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7/31/2019 Ratio Analysis , Victor Tools Jalandhar
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1.1 INTRODUCTION TO RATIO ANALYSIS
Ratio analysis is a powerful tool of financial analysis. A ratio is the mathematical relationship
between two quantities in the form of a fraction or percentage. It is essentially concerned with
the calculation of relationships which after proper identification and interpretation may provide
information about the operations and state of affairs of a business enterprise.
The analysis is used to provide indictors of past performance in terms of critical success factors
of a business. This assistance in decision making reduces reliance on guesswork and intuition
and establishes a basis for a sound judgment
In financial analysis, a ratio is used as a benchmark for evaluating the financial position and
performance of a firm. The absolute accounting figures reported in the financial statements do
not provide a meaningful understanding of the performance and financial position of a firm.
Absolute figures expressed in monetary terms in financial statements by themselves are
meaningless. These figures do not convey much meaning unless expressed in relation to other
figures.
For example: One trader Rohit earns a profit of Rs. 2,00,000, whereas another trader Ronit earns
a profit of Rs. 2,50,000. Which one is more efficient?Generally, we can say that Ronit is more efficient as he is earning more profits. But in order to
give the correct answer, we must find out how much the capital is employed by each of them?
Suppose, Rohit has employed a capital of Rs. 10,00,000 and Ronit has employed 15,00,000. We
can now calculate the percentage of profit earned by each of them on the capital employed:
Rohit = 2,00,000 /10,00,000*100 = 20%
Ronit = 2,50,000 715,00,000*100 = 17%
This shows that Rohit has earned Rs. 20 for every Rs. 100 of capital, whereas Ronit has earned
Rs. 17 for every Rs. 100 of capital. As, Rohit is using his capital more efficiently.
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The above example shows that figures assume significance only when expressed in relation to
other figures. Just as in the example given above, the absolute figure of profit was meaning less
but when the figure of profit was expressed in relation to capital, it assumed significance.
Thus, we can say that the relationship between two figures, expressed in arithmetical terms is
called a 'RATIO'.
In the words ofR.N. ANTHONY"A ratio is simply one number expressed in terms of another. It
is found by dividing one number into the another".
Ratio may be expressed in the following three ways:
1. Pure Ratio or Simple Ratio:
It is expressed by the simple division of one number by another. For example, if the
Current Assets of a business are Rs. 2,00,000 and Current Liabilities are Rs. 1,00,000, then
the ratio of "Current Assets to Current Liabilities" will be 2:1.
2. Rate or So Many Times:
In this type, it is calculated how many times a figures is, in comparison to another figure.
For example, if a firm's credit sales during the. year are Rs. 2,00,000 and its debtors at the
end of the year are Rs. 40,000, its DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO = 2,00,000/40,000 = 5
times. It shows that the credit sales are 5 times in comparison to debtors.
3. Percentage:
In this type, the relation between the two figures is expressed in hundredth. For example, if
a firm's capital is Rs. 10,00,000 and its profit is Rs. 2,00,000, the ratio of profit to capital in
terms of percentage = 2,00,000/10,00,000*100 = 20%.
1.2.1 Objectives of Ratio Analysis
Ratios are regarded as the true test of earning capacity, financial soundness and operating
efficiency of a business organization. In other words, the objective of using ratios in accounting
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and financial management analysis are to test the profitability, financial position and operating
efficiency of an enterprise.
1.2.2 Advantages of Ratio Analysis
Simplifies financial statements. Ratio analysis simplifies the comprehension of financialstatements. Ratios tell the whole story of the changes in financial condition of a business.
Facilitates inter firm comparison. Analysis provides data for inter firm comparison.Ratios high-light the factors associated with successful and unsuccessful firms. They also
reveal strong firms and weak firms, overvalued and undervalued firms.
Makes intra-firm comparison possible. Ratio analysis also makes possible comparison ofthe performance of the different divisions of the firm. The ratios are helpful in deciding
about their efficiency or otherwise in the past and likely performance in the future.
Helps in planning. Ratio analysis helps in planning and forecasting. Over a period of timea firm or industry develops certain norms that may indicate future success or failure. If
relationship changes in a firms data over different time periods, the ratios may provide
clues on trends and future problems.
1.2.3 Types of RatiosRatios are classified according to tests. Mainly ratios are falling under 4 categories.
LIQUIDITY RATIOS LONG TERM SOLVENCY RATIOS ACTIVITY RATIOS PROFITABILITY RATIOS
Figure 1.1: Classification of Ratio According to Tests
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1.2.4 Analysis of Short-Term Financial Position or Test of Liquidity
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The short-term creditors of a company like suppliers of goods of credit providing short-term
loans are primarily interested in knowing the company's ability to meet its current or short-term
obligation as and when these become due.
Two types of ratios can be calculated for measuring short-term financial position or short-term
solvency of a firm.
1. Liquidity Ratios
2. Current Assets Movement or Efficiency Ratios.
1. Liquidity Ratios:
It refers to the ability of a firm to meet its short-term financial obligations when and as
they fall due.
In fact, analysis of liquidity needs the preparations of cash budgets and cash and fund
flow statements; but liquidity ratios by establishing a relationship between cash and other
current assets to current obligations, provide a quick measure of liquidity.
The main concern of liquidity ratio is to measure the ability of the firm to meet their
short-term maturing obligations. Failure to do this will result in total failure of the
business, as it would be forced into liquidation.
To measure the liquidity of a firm, the following ratios can be calculated:
I. Current Ratio
II. Quick or Acid Test or Liquid Ratio
III. Absolute Liquid Ratio or Cash Position Ratio
I. Current Ratio:
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This ratio explains the relationship between Current Assets and Current Liabilities of a business.
The formula for calculating the ratio is:-
Current Ratio= Current Assets/ Current Liabilities
'Current Assets' includes those Assets which can be converted into cash within a YEAR'S time
like Cash in Hand, Cash at Bank, B/R, Short-term Investments, Debtors, Stock, and Inventories
etc.
'Current Liabilities' include those liabilities which are repayable in a YEAR'S time like Bank
O/D, B/P, Creditors, Provision for Taxation, Proposed Dividends, Outstanding Expense and
Loans payable with in a year etc.
SIGNIFICANCE:-
This ratio is used to assess the firm's ability to meet its short term liabilities on time. According
to accounting principals, a current ratio of 2:1 is supposed to be an IDEAL RATIO. It means that
Current Assets of a business should, at least, be twice of its Current Liabilities. The higher the
ratio, the better it is, because the firm will be able to pay its Current Liabilities more easily. The
reason of assuming 2:1 as the Ideal Ratio is that the Current Assets includes such Assets as
Stock, Debtors etc. from which full amount cannot be realized in case of need, hence even if half
the amount is realized from the Current Assets on time, the firm can still meet its Current
liabilities.
