| vgjmhmkp| ìkpcg |ihhm gkk}mccm vgr lilikprglpgkp `êvg||mrgjp }k |m}jc `êpmrhjkê+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 5 4 êpmk`rm g} lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m# g}(`mcæ `m |m}jc|`m rm||i}rlm| æ `êpmrhjkmr# cm| iocjegpjik| `m prgk|vgrmklm cêejpjhm| vi}rpi}pm mkpjpê eêrgkp `m| ac} ajkgkljmr| jhvirpgkp| mk 4

“ cm| |i}hmppgkp æ c‚iocjegpjik `m agjrm lmrpjajmr cm}r| lihvpm| "|mcik

cm| râecm| `m `rijp lihh}k* >

“ vrêqizgkp }km prgk|vgrmklm |vêljajw}m "gkkmjik g} lihvpm|* `m|glbgp| agjp| æ }k hähm lilikprglpgkp mlê`gkp lmrpgjk| |m}jc| >

“ bgojcjpgkp }k pjmr| `m likajgklm “ w}j vi}rrgjp äprm lik|pjp}ê vgr cm||mrqjlm| `êliklmkprê| `} hjkj|pârm `} prgqgjc “ æ mjemr `m| em|pjikkgjrm| cgvri`}lpjik `m ìl}hmkp| lihvpgocm| i} d}|pjajlgpja| æ cg `mhgk`m `m |gcgrjê|#`‚iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ̀ m c‚mkprmvrj|m "hjkirjpgjrm|* i} ̀ m c‚mhvcizm}r+

Vgrgccâcmhmkp# gajk `m hmpprm ajk æ lmrpgjkm| `êrjqm|# pmccm| w}m lmccm|rmermppêm| vgr cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg \KLA# vm}p(äprm |mrgjp(jc }pjcm `‚jk|lrjrmmvcjljpmhmkp `gk| cg cij w}m cm| rm||i}rlm| gaamlpêm| g} hj||jik| `m| lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m ìjqmkp cm}r äprm mlc}|jqmhmkp lik|glrêm|+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 2 4 jk|lrjrm `gk| cm li`m `} prgqgjc }k vrjkljvm`‚gaamlpgpjik mlc}|jqm `m| hizmk| `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m g} hj||jik| w}jcm}r |ikp `êqic}m|+

Vgr gjccm}r|# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik# cm vrê|j`mkp `m cg _GPV# H+ VjmrrmHikejk# g rmermppê w}m cm| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m| km |ijmkp vg| pmk}| `m rm|vmlpmr }km vrilê`}rm `m hgrlbê# lihvpm pmk} `m| hikpgkp| jhvirpgkp| w}j |ikp mk lg}|m+



‐ 06 ‐

Jc g gjk|j rgvvmcê w}m cg _GPV êpgjp pmk}m# mk pgkp w}‚mkprmvrj|m v}ocjw}m mp mkpjpêg`d}`jlgprjlm m}rivêmkkm# ® `‚gvvcjw}mr }k w}g|j li`m `m| hgrlbê| v}ocjl| w}j g

agjp c‚iodmp `‚}k `êlrmp lihvirpgkp `m| râecm| |vêljajw}m| |prjlpm|¾ mp w}mc‚mkprmvrj|m |‚êpgjp vgr lik|êw}mkp ìpêm `‚}km lihhj||jik `m| hgrlbê| vrê|j`êm vgr }k lik|mjccmr(hgëprm æ cg Li}r `m| lihvpm|+ Jc g lik|pgpê w}m ® `gk| cm hähmpmhv|# cm lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m# w}j eârm }k o}èmp `m =6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# k‚m|p

|i}hj| æ g}l}km `m| râecm| rêej||gkp cm| glbgp| v}ocjl| ¾ gqgkp `m liklc}rm 4 ® jc hm |mhocmrgjp kirhgc w}m cg cij jhvi|m g} lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m `m| mkprmvrj|m|

v}ocjw}m| w}j |ikp mkpjpê| g`d}`jlgprjlm| g} |mk| m}rivêmk cm| râecm| `mprgk|vgrmklm mp `m likprðcm w}j qgcmkp vi}r lm| mkprmvrj|m| ¾+

Cm rgvvirpm}r lik|j`ârm w}‚jc m|p m||mkpjmc `m |i}hmpprm cm| ergk`| lihjpê|`‚mkprmvrj|m æ `m| vrilê`}rm| `‚glbgp| airhgcj|êm# lihvpm pmk} `m| hikpgkp| prâ|jhvirpgkp| mk dm}+ Mk vgrpjl}cjmr# cm| lihjpê| `m| mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| lik|j`êrêm|

lihhm mkpjpê| g`d}`jlgprjlm| `mqrgjmkp rm|vmlpmr cm| hähm| râecm| w}m lmccm|(lj vi}r cg vg||gpjik `m hgrlbê|+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ : 4 |i}hmpprm# æ vgrpjr `m |m}jc| æ `êpmrhjkmr# cm|lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m æ `m| vrilê`}rm| airhgcj|êm| `‚glbgp| > mk vgrpjl}cjmr#êpmk`rm æ lm} `m| mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| lik|j`êrêm| lihhm `m| mkpjpê|g`d}`jlgprjlm| g} |mk| `m cg `jrmlpjqm ?660)75)LM `} <7 hgr| ?660 cm| râecm|jhvi|êm| vgr lm |pgp}p+

Mkajk# |‚gej||gkp `} lg| vgrpjl}cjmr `m cg Lgj||m lmkprgcm `‚glpjqjpê |iljgcm

`m| jk`}|prjm| êcmlprjw}m| mp egtjârm|# jc gvvgrgëp kêlm||gjrm# gajk `m lcgrjajmr vcmjkmhmkp cm| rm|vik|gojcjpê| `m| `jaaêrmkpm| `jrmlpjik| `m| JME mp `m cg LLG\ mkhgpjârm `m em|pjik `} vmr|ikkmc `m hmpprm ajk g} |z|pâhm `m `êpglbmhmkp `gk| cmlg`rm `} ® pgocmg} bjêrgrlbjw}m ¾+

Cg Li}r `m| lihvpm|# `gk| |ik |mlik` rgvvirp |}r cm| jk|pjp}pjik| |iljgcm|`} vmr|ikkmc `m| jk`}|prjm| êcmlprjw}m| mp egtjârm| "7* kipm w}m cm rmpi}r æc‚êw}jcjorm ajkgkljmr `m cg LLG\ jhvcjw}m }km hmjccm}rm hgëprj|m `m cg hg||m|gcgrjgcm# cgw}mccm jhvi|m w}m cg lgj||m `mqjmkkm c‚}kjw}m mhvcizm}r `m lm| vmr|ikkmc| 4 ® }k qêrjpgocm vjcipgem jkpmrkm `m cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm `m lmccm(lj m|p jk`j|vmk|gocm# gcir| w}m cm| maamlpja| gaajlbê| g} pgocmg} bjêrgrlbjw}m likpjk}mkp ælriëprm+ \j pi}| cm| mhvcij| jk|lrjp| g} pgocmg} bjêrgrlbjw}m êpgjmkp vi}rq}|# cm|g}pirj|gpjik| vcgaik`| gllir`êm| vgr cg p}pmccm |mrgjmkp `êvg||êm| `m vc}|jm}r|lmkpgjkm| `‚gemkp|+ Cm rgppglbmhmkp `m cg pipgcjpê `m| vmr|ikkmc| g} iregkj|hm|w}j eârmkp cm| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| jrgjp `gk| cm |mk| `‚}km vc}| ergk`mrm|vik|gojcj|gpjik `m| em|pjikkgjrm| `m| glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| ¾+

Lm lik|pgp g êpê vgrpgeê vgr Hhm Hgrjgkkm Cgjekmg}# `jrmlprjlm `m|rm||i}rlm| b}hgjkm| `} eri}vm M@A cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 2 kiqmhorm w}j g

"7* ®Cm| jk|pjp}pjik| |iljgcm| `} vmr|ikkmc `m| jk`}|prjm| êcmlprjw}m| mp egtjârm| 4 }km rêairhm `m agåg`m# }km|jp}gpjik geergqêm ¾# Li}r `m| lihvpm| "hgj ?677*+



‐ 07 ‐

jk`jw}ê w}m cg `jrmlpjik `‚M@A `j|l}pgjp gqml cm| `jrjemgkp| `m cg LLG\ mp cm| vi}qijr| v}ocjl| `‚}km êqic}pjik w}j amrgjp `m lmppm lgj||m c‚mhvcizm}r }kjw}m `m|ik vmr|ikkmc+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 76 4 lcgrjajmr cm| hi`gcjpê| `m aiklpjikkmhmkp `m cgLgj||m lmkprgcm `‚glpjqjpê| |iljgcm| `m| jk`}|prjm| êcmlprjw}m| mp egtjârm| mkhmppgkp ajk g} |z|pâhm `m `êpglbmhmkp `m vmr|ikkmc `jp `} ® pgocmg}bjêrgrlbjw}m ¾+

o* Êpgocjr vi}r lbgw}m likprjo}pm}r vrjqê i} v}ocjl# }k ìl}hmkp `m vrê|mkpgpjik ̀ m| ajkgklmhmkp| mp likli}r| hgpêrjmc| lik|mkpj|

Cm rgvvirpm}r g v} lik|pgpmr# cir| `m| `jaaêrmkpm| g}`jpjik| hmkêm| vgr cglihhj||jik# w}m cm |}jqj `m| hizmk| b}hgjk| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| êpgjp prâ| `êajljmkp `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# w}m lm |ijp g} kjqmg}kgpjikgc i} cilgc+ Cm hjkj|pârm `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m km |mhocm vg| mk hm|}rm `mai}rkjr }k `êlihvpm vrêlj| `m| `êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê# w}‚jc |‚gej||m `m cm|lihvpgojcj|mr mk MPVP i} `m likkgëprm cm kihorm `‚gemkp| liklmrkê|# mk vgrpjl}cjmr cm kihorm `m lm} w}j |m pri}qmkp hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik æ pmhv| vcmjk `‚}kmiregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm# cm| ® vmrhgkmkp| ¾ |zk`jlg}+

Cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm 70 |mvpmhorm# H+ Gcgjk Pm||jmr# lig}pm}r `}rgvvirp |}r c‚êqgc}gpjik `m| hizmk| ilprizê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cgaiklpjik v}ocjw}m `gk| cm _bðkm mp cm Cijrmp "7* g m} }k d}emhmkp |êqârm |}r cm

|}jqj `m| hizmk| ilprizê| vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| 4 ® likairhêhmkp g} pmpm|# cm|g`hjkj|prgpjik| lmkprgcm| ilprijmkp g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| cm| hizmk|g}w}mc| mccm| ikp `rijp# hgj| jc z g mk|}jpm }km m|vâlm `m /pri} kijr/ v}j|w}‚mccm|jekirmkp lihhmkp lm| hizmk| |ikp maamlpjqmhmkp eêrê| ¾+

H+ Omrkgr` Qjqjmr# `jrmlpm}r `m c‚Jk|pjp}p |}vêrjm}r `} prgqgjc# g êegcmhmkpagjp vgrp `m |ik êpikkmhmkp |}r cm hgkw}m `m |}jqj `m lm| hizmk| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m 4 ® ki}| km `j|vi|ik| vg| `‚}k rmcmqê lcgjr mp |}aaj|ghhmkp lihvcmp ki}| vmrhmppgkp `m rêvik`rm g} w}m|pjik| 4 /w}j ìkkm# w}j rmåijp mp lihojmk 9/+ Cgcij `m ?662# æ `jaaêrmkp| kjqmg} `m cg qjm |iljgcm# k‚m|p# `m lm vijkp `m q}m# vg|

|gpj|agj|gkpm+ \‚gej||gkp `m| vmr|ikkmc| `m c‚Êpgp# `m| mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| mp `m|liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm|# ki}| k‚gqik| g}l}km jk`jlgpjik |}r cm| hj|m| æ`j|vi|jpjik `m| vmr|ikkmc| gcir| hähm w}‚jc k‚z g rjmk æ lglbmr ' Mk cg hgpjârm#cm| m|pjhgpjik| qgrjmkp 4 |mcik HH+ Gkìcagppi mp Cgooê# mkprm ?6 666 mp 06 666êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk "MPV* > vi}r `‚g}prm|# g}(`mcæ `m =6 666+ Vg}c Lghi}|#w}j a}p `jrmlpm}r `m lgojkmp `} hjkj|prm `m c‚Ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm Lbrj|pjgk

Om}ccgl# hm `j|gjp dg`j| w}‚jc k‚gqgjp dghgj| rê}||j æ m|pjhmr cm| MPV `m| aiklpjikkgjrm| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m cg AMK ¾+

"7* ® Cm ojcgk `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m 4 gkgcz|m `êpgjccêm`gk| `m} `êvgrpmhmkp|# cm _bðkm mp cm Cijrmp ¾# d}jk ?676+



‐ 0? ‐

Ir# cm hgkw}m `m prgk|vgrmklm |}r lm| lbjaarm| likprjo}m æ lm w}m cm|jkairhgpjik| cm| vc}| `jqmr|m| ljrl}cmkp |}r cm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik| mp cm|`êlbgrem| `‚glpjqjpê g} |mjk `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m+ Gjk|j# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm76 kiqmhorm ?676# H+ Dmgk Hgrjhomrp# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc `} hjkj|pârm `mc‚ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm# `m c‚mk|mjekmhmkp |}vêrjm}r# mp `m cg rmlbmrlbm# g pmk} æ vrêlj|mr w}m cir|w}‚êpgjp êqiw}ê cm agjp w}m <6 666 vmr|ikkm| êpgjmkp liklmrkêm| vgr `m| `êlbgrem| |zk`jlgcm| g} |mjk `m c‚ê`}lgpjik kgpjikgcm# jc |‚gej||gjp mkrêgcjpê `‚}km lika}|jik lgr lm lbjaarm pipgcj|gjp c‚mk|mhocm `m| hipja| `m`êlbgrem "7*# cm| `êlbgrem| vi}r glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm km rmvrê|mkpgkp# |mcik cm|m|pjhgpjik| `} hjkj|pârm# w}m 7 :66 êw}jqgcmkp| pmhv| vcmjk+ @m hähm# cm <7 giþp#H+ Dmgk(Argkåij| Qmr`jmr# `jrmlpm}r eêkêrgc `m c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik mp `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m "@EGAV*# g agjp rmhgrw}mr æ cg lihhj||jik w}m cm| ® vmrhgkmkp| ¾ kmrmvrê|mkpgjmkp w}m 7 666 gemkp|# lbjaarm ojmk hijk`rm w}m cm| m|pjhgpjik|eêkêrgcmhmkp agjpm| |}r lm |}dmp+

Cg v}ocjlgpjik `m ìkkêm| prgk|vgrmkpm| |}r cm |}dmp |mrg ìkl `m kgp}rm æagjrm pi}pm cg c}hjârm |}r lm |}dmp+ Jc m|p `m c‚jkpêräp `m pi}| mp mk vrmhjmr cjm} `m||zk`jlgcj|pm| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `m ® pir`rm cm li} ¾ æ lmrpgjkm| j`êm| rmå}m|+Mklirm ag}p(jc |‚mk ìkkmr cm| hizmk|+

Vgr lik|êw}mkp# cm rgvvirpm}r lik|j`ârm w}‚jc |mrgjp vmrpjkmkp w}‚g}hihmkp `m qipmr cm o}èmp `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# cm| vgrcmhmkpgjrm| v}j||mkpgqijr }km likkgj||gklm vrêlj|m `m| hizmk| hj| æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm|# lm| hizmk| êpgkp# lihhm ki}| c‚gqik| q} vrêlê`mhhmkp cijk# `‚äprm

kêecjemgocm|+ Lmppm jkairhgpjik vi}rrgjp aje}rmr `gk| cm ® dg}km ¾ o}èêpgjrm rmcgpja æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m+ Mccm liklmrkmrgjp kipghhmkp# vi}r lbgw}m hjkj|pârm# cm|`rijp| |zk`jlg} gllir`ê| mp maamlpjqmhmkp lik|ihhê| hm|}rê| mk êw}jqgcmkp|pmhv| vcmjk prgqgjccê "MPVP*# cm kihorm `‚gemkp| w}j |m pri}qmkp jkpêergcmhmkp`êlbgreê| `‚glpjqjpê `m |mrqjlm mp w}j oêkêajljmkp `‚}km likqmkpjik jk`jqj`}mccm `mhj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik "?* mp cm kihorm `‚gemkp| w}j ikp }km `êlbgrem `‚glpjqjpê|}vêrjm}rm æ }k pjmr| `m cm}r pmhv| `m prgqgjc+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 77 4 vrêqijr w}m cm dg}km o}èêpgjrm rmcgpja æ cg

aiklpjik v}ocjw}m rêlgvjp}cm cm| hizmk| ajkgkljmr|# hgpêrjmc| mp b}hgjk| hj|æ `j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp `m c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm vgr c‚Êpgp+

@m hähm# cm| hähm| ìkkêm| vi}rrgjmkp aje}rmr `gk| cm| ojcgk| |iljg}`m| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm| mp `m| êpgocj||mhmkp| bi|vjpgcjmr| 4

“ |‚gej||gkp `m| liccmlpjqjpê| pmrrjpirjgcm|# cg cij `} ?5 `êlmhorm 7::0rmcgpjqm æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m pmrrjpirjgcm "<*# cm}r jhvi|m `m vrê|mkpmr pi}| cm|

"7* @êlbgrem| vi}r vgrpjljvgpjik g} glpjqjpê| `m |virp |licgjrm# `êlbgrem| `m vrmhjârm lbgjrm vi}r cm|gerêeê|# `êlbgrem| vi}r cm| `jrmlpm}r| `‚êlicm `m 7mr `merê‡

