Upload
deirdre-edwards
View
222
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Re-Entry and Recidivism
Libby Deschenes, Ph.D. Cal State University, Long BeachBarbara Owen, Ph.D. andJason Crow
Cal State University, Fresno
3
Drug Offenders Increasing Percentage of Prison Releases
Source: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/reentry/releases.htm
5
Challenges of Re-entry Serious social and medical problems
75% history drug/alcohol abuse16% report a mental conditionLess than one-third received treatment
Few have marketable skills or sufficient literacy to become gainfully employed33% unemployed at arrest60% have GED or HS diploma25% in vocational training programs33% participated education programs
Source: J. Petersilia (2005) Hard Time: Ex-Offenders Returning Home after Prison
6
Current Research
Study funded by NIJ using archived dataExamines recidivism patterns during 3 years
post releaseEvaluates measures of offense specialization
How do incarceration and recidivism of males and females differ?
What factors will be important for prisoner re-entry?
7
Research Design Secondary data
Collected by Bureau of Justice Statistics Three year follow-up of inmates
released in 1994Discharged from 15 states
Weighted data for all analyses248,528 males23,585 females
8
Data Sources for Recidivism Measures
Official FBI and state criminal historiesRearrestReconvictionResentenced to prison
Official criminal history and state DOCReturn to prison with or without new sentence
9
Results
Sample characteristics by genderDemographicsCriminal historyRecidivism
Patterns of male and female offending
10
Comparing Demographicsby Gender Females represent 8.7% of total sample Black women (50.5%) more represented than
White women (48.5%), in direct contrast with males (Black, 48.3%; White, 50.6%)
Hispanic women underrepresented in comparison to males (19.6% versus 25%)
Women released later in life than men
11
Type of Incarceration Offense
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Violent Property Drugs PublicOrder
Other
MaleFemale
12
Comparing Sentencesby Gender Higher proportion of women (79%) incarcerated
for property or drug offense than men (65%) Women sentences shorter than males
by 10.3 months, averaging 49.6 months Women served a mean time of 14.2 months, 6.7
months less than the men Women served 30.2% of original sentence, men
served 35.7% of original sentence
13
Comparing Criminal Historyby Gender
Similar prior arrest rates (92.8% and 93.2%, respectively)
Males more likely to have at least one prior conviction (96.9% to 89.1%)
Women less likely to have a prior prison sentence (37.3% vs. 44.2%)
14
Recidivism for Male and Female Prisoners
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
REARR RECON RENPS RPWOW
Male
Female
REARR: Rearrested (recidivated)RECON: ReconvictedRENPS: Returned to prison with a new sentenceRPWOW: Returned to prison with or without a new sentence
15
Violent Offense Category by Recidivism Status by Gender
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
REARR RECON RENPS RPWOW
Male
Female
REARR: Rearrested (recidivated)RECON: ReconvictedRENPS: Returned to prison with a new sentenceRPWOW: Returned to prison with or without a new sentence
16
Property Offense Category by Recidivism Status by Gender
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
REARR RECON RENPS RPWOW
Male
Female
REARR: Rearrested (recidivated)RECON: ReconvictedRENPS: Returned to prison with a new sentenceRPWOW: Returned to prison with or without a new sentence
17
Drug Offense Category by Recidivism Status by Gender
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
REARR RECON RENPS RPWOW
Male
Female
REARR: Rearrested (recidivated)RECON: ReconvictedRENPS: Returned to prison with a new sentenceRPWOW: Returned to prison with or without a new sentence
18
Public-order Offense Category by Recidivism Status by Gender
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
REARR RECON RENPS RPWOW
Male
Female
REARR: Rearrested (recidivated)RECON: ReconvictedRENPS: Returned to prison with a new sentenceRPWOW: Returned to prison with or without a new sentence
19
Other Offense Category by Recidivism Status by Gender
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
REARR RECON RENPS RPWOW
Male
Female
REARR: Rearrested (recidivated)RECON: ReconvictedRENPS: Returned to prison with a new sentenceRPWOW: Returned to prison with or without a new sentence
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
6 Months 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years
Time to Rearrest
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
erce
nt
Rea
rres
ted
Female
All
Rearrest Rates of Female and All Prisoners by Time after Release
21
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6 Months 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years
Time to Reconviction
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
erce
nt
Rec
on
vict
ed
Female
All
Reconviction of Female and All Prisoners by Time after Release
22
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6 Months 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years
Time to Return to Prison with a New Sentence
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
erce
nt
Ret
urn
ed t
o P
riso
n
wit
h a
New
Sen
ten
ce
Female
All
Return to Prison of Female and All Prisoners by Time after Release
23
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Days since Release
Pro
po
rio
n s
urv
ivin
g
ViolentPropertyTraffickingPossessionDisorderOther
Time to Rearrest for Females
Variables in the Equationblack 273.3hispanic 22.6sentence 144.6age rlse 647.1# priors 2259.9time serve 36.0violent first 41.8 drug first 63.1
25
Criminal Career Patternsfor Females
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Mean
Nu
mb
er
of
Off
en
ses
Violent Property Drugs PublicDisorder
Other
Before
After
26
Career Offense Typesfor Females
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
%
of
Car
eer
Violent Property DrugTrafficking
DrugPossession
PublicDisorder
Other
27
Preliminary Findings on Female Recidivism and Specialization Three strongest predictors
Number of prior arrestsAge at releaseAfrican-American race
Drug and property offenders more likely than violent offenders to be re-arrested
High proportion of career offenses same typeOver half of property offenders repeatAbout one third for violent or drug offenses
28
Policy Implications
Male violent offenders pose greatest riskNeed for community reinvestment initiatives
to reverse socioeconomic risk factors
Female property and drug offenders highest rates of recidivismCommunity-based treatment may be more
appropriate than prisonRe-entry should focus on drug treatment,
stable housing, wraparound services
29
California Prisons versus Other States
0%10%
20%30%40%50%
60%70%80%90%
100%
Rearrested Reconvicted Prison fromNew Crime
Prison fromTechnicalViolation
Return toPrison
California New York Texas
Source: Fischer (2005) UCI Center for Evidence Based Corrections Bulletin 1(1)
30
California Recidivism Has Different Policy Implications Fischer’s analysis controls for background
Rearrest not higher in CA compared to FL Reconviction lower in CA compared to NY
High rates of technical violations partially explained by fact that nearly all CA prisoners report to parole agents
Petersilia (2005) recommends reinstating discretionary parole
Austin, Hardyman & Irwin (2002) suggest reducing time on parole to 6 months and require parole board guidelines based on risk and need