If the Current Ratio is less than 2:1, it indicates lack of liquidity and shortage of working capital.
But a much higher ratio, even though it is beneficial to' the short term creditors, is not necessarily
good for the company. A much higher ratio than 2:1 may indicate the poor investment policies of
the management.
While calculating Current Ratio, we have taken Loans & Advances as Debtors in the Current
Assets. In Current Liabilities, we included the Provisions to calculate Total Current Liabilities.
II QUICK OR ACID TEST OR LIQUID RATIO:
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Quick Ratio indicates whether the firm is in a position to pay its current liabilities within a month
or immediately. As such the quick ratio is included by dividing liquid assets (Quick Assets) by
current Liabilities:-
Quick Ratio or Acid Test Ratio = Liquid Assets/Current Liabilities
'Liquid Assets' means those assets which will yield cash very shortly. All current assets except
stock and prepaid expenses are included in liquid assets. Stock is excluded from liquid assets
because it has to be sold before it can be converted into cash. Prepaid expenses too are excluded
from the list of liquid assets because they are not expected to be converted into cash. Liquid
assets thus include cash, debtors, bill receivable and short term securities.
SIGNIFICANCE:
An ideal quick ratio is said to be 1:1. if it is more, it is considered to be better. The idea is that for
every rupee of current liabilities, there should be at least one rupee of liquid assets. This ratio is
better test of short-term financial position of the company than the current ratio, as it considers
only those assets which can be easily converted into cash. Stock is not included in liquid assets
as it may take a lot of time before it is converted into cash.
Quick ratio thus is more rigorous test of liquidity than the current ratio and when used together
with current ratio, it gives a better picture of the short term financial position of the firm.
While calculating Quick Assets, we have deducting Inventories assuming as a stock -from
Current Assets so that Quick Assets are obtained.
Ill ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO OR CASH RATIO:
Generally, debtors and bill receivables are 'more liquid than inventories. There may be doubts
regarding their realization into cash immediately or in time. Some authorities are of the opinion
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that the absolute liquid ratio should also be calculated together with current assets and find out
the absolute liquid assets.
Absolute Liquid Ratio/ Cash Ratio= Cash + Short Term Securities/ Current Liabilities
SIGNIFICANCE:
Absolute Liquid Assets include cash in Hand and at Bank and marketable Securities or
temporary investments. The acceptance norm for this ratio is 50% or 0.5:1 or 1:2 i.e. Re. 1 worth
Liquid Assets are considered adequate to pay Re. 2 worth Current Liabilities in time as all the
creditors are not expected to demand cash at the same time and then cash may also be realized
from debtors and inventories.
1.2.5 Current Assets Movement or Efficiency/Activity Ratios:
Funds are invested in various assets in business to make sales and earn profits. The efficiency
with which assets are managed directly affects the volume of sales. The better the management
of assets, the larger is the amount of sales and profits. Activity ratios measure the efficiency or
effectiveness with which a firm manages its resources or assets. These ratios are also called
turnover ratios because they indicate the speed with which assets are converted or turned over
into sales.
For example: Inventory turnover ratio indicates the rate at which the funds invested in
inventories are converted into sales. Depending upon the purpose, a number of turn over ratios
can be calculated, as Debtors or Receivable Turnover, Average Collection Period, Stock/
Inventory Turnover, Creditors/Payable Turn over, Average Payment Period, Working Capital
Turnover Ratio.\
I. Inventory/Stock Turnover Ratio:
This ratio indicates the relationship between the cost of googs sold during the year and average
stock kept during that year.
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Stock Turnover Ratio= COGS/Average Stock
Cost of Goods Sold= Opening Stock + Purchases + Carriage +
wages + other direct charges - Closing Stock OR Net Sales - Gross profit.
Average Stock= (Opening Stock + Closing Stock)/ 2
SIGNIFICANCE:
This ratio indicates whether stock has been efficiently used or not. It shows the speed with which
the stock is rotated into sales or the number of times the stock is turned into sales during the year.
The higher the ratio the better it is. Since it indicates that the stock is selling quickly. In a
business, where stock turnover ratio is high, goods can be sold at a lower margin of profit and
even the profitability may be quite high. A low stock turnover ratio indicates that stock does not
sell quickly and remains lying in the godown for a long time. This results in increased storage
cost, blocking of funds and losses on account of goods becoming obsolete. This ratio can be
compared with the previous year, the management can access whether the stock has been more
efficiently used or not.
1.2.6Analysis of Long-Term Financial PositionorTest of Solvency
These ratios are calculated to assess the ability of the firm to meet its long term liabilities as and
when they become due. Long term creditors including debentures holders are primarily
interested to know whether the company has ability to pay regularly interest due to them and to
repay the principle amount when it become due. Solvency ratios disclose the firm's ability to
meet the interest cost regularly and long term indebtedness at maturity. Solvency ratios include
the following ratios:
1. Debt-Equity Ratio
2. Funded-Debt to Total Capitalization Ratio
3. Equity Ratio
4. Solvency Ratio
5. Proprietor's Funds Ratio
6. Fixed Assets Radio
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7. Ratio of Current Assets to Proprietor's Fund
1. Debt-Equity Ratio:
This ratio expresses the relationship between long term debt and shareholders funds. It indicates
the proportion of the funds which are acquired by long term borrowings in comparison to
shareholders funds. This ratio is calculated to ascertain the soundness of the long term financial
policies of the firm. The Debt-Equity can be calculated are as follows:
Debt-Equity= Outsiders Funds/ Shareholders Funds
or External Equities/ Internal Equities
Outsiders Funds:
These refer to long term liabilities which mature after one year. These include debentures,
mortgage loans, public deposits etc.
Shareholder's funds:
These include equity share capital, preference capital, share premium, general reserve and other
reserves and credit balance of profit and loss account. However accumulated losses and fictitious
assets remaining to be written off like preliminary expenses, underwriting commission, share
issue expenses should be deducted.
SIGNIFICANCE:
This ratio is calculated to assess the ability of the firm to meet its long term liabilities. Generally
Debt-Equity Ratio is of 2:1 is considered safe, if this is more than that it shows a rather risky
financial position from the long term point of view as it indicates that more and more funds are
invested in the business; are provided by long term lenders. The lower this ratio the better it is
for long term lenders because they are more secure in that case. Lower than 2:1 Debt-Equity
Ratio provides sufficient protection to long term lenders. A high Debt-Equity Ratio which that
the claims of Creditors are greater than those of owners, may not be considered by the time of
liquidation of the firm
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.