"?* Qijr jkarg+

"<* Cij k¶ :0(77<0 `} ?5 `êlmhorm 7::0 hi`jajgkp lmrpgjkm| `j|vi|jpjik| rmcgpjqm| æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}mpmrrjpirjgcm+



‐ 0< ‐

`m} gk|# `mqgkp cm}r lihjpê pmlbkjw}m vgrjpgjrm# }k rgvvirp |}r c‚êpgp `m cgliccmlpjqjpê jk`jw}gkp kipghhmkp cm| hizmk| mk vmr|ikkmc# cm ojcgk `m|rmlr}pmhmkp|# `m| gqgklmhmkp|# `m| glpjik| `m airhgpjik mp `m| `mhgk`m| `mprgqgjc æ pmhv| vgrpjmc+ Lm ojcgk vi}rrgjp ìkl äprm }pjcmhmkp lihvcêpê vgr `m|jkairhgpjik| `êpgjccgkp cm| hizmk| hgpêrjmc| mp b}hgjk| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| >

“ |‚gej||gkp `m| êpgocj||mhmkp| bi|vjpgcjmr|# c‚grpjlcm C+ 170<(5 `} li`m `m|gkpê v}ocjw}m vrêqijp w}‚gvrâ| liklmrpgpjik gqml cm `jrmlpijrm# cm `jrmlpm}r grräpmcm ojcgk |iljgc `m c‚êpgocj||mhmkp Lm ojcgk vi}rrgjp ìkl êegcmhmkp lihvrmk`rm cm|jkairhgpjik| rmcgpjqm| g} hizmk| hgpêrjmc| mp b}hgjk| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 7? 4 jhvi|mr w}m cm| ojcgk| |iljg} `m| liccmlpjqjpê|

pmrrjpirjgcm| mp `m| bðvjpg} rmprglmkp cm| hizmk| ajkgkljmr|# hgpêrjmc| mpb}hgjk| hj| æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+

\‚gej||gkp `} |mlpm}r vrjqê# c‚grpjlcm C+ ?<?<(12 `} li`m `} prgqgjc `j|vi|mw}m# `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| ìkp c‚maamlpja lihvrmk` g} hijk| <66 |gcgrjê|#c‚mhvcizm}r êpgocjp mp |i}hmp gkk}mccmhmkp g} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m }k ojcgk |iljgc#ìkp c‚grpjlcm C+ ?<?<(56 `êajkjp mk|}jpm cm| ergk`m| cjekm| `} likpmk}+ Lmìl}hmkp lihvrmk` `êdæ `m| jkairhgpjik| |}r c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm v}j|w}m c‚grpjlcm_+ ?<?<(75 `} hähm li`m vrêqijp w}m cm ojcgk |iljgc `êpgjccm kipghhmkp cglihvi|jpjik `m| lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m i} `‚êpgocj||mhmkp gqml jk`jlgpjik# |‚jc z g

cjm}# `m c‚gvvgrpmkgklm |zk`jlgcm# cg vgrpjljvgpjik g} êcmlpjik| vgr lgpêeirjm| `mrmvrê|mkpgkp| `} vmr|ikkmc# cm qic}hm eciogc `m| lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm| }pjcj|êm| vmk`gkpc‚gkkêm# cm kihorm `m rê}kjik| gqml cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} vmr|ikkmc mp cm| `êcêe}ê||zk`jlg}# cg `gpm mp c‚iodmp `m| gllir`| liklc}| `gk| c‚mkprmvrj|m+

Vgr lik|êw}mkp# c‚grpjlcm C+ ?<?<(56 mp)i} c‚grpjlcm _+ ?<?<(57 vi}rrgjmkpäprm lihvcêpê| gajk w}m cm ojcgk |iljgc lihvrmkkm g}||j cm hikpgkp `‚êqmkp}mccm||}oqmkpjik| `jrmlpm| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp cg qgcirj|gpjik ajkgkljârm `m|hizmk| hgpêrjmc| mp b}hgjk| `êqic}|+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 7< 4 hi`jajmr cm li`m `} prgqgjc gajk w}m cm ojcgk |iljgc#vrê|mkpê pi}| cm| gk| vgr c‚mhvcizm}r g} lihjpê `‚mkprmvrj|m# lihvrmkkm `m|jkairhgpjik| rmcgpjqm| g} hikpgkp `‚êqmkp}mccm| |}oqmkpjik| `jrmlpm| qmr|êm|g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp cg qgcirj|gpjik ajkgkljârm `m| hizmk|hgpêrjmc| mp b}hgjk| `êqic}|+

O+ VI]_ ]K \ZK@JLGCJ\HM VC]\ HJCJPGKP

Vi}r w}m cm `jgcie}m |iljgc lik|mrqm pi}p |ik |mk|# w}m cm| gllir`|

kêeiljê| vgr cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} rml}mjccmkp }km rêmccm cêejpjhjpê g}vrâ| `m pi}|cm| |gcgrjê|# jc jhvirpm w}m cm| |zk`jlgp| gjmkp }km rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê airpm+ ]kmg`bê|jik vc}| ergk`m `} hik`m `} prgqgjc# km |mrgjp(lm w}m `gk| `m| vrivirpjik|



‐ 00 ‐

qij|jkm| æ lmccm| `m| vrjkljvg} Êpgp| cjhjprivbm| `m cg Argklm# vrê|mkpmrgjp mki}prm c‚gqgkpgem `m cm}r egrgkpjr }k hmjccm}r kjqmg} `m rm||i}rlm| vrivrm| mp# `m lmagjp# }km jk`êvmk`gklm ajkgkljârm vc}| ergk`m+ Gjk|j# cm| vrgpjw}m| vgraij|likpm|pgocm| km pri}qmrgjmkp vc}| g}l}km d}|pjajlgpjik hgpêrjmccm+

\j cm| cmqjmr| æ cg `j|vi|jpjik `m c‚Êpgp# `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp `m|mhvcizm}r| vi}r `zkghj|mr cm| g`bê|jik| `m |gcgrjê| |ikp g||mt cjhjpê|# jc k‚m|p vg| lmrpgjk w}‚jc| |ijmkp }pjcj|ê| æ vcmjk i}# æ pi}p cm hijk|# `m hgkjârm ivpjhgcm+W}mcw}m| ghêcjirgpjik| |mhocmkp ìkl vi||jocm|+

7+ _mk`rm c‚g`bê|jik vc}| gpprglpjqm 4 prgk|airhmr cg rê`}lpjikaj|lgcm mk qje}m}r mk lrê`jp `‚jhvðp# æ liþp o}èêpgjrm lik|pgkp

Cm| vi}qijr| v}ocjl| ikp lik|ljmklm `m cg kêlm||jpê `‚jkljpmr cm| |gcgrjê| æg`bêrmr g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|+ G lmp maamp# jc| ikp lik|mkpj# `mv}j| `mkihorm}|m| gkkêm| hgjkpmkgkp# }k maairp o}èêpgjrm lik|êw}mkp mk vmrhmppgkp g}|gcgrjê| mp g} rmprgjpê| `m `ê`}jrm `} hikpgkp `m cm}r jhvðp |}r cm rmqmk} }kmarglpjik `m| lipj|gpjik| ìkp jc| |‚glw}jppmkp+

L‚m|p c‚grpjlcm 7:: w}gpmr L `} li`m eêkêrgc `m| jhvðp| w}j gllir`m g}|gcgrjê| mp g} rmprgjpê| lmppm rê`}lpjik `‚jhvðp |}r cm rmqmk}# |i}| rê|mrqm w}m cm|lipj|gpjik| |ijmkp qmr|êm| æ `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m |gcgrjê|i} `m aiklpjikkgjrm| g} |mk| `m c‚grpjlcm C+ ?7?7(7 `} li`m `} prgqgjc+ Ajêm æ<< - `} hikpgkp `m cg lipj|gpjik# d}|w}‚mk ?667# cg rê`}lpjik aj|lgcm g êpê virpêm æ

=6 - mk ?66? v}j| æ 11 -# æ lihvpmr `} 7mr

dgkqjmr ?66="7*

# `gk| cg cjhjpm `m 7 -`} hikpgkp `} rmqmk} or}p+ Mk i}prm# cm| |gcgrjê| w}j ikp ivpê vi}r cg `ê`}lpjik `}hikpgkp rêmc `m cm}r| argj| vriam||jikkmc| vm}qmkp `ê`}jrm `m cm}r rêh}kêrgpjikjhvi|gocm# vi}r cm}r hikpgkp jkpêergc# cm| lipj|gpjik| w}‚jc| qmr|mkp æ lm pjprmg}vrâ| `m |zk`jlgp| vriam||jikkmc|+

Lm| gqgkpgem| lik|pjp}mkp }km jkljpgpjik v}ocjw}m g||mt kipgocm mk agqm}r `m c‚g`bê|jik hgj| jc| km |‚gvvcjw}mkp# vgr lik|pr}lpjik# w}m vi}r g}pgkp w}‚jc| vm}qmkp |‚jhv}pmr |}r c‚jhvðp `þ+ G}prmhmkp `jp# |m}c| cm| lipj|gkp| g||}dmppj| æc‚jhvðp |}r cm rmqmk} vm}qmkp mk oêkêajljmr# lm w}j rmqjmkp æ km agjrm virpmr c‚maairp

w}m |}r }km vgrpjm |m}cmhmkp `m| g`bêrmkp| "mk c‚ill}rrmklm# lm} g} rmqmk}| cm| vc}| lik|êw}mkp|*+

]km pmccm |jp}gpjik gvvgrgëp g} hjm}# jkêw}jpgocm# g} vjrm# jkmaajlglm+ Mkmaamp# mccm jk`}jp }km lbgrem ajkgkljârm `jaaêrmkpm |mcik w}m cm| g`bêrmkp| ikp `m|rm||i}rlm| |}aaj|ghhmkp jhvirpgkpm| vi}r äprm rm`mqgocm| `m c‚jhvðp |}r cmrmqmk}# i} kik+ Mk i}prm# mccm lrêm }k maamp jkljpgpja æ c‚êegr` `m| |gcgrjê| vi}r w}jc‚gre}hmkp ajkgkljmr m|p hijk| vrjhir`jgc w}m cm| g}prm|# lik`}j|gkp `m lm agjp cm|prgqgjccm}r| æ cg lik`jpjik vc}| hi`m|pm æ |m `êpi}rkmr `m c‚g`bê|jik æ }k |zk`jlgp+

"7* Grpjlcm <= `m cg cij k¶ ?660(702= `} <6 `êlmhorm ?660 `m ajkgklm| rmlpjajlgpjqm vi}r ?660+



‐ 0= ‐

G} rmegr` `m |ik liþp "7?6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r 7#= hjccjik `m oêkêajljgjrm| mk ?676# likprm 51 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?66?# 00 hjccjik| mk ?666 mp7= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk 7::6 "7** mp `m |ik agjocm jhvglp |}r cm pg} `m|zk`jlgcj|gpjik “ c‚maarjpmhmkp lik|pgpê k‚gzgkp vg| êpê jkqmr|ê `mv}j| ?66? mp?66= “# cm `j|vi|jpja gvvgrgëp ìkl i} priv liþpm} `} agjp `m |m| rê|}cpgp|# i} hgclgcjorê `gk| |ik lbghv `‚gvvcjlgpjik+

G lmp êegr`# c‚jk|pjp}pjik `‚}k lrê`jp `‚jhvðp hêrjpm `m rmpmkjr c‚gppmkpjik 4jhvcjw}gkp }k rmqmr|mhmkp vgr c‚Êpgp g} lipj|gkp| kik jhvi|gocm| `‚}km arglpjik`m cm}r lipj|gpjik æ c‚iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm `m cm}r lbij# mccm rêpgocjrgjp c‚êw}jpêgqml cm| lipj|gkp| jhvi|gocm| mp |mrgjp `m kgp}rm æ `zkghj|mr cm| g`bê|jik|+

Kgp}rmccmhmkp# `gk| cm likpmpm glp}mc `m cg lrj|m `m cg `mppm `m| Êpgp|hmhorm| `m c‚]kjik m}rivêmkkm mp `m cg kêlm||jpê `‚}km hgëprj|m go|ic}m `m|`êvmk|m| v}ocjw}m|# }km pmccm êqic}pjik# ìkp cm rgvvirp `m H+ _gvbgîc Bg`g|(Cmomc m|pjhgjp cg lbgrem o}èêpgjrm æ }k ì}ocmhmkp `m c‚mkqmcivvm vrêq}m vi}r cgrê`}lpjik `‚jhvðp cjêm g} lipj|gpjik| "?*# km |g}rgjp äprm mkqj|geêm |gk| hm|}rm|`‚êlikihjm| lihvmk|gpijrm| `‚}k hikpgkp êw}jqgcmkp+

Vi}r lmppm rgj|ik# }km pmccm hm|}rm `mqrgjp |‚jk|lrjrm `gk| }km `j|l}||jikg} lbghv omg}li}v vc}| cgrem gqml cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg}# w}j vrmk`rgjp mklihvpm c‚mk|mhocm `m| ajkgklmhmkp| v}ocjl| mp hizmk| hj| æ cm}r `j|vi|jpjik 4 cm||}oqmkpjik| gllir`êm| vgr gjccm}r| g} |zk`jlgp| vgr c‚Êpgp# kipghhmkp vi}r cgairhgpjik# cm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik `‚gemkp| v}ocjl|# qijrm cm rêejhm glp}mccmhmkp

vrêaêrmkpjmc `m PQG vi}r cm| v}ocjlgpjik| `m vrm||m `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# vgr mmhvcm+ Mk i}prm# cm ki}qmg} hêlgkj|hm `m lrê`jp `‚jhvðp vi}rrgjp qijr |ikpg} gogj||ê mk likprmvgrpjm `m c‚êcgrej||mhmkp `} lbghv `m| oêkêajljgjrm|+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 70 4 jk|pjp}mr# gvrâ| kêeiljgpjik gqml cm| vgrpmkgjrm||iljg} `‚êlikihjm| lihvmk|gpijrm| `‚}k hikpgkp êw}jqgcmkp |}r cm|ajkgklmhmkp| mp hizmk| v}ocjl| mj|pgkp|# }k lrê`jp `‚jhvðp |}r cm|lipj|gpjik| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m |gcgrjê| i} `maiklpjikkgjrm|+

?+ Cm |zk`jlgcj|hm `m |mrqjlm| 4 }km vj|pm æ km vg| kêecjemr# hähm|‚jc km ag}p vg| mk gppmk`rm priv

Gjk|j w}m c‚g |i}cjekê c‚êp}`m `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik lihvgrêm |}r cmajkgklmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp| mk Gccmhgekm# mk Omcejw}m# mk Ergk`m(Ormpgekm# mkJpgcjm mp mk \}â`m# êcgoirêm |i}| c‚êej`m `m c‚JEG\ mk ?660 4 ® cm| gj`m| æ cglipj|gpjik km |}aaj|mkp vg| æ `zkghj|mr cm rmlr}pmhmkp `m ki}qmg} hmhorm|+ "‡*

@gk| cm| vgz| êp}`jê|# cg |prgpêejm m||mkpjmccm `m rmlr}pmhmkp lik|j|pm mk cm`êqmcivvmhmkp `‚}km cgrem eghhm `m |mrqjlm| lirrm|vik`gkp g} om|ijk| `m|

"7* \i}rlm| 4 Vrierghhm k¶ 777 `m cg hj||jik ® Prgqgjc mp mhvcij ¾# Li}r `m| lihvpm|+

"?* ® Vi}r }k `jgcie}m |iljgc maajlglm mp cêejpjhm 4 rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê mp ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| mp |zk`jlgcm| ¾# rgvvirp g} Vrmhjmr hjkj|prm# hgj ?661# v+ 5=+



‐ 01 ‐

|gcgrjê|+ C‚iaarm `m |mrqjlm| `m| |zk`jlgp| lihvrmk` lihh}kêhmkp c‚jkairhgpjikmp cm lik|mjc |}r cm| rmcgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| liccmlpjqm| "likpmk} `m| likqmkpjik|liccmlpjqm|* mp jk`jqj`}mccm| "h}pgpjik# g}ehmkpgpjik |gcgrjgcm‡* > cg vripmlpjik

d}rj`jw}m mk lg| `m cjpjem gqml c‚mhvcizm}r > `m| g||}rgklm| `jqmr|m| æ `m| pgrja| vrêaêrmkpjmc| "bgojpgpjik# qizgem* > cg lihvmk|gpjik `m cg vmrpm `m rmqmk}| mk lg|`m erâqm gvvri}qêm vgr cm |zk`jlgp ¾ "7*+

Cm agjp m|p |}rpi}p w}m c‚g}`jmklm `m| |zk`jlgp| `gk| lm| vgz| m|p egrgkpjm vgr cm}r jhvcjlgpjik `jrmlpm `gk| cg rêgcj|gpjik `m hj||jik| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc# pmccm|c‚g||}rgklm lbðhgem mk \}â`m mp mk Omcejw}m i} cg lik|pjp}pjik `m| ì||jmr| `m vrm|pgpjik| |iljgcm| mk Jpgcjm+ @gk| `m pmccm| lik`jpjik|# c‚jkpêräp iodmlpja `m||gcgrjê| æ c‚gaajcjgpjik m|p kêlm||gjrmhmkp prâ| ergk`+

