Rating scaleRating scale:: A A rating scalerating scale is a set of categories designed is a set of categories designed

to elicit information about a quantitative or a to elicit information about a quantitative or a qualitative attribute. In the social sciences, qualitative attribute. In the social sciences, common examples are the Likert scale and 1-10 common examples are the Likert scale and 1-10 rating scales in which a person selects the rating scales in which a person selects the number which is considered to reflect the number which is considered to reflect the perceived quality of a productperceived quality of a product

A rating scale is an instrument that requires the A rating scale is an instrument that requires the rater to assign the rated object that have rater to assign the rated object that have numerals assigned to them.numerals assigned to them.

Types of Rating ScalesTypes of Rating Scales

- NUMERICAL RATING SCALE: simplest type of RS , the NUMERICAL RATING SCALE: simplest type of RS , the rather simply mark a number that indicates the extent rather simply mark a number that indicates the extent to which a characteristic or trait is present.to which a characteristic or trait is present.

IndicationsIndications: Adults and children (> 9 years old) : Adults and children (> 9 years old) in all patient care settings who are able to usein all patient care settings who are able to use

numbers to rate the intensity of their pain.numbers to rate the intensity of their pain.

Instructions:Instructions:1.1. The patient is asked any one of the following questions:The patient is asked any one of the following questions: - What number would you give your pain right now?- What number would you give your pain right now? - What number on a 0 to 10 scale would you give your - What number on a 0 to 10 scale would you give your

painpain - when it is the worst that it get sand when it is the best - when it is the worst that it get sand when it is the best

that it gets?that it gets? - At what number is the pain at an acceptable level for - At what number is the pain at an acceptable level for

you?you?

2.2. When the explanation suggested in #1 above is not When the explanation suggested in #1 above is not sufficient for the patient, it is sometimes helpful to sufficient for the patient, it is sometimes helpful to further explain or conceptualize the Numeric Rating Scale further explain or conceptualize the Numeric Rating Scale in the following manner:in the following manner:

0 = No Pain0 = No Pain 1-3 = Mild Pain (nagging, annoying, interfering little with 1-3 = Mild Pain (nagging, annoying, interfering little with

ADLs)ADLs) 4–6 = Moderate Pain (interferes significantly with ADLs)4–6 = Moderate Pain (interferes significantly with ADLs) 7-10 = Severe Pain (disabling; unable to perform ADLs)7-10 = Severe Pain (disabling; unable to perform ADLs)

3. The interdisciplinary team in collaboration with the 3. The interdisciplinary team in collaboration with the patient/familypatient/family

- Graphic Rating Scale:Graphic Rating Scale:

Graphic Rating is the term used to define the oldest Graphic Rating is the term used to define the oldest and most widely used performance appraisal method. and most widely used performance appraisal method.

The evaluators are given a graph and asked to rate the The evaluators are given a graph and asked to rate the employees/STUDENT/ person on each of the employees/STUDENT/ person on each of the characteristics. characteristics.

The number of characteristics can vary from one to one The number of characteristics can vary from one to one hundred.hundred.

The rating can be a matrix of boxes for the evaluator to The rating can be a matrix of boxes for the evaluator to check off or a bar graph where the evaluator checked check off or a bar graph where the evaluator checked off a location relative to the evaluators rating. off a location relative to the evaluators rating.

- Descriptive graphic rating scaleDescriptive graphic rating scale:: Descriptive Rating ScalesDescriptive Rating Scales are those in which each are those in which each

rating level is defined, often in detail and is not rating level is defined, often in detail and is not necessarily assigned a point value. Having good necessarily assigned a point value. Having good descriptions for rating levels alleviates some of the descriptions for rating levels alleviates some of the problems identified for graphic scales and does not problems identified for graphic scales and does not force a teacher to quantify performance, if that is not force a teacher to quantify performance, if that is not appropriate.  appropriate.  