2. FUNDED DEBT TO TOTAL CAPITALIZATION RATIO:
The ratio establishes a link between the long term funds raised from outsiders and total long term
funds available in the business. The debt to total capitalization can be calculated are as follows:
Funded Debt to Total Capitalization Ratio= Funded Debt/Total Capitalization*100
Funded Debt= Debentures + Mortgage Loans + Bonds + other Long term Loans.
Total Capitalization Equity Share Capital + Preference Share capital + Reserve & Surplus
+ Other Undistributed Reserves + Debentures + Mortgage Loans + Bonds + Other Long
Term loans.
SIGNIFICANCE:
As funded Debt to Total Capitalization represents the relationship of long term funds. There is no
'Rule of Thumb' but still the lesser the reliance on outsiders the better it will be. If this ratio is
smaller, better it will be, up to 50% or 55% this ratio may be to tolerable and beyond.
3. PROPRIETORY RATIO OR EQUITY RATIO
This ratio establishes the relationship between shareholder's funds to total assets of the firm. This
ratio is important for determining long term solvency of a firm. The equity ratio may be
calculated are as follows:
Equity Ratio= Shareholder's Funds/Total Assets
Shareholder's Funds= We include Share Capital and Reserves & Surplus. We deduct
Depreciation Reserve Fund as it is included in Reserve and Surplus.
Total Assets= It is calculated by deducting depreciation reserve fund from total of assets side of
the balance sheet.
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SIGNIFICANCE:
As this ratio represents the relationship of owner's funds to total assets, higher the ratio better is
the long term solvency position of the company. This ratio indicates the extent to which the
assets can be lost without affecting the interest of creditors of the company.
4. SOLVENCY RATIO OR THE RATIO OF TOTAL ASSETS:
This ratio indicates the relationship between the total liabilities to outsiders to total assets of a
firm and can be calculated as follows:
Solvency Ratio= Total Liabilities to Outsiders/ Total Assets
SIGNIFICANCE:
As this ratio represents the relationship between the total liabilities to outsiders to total assets,
more satisfactory of stable is the long-term solvency position of firm.
Total liabilities to outsiders are assumed as current Liabilities.
5. RATIO OF CURRENT ASSETS TO PROPRIETOR'S FUNDS:
The ratio is calculated by dividing the total of current assets by the amount of shareholder's
funds. It is calculated as follows:
C/A to Proprietor's Funds= Current Assets/Proprietor's Funds*100
SIGNIFICANCE:
The ratio indicates the extent to which proprietor's funds are invested in current assets. There is
no 'Rule of Thumb' for this ratio and depending upon the nature of the business there may be
different firms. Proprietor's funds are assumed as shareholder's funds.
1.2.7ANALYSIS OF PROFITABILITY OR PROFITABILITY RATIOS
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The main object of all the business concerns is to earn profit. Profit is the measurement of the
efficiency of the business. Equity shareholders of the company are mainly interested in the
profitability of the company. Profitability Ratios measure the various aspects of the profitability
of a company such as
1. What is the rate of the profit on sales?
2. Whether the profits are increasing or decreasing?
And if decreasing, then it helps in finding out the cause of their decrease.
3. Whether an adequate return is being obtained on capital employed?
Profitability Ratios include the following:-
1. General Profitability Ratios
2. Overall Profitability Ratios
1. General Profitability Ratios
The following ratios are known as general profitability ratios:
I. Gross Profit Ratio II. Operating Ratio
III. Operating Profit Ratio
IV. Expenses Ratio V. Net Profit Ratio
I. Gross Profit Ratio:
This ratio shows the relationship between gross profit and sales.
Gross Profit Ratio= Gross Profit/Net Sales*100
Net Sales= Sales- Sales Return
SIGNIFICANCE:
This ratio measures the margin of profits available on sales. The higher the ratio, the better it is.
The ratio should be adequate enough not only to cover the operating expenses but also to provide
for the depreciation, interest on loans, dividends and reserves. The ratio is compared with earlier
ratio and important conclusion is drawn from such comparison for instances if there is a decline
in gross profit ratio in comparison to previous year it may be concluded that:
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I. Price of material purchased, freight, wages and direct changes may have gone up but selling
price may not have gone up in proportion to increase in the cost.
II. The selling price may have fallen but the price of the materials, freight, wages and other direct
charges may have not fallen relatively.
III. There is a fall in sales of more profitable variety of goods.
II. OPERATING RATIO:
It establishes the relationship between cost of goods and other operating expenses on the one
hand and the sales on the other hand. It measures the cost of operations by dividing operating
costs with the net sales.
Operating Ratio= Operating Cost/Net sales*100 Operating
Cost = COGS+ Operating expenses
SIGNIFICANCE:
This ratio indicates the percentage of net sales that is consumed by operating cost. Obviously,
higher the operating ratio, the less favorable it is, because it would have margin (operating profit)
to cover interest, income-tax dividend and reserves. There is no rule of thumb for this ratio as it
may differ from to firm depending upon the nature of its business and its capital structure
III. OPERATING PROFIT RATIO:
This ratio is calculated by dividing operating profit by sales. This ratio is calculated are as
follows:
Operating profit ratio = Operating profit x 100
Sales
Operating Profit = Net sales - Operating Cost
Operating Cost = Cost of goods sold + Administrative and office expenses + selling and
distributive expenses.
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This ratio can also be calculated as:
Operating profit ratio = 100-operating ratio
IV) EXPENSES RATIOS:
Expenses ratios indicate the relationship of various expenses to net sales. Expenses ratios are
calculated by dividing each item of expenses with the net sales to anlyse the cause of several of
the operating ration. The rati can be calculated for each individual item of expenses like cost of
sales ratio, administrative expenses ratio, selling expenses ratio, material consumed ratio, etc.
SIGNIFICANCE:-
This ratio indicates the relationship of various expenses to net sales. The lower the ratio, the
greated is the profitability and higher the ratio, lower is the profitability. While interpreting the
ratio, it must be remembered that for a fixed expenses like rent, the ratio will fall if sales increase
and for a variable expense, the ratio in proportion to sales shall remain nearly the same.
EXPENSES RATIO MAY BE CALCULATED AS:
1. Cost of goods sold ratio:
Cost of goods sold/ Sales
2. Administrative & Office expenses ratio: Administrative & Office expenses x 100/ Sales
3. Selling & Distribution Expenses Ratio : Selling & Distribution Expenses x 100/Sales
4. Net Profit ratio:
This ratio shows the relationship between net profit and sales. It may be calculated by two
methods:
1. Net Profit ratio = Net Profit/Net sales x 100
2. Net Profit ratio = Operating Net Profit/Net sales x100
SIGNIFICANCE:-
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This ratio measures the rate of net profit earned on net sale. It helps in determining the overall
efficiency of the business operation. An increase in ratio over the previous year shows
improvement in the overall efficiency and profitability of the business.