Mk Argklm# jc km |g}rgjp äprm w}m|pjik `m rmhmpprm mk lg}|m cm| glw}j| `}hi}qmhmkp h}p}gcj|pm gjk|j w}m c‚iregkj|gpjik vgrjpgjrm `} |z|pâhm `‚g||}rgklmlbðhgem mp `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm# w}j oêkêajljmkp æ c‚mk|mhocm `m| |gcgrjê|jk`êvmk`ghhmkp `m cm}r g`bê|jik i} kik æ }k |zk`jlgp+ Lihhm c‚g rê|}hêH+ Dglw}m| Oirz# prê|irjmr `m c‚]K\G# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm ?6 ilpiorm ?677 4® cm| |zk`jlgp| ìjqmkp rmk`rm `m| |mrqjlm|# hgj| dm lrij| |}rpi}p g} vrjkljvm `mrêgcjpê 4 w}m `mqjmk`rgjmkp cm| h}p}mccm| mj|pgkpm| 9 Jc km |mrp æ rjmk `m |m ogpprmlikprm `m| h}r|+ ¾

Cm |zk`jlgcj|hm `m |mrqjlm| km vm}p ìkl äprm likå} `gk| kiprm vgz| æ cghgkjârm `m| airh}cm| æ |}llâ| w}‚jc g rmklikprêm| mk \}â`m# mk Omcejw}m mp mk

Jpgcjm+ Lmcg km |jekjajm vg| vi}r g}pgkp w}‚jc k‚z gjp g}l}km vcglm vi}r c}j `gk| cm vgz|gem kgpjikgc `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r|+

@‚irm| mp `êdæ# }km h}cpjp}`m `m vrm|pgpjik| |ikp vrivi|êm| g} g`bêrmkp|#`jrmlpmhmkp i} mk |}vvcêhmkp `m cg lipj|gpjik 4 lmcg qg `m| lik|mjc| d}rj`jw}m| æc‚jkairhgpjik |}r lmrpgjk| g|vmlp| `} `êri}cmhmkp `m cg lgrrjârm# mk vg||gkp vgr cglihvmk|gpjik vgrpjmccm `m| vmrpm| `m rêh}kêrgpjik cjêm| æ `m| di}r| `m erâqm > `}lðpê `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# lm| |mrqjlm| vrmkkmkp cm vc}| |i}qmkp cgairhm `m lik|mjc| i} `‚jkairhgpjik| `m kgp}rm d}rj`jw}m mp `‚}km egrgkpjm |iljgcmmk lg| `m lm||gpjik `‚glpjqjpê+

Pi}pm| lm| vrm|pgpjik| di}mkp `êdæ }k rðcm kik kêecjemgocm `gk| cm lbij`m| lipj|gkp| æ rmki}qmcmr cm}r g`bê|jik+ Jc likqjmkp# vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| i} `‚mhvcizm}r|# `m cm| êpiaamr# `m cm| `jqmr|jajmr mp `m hjm} cm|qgcirj|mr gajk `‚gppjrmr `m ki}qmg} lipj|gkp|+ C‚mmhvcm `m cg LAM(LEL m|p æ lmpêegr` jk|pr}lpja 4 `mv}j| vc}| `m |j gk|# lmppm likaê`êrgpjik vrivi|m# mkliccgoirgpjik gqml cg |iljêpê V|zg# }km vrm|pgpjik w}j vmrhmp æ lbgl}k `m |m|g`bêrmkp| `m oêkêajljmr `‚}k |i}pjmk v|zlbiciejw}m æ `j|pgklm > `m hähm# mkcjgj|ik gqml cm eri}vm B}hgkj|# mccm iaarm cm |mrqjlm ® Vc}| |gkpê ¾ w}j vmrhmp æ

"7* _gvvirp k¶ ?660 716 `m HH+ Vjmrrm `m \gjkpjekik# Dêrðhm E}m`d# Bjcemr I|pmrrjm`mr mp Hhm Qgcêrjm\gjkpizgkp# virpgkp |}r c‚Gccmhgekm# cg Omcejw}m# cg Ergk`m(Ormpgekm# c‚Jpgcjm mp cg \}â`m# ilpiorm ?660# v+ 0 mp =+



‐ 05 ‐

|m| g`bêrmkp| rmprgjpê| "7? - `m| lipj|gkp| `m cg likaê`êrgpjik* `m lik|mrqmr cm|gqgkpgem| `‚}k likprgp `m eri}vm mk hgpjârm `m vrêqizgklm liccmlpjqm# |gk|g}ehmkpgpjik `m argj|+ Ag}p(jc z qijr }k cjmk `m lg}|m æ maamp# pi}di}r| m|p(jc w}m cmkihorm `‚g`bêrmkp| æ cg LAM(LEL g g}ehmkpê `m vc}| `m ?? 666 lm| `mrkjârm|gkkêm|+

Mk pi}p êpgp `m lg}|m# jc m|p vriogocm w}‚æ c‚gqmkjr cm| |mrqjlm| iaamrp| mklikprmvgrpjm `m c‚g`bê|jik vrmkkmkp }km vcglm `m vc}| mk vc}| ergk`m `gk|c‚gvvrêljgpjik# vgr cm| lipj|gkp|# `m c‚jkpêräp `m cm}r gaajcjgpjik+ Jc gvvgrpjmkp ìklg} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp `‚mhvcizm}r| `m |‚z vrêvgrmr vi}r vrê|mrqmr cm}r g}`jmklm mp# vi}rw}ij vg|# c‚gllriëprm `gk| }km lmrpgjkm hm|}rm+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 7= 4 mkli}rgemr cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| æ êpiaamr mp`jqmr|jajmr cm}r iaarm `m |mrqjlm| qj|(æ(qj| `m cm}r| g`bêrmkp|# gajk `m cm|aj`êcj|mr mp `m vrihi}qijr `m ki}qmccm| g`bê|jik|+

<+ C‚glpjik |zk`jlgcm 4 kj }km lgrrjârm# kj }km qijm `m egrgem

]k |zk`jlgcj|hm hjcjpgkp# l‚m|p }k |zk`jlgcj|hm w}j g `m| g`bêrmkp|# hgj|l‚m|p g}||j }k |zk`jlgcj|hm iú lm| g`bêrmkp| vm}qmkp vrmk`rm `m| rm|vik|gojcjpê|# di}mr }k rðcm# pi}p mk likpjk}gkp æ mmrlmr cm}r| glpjqjpê| vriam||jikkmccm| mp |gk|lrgjk`rm `‚äprm hj| æ c‚êlgrp+

g* Lcgrjajmr cg |jp}gpjik `m| ® vmrhgkmkp| ¾ hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m|

|zk`jlgp| vgr cm}r mhvcizm}r @m| jklmrpjp}`m| d}rj`jw}m| vâ|mkp |}r cm rêejhm d}rj`jw}m `m|

® vmrhgkmkp| ¾ hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik `‚iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm|# w}m lm |ijp `gk| cm|mlpm}r v}ocjl i} cm |mlpm}r vrjqê+

Lmrpm|# cm `rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m m|p vc}| agqirgocm g}iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| w}m `gk| cm |mlpm}r vrjqê lgr jc cm}r vmrhmp `m oêkêajljmr `‚gemkp| `êlbgreê| æ 766 - w}j vm}qmkp ill}vmr `m| rm|vik|gojcjpê| aê`êrgcm| i}likaê`êrgcm|+ Mk rmqgklbm# cm kihorm mp cm |pgp}p d}rj`jw}m `m| vmr|ikkm|

liklmrkêm| hêrjpmrgjmkp `‚äprm lcgrjajê|+ Ik km vm}p æ lmp êegr` w}m rmermppmr w}m cghj|m mk egr`m mvrjhêm mk ?660 vgr `m| hmhorm| `m c‚Jk|vmlpjik eêkêrgcm `m|gaagjrm| |iljgcm| "7* k‚gjp vg| mkprgëkê `m qêrjpgocm rmhj|m mk ir`rm d}|w}‚æ vrê|mkp 4® jc m|p "‡* `m kipirjêpê v}ocjw}m w}m `m prâ| kihorm} vmrhgkmkp| |zk`jlg}

|ikp hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik vgr c‚Êpgp# cm| iregkj|hm| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm mp cm|mkprmvrj|m| vrjqêm| i} v}ocjw}m| |gk| g}l}km og|m d}rj`jw}m+ Lmppm |jp}gpjik hmp mk vêrjc kik |m}cmhmkp cm| mhvcizm}r|# w}j ajkgklmkp `m| mhvcij| ajlpja|# hgj| g}||jcm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| |zk`jlg} m}(hähm|# gcir| w}m cm}r `êqi}mhmkp æ c‚glpjqjpê

|zk`jlgcm m|p eêkêrgcmhmkp jklikpm|pgocm+ @gk| lm| lik`jpjik|# cg hj||jik `m

"7* @gk| cm lg`rm `‚}k rgvvirp jkpjp}cê ® Êp}`m `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik lihvgrêm |}r cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| |zk`jlgp|"Gccmhgekm# Omcejw}m# Ergk`m Ormpgekm# Jpgcjm# \}â`m* ¾# vgr HH+ Vjmrrm `m \gjkpjekik# Dêrðhm E}m`d mp Bicemr I|pmrrjm`mr# mp Hhm Qgcêrjm \gjkpizgkp# k¶ ?660(716# ilpiorm ?660+



‐ 02 ‐

c‚JEG\ |i}bgjpm gppjrmr c‚gppmkpjik `} hjkj|prm |}r cg kêlm||jpê jhvêrjm}|m`‚g`gvpmr cm lg`rm d}rj`jw}m prâ| rgvj`mhmkp gajk `m cêegcj|mr lm| |jp}gpjik| v}j|#æ hizmk pmrhm# `m rêacêlbjr æ c‚ivvirp}kjpê `m `jhjk}mr qijrm |}vvrjhmr lmppm

vrgpjw}m ^w}jX k‚m|p vg| |gpj|agj|gkpm mk pmrhm `‚g}pikihjm ajkgkljârm# mp ìkl `mcêejpjhjpê# `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ¾+

◉ Cm| |m}c| hêlgkj|hm| `m hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik lcgjrmhmkp j`mkpjajê| |ikplm} jk|lrjp| `gk| lmrpgjk| gllir`| `‚mkprmvrj|m i} w}j rê|}cpmkp `m| râecm||pgp}pgjrm| `m lmrpgjkm| mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m|# vgr mmhvcm cg \KLA+

◉ Vgr likprm# cm| râecm| |pgp}pgjrm| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# pmccm w}m cg cij k¶ 20(71 `} 77 dgkqjmr 7:20 virpgkp `j|vi|jpjik| |pgp}pgjrm| rmcgpjqm| æ cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `m c‚Êpgp mk |ik grpjlcm 0?# km vrêqijmkp vg| cm lg| `m cg hj|m æ`j|vi|jpjik `‚}k aiklpjikkgjrm g} oêkêajlm `‚}k |zk`jlgp+

◉ \‚gej||gkp `m| |gcgrjê| `m `rijp vrjqê# c‚grpjlcm 76 `m cg cij `} ?6 giþp?662 g jk|êrê `m} ki}qmg} grpjlcm| `gk| cm li`m `} prgqgjc gajk `m lcgrjajmr cmrêejhm d}rj`jw}m `m| vmr|ikkm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik `‚}km iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcmi} vriam||jikkmccm+ C‚grpjlcm C+ ?7<=(5 `} li`m `} prgqgjc `j|vi|m gjk|j w}‚®}k

|gcgrjê vm}p äprm hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik `‚}km iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm i} `‚}kmg||iljgpjik `‚mhvcizm}r| ¾+

@m} lik`jpjik| |ikp vi|êm|+ @‚}km vgrp# c‚gllir` mvrâ| `} |gcgrjê m|prmw}j|+ @‚g}prm vgrp# mk qmrp} `m c‚grpjlcm C+ ?7<=(2 `} hähm li`m# }k gllir`liccmlpja `m orgklbm i} `‚mkprmvrj|m ìjp `êpmrhjkmr cm| lik`jpjik| `gk| cm|w}mccm|jc vm}p äprm vrilê`ê æ cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik `m| |gcgrjê| g}vrâ| `‚iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| i} `‚g||iljgpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|+ Lmp gllir` lik|pjp}m ìkl }k vrêgcgocmjk`j|vmk|gocm æ pi}pm hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik+

@m| egrgkpjm| |ikp vgr gjccm}r| vrêq}m| 4 c‚grpjlcm C+ ?7<=(5 vrêljpê vrêqijpw}m cm| iocjegpjik| `m c‚mhvcizm}r æ c‚êegr` `} |gcgrjê |ikp hgjkpmk}m| vmk`gkppi}pm cg `}rêm `m cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik+ Mk i}prm# cm |gcgrjê oêkêajljm `m cg egrgkpjm|mcik cgw}mccm# æ c‚mvjrgpjik `m |g hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik# jc rmpri}qmrg |ik vrêlê`mkpmhvcij i} }k mhvcij |jhjcgjrm g||irpj `‚}km rêh}kêrgpjik g} hijk| êw}jqgcmkpm+

Gajk `m |êl}rj|mr cm rêejhm d}rj`jw}m `m| vmr|ikkm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik#lm| `j|vi|jpjik| `mqrgjmkp äprm lihvcêpêm| mk vrêqizgkp cg |jekgp}rm `‚}kmlikqmkpjik jk`jqj`}mccm vi}r lbgw}m |gcgrjê hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik “ lmppm `j|vi|jpjik`mqgkp g}||j# kgp}rmccmhmkp# |‚gvvcjw}mr g} gemkp| v}ocjl|+

Lm `j|vi|jpja vi}rrgjp |‚jk|vjrmr `m lmc}j vrêq} `gk| cm lg| `} vräp `m hgjk(`‚Ŝ}qrm æ o}p kik c}lrgpja liklc} mkprm mkprmvrj|m|# ìkp cg cij `} ?2 d}jccmp ?677 vi}r cm `êqmcivvmhmkp `m c‚gcpmrkgklm mp cg |êl}rj|gpjik `m| vgrli}r| vriam||jikkmc| g vrêlj|ê cm rêejhm d}rj`jw}m+



‐ 0: ‐

Cm vräp `m hgjk(`‚Ŝ}qrm æ o}p kik c}lrgpja liklc} mkprm mkprmvrj|m|

C‚grpjlcm 06 `m cg cij k¶ ?677(2:< `} ?2 d}jccmp ?677 vi}r cm `êqmcivvmhmkp `mc‚gcpmrkgklm mp cg |êl}rj|gpjik `m| vgrli}r| vriam||jikkmc| g mklg`rê cm `j|vi|jpja `m vräp `mhgjk(`‚Ŝ}qrm æ o}p kik c}lrgpja liklc} mkprm mkprmvrj|m|# mk rmvrmkgkp `m| `j|vi|jpjik|

likqmkpjikkmccm| `m| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg}+Mk lik|êw}mklm# c‚grpjlcm C+ 2?07(? `} li`m `} prgqgjc vrêqijp kipghhmkp w}‚m|p

liklc}m }km likqmkpjik `m hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik mkprm c‚mkprmvrj|m vräpm}|m mp c‚mkprmvrj|m}pjcj|gprjlm# gjk|j w}‚}k gqmkgkp g} likprgp `m prgqgjc `} |gcgrjê# gqml `jqmr|m| lcg}|m|iocjegpijrm|+ @m| egrgkpjm| |ikp ìkkêm| g} |gcgrjê mk hgpjârm `m rêjkpêergpjik g} pmrhm `m cghj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik# `‚gllâ| g} jk|pgccgpjik| mp hizmk| `m prgk|virp| liccmlpja| `m c‚mkprmvrj|m`‚gll}mjc# `m lik|mrqgpjik `} oêkêajlm `m| `j|vi|jpjik| likqmkpjikkmccm| `m c‚mkprmvrj|m`‚irjejkm# mpl+

Lmppm likqmkpjik vi}rrgjp mk i}prm lihvrmk`rm `m| lcg}|m| `m vrêvgrgpjik

æ cg rêjkpêergpjik `} oêkêajljgjrm `m cg hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik# æ c‚jhgem `} `j|vi|jpja hj| mk vcglm g} |mjk `‚M@A mp `êlrjp vgr H+ Omrkgr` Cg||}|# `jrmlpm}r `m|rm||i}rlm| b}hgjkm| vi}r cg Argklm `‚M@A 4 ® w}gk` }k |gcgrjê m|p `êpglbê vi}r prij| i} w}gprm gk|# ki}| vrêqizik| }k mkprmpjmk g} oi}p `m |j hij| gajk `m qijr lihhmkp jc qjp lmppm |jp}gpjik# v}j|# |j hij| gqgkp cg ajk `} `êpglbmhmkp# ki}|lik|pr}j|ik| }k vgrli}r| `m rêjkpêergpjik gajk `m vmrhmpprm æ cg vmr|ikkm`‚goir`mr |g ki}qmccm aiklpjik `m cg hgkjârm cg vc}| maajlglm ¾+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 71 4 jk|lrjrm iocjegpijrmhmkp pi}pm hj|m æ `j|vi|jpjik æpjprm ergp}jp vgr cm}r mhvcizm}r `m| ® vmrhgkmkp| ¾ |zk`jlg} `gk| }k lg`rmlikqmkpjikkmc prjvgrpjpm vrêlj|êhmkp `êajkj vgr cg cij “ mk |‚jk|vjrgkp `m|`j|vi|jpjik| vrêq}m| æ c‚grpjlcm C+ 2?07(? `} li`m `} prgqgjc mp mk z jklc}gkp`m| lcg}|m| `m vrêvgrgpjik æ cg rêjkpêergpjik+

Mk rmqgklbm# cm rgvvirpm}r pjmkp æ |i}cjekmr w}m lmppm |êl}rj|gpjik d}rj`jw}mìjp |‚gllihvgekmr `‚}km cjhjpgpjik `gk| cm pmhv| `m| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik lgr cm| vmr|ikkm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik km ìjqmkp vg| lik|mrqmr lm |pgp}p `m agåik vmrhgkmkpm# g} rj|w}m `m `mqmkjr `m| ® vriam||jikkmc| ¾ `} |zk`jlgcj|hm#® `êpglbê| ¾ `} hik`m `} prgqgjc+