Take care in construction of scaleTake care in construction of scale

Factor improving validity of rating:Factor improving validity of rating:

- -

EncouragementEncouragement

Average judgeAverage judge

- Rate only one characteristic at a time.- Rate only one characteristic at a time.- Desirable trait and undesirable trait and Desirable trait and undesirable trait and

vice versa.vice versa.- Avoid making the extremes so atypical of Avoid making the extremes so atypical of

behaviorbehavior

CHARACTERISTIC OF RS:CHARACTERISTIC OF RS:- Rating scales can measure social phenomenaRating scales can measure social phenomena.. Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio levels of Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio levels of

measurement characterize the most common types of measurement characterize the most common types of questions found on ratings scales. questions found on ratings scales.

- Nominal: A rating scale can contain Nominal: A rating scale can contain nominalnominal, or , or categorical, levels of measurement. As University of categorical, levels of measurement. As University of California-Davis (UCD) psychology professors point California-Davis (UCD) psychology professors point out nominal data refers to a quality of something as out nominal data refers to a quality of something as opposed to quantity. For instance, a question that opposed to quantity. For instance, a question that asks you to asks you to choose your genderchoose your gender (e.g., 1-male, 2- (e.g., 1-male, 2-female) is considered a nominal level of female) is considered a nominal level of measurement. Other nominal data include measurement. Other nominal data include hair colorhair color, ,

- OrdinalOrdinal: rating socioeconomic status as low, : rating socioeconomic status as low, medium or high is an ordinal measure. medium or high is an ordinal measure. Direction is also indicated in an ordinal Direction is also indicated in an ordinal measure, notes UCD psychologists, as in the measure, notes UCD psychologists, as in the case of ranking something in first, second or case of ranking something in first, second or third place. third place.

- IntervalInterval: the distance between the choices is : the distance between the choices is equally spaced. UCLA (equally spaced. UCLA (University of University of California-Los Angeles )California-Los Angeles ) uses annual uses annual income as a way to illustrate this.income as a way to illustrate this.

- RatioRatio: Ratio level measurements share the : Ratio level measurements share the same characteristics as nominal, ordinal and same characteristics as nominal, ordinal and interval, but they also, claim UCD researchers, interval, but they also, claim UCD researchers, contain an absolute zero. An absolute zero contain an absolute zero. An absolute zero refers to the point where the quality being refers to the point where the quality being measured ceases to exist. UCD cites years of measured ceases to exist. UCD cites years of experience, number of experience, number of childrenchildren and grade and grade point average as examples of ratio levels of point average as examples of ratio levels of measurement. measurement.

Likert ScalesLikert Scales::

When you fill out a survey, it is likely that at least some When you fill out a survey, it is likely that at least some of the questions you answer are Likert-type scale of the questions you answer are Likert-type scale questions. such as -"strongly agree," questions. such as -"strongly agree,"

- "agree," - "agree,"

-"neutral," -"neutral,"

-"disagree" and "strongly disagree.“-"disagree" and "strongly disagree.“

A drawback of Likert scales is that you cannot know A drawback of Likert scales is that you cannot know for sure if it is an ordinal or interval level of for sure if it is an ordinal or interval level of measurement. In practice, Likert scales are typically measurement. In practice, Likert scales are typically treated as treated as interval measures. interval measures.

Researchers often assume equally spaced distances Researchers often assume equally spaced distances

between response choicesbetween response choices. .

Advantages of RS in educationAdvantages of RS in education: : - Evaluate performance.Evaluate performance.- Give more insight on how well/ often the child Give more insight on how well/ often the child

performed each task.performed each task. - Structured and standardized.Structured and standardized.- Easy compared.Easy compared.- Encourages equality in treatment.Encourages equality in treatment. - Easy to use and understandEasy to use and understand - Forces teacher to make a decisionForces teacher to make a decision - Reduce rater bias and subjectivity Reduce rater bias and subjectivity

Sources of error in rating scale:Sources of error in rating scale:- AmbiguityAmbiguity- The personality of raters( halo effect, personal bias, The personality of raters( halo effect, personal bias,

logical errors)logical errors)- Attitude of raterAttitude of rater- Opportunity of adequate observationOpportunity of adequate observation

Improving the rating scaleImproving the rating scale::

--identify educational significant traits.identify educational significant traits.

-clearly define the trait to be rated and the scale -clearly define the trait to be rated and the scale point to be used.point to be used.

-Avoid technical jargon.-Avoid technical jargon.