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO MANUFACTURING
Manufacturing flow provides a cost-effective way for small and mid-size manufacturers to
optimize their business systems. The implementation of manufacturing flow strategies can help
our company do more with less.
In order for manufacturers to supply products to distribution channels, processes must be
flexible enough to respond to market changes and must also accommodate mass customization.
There are barriers to this process, including long set-ups and changeovers, unreliable
manufacturing, poorly designed systems, cumbersome paperwork, and problems in
transportation and logistics.
Whether a company wants to improve one area or achieve holistic operational improvement,
manufacturing flow strategies can provide optimal rewards. Managements provide a
synchronized flow of product achieved with maximum speed, flexibility, and distance. We use
management to develop a common understanding throughout the organization and effectively
change the traditional mindset toward a new culture of speed, agility, simplicity, and velocity of
product flow. We focus on major problems utilizing an 80-20 approach where 80% of the desired
results come from 20% of the improvement.
The characteristics of flow and lean processes are:
1. Straight and short product flow patterns.
2. Make to order
3. Single-piece production
4. Just-In-Time materials dependent demand scheduling
5. Short cycle times
6. Highly flexible and responsive processes
7. Highly flexible machines and equipment
8. Quick changeover
9. Continuous flow work cells
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10. Collocated machines, equipment, tools and people.
11. Compressed space
12. Multi-skilled employees
13. Empowered employees
14. High first-pass yields with major reductions in defects
Continuous Flow Manufacturing: -
Improvement Continuous flow manufacturing (CFM) is a system's approach to total system. The
Center for Entrepreneurial Studies and Development (CESD) has developed clearly defined steps
to achieving better throughput and reducing inventories and operating expenses. The steps
combine employee-driven cellular design and constraint management. In its simplest form, CFM
is a process for developing improved workflow using team-based problem solving.
Some advantages of continuous flow manufacturing:
Improved customer service. Improved retention and reduced absenteeism. Improved quality control and elimination of waste. Improved materials handling practices and production process layout. Improved scheduling and reduced flow time and costs. Reduced in-process inventory and improved inventory control.Increased utilization of capacity (decrease in machine maintenance).
Reduced set-up times. Elimination of non value-added tasks. Improved safety practices.
Set up time: -Set-up time is defined as the time that passes between when the last good piece comes off the
current run and when the first good piece comes off the next run, while running at optimum rate.
Set-up time has the following meanings:
1. The overall length of time required to establish a circuit-switched call between users.
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2. For data communication, the overall length of time required to establish a circuit-switched call
between terminals; e.g., the time from the initiation of a call request to the beginning of the
call message.
Setup time Reduction
One of the most accomplishments in keeping the price of our products low is the gradual
shortening of the production cycle. The process of manufacture and the more it is moved
about, the greater is its ultimate cost.
Some basic concepts on reducing set-up times
1. Understand the difference between internal and external activities. Internal activities are those
that must be done while the machine is stopped, such as changing welding probes on a
welding machine. External activities are those done while the machine is running, such as
retrieving parts and tools for the upcoming order.
2. Change as many internal activities as possible to external ones. Get parts, tools and other
needed items ahead of time. If the changeover is being delayed pending first-piece
inspection, determine the risk of running while doing the inspection.
3. Pre-heat and install parts hot. Remove the parts hot.
4. Put changeover tasks in a checklist and revise the list as set-up time improves.
Proper planning
Planning in organisation and public policy is both the organizational process of creating and
maintaining a plan and the psychological process of thinking about the activities required to
create a desired goal on some scale. As such, it is a fundamental property of inteligent behaviour.
Planning is a process for accomplishing purpose. It is a blue print of business growth and a road
map of development. It helps in deciding objectives both in quantitative and qualitative terms. It
is setting of goals on the basis of objectives and keeping in view the resources.
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Importance of the planning process
A plan can play a vital role in helping to avoid mistakes or recognize hidden opportunities.
Preparing a satisfactory plan of the organization is essential. The planning knows the business
and those they have thought through its development in terms of products, management,
finances, and most importantly, markets and competition.
Planning helps in forecasting the future, makes the future visible to some extent. It bridges
between where we are and where we want to go. Planning is looking ahead.
Tips for Proper Planning of Time
The six steps in planning are
1. Set objectives.
2. Assess you present situation.
3. Survey your alternatives.
4. Decide on the course of action.
5. Provide for control.
6. Implement the plan.
Lack of proper planning
A survey conducted by Collaboration, Management and Control Solutions (CMCS) has revealed
that poor project planning and methodology, unrealistic target completion dates, and lack of
communication mainly cause project failure in the region.
Some points have decreased the proper planning:
Lack of communication, coordination and motivation.
Increase the conflict. No workers satisfaction. Absenteeism of the workers.
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Supply chain management
Supply chain management as the "design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply
chain activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure,
leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand, and measuring performance
globally."
Supply Chain Management is the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business
functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across
businesses within the supply chain
Supply chain manasgement problems
Supply chain management must address the following problems:
Distribution Network Configuration: number, location and network missions of suppliers,production facilities, distribution centers, warehouses, and customers.
Information: Integration of processes through the supply chain to share valuableinformation, including demand signals, forecasts, inventory, transportation, potential
collaboration, etc.
Inventory Management: Quantity and location of inventory, including raw materials,work-in-progress (WIP) and finished goods.
Cash-Flow: Arranging the payment terms and methodologies for exchanging funds acrossentities within the supply chain.
Customer satisfaction
Customer satisfaction, a business term, is a measure of how products and services
supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. It is seen as a key
performance indicator within business and is part of the four of a balanced score card.
In a competitive marketplace where businesses compete for customers, customer
satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key element of
business strategy.
There is a substantial body of empirical literature that establishes the benefits of
customer satisfaction for firms.
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Customer Satisfaction Survey
We knew that customer satisfaction is essential to the survival of our business. We find
out that out customers are satisfied and the best way to find out whether our customers
are satisfied is to ask him.
When we conduct a customer satisfaction survey, what we ask the customer is
important and how often we ask this question are also important. The most important
thing about conducting a customer satisfaction survey is what we do with their answer.
Improving Customer Satisfaction
Once we have established what needs to be improved, and how much it needs to be improved,
plans need to be developed to make improvement happen. The keys to successful planning are
to:
Involve front-line employees and management in the planning process,Make sure plans are specific,
Evaluate the success of plans once they have been put into place. It is doing by measuringactual improvement in operations and customer satisfaction.