Lm |i}lj `} hgjkpjmk `‚}k cjmk airp `m| rm|vik|gocm| |zk`jlg} gqml cm}r hjcjm} vriam||jikkmc m|p kik |m}cmhmkp rmqmk} `m hgkjârm g||mt lik|pgkpm `gk| cm|g}`jpjik| `m| vmr|ikkm| rmvrê|mkpgkp cm| mhvcizm}r| “ w}‚jc |‚gej||m `m| vrê|j`mkp|`m ergk`m| mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| i} `m `jrmlpm}r| `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik lmkprgcm “# hgj||mhocm êegcmhmkp vgrpgeê vgr cm| `jrjemgkp| |zk`jlg} m}(hähm|+ Vgr mmhvcm#H+ Omrkgr` Pbjog}cp g# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik# gppjrê c‚gppmkpjik `m cg lihhj||jik |}r cm| rj|w}m| `‚}km pmccm êqic}pjik 4 ® mk maamp# jc mj|pm g}di}r`‚b}j }km pmk`gklm æ cg

vriam||jikkgcj|gpjik `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik |zk`jlgcm# z lihvrj| `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| vrjqêm|+ Vc}pðp w}m `‚mmrlmr }k `rijp |zk`jlgc g}||j `êhilrgpjw}m mp cgrem w}m

vi||jocm# jc ki}| m|p vrivi|ê `‚gqijr `m| vriam||jikkmc| `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik |zk`jlgcm+ Lm k‚m|p vg| `} pi}p kiprm liklmvpjik `} rðcm `} |zk`jlgp+ @j|vi|mr `m vmrhgkmkp| “ qijrm vc}| w}‚g}vgrgqgkp “ g}w}mc| ik likajm }k hgk`gp `m



‐ =6 ‐

rmvrê|mkpgpjik m|p }km lbi|m# vmrhmpprm æ }k kihorm |}vêrjm}r `m |gcgrjê| `‚gqijr qij g} lbgvjprm mk m|p }km g}prm ¾+

L‚m|p vi}rw}ij# jc likqjmkp `m cjhjpmr cg `}rêm `m| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik# `}hijk| pgkp w}‚mccm| |ikp ajkgklêm| vgr c‚mhvcizm}r `‚irjejkm+ Cm| iregkj|gpjik|

|zk`jlgcm| g}rgjmkp ìkl æ agjrm cm lbij# |j mccm| lik|j`ârmkp w}m pmc i} pmcrm|vik|gocm ìjp vi}r|}jqrm }km ® lgrrjârm |zk`jlgcm ¾ g}(`mcæ `‚}km lmrpgjkm`}rêm# `‚g} hijk| g||}hmr |g rêh}kêrgpjik+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 75 4 jkpri`}jrm }km cjhjpgpjik eêkêrgcm jhvêrgpjqm `m cg`}rêm vi}r cgw}mccm `m| ® vmrhgkmkp| ¾ |zk`jlg} vm}qmkp äprm hj| æ`j|vi|jpjik vgr cm}r mhvcizm}r æ pjprm ergp}jp "|gk| w}m c‚iregkj|gpjik|zk`jlgcm rmhoi}r|m cm}r |gcgjrm*+

o* Agljcjpmr c‚gllm||jik `m| hjcjpgkp| j||}| `} |mlpm}r vrjqê g} rm|vik|gojcjpê| |zk`jlgcm| kgpjikgcm|

Cg |êl}rj|gpjik `} rêejhm d}rj`jw}m `m| vmr|ikkm| hj|m| æ `j|vi|jpjik`‚iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| jhvcjw}m `m rê|i}`rm g}||j# vi}r cm| |gcgrjê| `m `rijp vrjqê# cg w}m|pjik `m c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm mk `mbir| `m c‚mkprmvrj|m+ Mk maamp#lihhm jc g êpê êqiw}ê vrêlê`mhhmkp# mk `rijp# cm| `jaaêrmkp| hgk`gp| |zk`jlg}|‚mmrlmkp pi}di}r| `gk| cm lg`rm `m c‚mkprmvrj|m 4 pi}| cm| hgk`gp| w}m `êajkjp cmli`m `} prgqgjc “ mp vi}r cm|w}mc| jc egrgkpjp `m| vripmlpjik| mp `m| hizmk| “ |ikpgjk|j likå}|+ Cm| mhvcizm}r| vrjqê| k‚ikp g}l}km iocjegpjik `‚g}pirj|mr cm}r|

|gcgrjê| æ mmrlmr `m| glpjqjpê| |zk`jlgcm| g} kjqmg} aê`êrgc i} likaê`êrgc# cg cij `}?6 giþp ?662 |‚êpgkp oirkêm æ ìkkmr }km og|m d}rj`jw}m æ lm pzvm `m`êpglbmhmkp|# hgj| km cm| jhvi|gkp mk g}l}k lg|+

Jc mk rê|}cpm `jqmr|m| jklmrpjp}`m| w}gkp æ cg |jp}gpjik `m| |zk`jlgcj|pm|j||}| `‚mkprmvrj|m| cir|w}‚jc| mmrlmkp }km glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm mpmrkm+ Vi}r vrmk`rm}k vrmhjmr mmhvcm# cm prê|irjmr `m cg LAPL# H+ Vjmrrm Hmklâ|# g gjk|j jk`jw}ê#`}rgkp |ik g}`jpjik cm ?6 ilpiorm `mrkjmr# w}‚jc prgjpgjp ® glp}mccmhmkp cm ì||jmr `‚}k hjcjpgkp w}j g m} }k gllj`mkp gcir| w}m ki}| c‚gqjik| `êcêe}ê vi}r g||j|pmr æ}km rê}kjik `gk| }k hjkj|pârm+ Lmrpm|# ki}| g||}rik| ki| hjcjpgkp|# hgj| kiprm

g||}rgklm agjp `m| `jaajl}cpê| vi}r cm vrmk`rm mk lbgrem lgr# æ |m| zm}# }k hjcjpgkp mk `êcêegpjik ìjp |m pri}qmr `gk| |ik mkprmvrj|m mp kik `gk| }k hjkj|pârm# `} agjp w}m cm| bm}rm| `m `êcêegpjik |zk`jlgcm km |ikp vrêq}m| w}m vi}r kêeiljmr g} |mjk`m c‚mkprmvrj|m+ Cm hjcjpgkp ìjp(jc gcir| vrmk`rm }k likeê |gk| |ic`m 9 M|p(lm æ cgLAPL `m c}j qmr|mr |ik |gcgjrm 9 \}r w}mc| aik`| 9 ¾

G}`jpjikkê cm 0 ilpiorm# H+ Omrkgr` Qgk Lrgmzkm|p# vrê|j`mkp `m cg LAM(LEL# gvrâ| gqijr |i}cjekê c‚jhvcgkpgpjik vrjirjpgjrm `m lmppm likaê`êrgpjik `gk| cm|mlpm}r vrjqê# w}j g vi}r lik|êw}mklm }km agjocm vrê|mklm `m| aiklpjikkgjrm| mpgemkp| `m| ergk`m| mkprmvrj|m| v}ocjw}m| `gk| |m| jk|pgklm| kgpjikgcm|# gkipghhmkp êqiw}ê |ik vrivrm lg|# w}j g kêlm||jpê }k hikpgem d}rj`jw}m w}‚jcw}gcjajm c}j(hähm `m ® cjhjpm ¾ mp w}j vi|m g}||j cg w}m|pjik `} ajkgklmhmkp `m| vmrhgkmkp| kgpjikg} 4 ® vmr|ikkmccmhmkp# dm |}j| j||} `m cg \KMLHG "‡*+ Mk



‐ =7 ‐

?66= "‡*# hik @_B "‡* g `êlj`ê `m |}|vmk`rm hik likprgp `m prgqgjc `m vm}r w}m cm `jrmlpm}r `} eri}vm mp hij(hähm km |izik| jkw}jêpê| vi}r mhvcij ajlpja# lmw}j h‚g cgj||ê |gk| rm||i}rlm| "‡*+ Ki}| gqik| pri}qê }km |ic}pjik qgcj`êm

d}rj`jw}mhmkp# ojmk w}‚æ cg cjhjpm `m lm w}‚g}pirj|mkp ki| vrivrm| |pgp}p| 4 dm |}j|rm`mqmk} |gcgrjê `} eri}vm \gargk# hgj| lmc}j(lj rmaglp}rm æ cg likaê`êrgpjikc‚jkpêergcjpê `m hik |gcgjrm# lbgrem| lihvrj|m|+ Pi}pmaij|# gqml |ijgkpm |gcgrjê|mp }k o}èmp `m 75 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| `gk| cmw}mc cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm lik|pjp}m }k

vi|pm jhvirpgkp# |j mccm `mqgjp |}vvirpmr cm| |gcgjrm| “ mp cm| lbgrem| |iljgcm| “ `m|qjkep(|j êc}| `m c‚mêl}pja likaê`êrgc# cg likaê`êrgpjik k‚g}rgjp vc}| cm| hizmk|`‚g||}rmr |g hj||jik vrmhjârm 4 `êqmcivvmr c‚glpjqjpê |zk`jlgcm mp rêvik`rm g}gppmkpm| `m |m| hgk`gkp| mp `m| |gcgrjê| ¾+

H+ Omrkgr` Pbjog}cp# g vi}r |g vgrp êqiw}ê# cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik cm?5 ilpiorm# cm lg| `‚}k `êcêe}ê `} vmr|ikkmc `‚}km mkprmvrj|m# `ê|jekê vgr cg LEP

vi}r |jêemr `gk| }km lihhj||jik `‚}k lik|mjc rêejikgc# w}j |m |mrgjp q} hmkglê `mcjlmkljmhmkp vi}r }|gem go}|ja `m |m| pmhv| `m `êcêegpjik# liklc}gkp 4 ® ki}| km`j|vi|ik| vg| `m| êcêhmkp| `m `rijp w}j ki}| vmrhmpprgjmkp `‚ghvcjajmr cgrmvrê|mkpgpjik j||}m `} |mlpm}r vrjqê ¾+

Jc mk rê|}cpm }km |jp}gpjik `m |}r(rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| gemkp| `m cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m `gk| cm| kêeiljgpjik| kgpjikgcm| mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| lihhm c‚g|i}cjekê cm hähm jkpmrqmkgkp 4 ® g}di}r`‚b}j# c‚glpjqjpê `m| iregkj|gpjik|jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm| “ cg kðprm lihhm cm| g}prm| “ rmvi|m vi}r vgrpjm |}r c‚}pjcj|gpjik `} `rijp |zk`jlgc mj|pgkp `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m+ Lm w}j k‚m|p vg|

kirhgc# l‚m|p c‚êprijpm||m `} `rijp |zk`jlgc `gk| cm |mlpm}r vrjqê+ Ki}| ki}|gvv}zik| vgr mmhvcm |}r cm `rijp |zk`jlgc `} v}ocjl vi}r g||}rmr `m| vmrhgkmklm| d}rj`jw}m| `gk| ki| }kjik| cilgcm|+ "‡* Lmppm gj`m# ki}| c‚gvvirpik|mk vgrpjm vgr c‚mmrljlm `‚}k `rijp |zk`jlgc `} |mlpm}r v}ocjl# w}j ki}| rmlikkgëp g}di}r`‚b}j }km hj||jik `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik `m| |gcgrjê| æ }k kjqmg}jkpmrvriam||jikkmc+ Lihhm dm c‚gj `jp æ H+ \g}qg`mp# c‚gkihgcjm m|p w}m cm `rijp

|zk`jlgc v}ocjl |m |}o|pjp}m g} `rijp |zk`jlgc vrjqê# w}j km vmrhmp vg| `m rmhvcjr lmppm hj||jik+ Dm vrêaêrmrgj| w}m ki| vmrhgkmklm| d}rj`jw}m| `m|pjkêm| g}

|gcgrjê| `} |mlpm}r vrjqê |ijmkp g||}rêm| vgr `m| hjcjpgkp| oêkêajljgkp `m `rijp| |zk`jlg} êhgkgkp `} hähm |mlpm}r ¾+

L‚m|p vi}rw}ij# g}(`mcæ `m| gllir`| vg||ê| `gk| w}mcw}m| ergk`m|mkprmvrj|m| i} `m| ® grrgkemhmkp| ¾ w}j vm}qmkp mj|pmr# jc |mrgjp |i}bgjpgocm w}‚}klg`rm eêkêrgc# kgp}rmccmhmkp æ kêeiljmr mkprm vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg}# vmrhmppm }k vm}`m acmjojcjpê mk egrgkpj||gkp w}‚}km arglpjik `m| `rijp| |zk`jlg} rê|}cpgkp mkmkprmvrj|m `m c‚gvvcjlgpjik `} li`m `} prgqgjc v}j||m äprm gaamlpêm æ c‚mmrljlm `mhgk`gp| ojmk `êajkj| "hgk`gp| `m kêeiljgpjik# `m vgrpjljvgpjik æ `m| jk|pgklm| i}`m `jrmlpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik|* bir| `m c‚mkprmvrj|m+ Lmppm arglpjik |mrgjp cjhjpêm# `m|irpm w}‚mk vrgpjw}m km |mrgjmkp liklmrkêm| w}m cm| mkprmvrj|m| `‚}km lmrpgjkmpgjccm 4 cg vrj|m mk lbgrem `m cg kêeiljgpjik `gk| cm| |mlpm}r| mp orgklbm| iú vrêìhjkmkp cm| PVM i} cm| VHM vgrgëp vc}pðp `mqijr rmcmqmr `‚gllir`| `majkgklmhmkp vgrjpgjrm g} kjqmg} `m lm| |mlpm}r| i} orgklbm| "qijr jkarg*+



‐ =? ‐

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 72 4 mkqj|gemr# `gk| }k lg`rm æ kêeiljmr |gk| ì}pm g}kjqmg} kgpjikgc jkpmrvriam||jikkmc# w}‚}km arglpjik `m| lrê`jp| `‚bm}rm|rê|}cpgkp `m c‚gvvcjlgpjik `} `rijp |zk`jlgc vrêq} vgr cm li`m `} prgqgjc v}j||mäprm# `m `rijp# gaamlpêm æ c‚mmrljlm `m hgk`gp| bir| `} lg`rm `m c‚mkprmvrj|m+

l* Jkqjpmr cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} æ `êcjoêrmr |}r cm l}h}c mp cmrmki}qmccmhmkp ̀ m| hgk`gp| |zk`jlg}

Cg rêacmjik |}r cm| hizmk| b}hgjk| hj| æ `j|vi|jpjik `m| iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| mp vriam||jikkmccm| vi|m g}||j cg w}m|pjik `} l}h}c `m| hgk`gp||zk`jlg}+

Lmrpm|# lihhm c‚ikp rgvvmcê `m kihorm} jkpmrcil}pm}r| `mqgkp cglihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# lm| l}h}c| |ikp vgraij| jhvi|ê| vgr cm cêej|cgpm}r+HH+ Omrkgr` Qgk Lrgmzkm|p# vrê|j`mkp `m cg Likaê`êrgpjik argkågj|m `mc‚mklg`rmhmkp(Likaê`êrgpjik eêkêrgcm `m| lg`rm| "LAM(LEL* g gjk|j agjprmhgrw}mr w}m vi}r |jêemr g} lihjpê lmkprgc `‚}km mkprmvrj|m i} æ |ik lihjpê `meri}vm# jc ag}p `êpmkjr }k hgk`gp `m vrmhjmr kjqmg}+ Jc g g}||j |i}cjekê w}m cm|l}h}c| `m hgk`gp| |ikp vgraij| }km agåik `m vgccjmr c‚jk|}aaj|gklm `m rm||i}rlm|b}hgjkm| 4 ® jc ag}p prgqgjccmr æ êqjpmr lm| l}h}c|+ Lm |mrg `‚g}pgkp vc}| agljcmw}‚ik `j|vi|mrg `m cg rm||i}rlm b}hgjkm vi}r ill}vmr lm| hgk`gp|# lgr cm l}h}c m|p ojmk |i}qmkp c‚maamp `‚}k hgkw}m `m hizmk| b}hgjk| 4 jc vmrhmp `m agjrm aglm æcg h}cpjvcjlgpjik `m| |jâem| iaamrp|# w}jppm æ lm w}m cm| vrê|mklm| maamlpjqm| mk

|êgklm `jhjk}mkp ¾+

L‚m|p g}||j cm lik|pgp `rm||ê vgr Hhm Gki}|bmb Ngrqgr# prê|irjârm `m cgLA@P# cm ?0 ilpiorm 4 ® dm rmqjmk| |}r cm l}h}c `m| hgk`gp|+ Ik ki}| rmvrilbm

|i}qmkp# `gk| cm| lik|mjc| rêejikg}# `m pi}di}r| qijr cm| hähm| päpm| vi}r rmvrê|mkpmr cg LA@P+ Lmcg |‚mvcjw}m v}j|w}‚}km |m}cm vmr|ikkm# hmhorm `}lik|mjc êlikihjw}m mp |iljgc rêejikgc "LM\_*# vmråijp }km jk`mhkjpê vi}r lmcg+

Mccm vgrpgem ìkl |ik pmhv| mkprm cm LM\_# cg lihhj||jik vgrjpgjrmjkpmrvriam||jikkmccm rêejikgcm vi}r c‚mhvcij "LIVJ_M*# cm lihjpê `m liir`jkgpjikrêejikgc `m c‚mhvcij mp `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm "LL_MAV*# cm lik|mjc rêejikgc `m c‚mhvcij "L_M*# mp d‚mk vg||m+ Lmcg km likprjo}m vg| æ cg `jqmr|jpê ¾+