-Express the trait to be rated as question rather -Express the trait to be rated as question rather than as immediate after questionthan as immediate after question

-If the line showing the continuum is used, it -If the line showing the continuum is used, it should follow immediately after the questionshould follow immediately after the question

-Determine how discriminating you want the -Determine how discriminating you want the rating and divide the continuum accordingly. rating and divide the continuum accordingly. three to seven point intervalthree to seven point interval

A A checklistchecklist is a type of is a type of informational job aidinformational job aid used to reduce used to reduce failurefailure by compensating for by compensating for potential limits of human potential limits of human memorymemory and and attentionattention..

It helps to ensure consistency and It helps to ensure consistency and completeness in carrying out a task. A completeness in carrying out a task. A basic example is the "to do list." A more basic example is the "to do list." A more advanced checklist would be a advanced checklist would be a scheduleschedule, , which lays out tasks to be done according which lays out tasks to be done according to time of day or other factors.to time of day or other factors.

USES:USES:- use in medical practice to ensure that use in medical practice to ensure that

clinical practice guidelinesclinical practice guidelines are followed. An example is are followed. An example is the the Surgical Safety ChecklistSurgical Safety Checklist developed for the developed for the World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization by Dr. by Dr. Atul GawandeAtul Gawande..

- pre-flight checklistspre-flight checklists and and pre-landing checklistspre-landing checklists aid in aid in aviation safetyaviation safety to ensure that a long list of items are to ensure that a long list of items are not forgotten not forgotten

- used in quality assurance of used in quality assurance of software engineeringsoftware engineering, to , to check process compliance, code standardization and check process compliance, code standardization and error prevention, and otherserror prevention, and others..

- often used in often used in industryindustry in operations in operations proceduresprocedures. . - can aid in mitigating claims of negligence in can aid in mitigating claims of negligence in

public liabilitypublic liability claims by providing evidence of a risk claims by providing evidence of a risk management system being in place. management system being in place.

CONSTRUCTIO OF CHECKLIST:CONSTRUCTIO OF CHECKLIST:- Express each items clearly and in simple Express each items clearly and in simple

languagelanguage- Avoid lifting statement verbatim from the textAvoid lifting statement verbatim from the text- Avoid negative statement whenever possibleAvoid negative statement whenever possible- Make sure that each items is clearly yes or no, Make sure that each items is clearly yes or no,

true or false,.true or false,.- Review the items independently.Review the items independently.

Advantages:Advantages:- Adaptable to most subjectAdaptable to most subject- Useful in evaluating of procedure Useful in evaluating of procedure

processesprocesses- Observed the trait……demandObserved the trait……demand- Interindividual comparisonsInterindividual comparisons- Record observationRecord observation

Checklist for evaluation of student’s Checklist for evaluation of student’s performance during surgical dressingperformance during surgical dressing

behaviorsbehaviors Place for(Place for(√) tick mark√) tick mark remarksremarks

1. Explain procedure1. Explain procedure

2. Collects necessary equipment2. Collects necessary equipment

3. Arranges equipment for convenient use3. Arranges equipment for convenient use

4. Prepare patient4. Prepare patient

5. Washes hand5. Washes hand

6. Maintain aseptic technique6. Maintain aseptic technique

7. Removes dressing7. Removes dressing

8. Observes condition of wound8. Observes condition of wound

9. Cleans wound9. Cleans wound

10. Applies dressing10. Applies dressing

11. Removes equipment11. Removes equipment

12. Makes patient comfortable12. Makes patient comfortable

13. Completes charting13. Completes charting

14. Take care of equipment14. Take care of equipment

Bibliography:Bibliography:

1.1. Basavanthappa bt. Nursing education, Basavanthappa bt. Nursing education, first edition. 2003. jaypee publisher. first edition. 2003. jaypee publisher. New delhi, page no 503- 545.New delhi, page no 503- 545.

2.2. Characteristics of Rating Scales | Characteristics of Rating Scales | eHow.comeHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_6139988_charhttp://www.ehow.com/list_6139988_characteristics-rating-scales.html#ixzz0xEWacteristics-rating-scales.html#ixzz0xEWdrPhYdrPhY

3.3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist

4.4. http://www.statistics.com/resources/http://www.statistics.com/resources/glossary/r/ratioscale.phpglossary/r/ratioscale.php