Customer-Based Improvement Goals
Once we have identified what needs to be improved, we need to develop a plan for improving
each identified area. Such plans need to be based on what customers really need, rather than what
management believes to be a good goal. If customers really desire wait times of ten minutes or
less, having management dictate that wait times must be reduced to fifteen minutes will have
limited appeal with customers. We may need to do a separate survey with customers to actually
set appropriate goals. If this is not economically feasible, at least talk to a number of customers
and gain their input before setting a goal.
On Time Delivery
We focus on all elements that support On Time Delivery and hold ourselves accountable to
stringent tolerances. When an order is placed, it is scheduled based on a requested delivery date.
Once a commitment is made, we do everything within our control to adhere to this date.
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Scheduling buffers are set up in front of each manufacturing process to help synchronize the
workload and build in flexibility to absorb unexpected changes and delays.
The improved ability of an organization to deliver a product or service that meets to meet
customer requirements against a specification for delivery time. While price has always been a
key determinate in the purchasing decision, the emphasis on timely delivery is becoming
increasingly important, for both individual consumers and subassemblies.
On-time delivery is measured as percent achievement within a window of time that brackets the
customer-requested date and the business committed date and is not improved by quoting long
lead times and turning down tough business. Using time as a metric allows for improved quality
and decreased costs as process times are reduced through systematic barrier removal.
The key element to improving on-time delivery is the standardization of the criteria by which
each supply chain segment is measured against. Problems arise when different segments define
on-time delivery differently and in ways that are not tied to the commitment date to the
customer. By aligning all internal lines to a common standard it is easier to drive different parties
towards what they need to achieve.
Capacity Utilization
A firms productive capacity is the total level of output or production that it could
produce in a given time period. Capacity utilizationis the percentage of the firms total
possible production capacity that is actually being used.
If market demand grows, capacity utilization will rise. If demand weakeness, capacity
utilization will slacken Economists and bankers often watch capacity utilization
indicators for signs of inflation pressures. It is believed when utilization rises above
somewhere between 82% and 85%, price inflation will increase. Excess capacity means
that insufficient demand exists to warrant expansion of output.
Just in time
Just-in-time (JIT) is an inventory strategy that strives to improve a business's return on
investment by reducing in-process inventory and associated carring cost. The process relies on
signals between different points in the process, which tell production when to make the next part.
JIT can improve a manufacturing organization'sreturn on investment, quality, and efficiency.
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Quick notice that stock depletion requires personnel to order new stock is critical to the
inventory reduction at the center of JIT. This saves warehouse space and costs. However, the
complete mechanism for making this work is often misunderstood.
Its effective application cannot be independent of other key components of a lean manufacturing
system or it can "...end up with the opposite of the desired result.
Benefits
Main benefits of JIT include:
Reduced setup time. Cutting setup time allows the company to reduce or eliminateinventory for "changeover" time.
The flow of goods from warehouse to shelves improves. Small or individual piece lotsizes reduce lot delay inventories, which simplifies inventory flow and its management.
Employees with multiple skills are used more efficiently. Having employees trained towork on different parts of the process allows companies to move workers where they are
needed.
Production scheduling and work hour consistency synchronized with demand. If there isno demand for a product at the time, it is not made. This saves the company money,
either by not having to pay workers overtime or by having them focus on other work or
participate in training.
Increased emphasis on supplier relationships. A company without inventory does notwant a supply system problem that creates a part shortage. This makes supplier
relationships extremely important.
Supplies come in at regular intervals throughout the production day.
1.3 INTRODUCTION TO VICTOR TOOLS
Victor Forgings is Indias leading name in manufacturing Hand Tools since 1954 located at
Jalandhar, which is around 400 Kms. North West of Indias capital New Delhi. With a total plant
area of 35,000 Sq.m. and covered area of 25,000 Sq.m. Latest equipments combined with state-
of-the-art technology and above all excellent raw material have helped us to offer Trustworthy
Quality, Timely Shipments and Reasonable Rates.
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Manufacturers of Hand Tools, Spanners, Pliers, Spanners, Pliers Tools, Woodworking Tools,
Garden Tools, Measuring Tools, Plumbing Tools, Striking Tools, Leather Products, Vices,
Automobile, Lubrication, Canvas Products, Packaging Tools Hand & Allied Tools
QUALITY POLICY
Victor Forgings endeavourers to be a leading exporter of hands tools.
To achieve this we commit to:-
Comply with requirements and continually improve the effectiveness of quality managementsystem.
Develop product for higher end market through technology up- gradation. Improve output performance through process monitoring and employee involvement.ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Victor Forgings ltd. To be leading exporter of hand tool by maintaining neat and clean
Environment.
To achieve this we commit to:-
Preserve and continually improvement with minimum wastage of resource, reduction inpollution and by creating awareness amongst management employees and suppliers.
Protect environment by compiling with environment legal and other related requirement.
ISO Certificate
The company is awarded ISO 9002 certificate by RvA Netherlands.
The Company is certified as manufacturer of Spanners as per the safety law of Germany by TUV
Rheinland, Koln, Germany.
The Company is also certified as a manufacturer of Spanners as per the safety laws of Germany
by VPA Remscheid, Germany.
The Company is producing Spanners of various designs and sizes as per DIN standards and is
allowed to markGS on products as a sign of a quality product.
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We have continued to extend our range and are now able to offer a comprehensive range of
Automotive Tools in addition to the well established Hand Tools range.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
It is desirable to review the relevant literature while understanding the research problem. It
provides base for preparing the research design of the study and conceptualizing the concepts of
the study. In this chapter a brief review of these studies, pertinent to the present research have
been presented. The review of past studies has been presented to provide a glimpse of work done
in this area.
Horrigon (1963) found that a variety of financial ratios were developed by analysts in the early
decades of this century. The statistical nature of financial ratios will be analyzed that is
amenability of these ratios to statistical analysis will be evaluated. The usual concern has been
converted into ratios. In other words, financial ratios are not normally distributed or their
dispersion is very large. The statistical nature of financial ratios are more complicated,
correlation between ratios are also presented.
Altman (1968) examined a brief review of the development of traditional ratio analysis as a
technique for investigating corporate performance is presented in section. In section the
shortcomings of this approach are discussed and multiple discriminant is introduced with the
emphasis centering on its compatibility with ratio analysis in a bankruptcy prediction context
Edmister (1972) found this study develops and empirically tests a number of methods of
analyzing financial ratios to predict small business failure. Although not all of the methods and
ratios are predictors of failure, many ratio variables are found which do predict failure of Small
Business Administration borrowers and guarantee recipients. Methods of analysis found useful
are (1) classification of a borrower's ratio into quartiles relative to other borrowers in the sample,
(2) observation of an up- or down-trend for a three-year period, (3) combinatorial analysis of a
ratio's trend and recent level, (A) calculation of the three-year average, and (5) division of a ratio
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by its respective RMA industry average ratio. This leads the author to qualify his conclusion
above with the provision that at least three consecutive financial statements be available for
analysis of a small business.