H+ Dmgk(C}l Pi}cz# g}pm}r `m c‚i}qrgem ® C‚gremkp kijr `m| |zk`jlgp| ¾#cir| `m |ik g}`jpjik `m cm 70 |mvpmhorm# |‚m|p hikprê vc}| |êqârm |}r lm |}dmp 4 ® jc likqjmkp êegcmhmkp `m |‚jkpêrm||mr g} l}h}c `m| hgk`gp| `m rmvrê|mkpgpjik `}

vmr|ikkmc 4 jc m|p arêw}mkp w}‚}km hähm vmr|ikkm |ijp `êcêe}ê |zk`jlgc# `êcêe}ê`} vmr|ikkmc# hmhorm `} LM# hmhorm `} LB\LP# hmhorm `} LLM# hmhorm `}lihjpê `m eri}vm+++ Ik pri}qm gjk|j# lbmt Qmicjg mp `gk| `‚g}prm| ergk`m|mkprmvrj|m|# `m| emk| w}j k‚ikp dghgj| prgqgjccê# w}j |ikp lihvcâpmhmkp mkìrhj|#w}j km likprðcmkp vc}| rjmk vgrlm w}‚jc| |ikp vmrvêp}mccmhmkp mk qizgem i} mkrê}kjik gqml cm| `jrjemgkp| c‚mkprmvrj|m “ dm |}j| `‚gjccm}r| vmr|}g`ê w}‚jc| lrijmkp

qrgjhmkp äprm g} hähm kjqmg} w}m cm lbma `‚mkprmvrj|m “ mp cm| rmcgpjik| |‚mkpri}qmkp ag}||êm| ¾+



‐ =< ‐

Lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ikp hj| mk vcglm `m| râecm| `m kik(l}h}c+ L‚m|p cm lg| kipghhmkp `m cg LAPL w}j g jk|pjp}ê `m| râecm| |pgp}pgjrm| |}r lm |}dmp+ Gjk|j }k |zk`jlgcj|pm `m lmppm iregkj|gpjik km vm}p(jc vg| iopmkjr vc}| `mprij| hgk`gp| `m `jrmlpjik `m prij| gk|# l‚m|p(æ(`jrm rm|pmr vc}| `m km}a gk| vrê|j`mkp# prê|irjmr i} |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc# w}mc w}m |ijp cm kjqmg} `m cg |pr}lp}rm “ }kjik `êvgrpmhmkpgcm# rêejikgcm i} likaê`êrgpjik “# kj mmrlmr mk hähm pmhv| vc}| `m prij| hgk`gp| `m `jrmlpjik `gk| prij| iregkj|gpjik| `jaaêrmkpm|+ @m vc}|# cm|prij| vrjkljvg} hgk`gp| `m cg Likaê`êrgpjik “ vrê|j`mkp# |mlrêpgjrm eêkêrgc mpprê|irjmr “ |ikp mlc}|ja| `m pi}p g}prm hgk`gp# mp cm| g`dijkp| `m lm| vmr|ikkm|k‚ikp `rijp w}‚æ }k |m}c g}prm hgk`gp+

Cm rgvvirpm}r m|pjhm w}m cg cjhjpgpjik `} l}h}c "|jh}cpgkê i} `gk| cmpmhv|* `m| hgk`gp| |zk`jlg} agqirj|mrgjp c‚gllrij||mhmkp `} kihorm `m vmr|ikkm| jkqm|pjm| `‚}k pmc hgk`gp mp cm| ki}qmccm| g`bê|jik| > mccm cjhjpmrgjp

êegcmhmkp cm| |jp}gpjik|# w}m c‚ik qijp glp}mccmhmkp# iú cm l}h}c `m vc}|jm}r|lrê`jp| birgjrm| gppglbê| æ `jaaêrmkp| hgk`gp| lik`}jp `m agjp æ `m| ® vcmjk(pmhv| ¾|zk`jlg} g} oêkêajlm `m ® vmrhgkmkp| ¾+

Lm pzvm `‚êqic}pjik# w}j pi}lbm æ cg qjm jkpmrkm `m| iregkj|gpjik|# km vm}ppi}pmaij| rmcmqmr w}m `m cg kêeiljgpjik “ æ cgw}mccm cm Ei}qmrkmhmkp vm}p jkqjpmr cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} `gk| cm lg`rm `m cg vrilê`}rm `m c‚gemk`g |iljgc +

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ 7: 4 jkqjpmr cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} æ mkegemr }km`êcjoêrgpjik# êqmkp}mccmhmkp }km kêeiljgpjik# |}r cm| lik`jpjik| `m l}h}c mp

`m rmki}qmccmhmkp `m| hgk`gp| |zk`jlg}# gjk|j w}m |}r cg vmrpjkmklm `m|® vcmjk(pmhv| ¾ |zk`jlg}+

`* Qgcirj|mr cm| lihvêpmklm| glw}j|m| vgr cm| rm|vik|gocm| |zk`jlg}

C‚jhvcjlgpjik `m| |gcgrjê| i} `m| vriam||jikkmc| `gk| c‚mkegemhmkp|zk`jlgc lik`jpjikkm vi}r }km cgrem vgrp c‚maajlgljpê `m cg `êhilrgpjm |iljgcm 4 jc qgmk maamp `m c‚jkpêräp h}p}mc `m| mkprmvrj|m| mp `m| |gcgrjê| w}m cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `mlbgw}m vgrpjm |ijmkp g} agjp `m| vriocâhm| w}j vm}qmkp |m vi|mr g} |mjk `‚}kêpgocj||mhmkp# `‚}km orgklbm `‚glpjqjpê i} `‚}km g`hjkj|prgpjik v}ocjw}m+ Ir# pgkp

`gk| cm |mlpm}r vrjqê w}m “ vbêkihâkm vc}| rêlmkp “ `gk| cm |mlpm}r v}ocjl# cmhjcjpgkpj|hm |zk`jlgc |}ojp }k `ê|jkpêräp `m vc}| mk vc}| hgrw}ê+

\‚jc m|p jk`êkjgocm w}‚gjmkp v} di}mr c‚jhgem hähm `‚iregkj|gpjik||zk`jlgcm| |i}qmkp vc}| grl(oi}pêm| |}r cg likpm|pgpjik `m| rêairhm| w}m |}r cgkêeiljgpjik vi}r mk ghêcjirmr cm likpmk}# `m hähm w}m lmrpgjk| lihvirpmhmkp| vi}r cm hijk| likpm|pgocm|# vi}r km vg| `jrm rêvrêbmk|jocm|# jc gvvgrgëp pi}p g}||jlcgjrmhmkp w}m c‚glpjik hjcjpgkpm g |gk| ì}pm priv cikepmhv| vm|ê |}r cm`êri}cmhmkp `m kihorm}|m| lgrrjârm|+ Mk g rê|}cpê }km |jp}gpjik `gk| cgw}mccm omg}li}v `m hjcjpgkp| |zk`jlg} |m |ikp vriam||jikkgcj|ê| mp |m |ikp gjk|j# km

|mrgjp(lm w}m vgrpjmccmhmkp# li}vê| `m cg og|m+



‐ =0 ‐

Gjk|j w}m lmcg g êpê |i}cjekê `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# cm| vrê`j|vi|jpjik| `m| |gcgrjê|# aiklpjikkgjrm| mp vriam||jikkmc| `‚g}di}r`‚b}j æc‚glpjik hjcjpgkpm km |ikp vc}| cm| hähm| w}m lmccm| `m cm}r| gëkê|+ Ojmk |i}qmkp#jc| km |ikp vg| bi|pjcm| æ cg vmr|vmlpjqm `‚Ŝ}qrmr# vmk`gkp }km `}rêm cjhjpêm mp`êpmrhjkêm# mk agqm}r `} `jgcie}m |iljgc mp `m cg `êamk|m `m| jkpêräp| `m cm}r|bihicie}m|# hgj| æ cg lik`jpjik w}m cm}r lgrrjârm km |‚mk pri}qm vg| armjkêm vi}r g}pgkp# lm w}j m|p vgragjpmhmkp lihvrêbmk|jocm+

@‚irm| mp `êdæ# lmrpgjkm| mkprmvrj|m| mp liccmlpjqjpê| cilgcm| |m |ikp |gj|jm|`m lm vriocâhm gajk `‚z gvvirpmr `m| rêvik|m| æ cm}r kjqmg}+

@} lðpê `m| mkprmvrj|m|# cg |iljêpê Gg g mk maamp hj| mk vcglm `m|mkprmpjmk| prjvgrpjpm| "rmvrê|mkpgkp |zk`jlgc# `jrmlpjik `m| rm||i}rlm| b}hgjkm| mpbjêrgrlbjm `jrmlpm `m c‚jkpêrm||ê* g} `êo}p mp æ cg ajk `m| hgk`gp| `m| rmvrê|mkpgkp||zk`jlg}# gajk `m `jgcie}mr gqml m} mp `m vrmk`rm mk lihvpm cm}r| |i}bgjp|`‚êqic}pjik `m lgrrjârm+ @m hähm# æ cg O_M@# }k |}jqj |jhjcgjrm jkpmrqjmkp`ê|irhgj| vi}r cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} vmr|ikkmc ìkp cm l}h}c `m| hgk`gp| cêeg}i} likqmkpjikkmc| mkprgëkm }km go|mklm `m vc}| `m 5= - `} pmhv| `m prgqgjc+Mkajk# `mv}j| |ik lbgkemhmkp mk |iljêpê gkikzhm# M@A g liklc} `m| gllir`|likqmkpjikkmc| vmrhmppgkp kipghhmkp `m lihojkmr vgrli}r| |zk`jlgc mp`êri}cmhmkp `m lgrrjârm 4 gjk|j# `m} mkprmpjmk| ikp cjm} gqml cg `jrmlpjik `m|rm||i}rlm| b}hgjkm|# |j hij| gvrâ| cm `êo}p `‚}k hgk`gp `‚jk|pjp}pjikrmvrê|mkpgpjqm `} vmr|ikkmc mp |j hij| gqgkp |ik pmrhm# `m hgkjârm æ êqgc}mr c‚mvêrjmklm mp æ rêghirlmr cm rmpi}r æ }km lgrrjârm vc}| lcg||jw}m+ Lihhm c‚ikp

|i}cjekê cm| rm|vik|gocm| `m cg `jrmlpjik `m| rm||i}rlm| b}hgjkm| `m lmppm ergk`mmkprmvrj|m v}ocjw}m# cir| `m cm}r g}`jpjik cm 76 kiqmhorm ?677# jc |‚gejp `‚}kmmvêrjmklm qêl}m vi|jpjqmhmkp vgr c‚mk|mhocm `m| vripgeikj|pm| 4

® H+ Omrkgr` Cg||}|+ Liklmrkgkp cm| `êpglbê|# ki}| gqik| |jekê }kgllir` |}r cm| vgrli}r| |zk`jlg} `m|pjkê æ qgcirj|mr cg lgrrjârm |zk`jlgcm mp æêqjpmr }km `j|lrjhjkgpjik `gk| cm| vgrli}r| vriam||jikkmc|+ L‚m|p }k êcêhmkp jhvirpgkp vi}r gqijr `m| `êcêe}ê| `m w}gcjpê+ Eêkêrgcmhmkp# ki}| vg||ik| `m|likqmkpjik| prjvgrpjpm| g||iljgkp c‚iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm# c‚mkprmvrj|m mp cm

|gcgrjê+ Ki}| ki}| maairåik| `m |}vvrjhmr cm| êcêhmkp| bêrjpê| `} vg||ê mp `m

vrihi}qijr }km qj|jik vc}| `zkghjw}m+ Cm| `êcêe}ê| |zk`jlg} km cm |ikp vc}| æqjm# lm |ikp vc}pðp `m| vmr|ikkm| w}j |‚jkpêrm||mkp æ lm vgrli}r|# |m hiojcj|mkp

vmk`gkp prij| i} w}gprm gk| mp rmqjmkkmkp mk|}jpm `gk| c‚mkprmvrj|m+ Jc| |ikp# `m lm agjp# vc}| vrilbm| `} hik`m jk`}|prjmc mp `m| mkdm} g}w}mc| ki}| agj|ik| aglm+ Cgw}gcjpê `} `jgcie}m |‚mk pri}qm ghêcjirêm# cm `j|vi|jpja m|p vc}| `zkghjw}m mp qgcirj|m cm agjp |zk`jlgc+ Cir|w}m `m| vmr|ikkm| rm|pmkp æ qjm `gk| cm |zk`jlgp# }km

|lcêri|m |‚jk|pgccm+

® H+ cm rgvvirpm}r+ Cm| iregkj|gpjik| ikp(mccm| }km gvvrilbm vi|jpjqm `mlmppm êqic}pjik 9



‐ == ‐

® H+ Omrkgr` Cg||}|+ I}j+ Jc z g w}mcw}m| gkkêm|# jc êpgjp `jaajljcm`‚goir`mr cm |}dmp hgj| g}di}r`‚b}j cg hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm m|p g||mt agljcm+ Cm| |gcgrjê|m}(hähm| |ikp `mhgk`m}r|+ "‡*

® Hhm Hgrjgkkm Cgjekmg}+ Cg `jrmlpjik eêkêrgcm `} prgqgjc mkli}rgem

lmppm êqic}pjik ìkp ki}| ki}| lik|j`êrik| lihhm cm| vrêl}r|m}r|+ ¾

Vi}r lm w}j liklmrkm cm| liccmlpjqjpê| cilgcm|# cg h}kjljvgcjpê `m \}rm|km|#w}gkp æ mccm# vrivi|m mk qmrp} `‚}k vripilicm |jekê mk ?66: gqml vc}|jm}r|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m| airhgpjik| w}gcjajgkpm| `m bg}p kjqmg} g}rmvrê|mkpgkp| `} vmr|ikkmc w}j mmrlmkp }k hgk`gp g} |mjk `} lihjpê pmlbkjw}m vgrjpgjrm "LPV* mp `m| lihhj||jik| g`hjkj|prgpjqm| vgrjpgjrm| "LGV*# gjk|j w}‚ælm} `m |m| vmr|ikkmc| w}j |ikp `êlbgreê| `‚glpjqjpê vi}r rgj|ik |zk`jlgcm æbg}pm}r `m =6 - `m cm}r pmhv| `m prgqgjc+

@gk| |ik rgvvirp v}ocjê mk d}jk ?676# cg hj||jik lbgreêm `m `rm||mr }k ojcgk `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}mgqgjp |}eeêrê }km mpmk|jik `m c‚mvêrjmklm `m \}rm|km| g} prij| aiklpjik| v}ocjw}m| "7*+ \}r cm aik`# c‚ik km vm}p w}m vgrpgemr lm |i}lj `m hjm} vrmk`rm mklihvpm cg qgcirj|gpjik `m| glw}j| `m c‚mvêrjmklm `m| rmvrê|mkpgkp| |zk`jlg} > jcrm|pm lmvmk`gkp w}m cg `êhgrlbm ìjp g}||j liklmrkmr cm |mlpm}r vrjqê mp agjrmc‚iodmp `‚}km hj|m mk Ŝ}qrm acmjocm+ @m lm vijkp `m q}m# jc |mhocm kêlm||gjrm `m vrjqjcêejmr }km kêeiljgpjik |}r cm |}dmp mkprm cm| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| mp cm|iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| i}# vi}r cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# cm hjkj|pârm lihvêpmkp+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ ?6 4 mkegemr# g} kjqmg} jkpmrvriam||jikkmc i} æ lmc}j`m| orgklbm|# }km kêeiljgpjik |}r cg qgcirj|gpjik `m| glw}j| `m c‚mvêrjmklm`m| rmvrê|mkpgkp| |zk`jlg} `gk| cm| mkprmvrj|m| mp cm| |mrqjlm| `m|liccmlpjqjpê| v}ocjw}m| gjk|j w}m `m| jk|pjp}pjik| mk lbgrem `m hj||jik|`‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc+

C‚mmhvcm `mqgkp qmkjr `‚mk bg}p# jc gvvgrgëp mk i}prm |i}bgjpgocm w}mc‚Êpgp likaârm }km vcglm vgrpjl}cjârm `gk| |m| lirv| mp |mrqjlm| `m likprðcm "Li}r `m| lihvpm|# jk|vmlpjik| eêkêrgcm| `m| gaagjrm| |iljgcm| i} `m c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik# vgr

mmhvcm*# mk cm}r w}gcjpê `m vmr|ikkgcjpê| w}gcjajêm| `gk| cm lbghv `} |iljgc# g}gkljmk| rm|vik|gocm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| i} vriam||jikkmccm|rmvrê|mkpgpjqm|+ G}(`mcæ `m |g `jhmk|jik |zhoicjw}m# }km pmccm vi||jojcjpêmkrjlbjrgjp cm rmegr` virpê vgr lm| jk|pgklm| |}r cg lik`}jpm `m| vicjpjw}m| v}ocjw}m|+ Mccm vmrhmpprgjp êegcmhmkp `m `j|vi|mr `m qêrjpgocm| mvmrp| `m cgem|pjik vgrjpgjrm# |}r cgw}mccm cm| likprðcm| aikp d}|pmhmkp c‚iodmp `m cgl}km|+

"7* _gvvirp |}r cm| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m# hgr| ?66: "kik v}ocjl*# mp ® Cm ojcgk `m| hizmk| gcci}ê| g} iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `gk| cg aiklpjik v}ocjw}m 4 gkgcz|m`êpgjccêm `gk| `m} `êvgrpmhmkp|# cm _bðkm mp cm Cijrmp ¾# d}jk ?676# v+ ?1 mp ?5+