Saris (1985) examined a procedure for computing the power of the likelihood ratio test used in
the context of covariance structure analysis is derived. The procedure uses statistics associated
with the standard output of the computer programs commonly used and assumes that a specific
alternative value of the parameter vector is specified. Using the noncentral Chi-square
distribution, the power of the test is approximated by the asymptotic one for a sequence of local
alternatives.
Nissim and penman (1996) examined that Financial statement analysis has traditionally been
seen as part of the fundamental analysis required for equity valuation. An analysis of operating
activities is distinguished from the analysis of financing activities. The perspective is one of
forecasting payoffs to equities. So financial statement analysis is presented as a matter of pro
form analysis of the future, with forecasted ratios viewed as building blocks of forecasts of
payoffs. The analysis of current financial statements is then seen as a matter of identifying
current ratios as predictors of the future ratios that determine equity payoffs. The financial
statement analysis is hierarchical, with ratios lower in the ordering identified as finer information
about. And, again with a view to forecasting, the time series behavior of many of the ratios is
also described and their typical long-run ,steady-state levels are documented.
Financial statement analysis - ratio analysis - equity valuation
Salmi and martikeinen (1996) : This paper provides a critical review of the theoretical and
empirical basis of four central areas of financial ratio analysis. The research areas reviewed are
the functional form of the financial ratios, distributional characteristics of financial ratios,
classification of financial ratios, and the estimation of the internal rate of return from financial
statements. It is observed that it is typical of financial ratio analysis research that there areseveral unexpectedly distinct lines with research traditions of their own. A common feature of all
the areas of financial ratio analysis research seems to be that while significant regularities can be
observed, they are not necessarily stable across the different ratios, industries, and time periods.
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Stafford and Glowa (1998) found progressive-ratio schedules of drug delivery generate an
index of a drugs or doses reinforcing efficacy (the breaking point) and are being used
increasingly as tools in the analysis of drug self-administration. Progressive-ratio schedules of
drug delivery have been used to characterize the effects of pretreatment drugs, lesions, drug
deprivation, physical dependence, and repeated non-contingent drug exposure on breaking
points. The objectives of this review are to critique existing research themes, outline potential
limitations of progressive-ratio procedures, and to suggest potentially fruitful uses of these
procedures in future research.
Chinn (2000) found a systematic review may encompass both odds ratios and mean differences
in continuous outcomes. A separate meta-analysis of each type of outcome results in loss of
information and may be misleading. It is shown that a ln(odds ratio) can be converted to effect
size by dividing by 1.81. The validity of effect size, the estimate of interest divided by the
residual standard deviation, depends on comparable variation across studies. If researchers
routinely report residual standard deviation, any subsequent review can combine both odds ratios
and effect sizes in a single meta-analysis when this is justified
Werner and Brand (2001) examined stable isotope ratios are reported in the literature in terms
of a deviation from an international standard (-values). The referencing procedures, however,
differ from instrument to instrument and are not consistent between measurement facilities. This
paper reviews an attempt to unify the strategy for referencing isotopic measurements. In
particular, emphasis is given to the importance of identical treatment of sample and reference
material (IT principle), which should guide all isotope ratio determinations and evaluations.
The implementation of the principle in our laboratory, the monitoring of our measurement
quality, the status of the international scales and reference materials and necessary correction
procedures are discussed
Jacobs (2003) found that Operational management needs to know the causes of off-standard
performance in order to improve operations. The knowledge of variances (real result versus
budget) will aid control, at least if and when these variances are understood well enough. The
only criterion for the calculation of a variance is its usefulness. This paper presents a few
examples, with quotes from various textbooks and examinations.
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There are various studied conducted in the field of Ratio analysis and its application where the
researcher studied on different types of ratios. The researcher studied the appropriate ratios and
various types of ratios which helps in analyzing the financial position of the companies. The
statistical nature of financial ratios will be analyzed that is amenability of these ratios to
statistical analysis will be evaluated. There is still a wide gap existing in the research field with
the same aspect in Indian context. Considering the emerging importance of ratios in maintaining
the records of the companies, the study is conducted in order to determine the fair value of
liquidity or overall position of the company.
NEED, SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
3.1 NEED OF THE STUDY
The brief study on review of literature revealed the fact that number of studies has been carried
out in the field of financial analysis of the company and its impact on the companies decisions.
However there is still a wide gap exist in regards to Indian context with regards to importance
and need of financial analysis of the companies. The need of the study arises to know the
financial stability of the company and whether company has the sufficient funds to deal with the
day to day requirements.
3.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the present study was limited to Victor tools, Jalandhar. The study is based on
secondary data and all information available with in the organization. The study was limited to
Jalandhar only due to time constraint.
3.3OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
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The present study focused on the primary objective to find out the liquidity position of the
company. The explicit objectives of the study were:
To know short term and long term solvency of the Victor tools. To know whether activity ratio are satisfactory or they need improvement. To find out the efficiency of the Victor tools.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In order to achieve the objectives mentioned a systematic methodology norms followed. Every
minute detail data was collected by direct method i.e. through interaction as well as by indirect
method i.e. by assessing the written records. The work was preceded under the direction of
finance manager and category wise report was prepared. This project was basically a fact
gathering exercise and evaluating and comparing aspects drew influence.
4.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is known as framework within which the whole activity of research and
methods or procedures is clearly mentioned under which the research was to conduct.
Descriptive research design was used for the study.
Descriptive research design implies the study of complete information regarding therespondents profile and his/her views/opinions/preferences towards some problem. It can
be called a research framework whereby the complete description of the respondents is
studied and data is collected and analyzed to draw conclusions for a problem.
4.2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
4.2.1 Data Collection
Both primary and secondary data are used for the study.
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Secondary Data
The secondary data are those data which have already been collected by someone else and
which have already been passed through the statistical process. company profile, industry
profile, official web sites and certain books are used as source of secondary data.Primary Data
Primary data is first hand information and thus happen to be original. Such original data is
complied and studied for a specific purpose. Data is collected from the accounts department
of Victor tools, Jalandhar.
4.3 TOOLS USED:
4.3.1 Financial Tools: Following financial tools were used to analyze the
actual performances of organization by adopting various techniques.
Ratio analysis is used to calculate the various ratios.