‐ =1 ‐

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ ?7 4 vmrhmpprm æ `m| rm|vik|gocm| |zk`jlg} `m ergk`m|likaê`êrgpjik| i} aê`êrgpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `m hmpprm cm}r mvêrjmklm `}`jgcie}m |iljgc mp `m cg em|pjik vgrjpgjrm g} |mrqjlm `m c‚Êpgp# mk cm}r rê|mrqgkpvgr mmhvcm }k kihorm cjhjpê `m vi|pm| æ cg `j|lrêpjik `} Ei}qmrkmhmkp`gk| cm| lirv| `‚jk|vmlpjik i} `m likprðcm+

L+ VI]_ ]K \ZK@JLGCJ\HM VC]\ _MV_Ê\MKPGPJA

Cm pmrhm ® vgrjpgrj|hm ¾ |‚gvvcjw}m æ }k mk|mhocm `m `j|vi|jpja| `gk|cm|w}mc| cm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r| |ikp mkkihorm êegc# vâ|mkp cm hähm vij`| mp# lirrêcgpjqmhmkp# oêkêajljmkp `m| hähm|ajkgklmhmkp|+ Cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| hgk`gp| mp `m| ajkgklmhmkp| vgrjpgjrm| vi|m prâ|qjpm cg w}m|pjik `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê+

7+ Agqirj|mr cm| gllir`| `m ajkgklmhmkp vgrjpgjrm `} `jgcie}m |iljgc

@mv}j| `m} `êlmkkjm|# `m| orgklbm|# v}j| `m| |mlpm}r| mkpjmr| `mc‚êlikihjm “ c‚gerjl}cp}rm# c‚grpj|gkgp “ ikp hj| mk vcglm vgr gllir` liccmlpja `m|`j|vi|jpja| `m ajkgklmhmkp vgrjpgjrm `} `jgcie}m |iljgc aik`ê| |}r `m| lipj|gpjik|g||j|m| |}r cg hg||m |gcgrjgcm `m| mkprmvrj|m|# lipj|gpjik| ìkp cm vri`}jp m|p mk|}jpm vgrpgeê vgrjpgjrmhmkp mkprm cg vgrpjm ® mhvcizm}r| ¾ mp cg vgrpjm ® |gcgrjê| ¾+ Lmppmêqic}pjik g liklmrkê `m| |mlpm}r| iú vrêìhjkmkp cm| prâ| vmpjpm| mkprmvrj|m|"PVM*# lmppm |jp}gpjik mvcjw}gkp w}m |‚z |ijp `êqmcivvê lm pzvm `m `j|vi|jpja| 4

“ cm| rm|vik|gocm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| `m lm| |mlpm}r| |m|ikp |i}qmkp rmk`}| lihvpm w}‚jc| |m bm}rpgjmkp æ `m| vriocâhm| `m rmlr}pmhmkpcjê| mk vgrpjm g} lik`jpjik| |iljgcm| w}‚jc| iaargjmkp# hijk| agqirgocm| w}m `gk|cm| ergk`m| mkprmvrj|m|# hgj| jc| êpgjmkp êegcmhmkp lik|ljmkp| w}m `gk| }k lcjhgp`m airpm likl}rrmklm# c‚ghêcjirgpjik `m| lik`jpjik| |iljgcm| km vm}p |m agjrm w}m |jmccm |‚jhvi|m æ pi}pm| cm| mkprmvrj|m| `‚}k |mlpm}r >

“ vgr gjccm}r|# }k `jgcie}m |iljgc rjlbm mp lik|pr}jp k‚êpgkp e}ârm vi||jocmmk jkpmrkm `gk| cm| PVM "kik |m}cmhmkp cm li`m `} prgqgjc k‚z vrêqijp vg| `m

rmvrê|mkpgpjik `} vmr|ikkmc# hgj| vc}| aik`ghmkpgcmhmkp cm pmhv| mp cm|lihvêpmklm| kêlm||gjrm| ikp vm} `m lbgklm| `‚z äprm vrê|mkp|*# }km airh}cm`‚® mpmrkgcj|gpjik ¾ `mqgjp äprm pri}qêm >

“ mkajk# cg vg||gpjik `m| gllir`| mk lg}|m g êpê agljcjpêm vgr cm agjp w}m#`gk| }km PVM# cm vriocâhm `} ajkgklmhmkp `} `jgcie}m |iljgc “ mp `‚goir`# vrgehgpjw}mhmkp# lmc}j `m cg lihvmk|gpjik ajkgkljârm `} pmhv| `m kêeiljgpjik “ |m vi|m æ vm} vrâ| `gk| cm| hähm| pmrhm| vi}r cm| `m} vgrpjm|# |gcgrjê| mpmhvcizm}r| > vi}r }k grpj|gk i} }k mvcijpgkp gerjlicm# }km di}rkêm vg||êm mkkêeiljgpjik# l‚m|p g}pgkp `m lbjaarm `‚gaagjrm| vmr`} mp)i} `m `jaajl}cpê| `m

rmhvcglmhmkp+Cm| gllir`| `m ajkgklmhmkp vgrjpgjrm `} `jgcie}m |iljgc lik|pjp}mkp g}||j

}km rêvik|m æ }k mkdm} |jekgcê vgr vc}|jm}r| `m| mvmrp| g}`jpjikkê| vgr cg



‐ =5 ‐

lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm# lmc}j `m cg w}gcjpê `m cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm# w}jjhvcjw}m `m| kêeiljgpm}r| rêmccmhmkp j||}| `m| hjcjm} vriam||jikkmc| w}‚jc|rmvrê|mkpmkp# airhê|# lihvêpmkp|# êqmkp}mccmhmkp |i}pmk}| vgr `m| vmr|ikkm|mvmrpm|# pi}p lmcg `mhgk`gkp `m| hizmk|+

Æ lmp êegr`# mp hähm |gk| jkqiw}mr cm| likprgjkpm| w}j vâ|mkp |}r cm|ajkgklm| v}ocjw}m|# cm| gllir`| `m ajkgklmhmkp vgrjpgjrm vgrgj||mkp hjm} æ hähm`m ajkgklmr }k `jgcie}m |iljgc `m w}gcjpê g} kjqmg} `m| |mlpm}r|# `m| orgklbm|# `m| vriam||jik|# w}m km cm |mrgjp }k êqmkp}mc ajkgklmhmkp v}ocjl# lgr jc |mrgjp prâ|`jaajljcm# qijrm jhvi||jocm# `m `êajkjr }km rêvgrpjpjik êw}jpgocm `m lmc}j(lj g} rmegr``m lm w}‚m|p cm vgz|gem glp}mc `m cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm mk Argklm# hgrw}ê vgr }k kihorm prâ| êcmqê `m orgklbm| ìkp cg pgjccm mp c‚glpjqjpê likqmkpjikkmccm| |ikpprâ| jkêegcm|+

@} vijkp `m q}m `m| iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| `m |gcgrjê|# cm| gllir`| `majkgklmhmkp vgrjpgjrm |ikp g}||j }km rêvik|m æ c‚jkêw}jpê w}m lmrpgjkm| ikp|i}cjekêm mkprm cm ajkgklmhmkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r| 4 cm|lipj|gpjik| qmr|êm| vgr cm| g`bêrmkp| `m| vrmhjârm| |ikp vrêcmqêm| |}r cm}r |gcgjrm#ìkl cm}r rmqmk} vrivrm# w}gk` lmccm| qmr|êm| vgr cm| mkprmvrj|m| g} |mlik`m||ikp æ cg lbgrem `m| mkprmvrj|m| mp kik `m| lbma| `‚mkprmvrj|m m}(hähm| > `m vc}|#cm| mhvcizm}r| mp cm}r| iregkj|gpjik| aikp |i}qmkp gvvmc# vi}r cm| kêeiljgpjik||iljgcm|# g} mvmrp| ìkp jc| `j|vi|mkp vgrhj cm}r| |gcgrjê| "`m| @_B vgr mmhvcm*# |gk| w}m lm rmli}r| |ijp qgcirj|ê# gcir| w}m cm| |zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê|# |‚jc|qm}cmkp oêkêajljmr `‚mvmrp| w}gcjajê|# ìjqmkp kgp}rmccmhmkp cm| rêh}kêrmr+

Lmrpgjkm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| rm|pmkp lmrpm| qjqmhmkp bi|pjcm| g}gllir`| `m lm pzvm# mk vgrpjl}cjmr æ c‚® gllir` ]VG ¾ `} 7? `êlmhorm ?667#w}‚mccm| ikp likpm|pê mk qgjk `mqgkp cg d}|pjlm+ Cm}r| gre}hmkp| ìjqmkp lmvmk`gkpäprm rmcgpjqj|ê| 4 |‚jc m|p qrgj w}m lm| gllir`| jk|pg}rmkp }k vrêcâqmhmkp iocjegpijrm|}vvcêhmkpgjrm |}r cm| mkprmvrj|m|# cm| pg} lbij|j| rm|pmkp hi`êrê|+ Mp lm| gllir`|ikp g} hijk| cm hêrjpm `m cg prgk|vgrmklm “ cm hipja `m cg ki}qmccm lipj|gpjikjk|pjp}êm m|p mvcjljpm “ vgr rgvvirp æ `‚g}prm| ajkgklmhmkp| jk`jrmlp| `m| |pr}lp}rm||zk`jlgcm| 4 lihojmk `m lbma| `‚mkprmvrj|m |gqmkp w}m |}r cm| lipj|gpjik| w}‚jc|qmr|mkp æ `m| iregkj|hm| liccmlpm}r| g} pjprm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# }km

vmpjpm arglpjik |mrp æ rêh}kêrmr# |i}| airhm `m ® vrêljv}p ¾# cm iregkj|gpjik| `m|gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r| vi}r cm}r hj||jik `m em|pjik `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm 9

Cm rgvvirpm}r lik|j`ârm ìkl w}m cm| gllir`| `m ajkgklmhmkp vgrjpgjrm `}`jgcie}m |iljgc g} kjqmg} `m| |mlpm}r| mp `m| orgklbm| hêrjpmkp `‚äprm vrih}|#|i}| rê|mrqm kgp}rmccmhmkp w}‚jc| rm|vmlpmkp }k lmrpgjk kihorm `m vrjkljvm| 4 }kpg} hi`êrê# c‚gaamlpgpjik lcgjrm `m| aik`|# cg prgk|vgrmklm `m cm}r }pjcj|gpjik “ ajkgklmr cg kêeiljgpjik# vg| cm| |pr}lp}rm| |zk`jlgcm| “# cg rêvgrpjpjik êw}jpgocm `m|hizmk| mkprm pi}pm| cm| iregkj|gpjik| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| `gk| cm| lbghv| liklmrkê|+Cm cike likpmkpjm} g}pi}r `m c‚® gllir` ]VG ¾ g `êhikprê w}m cm| gllir`| `m lmpzvm |ikp cjljpm| > lmvmk`gkp# lmrpgjk| |mlpm}r| |mhocmkp mklirm bê|jpmr æ |‚zmkegemr# vgr mmhvcm `gk| cm| vriam||jik| cjoêrgcm|+ L‚m|p vi}rw}ij }k



‐ =2 ‐

mkegemhmkp ei}qmrkmhmkpgc mvcjljpm `‚êpmk`rm rgvj`mhmkp mp |z|pêhgpjw}mhmkpcm| ki}qmg} gllir`| "rm|vmlpgkp cm| vrjkljvm| |}|hmkpjikkê|* vi}rrgjp äprm }pjcm+

Cg vrihipjik# æ li}rp pmrhm# `m| gllir`| `m ajkgklmhmkp vgrjpgjrm k‚mlc}p vg|# æ vc}| cike pmrhm# `m rêacêlbjr# lihhm z jkqjpm cm rgvvirp rmhj| g} Vrmhjmr

hjkj|prm vgr H+ Dmgk(Arê`êrjl Vij||ik mk ?66: "7*# æ }km airhm`‚jk|pjp}pjikkgcj|gpjik `m| orgklbm| iú lmccm|(lj hmpprgjmkp mk vcglm `m| jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm| `m ei}qmrkgklm `m cm}r kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm 4 `â| cir|# kgp}rmccmhmkp#cm ajkgklmhmkp lihh}k `m cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm km `mqrgjp vc}| äprm rêvgrpjmkprm iregkj|gpjik|# hgj| eêrê `gk| }k lg`rm lihh}k g} |mjk `m cg orgklbm+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ ?? 4 gaajlbmr }k |i}pjmk vicjpjw}m airp mk agqm}r `m|gllir`| `m ajkgklmhmkp vgrjpgjrm `} `jgcie}m |iljgc# vg||gkp vgr }kmkegemhmkp `‚mpmk|jik rgvj`m mp |z|pêhgpjw}m `m lm| gllir`|# |i}| rê|mrqm

`} likprðcm `m cêegcjpê+

?+ ]k vgkirghg `‚jk|pgklm| mp `m vrgpjw}m| æ rmqj|jpmr

Cm ® vgrjpgrj|hm ¾# l‚m|p g}||j# ik c‚g q}# pi}p }k mk|mhocm `‚iregkj|hm|w}‚g`hjkj|prmkp cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg}# |m}c| i} gqml `m| g`hjkj|prgpm}r| `‚g}prm|irjejkm|# kipghhmkp kihhê| vgr c‚Êpgp+ Lm |ikp g}||j `m prâ| kihorm}|m|jk|pgklm| `m lik|}cpgpjik mp `m liklmrpgpjik g}w}mc| jc| |ikp likqjê|+

Lm qg|pm mk|mhocm ìjp lmrpgjkmhmkp äprm rmqj|jpê mp rgpjikgcj|ê+ G}(`mcæ `m

lmppm vi|jpjik `m vrjkljvm# w}mcw}m| vj|pm| liklrâpm| vm}qmkp |gk| ì}pm äprm`êegeêm|+

g* Cm lbghv `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm

Cg rêairhm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm glpêm vgr cg cij `}?0 kiqmhorm ?66:# |j mccm lihvirpm `m| hm|}rm| jhvirpgkpm| |}r cm| iregkj|hm|liccmlpm}r| "IVLG*# k‚g mk rmqgklbm rjmk lbgkeê g} ® vrêljv}p| ¾# l‚m|p(æ(`jrm#ik cm rgvvmccm 4

“ g} vrêcâqmhmkp `m 6#5= - `} hikpgkp `m cg liccmlpm `m| IVLG `jp| `}lbghv jkpmrvriam||jikkmc g} oêkêajlm `} ® aik`| kgpjikgc `m em|pjik vgrjpgjrm `mcg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm likpjk}m ¾ "AIKEMAI_* >

“ æ cg agl}cpê vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| `m |mrêh}kêrmr `m cg em|pjik `m| IVLG w}‚mccm| g||}rmkp vgr }k g}prm vrêcâqmhmkp#`gk| cg cjhjpm êegcmhmkp `m 6#5= - `m| |ihhm| liccmlpêm|+

Eciogcmhmkp# lm| vrêljv}p| ikp rmvrê|mkpê 11 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk ?676"?: hjccjik| vi}r cm AIKEMAI_ mp <5 hjccjik| vi}r cm| vrêljv}p| `‚IVLG*+

"7* ® _gvvirp |}r cg kêeiljgpjik liccmlpjqm mp cm| orgklbm| vriam||jikkmccm| ¾# ?2 gqrjc ?66:# ê`jpê vgr Cg @il}hmkpgpjik argkågj|m+



‐ =: ‐

Ir# lm| `j|vi|jpja| |ikp æ ojmk `m| êegr`| `j|l}pgocm|+

◉ \‚gej||gkp `} AIKEMAI_# ik rmcâqm gjk|j 4

“ `m| hizmk| æ gpprjo}mr lik|êw}mkp| mp mk airpm lrij||gklm “ ik m|p vg||ê

`m 7?#= hjccjik| `‚m}ri| mk 7::1 æ vrâ| `m <6 hjccjik| hijk| `m w}jktm gk| vc}|pgr` >

“ }km rêvgrpjpjik `m lm| hizmk|# mkprm cm| iregkj|gpjik|# ìkp cm|aik`mhmkp| |ikp jklmrpgjk| "}km rêvgrpjpjik êegcjpgjrm mkprm cm| ljkw lmkprgcm| `m|gcgrjê| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk kgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc# hgcerê cm}r| vij`|prâ| jkêeg} mk pmrhm| `‚g`bêrmkp| mp `m qij g} êcmlpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| > }kmrêvgrpjpjik mkprm iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| w}j agqirj|m prâ| airpmhmkp cmHM@MA mp cg LEVHM g} `êvmk| `m c‚]VG# |}jpm æ lm w}j gvvgrgëp lihhm }krgvvirp `m airlm| kêeiljê æ }k lmrpgjk hihmkp* >

“ }k iodmp ® iaajljmc ¾ vc}pðp ® agjocm ¾ `m| ajkgklmhmkp| `êcjqrê| vgr cm`j|vi|jpja# v}j|w}‚jc |‚gejp `‚êcgoirmr mp `m hmpprm mk vcglm cm `j|vi|jpja jkpmrvriam||jikkmc liklmrkgkp c‚mhvcij mp cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# `mc‚êqgc}mr# `m c‚bgrhikj|mr# `m cm hmpprm mk libêrmklm# `m |m liklmrpmr# `m vgrpjljvmr æ `m| jk|pgklm| `m liir`jkgpjik‡ “ pi}p lmcg hêrjpm(p(jc }k o}èmp gkk}mc `m vrâ|`m <6 hjccjik| `‚m}ri|# mp lm g} |m}c kjqmg} ® jkpmrvriam||jikkmc ¾# v}j|w}m# vgr gjccm}r|# g} kjqmg} `m lbgl}k `m| IVLG# `m| vrêljv}p| mj|pmkp vi}r rêh}kêrmr cm||mrqjlm| g||}rê| vgr cm| iregkj|gpjik| w}j cm| eârmkp 9