4.3.2 Presentation Tools: The presentation tools have been used to present the
facts and figures in an attractive manner. The details of the same exhibits have
been also mentioned alongside for the easy reference of the readers. Following
main presentation tools have been used for better exhibition of the data:
Tables and Pie-Charts are used to present the facts and figures.
4.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Due to constraints of time and resources, the study is likely to suffer from certain limitations.
Some of these are mentioned here under so that the findings of the study may be understood in a
proper perspective.
The limitations of the study are:
Due to the policies of company only screened information is provided by the accountingdept.
Information already compiled by the company is the basis of the study & not theinformation from the gross roots.
Policies of company & government are frequently changing.
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DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
The data has been processed and analyzed by tabulation interpretation so that findings can be
communicated and can be easily understood. The findings are presented in the best possible way.
Tables and graphs had been used for illustration of findings of the research.
Statement 1: To know about the current ratios of Victor tools from 2008 to 2011
Table 5.1: Calculation of Current Ratio
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Total Current assets 2,12,14,922 2,15,93,245 2,19,59,656Total Current
liabilities 2,32,39,019 1,94,68,281 1,87,26,499Current Ratio 0.91 1.10 1.17
Figure 5.1: Calculation of Current Ratio
Analysis and interpretation:
In current ratio, 2:1 is regarded as satisfactory level. From the above table it is clear that the
company was not able to maintain the thumb rule of 2:1 in any of the years. However the results
show that there was increasing trend in the current ratio and company is working to improve it.The company must invest in the current assets in order to maintain good liquidity position and
goodwill in the market.
Statement 2: To know about quick ratio of Victor tools from 2008 to 2011
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Table 5.2: Calculation of Quick Ratio
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Total quick assets 1,14,59,282 1,37,60,124 1,45,68,076Total current
liabilities 2,32,39,019 1,94,68,281 1,87,26,499Quick Ratio 0.49 0.70 0.77
Figure 5.2: Calculation of Quick Ratio
Analysis and interpretation:
The rule of thumb quick ratio is 1:1. The quick ratio depicts the company is highly liquid so as to
fulfill current liabilities well in time. The analysis shows that the company is not able to fulfill
the thumb rule. However the quick ratio was improving over the number of years.
Statement 3: To know about absolute liquid ratio of Victor tools from 2008 to 2011
Table 5.3: Calculation of Absolute Liquid Ratio
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Absolute liquid
assets 7,03,294 40,82,407 32,67,852Total current
liabilities 2,32,39,019 1,94,68,281 1,87,26,499Absolute Liquid
Ratio 0.03 0.20 0.17
Figure 5.3: Calculation of Absolute Liquid Ratio
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Analysis and interpretation:
The thumb rule of absolute liquid ratio is 0.5:1 which means the absolute liquid assets are half of
the current liabilities. The company is not able to maintain the satisfactory level in any of the
year. However the absolute liquid ratio has been increased in 2009-10 from 2008-09 but there
was slight decrease in the ratio in 2010-11. The company needs to improve the liquidity position
in order to meet the short term requirements.
Statement 4: To know about stock turnover ratio of Victor tools from 2008 to 2011
Table 5.4: Calculation of Stock Turnover Ratio
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Cost of Goods sold 3,35,19,868 3,47,81,252 3,92,67,539Average stock 90,62,871 87,94,380 76,12,350Stock Turnover
Ratio 3.69 3.95 5.15
Figure 5.4: Calculation of Stock Turnover Ratio
Analysis and interpretation:
Inventory turnover ratio indicates the velocity with which stock of finished goods is sold. A high
ratio is suggests efficient inventory control and sound sales policies where as low ratio suggests
the possibility of slow moving items and poor selling policy. The analysis shows that the
turnover ratio has been improved every year which means company is showing improvement in
selling policies.
Statement 5: To know about debtors turnover ratio of Victor tools from 2008 to 2011
Table 5.5: Calculation of Debtors Turnover Ratio
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Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Net credit sales 3,27,28,988 3,74,75,506 4,09,52,852Average debtors 99,85,675 1,02,16,852 1,04,88,970Debtors turnover ratio 3.28 3.66 3.90Note: All sales are taken as credit sales.
Figure 5.5: Calculation of Debtors Turnover Ratio
Analysis and interpretation:
Normally higher the turnover ratio more efficient the management would be. It signifies speedy
and effective collection where as lower turnover indicates sluggish and inefficient collection
leading to doubtful debts. From the data, it was analyzed that the ratio has been improved in
from 2008 to 2011. The management has good turnover ratio however they can improve the
turnover to meet short terms demands.
Statement 6: To know about creditors turnover ratio of Victor tools from 2008 to 2011
Table 5.6: Calculation of Creditors Turnover RatioParticulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Net credit purchase 1,76,21,188 1,83,12,602 2,19,04,913Average creditors 1,90,67,237 1,96,85,909 1,73,85,428Creditors turnover ratio 0.92 0.93 1.25Note: All purchases are taken as credit sales.
Figure 5.6: Calculation of Creditors Turnover Ratio
Analysis and interpretation:
If the payable turnover ratio is high the company in not using the credit facility and may believe
in availing cash discounts. On the other hand lower the ratio; better the liquidity position of the
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company because the higher creditors turnover ratio signifies that creditors are being paid
promptly. The table shows that there is significant decrease in the ratio which increases the
payment period. The company is enjoying high credit facilities and able to maintain high
liquidity in the organization.
Statement 7: To know about debt equity ratio of Victor tools from 2008 to 2011
Table 5.7: Calculation of Debt Equity Ratio
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Total debt 31,77,267 60,33,997 35,43,501Shareholder's Funds 1,19,27,000 1,22,11,217 1,31,37,913Debt Equity Ratio 0.26 0.49 0.29
Figure 5.7: Calculation of Debt Equity Ratio
Analysis and interpretation:
Acceptable limit for debt equity ratio is 2:1, but generally it should be less so that the company
does not completely exhaust its borrowing capacities. The portion of debt is very less in the
capital structure of the company.
Statement 8: To know about equity ratio of Victor tools from 2008 to 2011
Table 5.8: Calculation of Equity Ratio
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Shareholder's Fund 1,19,27,000 1,22,11,217 1,31,37,913
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Total Assets 3,86,39,153 3,78,96,245 3,51,11,777Equity ratio 30.86% 32.22% 37.41%
Figure 5.8: Calculation of Equity Ratio
Analysis and interpretation:
Out of the total assets, only 37% of assets have been financed through owners funds in 2010 -11,
this indicates too much reliance of the company on borrowed funds. The company should make
efforts to reduce it by repayment of debt or issue of fresh capital if it does not want to impair its
ability to borrow in future.