“ `m agjp# `m| lihvpm rmk`}| `‚}pjcj|gpjik `m| aik`| w}j |ijp |ikp prâ||}lljklp|# |ijp d}|pjajmkp `m| `êvmk|m| lik|j`êrgocm| mk gre}gkp `m hi}cp jk|pgklm|mp rê}kjik| "likairhêhmkp# jc ag}p ojmk cm `jrm# g} `j|vi|jpjik| `m| pmpm| w}j d}|pjajmkp gjk|j c‚mj|pmklm `} AIKEMAI_‡*# |ijp aikp gvvgrgëprm `m| `êvmk|m| vc}| i} hijk| mk `êlgcgem gqml c‚iodmp `} aik`| "vgr mmhvcm cm ajkgklmhmkp `mc‚goikkmhmkp `m pjp}cgjrm| `m hgk`gp| g} di}rkgc |zk`jlgc `m cm}r likaê`êrgpjik‡* >

“ `gk| cg vrgpjw}m# `m| iregkj|gpjik| oêkêajljgjrm| w}j ikp vgraij| `} hgc æ}pjcj|mr likairhêhmkp æ cm}r iodmp cm| aik`| w}j cm}r |ikp rmhj|# lihhm cm hikprmcm rm`rm||mhmkp |}oj vi}r lmppm rgj|ik vgr c‚}km `‚mkprm mccm| jc z g w}mcw}m|gkkêm|+

@gk| cm hähm pmhv|# cm rgvvirpm}r |m ìjp `‚io|mrqmr w}m |j ?: hjccjik|`‚m}ri| |m pri}qgjmkp rm`êvcizê| `gk| cm| IVLG mp }pjcj|ê| æ lm w}j m|p c‚iodmp vrmhjmr `m| aik`| `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm# l‚m|p(æ(`jrm æ cg vrj|m mk lbgrem`m argj| `m airhgpjik# lm |ikp vgr mmhvcm vc}| `m = 666 likprgp| `m vriam||jikkgcj|gpjik |}vvcêhmkpgjrm| w}j vi}rrgjmkp äprm ajkgklê| |}r }k gk# gajk`m agjrm gllê`mr g}pgkp `m dm}km| "i} `m `mhgk`m}r| `‚mhvcij* æ }km w}gcjajlgpjik

rmlikk}m# erïlm æ }km airhgpjik cike}m "116 bm}rm| mk hizmkkm mk ?66:*‡Ag}p(jc |}vvrjhmr cm AIKEMAI_ 9 Cm `êogp vm}p äprm i}qmrp+ Jc likqjmkp

lmvmk`gkp `‚äprm lik|ljmkp w}m lm `j|vi|jpja rmvrê|mkpm |gk| ì}pm }km |i}rlm `m



‐ 16 ‐

ajkgklmhmkp prâ| jhvirpgkpm vi}r lmrpgjkm| `m| iregkj|gpjik| oêkêajljgjrm|+ Æ`êag}p `m |}vvrm||jik# cm rgvvirpm}r vmk|m w}‚jc m|p cêejpjhm `m |‚mkegemr `gk| }km`êhgrlbm `m `jhjk}pjik `m| hizmk|# hgkjam|pmhmkp |}r`jhmk|jikkê| vgr rgvvirpg} iodmp| `} aik`|+ @m vc}|# gajk `‚mk ghêcjirmr cm likprðcm# jc m|p jhvêrgpja `m vg||mr `‚}k |z|pâhm `‚gpprjo}pjik `m |}oqmkpjik| eciogcm| g} iregkj|gpjik|`‚mhvcizm}r| mp `m |gcgrjê| æ }k |z|pâhm `m vgjmhmkp| g vi|pmrjirj# |}r d}|pjajlgpja|+ Mkajk# cg rêvgrpjpjik `m lm| ® `rijp| `m pjrgem ¾ `mqrgjp “ lihhm vi}r c‚mk|mhocm `m| ajkgklmhmkp| vgrjpgjrm|# qijr jkarg “ äprm aik`êm# g} hijk| mk vgrpjm# |}r cm}r g}`jmklm êcmlpirgcm+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ ?< 4 æ `êag}p `m cm |}vvrjhmr# rêairhmr vriaik`êhmkpcm `j|vi|jpja AIKEMAI_ 4

“ mk rê`}j|gkp |ik hikpgkp >

“ mk pmkgkp hjm} lihvpm `m c‚g}`jmklm `m| iregkj|gpjik|oêkêajljgjrm| vi}r cg rêvgrpjpjik `m| hizmk| >

“ mk maamlp}gkp cm| qmr|mhmkp| g vi|pmrjirj # |}r vri`}lpjik `m d}|pjajlgpja|# cm| hizmk| gaamlpê| æ lbgw}m iregkj|gpjik `mqmkgkp }km |irpm `m® `rijp `m pjrgem ¾+

◉ Vi}r lm w}j m|p `m| vrêljv}p| qmr|ê| g} pjprm `m cg vgrpjljvgpjik æ cgem|pjik `m| `jaaêrmkp| IVLG# ik io|mrqm w}m cm| pg} `m vrêcâqmhmkp| w}‚jc|rmvrê|mkpmkp |}r cg liccmlpm |ikp qgrjgocm|# hähm |j `m kihorm} iregkj|hm|

|‚gvvrilbmkp `} vcgaik` `m 6#5= -+

C‚}k `m| gvvirp| `m cg rêairhm `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm m|pc‚jk|pjp}pjik `‚}k `jgcie}m `m em|pjik iocjegpijrm mkprm c‚Êpgp mp cm| IVLG æc‚illg|jik `m cg |jekgp}rm `m| likqmkpjik| `‚iodmlpja| mp `m hizmk| 4 cg vrmhjârmeêkêrgpjik `m lm| likqmkpjik| m|p mk li}r| `‚êcgoirgpjik mp c‚mmrljlm `mqrg äprmrêvêpê pi}| cm| prij| gk|+ Cm rgvvirpm}r lik|j`ârm w}‚æ c‚illg|jik `m lmp mmrljlm “ `} hijk| cir| `m |g vrmhjârm rêvêpjpjik `gk| prij| gk| “ c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik `mqrgjpqmjccmr æ lm w}m cm| IVLG vrmkkmkp `m| mkegemhmkp| `m hi`êrgpjik `m| vrêljv}p|#mkegemhmkp| w}j vi}rrgjmkp äprm aik`ê| |}r cg `jaa}|jik `m| hmjccm}rm| vrgpjw}m|lik|pgpêm| `gk| cm| IVLG cm| vc}| ® qmrp}m} ¾ mk cg hgpjârm+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ ?0 4 mkegemr# `gk| cm lg`rm `m| likqmkpjik| `‚iodmlpja|mp `m hizmk| mp mk |‚jk|vjrgkp `m| hmjccm}rm| vrgpjw}m| `m| IVLG# }km`jhjk}pjik `m| pg} hgjhg `m vrêljv}p| g}pirj|ê|+

o* Cm lbghv `m| iregkj|hm| |iljg}

@gk| cm lbghv |iljgc# `m h}cpjvcm| iregkj|hm| mp jk|pgklm| ikp }km

lihvi|jpjik vgrjpgjrm# i} `} hijk| w}j cgj||m }km cgrem vcglm g} rmvrê|mkpgkp| `m|iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mp `‚mhvcizm}r|+ Lm| rmvrê|mkpgkp| i} lm| iregkj|gpjik| oêkêajljmkp vgraij| “ vg| pi}di}r| “ `m `êargjmhmkp| æ lm pjprm# qijrm `‚gj`m|



‐ 17 ‐

`jqmr|m| `m| iregkj|hm| mk lg}|m# vgr mmhvcm vi}r cg airhgpjik `m|g`hjkj|prgpm}r| i} vi}r c‚g||j|pgklm pmlbkjw}m æ cm}r gvvirpmr+

Cm| g}`jpjik| mp cm| êcêhmkp| rml}mjccj| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm ikphikprê w}‚jc z gqgjp lmrpgjkmhmkp `m| hgrem| `m rgpjikgcj|gpjik `gk| lm lbghv `m|

iregkj|hm| |iljg}# iú cm vgrjpgrj|hm rmvrê|mkpm `m| liþp| jhvirpgkp|# w}‚jc||ijmkp vrj| mk lbgrem vgr cm| iregkj|hm| vgrjpgjrm| i} rm|pmkp `m agjp æ cg lbgrem `m|iregkj|gpjik| |zk`jlgcm| ag}pm `m `êargjmhmkp g` bil+

◉ Vi}r lm w}j liklmrkm cm| iregkj|hm| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm# cm| ìkkêm|prgk|hj|m| vgr cg `jrmlpjik `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm hikprmkp gjk|j# ik c‚g `jp# }kkjqmg} êcmqê `m argj| cjê| g} g`hjkj|prgpm}r| `gk| cm rêejhm gerjlicm 4 vgr gk# vc}|`m ?1 hjccjik| `‚m}ri| vi}r lm |m}c rêejhm# likprm <6 hjccjik| vi}r cm rêejhmeêkêrgc# |ijp æ vmjkm vc}|# gcir| w}m cm rgvvirp `m| hg||m| ajkgkljârm| eêrêm|rm|vmlpjqmhmkp vgr lm| rêejhm|# `m hähm w}m lmc}j `m cm}r kihorm| rm|vmlpja| `mrm||irpj||gkp|# |ikp `m c‚ir`rm `m }k æ `j+

Kgp}rmccmhmkp# }k rêejhm |iljgc vm}p gqijr `m| argj| `m em|pjik ajm| w}jgvvgrgj||mkp `‚g}pgkp vc}| ci}r`| rghmkê| g} kihorm `m rm||irpj||gkp| w}m lm`mrkjmr m|p agjocm+ Vi}r g}pgkp# jc k‚m|p vg| kirhgc w}m cm ® vgrjpgrj|hm ¾ liþpm vgr rm||irpj||gkp vrâ| `m `j aij| vc}| `gk| }k rêejhm w}m `gk| }k g}prm+ @gk| cmlikpmpm glp}mc `m| ajkgklm| |iljgcm|# }km `êhgrlbm `m rê`}lpjik `m| êlgrp|lik|pgpê| mp `m vcgaikkmhmkp iodmlpja `m| ® argj| `} vgrjpgrj|hm ¾ “ vgr rm||irpj||gkp i} vgr rgvvirp æ `m| êcêhmkp| ojcgkljmc| “ |mrgjp cêejpjhm+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ ?= 4 mkqj|gemr# vi}r c‚mk|mhocm `m| rêejhm| `m |êl}rjpê|iljgcm# }k vcgaikkmhmkp lihh}k `m| argj| cjê| g} lik|mjc| `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik"vgr rgvvirp g} rm||i}rlm| i} lbgrem| eciogcm| i} mk aiklpjik `} kihorm`m rm||irpj||gkp|*+

◉ Vi}r lm w}j m|p `m cg |gkpê g} prgqgjc# H+ Bmkrj _i}jccmg}cp# mvmrp `m|w}m|pjik| `m `êhilrgpjm |iljgcm w}j g kipghhmkp gkjhê `m| eri}vm| `m prgqgjc `mcg aik`gpjik Pmrrg kiqg# |m vcgågkp `‚gjccm}r| `gk| }km ciejw}m `m w}gcjpê `}|mrqjlm mp kik `gk| }km ciejw}m `m liþp|# g m|pjhê `mqgkp cg lihhj||jik

`‚mkw}äpm# cm ?6 ilpiorm ?677# w}‚jc |mrgjp ivvirp}k `m a}|jikkmr cm| |mrqjlm| `m cg|êl}rjpê |iljgcm mk lbgrem `m cg vrêqmkpjik# w}j |m pri}qmkp `gk| cm| lgj||m|`‚g||}rgklm rmprgjpm mp `m cg |gkpê g} prgqgjc "LG_\GP*# gqml cg hê`mljkm `}prgqgjc "cm| |mrqjlm| jkpmrmkprmvrj|m| `m |gkpê g} prgqgjc* `gk| `m| jk|pjp}p|rêejikg} vc}rj`j|ljvcjkgjrm| `m vrêqmkpjik `m| rj|w}m|# eêrê| `m agåik vgrjpgjrm+Ik vm}p io|mrqmr w}‚}k pmc aiklpjikkmhmkp mj|pm `êdæ `gk| `m kihorm} vgz|êprgkemr|# hgj| g}||j# mk Argklm# `gk| cm hik`m gerjlicm+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ ?1 4 |jhvcjajmr cg |pr}lp}rgpjik `m| |mrqjlm| lbgreê| `mcg |gkpê g} prgqgjc mk a}|jikkgkp cm| |mrqjlm| `m hê`mljkm `} prgqgjc gqmllm} `m| lgj||m| `m |êl}rjpê |iljgcm w}j |ikp lbgreê| `m cg vrêqmkpjik+



‐ 1? ‐

◉ @gk| cm lbghv `m| vicjpjw}m| `m c‚mhvcij# vc}|jm}r| vmr|ikkm|g}`jpjikkêm| vgr cg lihhj||jik `‚mkw}äpm ikp rmcmqê cg h}cpjvcjljpê `m| jk|pgklm|w}j# g} kjqmg} rêejikgc# ikp `m| lihvêpmklm| lik|}cpgpjqm| mk cg hgpjârm 4lihhj||jik vgrjpgjrm jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm rêejikgcm `m c‚mhvcij "LIVJ_M*# lihjpê`m liir`jkgpjik rêejikgc `m c‚mhvcij mp `m cg airhgpjik vriam||jikkmccm"LL_MAV*# lik|mjc rêejikgc `m c‚mhvcij# jk|pgklm vgrjpgjrm rêejikgcm `m Vðcmmhvcij# |gk| lihvpmr# gqml `m| hj||jik| vc}| cgrem|# cm lik|mjc êlikihjw}m# |iljgcmp mkqjrikkmhmkpgc rêejikgc‡ ]km |jhvcjajlgpjik `m lm| |pr}lp}rm|® likl}rrmkpm| ¾ |}r `m| lbghv| prâ| vrilbm| m|p lmrpgjkmhmkp vi||jocm+ Jc likqjmkp|gk| ì}pm `m |‚jkpmrriemr mk vgrpjl}cjmr |}r cm| ® jk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm| rêejikgcm| ¾`m Vðcm mhvcij+ Hgkjam|pmhmkp hj|m| mk vcglm# cir| `m cg lrêgpjik mk ?662 `m Vðcmmhvcij# vi}r g||}rmr }km lmrpgjkm ® likpjk}jpê ¾ `m| gkljmkkm| G||ê`jl# lm|jk|pgklm| ikp }km }pjcjpê jklmrpgjkm# lihvpm pmk} `m c‚mj|pmklm `m hi}cp g}prm|jk|pgklm| `êcjoêrgpjqm| rêejikgcm| lbgreêm| `m c‚mhvcij# gjk|j w}m “ v}j|w}‚mccm|

ikp g}||j }km lihvêpmklm `‚jkpmrqmkpjik `gk| cm| ì||jmr| jk`jqj`}mc| `m|`mhgk`m}r| `‚mhvcij “ `m vc}|jm}r| g}prm| |z|pâhm| `m rmli}r| vi}r cm| }|gemr|`m Vðcm mhvcij# cm|w}mc|# i}prm cm| rmli}r| bjêrgrlbjw}m| mp likpmkpjm} lcg||jw}m|# vm}qmkp êegcmhmkp |gj|jr cm| |mrqjlm| `} hê`jgpm}r `m lmppm jk|pjp}pjik+ Vc}|eêkêrgcmhmkp# ik vi}rrgjp gccmr qmr| }k rmeri}vmhmkp `m c‚mk|mhocm `m| jk|pgklm|rêejikgcm| `m c‚mhvcij# w}jppm æ lm w}m cg ki}qmccm jk|pgklm w}j |mrgjp lrêêmlihvirpm `m| lihhj||jik| vmrhmppgkp `m |jêemr `gk| `m| likaje}rgpjik|`jaaêrmkpm|+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ ?5 4 rmeri}vmr cm| jk|pgklm| lbgreêm| `m c‚mhvcij g}

kjqmg} rêejikgc+

<+ _êvgrpjr cm| hgk`gp| "mp ìkl cm| ajkgklmhmkp|* |mcik c‚g}`jmklmêcmlpirgcm `m| iregkj|gpjik|

@m hgkjârm eêkêrgcm# cm| vmr|ikkm| g}`jpjikkêm| vgr cg lihhj||jik`‚mkw}äpm ikp d}|pjajê cm| vrêljv}p| mp `êargjmhmkp| qmr|ê| vgr cm| iregkj|hm| mpjk|pgklm| vgrjpgjrm| vgr cg kgp}rm `m| hj||jik| mmrlêm| vgr cm| |zk`jlgcj|pm| w}gk`jc| g`hjkj|prmkp lm| iregkj|hm| i} vgrpjljvmkp æ cm}r| `êcjoêrgpjik| 4 jc |‚gejp `m

hj||jik| `‚jkpêräp eêkêrgc# mmrlêm| g} kih `m c‚mk|mhocm `m| mkprmvrj|m| “ vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| “ i} `m c‚mk|mhocm `m| |gcgrjê| “ vi}r cm||zk`jlgp| `m |gcgrjê| “ mp êegcmhmkp g} oêkêajlm `m lm| `mrkjmr|+ Jc m|p ìklcêejpjhm w}m lm| hj||jik| km |ijmkp vg| ajkgklêm| vgr cm| rm||i}rlm| vrivrm| `m|iregkj|gpjik|# w}j vriqjmkkmkp `m| |m}cm| lipj|gpjik| `m| mhvcizm}r| i} `m||gcgrjê| w}j z g`bârmkp# hgj| oêkêajljmkp `‚}k ajkgklmhmkp |vêljajw}m+