Statement 9: To know about the solvency ratio of Victor tools from 2008 to 2011
Table 5.9: Calculation of Solvency Ratio
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Equity ratio 30.86% 32.22% 37.41%Solvency ratio 69.14% 67.78% 62.59%
Figure 5.9: Calculation of Solvency Ratio
Analysis and Interpretation:
Generally, it is assumed that lower the solvency ratio, more satisfactory or stable is the long-term
solvency position. The solvency ratio is decreasing over the number of years, the company is
making necessary steps in improving solvency ratio.
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Statement 10: To know about gross profit ratio of Victor tools from 2008 to 2011
Table 5.10: Calculation of Gross Profit Ratio
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Gross Profit 63,31,132 72,58,554 79,36,662Net Sales 3,27,28,998 3,74,75,506 4,09,52,852Gross profit ratio 19.34% 19.36% 19.37%
Figure 5.10: Calculation of Gross Profit Ratio
Analysis and Interpretation:
A high ratio is a sign of good management as it implies that the cost of production of the firm is
low. A firm should have a reasonable gross margin to ensure adequate coverage for operating
expenses of the firm and sufficient returns to the owners of the business, which is reflected in the
net profit margin. The above table shows that our gross profit is good and it is improving over
the number of years.
Statement 11: To know about net profit ratio of Victor tools from 2008 to 2011
Table 5.11: Calculation of Net Profit Ratio
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Net Profit 12,93,691 9,36,054 14,08,227
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Net Sales 3,27,28,998 3,74,75,506 4,09,52,852Net profit ratio 3.95% 2.5% 3.43%
Figure 5.11: Calculation of Net Profit Ratio
Analysis and Interpretation:
A high net profit margin would ensure adequate return to the owners as well as enable a firm to
withstand adverse economic conditions when selling price is declining, cost of production is
rising and demand for the product is falling. This net profit was highest in 2008-09 and it
reduced in 2009-10, however the company had taken some measure and the ratio increased in
2010-11.
Statement 12: To know about operating profit ratio of Victor tools from 2008 to 2011
Table 5.12: Calculation of Operating Profit Ratio
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Operating
Profit 19,14,736 15,93,683 19,87,495
Net Sales 3,27,28,998 3,74,75,506 4,09,52,852Operating
profit ratio 5.85% 4.25% 4.85%
Figure 5.12: Calculation of Operating Profit Ratio
Analysis and interpretation:
The company in 2008-09 has highest operating profit ratio which is 5.85%. The operating profit
ratio declined in 2009-10 but it again increased in 2010-11 which shows that company had taken
some steps in order to improve the profitability.
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Statement 13: To know about cost of goods sold ratio
Table 5.13: Calculation of Cost of Goods Sold
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11Cost of
goods sold 3,08,14,262 3,58,81,823 3,89,65,357Net Sales 3,27,28,998 3,74,75,506 4,09,52,852Cost of goods
sold 94.15% 95.75% 95.15%
Figure 5.13: Calculation of Cost of Goods Sold Ratio
Analysis and interpretation
The cost of goods sold ratio of the company in 2008-09 is 94.15%, in 2009-10 is 95.75% and in
2010-11 is 95.15%. The cost of goods sold increased in 2009-10 which reduced the profitabilityof the company. However the company has taken some measures and reduced the cost of goods
sold in 2008-09.
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
The research is conducted on Victor tools to know their perspective over different aspects of
Derivative instruments. And after getting the information, the various findings of the research
are mentioned below:
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The current ratio was less than the thumb rule 2:1 which showed that the company is nothaving adequate assets to meet the liabilities.
The quick ratio was again less than the satisfactory level 1:1, which showed the companydoesnt have adequate level ofliquid assets.
The absolute liquid ratio was very less than from the satisfactory which showed that theliquidity position of the company is not adequate.
The inventory turnover ratio is increasing which showed that the company has goodselling policies.
The debtor turnover ratio was increased at a lower rate, the collection policy of thecompany was improved marginally.
The creditor turnover ratio was increased by approximately 27% in 2010-2011 from2009-2010 which in turn showed that the company used credit facility.
The debt equity ratio was quite less which showed that the company believes in ownfunds.
The equity ratio increased over the period of time, the shareholders have one third portionin the total assets of the company.
The gross profit of the company was same over the period of time which showed that thecompany had maintained stability in profitability.
The net profit of the company was increased in the 2010-2011 from 2009-2010 whichshowed the company had controlled the overheads significantly.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 CONCLUSION
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Victor tools is one of the leading manufacturers of Electric Motors, Mono - Block Pumps and
Centrifugal Pumps in Northern India. It has been awarded National Award for Quality Products
for Pumps Motors and Centrifugal Pumps.
Financial ratios are the good instruments for measuring liquidity, profitability, and solvency of
the industry. While analyzing the ratios of company management comes to know the strong areas
and weak areas of the company and then can take necessary steps to increase the profitability of
the company. Same with the solvency ratios these ratios indicate the soundness of the company
to pay out its debts. A company is good if it is able to meet out all its obligations without any
difficulty.
The overall financial health of the company is good. The liquidity position of the company is not
satisfactory, as the company doesnt had adequate assets in order to fulfill the liabilities. The
management of the company was trying their best in improving themselves which was depicted
by in the increase in both inventory and debtor turnover ratio. The overall performance of the
management is quite satisfactory.
The major portion in the capital structure was of own funds, there is very less percentage of
borrowed funds in the capital structure of the company. The company maintained stability in
profitability. The net profit of company increased by the efficient performance of management,
as the management was able to reduce the cost of production.
7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STUDY
The research has been conducted to know about the Ratio Analysis of Victor tools, Jalandhar
.Various view point has been given by different account data. Some of the valuablerecommendations are included in this research.
The company doesnt enjoy the satisfactory liquidity position, however the companyneeds to take necessary steps in order improve the liquidity position by increasing current
assets like cash in hand, cash at bank, debtor etc
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The inventory turnover ratio was increasing but the increase in the ratio was not enoughto meet the competition in the market.
The efficiency ratios of the companies are increasing but the management was not able togive the desired results, so it was advised to management to make changes in their
policies.
The company was not enjoying the benefit of debt in the capital structure, however thecompany can use debt portion in order to increase the earning for the shareholders.
The management has able to control the overhead cost but however the managementneeds to take some steps in order to control the operating cost up to some extent in order
to increase gross profit.
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Fliess, L.(2009). Financial ratios. 15(30), 12 Gray. (2007). Ratio analysis. Retrieved June 21, 2010 from
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Hanson, E. (1966). The accounting review. American Accounting Association. 41 (2), 239-243
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