\ijp+ Hgj| jc likqjmkp gcir| `m pjrmr pi}pm| cm| lik|êw}mklm| `m lmrgj|ikkmhmkp 4 |‚jc |‚gejp `‚mmrlmr `m| hgk`gp| mp `m oêkêajljmr `m ajkgklmhmkp|g} kih `m c‚mk|mhocm `m| |gcgrjê| i} `m| mkprmvrj|m|# jc m|p lcgjr w}m cg rêvgrpjpjik

`m lm| hgk`gp| mp `m lm| ajkgklmhmkp| ìjp rmacêpmr cm| vrêaêrmklm| mvrjhêm| vgr lm| |gcgrjê| mp lm| mkprmvrj|m|# mp lm hähm w}gk` jc| k‚g`bârmkp vg| æ }km



‐ 1< ‐

iregkj|gpjik |zk`jlgcm+ C‚êcmlpjik m|p kgp}rmccmhmkp cm hmjccm}r `j|vi|jpja vi}r mvrjhmr gjk|j `m| vrêaêrmklm|+

◉ \‚gej||gkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê|# cg rêvgrpjpjik glp}mccm `m|hgk`gp| mp `m| ajkgklmhmkp| m|p# mkprm cm| ljkw w}j |ikp rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| g} vcgk

kgpjikgc mp jkpmrvriam||jikkmc# |ijp êegcjpgjrm "vgr mmhvcm vi}r cm| |}oqmkpjik| `}AIKEMAI_ i} vi}r cg lihvi|jpjik `m| iregkm| `êcjoêrgkp| `m c‚g||}rgklmlbðhgem*# |ijp agjocmhmkp jkêegcjpgjrm# gqml vgr mmhvcm }km `j|pjklpjik mkprm prij|® ergk`m| ¾ iregkj|gpjik| mp `m} ® vmpjpm| ¾ "`gk| cm lg| `m cg lihvi|jpjik `m|lik|mjc| `‚g`hjkj|prgpjik `m| lgj||m| `} rêejhm eêkêrgc `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm*+

Mk pi}p êpgp `m lg}|m# lmppm rêvgrpjpjik km rmk` vg| lihvpm `m| êlgrp| prâ|jhvirpgkp| w}m c‚ik lik|pgpm mkprm lm| iregkj|gpjik| cir| `m| êcmlpjik| iú mccm| vrê|mkpmkp `m| cj|pm| 4 g} `mrkjârm| êcmlpjik| vr}`‚bihgcm| "?662*# cm| rê|}cpgp|kgpjikg} l}h}cê| `m| ljkw lmkprgcm| mk lg}|m |‚êpgemgjmkp `m 2 - æ <0 - `m||}aargem| mvrjhê| > `‚gvrâ| cm| `mrkjârm| |pgpj|pjw}m| l}h}cgkp cm| rê|}cpgp| `m|êcmlpjik| g} lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m# cm vij`| êcmlpirgc cir| `m lm| |lr}pjk| jkpmrkm|g} mkprmvrj|m| qgrjgjp mk ?66=# vi}r lm| iregkj|gpjik|# mkprm hijk| `m 5 - mp vc}|`m ?? -+

C‚g}`jmklm aik`êm |}r cm| rê|}cpgp| êcmlpirg} `mqmkgkp# gqml cg cijk¶ ?662(52: `} ?6 giþp ?662# }k `m| lrjpârm| m||mkpjmc| `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê æpi}| cm| kjqmg}# }k |z|pâhm kgpjikgc# `jp HG_\# `m rml}mjc `m pi}| cm| rê|}cpgp|`m| êcmlpjik| g} lihjpê| `‚mkprmvrj|m i} `êcêegpjik| }kjw}m| `} vmr|ikkmc# æ

`êag}p `m| êcmlpjik| `m| `êcêe}ê| `} vmr|ikkmc# g êpê hj| mk vcglm+ Cg vêrji`jljpê`m lm| êcmlpjik| êpgkp `m w}gprm gk|# gqml `m| `gpm| mp `m| hjccê|jhm| `jaaêrmkp||mcik cm| mkprmvrj|m|# c‚mk|mhocm `m lm| rê|}cpgp| rml}mjccj| `gk| pi}pm| cm|mkprmvrj|m| vi|pêrjm}rmhmkp æ c‚mkprêm mk qje}m}r `m cg cij km |mrg likk} mplik|icj`ê w}‚mk ?67< > jc likqjmk`rg êegcmhmkp `‚z gdi}pmr cm rê|}cpgp `} |lr}pjkiregkj|ê# mk gvvcjlgpjik `m cg cij k¶ ?676(7?7= `} 7= ilpiorm ?676# vi}r cm||gcgrjê| `m| mkprmvrj|m| `m hijk| `m iktm |gcgrjê| "`êvi}rq}m| æ lm pjprm `mrmvrê|mkpgpjik `} vmr|ikkmc*# `gk| cm lg`rm `}w}mc lm}(lj g}rikp lbij|jc‚iregkj|gpjik w}‚jc| vrêaârmkp+

Mk ?67<# ìkl# cm vij`| êcmlpirgc rmcgpja `m lbgl}km `m| iregkj|gpjik| `m|gcgrjê| |mrg likk} mp gppm|pê g} kjqmg} kgpjikgc jkpmrvriam||jikkmc "gjk|j w}m `gk|lbgw}m orgklbm*# lm w}j vi}rrgjp `‚gjccm}r| mkprgëkmr }km hi`jajlgpjik `m cg cj|pm mp`} kihorm `m lmccm| w}j |mrikp rmlikk}m| rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| æ lm kjqmg}+ @â| cir|#c‚gpprjo}pjik `m| hgk`gp| mp ajkgklmhmkp| vgrjpgjrm| `mqrg kgp}rmccmhmkp pmkjr lihvpm `m lmppm êqic}pjik# mk cm| rê|mrqgkp g} iregkj|gpjik| rm|pêm|rmvrê|mkpgpjqm| mp mk cm| rêvgrpj||gkp mk pmkgkp lihvpm `} vij`| êcmlpirgc `m lmccm|(lj "lm w}j k‚mlc}p vg| cg vrj|m mk lihvpm êqmkp}mccm `‚g}prm| lrjpârm|*+

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ ?2 4 rêvgrpjr cm| hgk`gp| mp cm| ajkgklmhmkp| `êqic}|

g} iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê| mk pmkgkp lihvpm `m c‚g}`jmklm êcmlpirgcmkgpjikgcm pmccm w}m hm|}rêm vgr cm |z|pâhm HG_\ æ vgrpjr `m ?67<+



‐ 10 ‐

◉ \‚gej||gkp `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# lihhm ik g v} cm qijr# prij||m}cmhmkp “ HM@MA# LEVHM mp ]VG “# oêkêajljgkp `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpêkgpjikgcm jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm# |jâemkp "vrm|w}m* |z|pêhgpjw}mhmkp `gk| cm|iregkj|hm| kgpjikg} mp |m vgrpgemkp cm| |}oqmkpjik| `} AIKEMAI_+ Cgrêvgrpjpjik mkprm mccm| `m| hgk`gp| mp ajkgklmhmkp| m|p airpmhmkp jkêegcjpgjrm#agj|gkp cg vgrp omccm g} HM@MA# w}j |m qijp gjk|j gpprjo}mr =5#= - `m cg vgrp vgprikgcm `m| hizmk| `} AIKEMAI_# prij| |jâem| |}r ljkw |jâem| vgprikg} `gk|cg ei}qmrkgklm `m c‚]kê`jl mp `m c‚GEMAJVB# w}gprm |jâem| |}r ljkw `gk| lmccm `}® 7 - ciemhmkp ¾# |j i} |mvp |jâem| "|mcik cm| lg|* |}r prmjtm `gk| lmccm `m|lgj||m| kgpjikgcm| `} rêejhm eêkêrgc `m cg |êl}rjpê |iljgcm‡ Jkpmrrieêm |}r lmppm|jp}gpjik cm 7< ilpiorm ?677# Hhm Cg}rmklm Vgrj|ip g jkqiw}ê ® cg rmvrê|mkpgpjik`} HM@MA g} kjqmg} `m| orgklbm| vriam||jikkmccm|# kiprm hi}qmhmkp rê}kj||gkp

vrm|w}m pi}| cm| |mlpm}r| `‚glpjqjpê `m c‚êlikihjm argkågj|m¾# gjk|j w}m cgli}qmrp}rm pmrrjpirjgcm g||}rêm "vrê|mklm `m HM@MA pmrrjpirjg} `gk| pi}| cm|

`êvgrpmhmkp|*+ Mk vrgpjw}m# cg rêvgrpjpjik mk qje}m}r vgrgëp |}rpi}p äprm cm ar}jp `mc‚bj|pijrm mp `m| rgvvirp| `m airlm æ `jqmr| hihmkp|+

Jc likqjmkp `‚äprm lik|ljmkp w}m cg rêairhm `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê hmkêm`gk| cm lg`rm `m cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662# hähm |j mccm km liklmrkm mvcjljpmhmkpw}m cm| iregkj|gpjik| `m |gcgrjê|# qg likarikpmr rgvj`mhmkp lmccm| `‚mhvcizm}r| æ}km |jp}gpjik d}rj`jw}m argejcm+ Mk maamp# lihhm ik c‚g `jp# hähm |j cgrmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê g pi}di}r| êpê `êajkjm# `gk| cm `rijp vi|jpja# vi}r cm| iregkj|gpjik|`m |gcgrjê|# c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik mp cg d}rj|vr}`mklm gqgjmkp prgk|vi|ê cm| lrjpârm|rmhikpgkp æ cg cij `} 77 aêqrjmr 7:=6 g} lg| `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# vi}r

cm|w}mccm| cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê m|p g}||j }k mkdm} `gk| vc}|jm}r| lg| `m aje}rm "vi}r iopmkjr c‚mpmk|jik `m likqmkpjik| liccmlpjqm| w}‚mccm| ikp |jekêm|# vi}r |jêemr `gk| `jqmr| iregkj|hm| mp jk|pgklm|# vi}r vrê|mkpmr `m| cj|pm| æ lmrpgjkm|êcmlpjik|‡*+ Ir# cm| lrjpârm| `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê j||}| `m cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662 km|ikp vc}| prgk|vi|gocm| mk c‚êpgp g} iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# vgrlm w}‚jc|rmkqijmkp æ }km mjemklm `‚g}`jmklm êcmlpirgcm lbjaarêm "}k vij`| êcmlpirgc `m 2 -i} 76 - |mcik cm| lg|* w}m c‚ik k‚g pi}p |jhvcmhmkp g}di}r`‚b}j g}l}k hizmk `mhm|}rmr `gk| cm hik`m vgprikgc > `m vc}|# cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662 g lcgjrmhmkpgaajrhê cm lgrglpârm l}h}cgpja `m| |mvp lrjpârm| `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê# lm w}j km vmrhmp vc}| `‚êlgrpmr cg vrj|m mk lihvpm `m lm} w}j km |mrgjmkp vg| gvvcjlgocm|g} iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|+ W}m cm| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| gjmkp i} kikcm `ê|jr `m `j|l}pmr mp rmairh}cmr cm}r| râecm| `m rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê# mccm| z |mrikpìkl likprgjkpm| cir|w}‚mk ?67< cg cij `} ?6 giþp ?662 |‚gvvcjw}mrg g} kjqmg} `m| orgklbm| mp g} kjqmg} jkpmrvriam||jikkmc+

Vi}r hm|}rmr c‚g}`jmklm êcmlpirgcm `m| iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r|# jck‚m|p vg| vi||jocm# æ cg `jaaêrmklm `} lbij agjp mk lm w}j liklmrkm lmccm| `m|gcgrjê|# `m |m rêaêrmr vrjkljvgcmhmkp æ `m| |lr}pjk| `êdæ mj|pgkp|+ Mk maamp# |‚jcmj|pm `êdæ `m| êcmlpjik| iú cm| lbma| `‚mkprmvrj|m |ikp likqjê| æ lbij|jr mkprm `m|

cj|pm| |zk`jlgcm| “ cm| êcmlpjik| vr}`‚bihgcm|# cm| êcmlpjik| lik|}cgjrm| “# jc grrjqmarêw}mhhmkp w}m cm| likaê`êrgpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| vrê|mkpmkp `m| cj|pm| `‚}kjik ælm| êcmlpjik| > `gk| `‚g}prm| lg|# likli}rmkp `m| cj|pm| w}j |m vrê|mkpmkp |i}| `m|êpjw}mppm| cilgcm| i} vriam||jikkmccm| "lmccm| `m aê`êrgpjik|* mp kik likaê`êrgcm|+



‐ 1= ‐

@gk| lm| lik`jpjik|# }k |lr}pjk |vêljajw}m |mrg |gk| ì}pm kêlm||gjrm+ Ik vi}rrgjpjhgejkmr w}m |ijp prgk|vi|ê lmc}j jkqmkpê vgr cg cij k¶ ?676(7?7= `} 7= ilpiorm?676 vi}r cm| |gcgrjê| `m| PVM 4 }k |lr}pjk ® |}r |jecm ¾ “ ik km qipm vg| vi}r }kmcj|pm# hgj| vi}r }km iregkj|gpjik “# maamlp}ê g}pgkp w}m vi||jocm gqml `m| hizmk|hgpêrjmc| |i}vcm| "qipm êcmlprikjw}m mp qipm vgr lirrm|vik`gklm*# êqmkp}mccmhmkpli}vcê gqml `‚g}prm| êcmlpjik|# pmccm| w}m lmccm| g} lbghorm| lik|}cgjrm|+

G}(`mcæ `m| mkdm} pmlbkjw}m| virpgkp |}r cm| hi`gcjpê| `m qipm# cg hj|m mkŜ}qrm `m lmppm ivpjik mjemrgjp pi}pmaij| vc}|jm}r| `êlj|jik| vrêgcgocm| g}jklj`mklm| prâ| ci}r`m|# w}j kêlm||jpmrgjmkp ìkl }km cgrem liklmrpgpjik# v}j|qrgj|mhocgocmhmkp }km kêeiljgpjik `m| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} 4

“ cm lirv| êcmlpirgc `mqrgjp(jc lihvrmk`rm pi}| cm| mhvcizm}r| "z lihvrj|êqmkp}mccmhmkp cm| vgrpjl}cjmr| mhvcizm}r|* mp)i} pi}| cm| ® mkprmvrmkm}r| ¾"hähm mk c‚go|mklm `m |gcgrjê|* 9

“ gvvcjw}mrgjp(ik cm vrjkljvm `êhilrgpjw}m ® }km mkprmvrj|m# }km qij ¾# i}cm vij`| `m| qipm| `m lbgw}m mkprmvrj|m |mrgjp(jc lirrêcê æ |ik kihorm `m |gcgrjê|"v}j|w}m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê |mrp æ kêeiljmr gqml cm| |gcgrjê| mp æ eêrmr `m|iregkj|hm| |iljg} mk cm}r agqm}r*# i} lbij|jrgjp(ik }k |z|pâhm hjpm 9

“ cg cj|pm `m| iregkj|gpjik| g}pirj|êm| æ likli}rjr cir| `m lm |lr}pjk"êpgocjm vgr c‚g`hjkj|prgpjik |mcik `m| lrjpârm| kêlm||gjrmhmkp `êajkj| vgr cg cij*`mqrgjp(mccm km lihvrmk`rm w}m cm| iregkj|gpjik| æ qilgpjik jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm#i} vi}rrgjp(mccm lihvirpmr g}||j `m| iregkj|gpjik| æ qilgpjik |mlpirjmccm# qijrm `m|aê`êrgpjik| vriam||jikkmccm| "`m orgklbm*# `gk| cm|w}mccm| omg}li}v `m lbma|`‚mkprmvrj|m |m rmlikkgj||mkp vm}p(äprm vc}| agljcmhmkp 9 Æ hijk| w}m c‚ikk‚jk|pjp}m }k ì}ocm qipm# `j|pjke}gkp }km rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê ® jkpmrvriam||jikkmccm ¾mp }km rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê ® vriam||jikkmccm ¾ "7* 9

Vrivi|jpjik k¶ ?: 4 rêvgrpjr cm| hgk`gp| mp cm| ajkgklmhmkp| `êqic}|g} iregkj|gpjik| `‚mhvcizm}r| |}r }km og|m lihvgrgocm `‚g}`jmklmêcmlpirgcm# w}j vi}rrgjp rê|}cpmr `‚}k |lr}pjk |}r |jecm li}vcê g} êcmlpjik|g} lbghorm| lik|}cgjrm|# `gk| `m| lik`jpjik| kêlm||gjrmhmkp `êajkjm| |}jpm

æ }km cgrem kêeiljgpjik |iljgcm+

"7* \}r lm vijkp# cm rgvvirp vrêljpê rmhj| mk ?66: vgr H+ Dmgk(Arê`êrjl Vij||ik mkqj|gem# g} kjqmg} `m|orgklbm|# }k aik`mhmkp `m cg rmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê vgprikgcm gcpmrkgpja g} aik`mhmkp êcmlpirgc 4 }kmrmvrê|mkpgpjqjpê vgprikgcm ® jk|pjp}pjikkmccm# `‚ir`rm |pgp}pgjrm ¾# w}j |mrgjp glpêm vgr cg ® likqmkpjik `m

rmlikkgj||gklm rêljvriw}m ¾ w}m vg||mrgjmkp cm| vgrpmkgjrm| |iljg} `m| `m} oir`| vi}r jk|pjp}mr }kmorgklbm mp c‚iregkj|mr+ Lmppm ivpjik# w}j vm}p äprm |ê`}j|gkpm g} kjqmg} `m| orgklbm|# vgrgëp vc}| `êcjlgpm æ

Documents

Rapport Perruchot Financement Syndicats Intégralité