Read, analyze chart and answer the questionsRead, analyze chart and answer the questions

In 1790, the first U.S. census was taken, as required by the Constitution…The count was necessary in order to determine taxation and representation in Congresstaxation and representation in Congress. All free people were

counted, as well as “three-fifths of all other Persons.” Indians were excluded.

City 1790 1800 1810

Boston 18,038 24,937 33,250New York 33,131 60,489 96,373Philadelphia 45,529 69,403 91,874Baltimore 13,503 26,114 35,583Charleston 16,359 20,473 24,711

1. What is a Census check, why was it needed and when does it occur?

2. What does it mean when it states 3/5’s of all other persons?

3. Which city grew the most during the 20 years shown?

4. Which city grew the least during the 20 years shown?

Oct. 26/27 FOCUS ACTIVITYFOCUS ACTIVITY US HISTORY

notes1

1. Washington’s Presidency Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797

VP: John Adams

2. US Problems = Solutions Government on paper but not in practice

Precedents Develops first

Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson Supreme Court

Debt Excise taxes and tariffs Bank of United States (BUS) in 1792

Confidence in new Constitution Whiskey Rebellion

Successfully put down by Washington, 1794

Farmers refuse to pay Whiskey tax to

US Govt. “Mobocracy”

The Possibility of WarJay’s Treaty—1793---Great Britain

Forts for debtsPicnkney’s Treaty—1795---Spain

Open up the Mississippi RiverFrench Revolution---1789 to 1800---US

US asked to help France in war with EnglandNeutrality Act---Washington warns US tostay neutral and not side with the French.

4. Washington’s Farewell Speech: 1796Two ways the US can stay unified

Avoid political parties Military alliances with Europe

Neutrality----Isolation

notes2

Achievements:Achievements:•Sound economic

foundation•westward expansion

•Kept us out of war

Wash inaugural

•New Constitution and Government take effect on April 30,

1789.

•Washington begins Washington begins his presidency in New his presidency in New

York City and York City and alternates between alternates between

there and there and Philadelphia.Philadelphia.

•Capital city at this time was New York

City.

Precedents are models, examples or Precedents are models, examples or influences other Presidents would influences other Presidents would

followfollow

What to call the President? Mr. President

President sets their own personal style

Cabinet appointed by President and advises him

precedents

VP has no official duties

President acts independent from Congress

Congress relies on the advice of the President

Served 2 terms and stepped aside for someone else

Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State

Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State

cabinet

Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government

Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government

Department of Treasury---Financial affairs•Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury

Department of War-------------------Military affairs•Henry Knox----Secretary of War

Attorney General----------------------Legal affairs•Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice

Postmaster General-------------------Postal system•Samuel Osgood

John Jay first Chief Justice of

the Supreme Court

•President Washington appoints 6 justices to President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtthe Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South

•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created , Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.

•President Washington appoints 6 justices to President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtthe Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South

•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created , Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.

Foreign Debt

$11,710,000

Federal Domestic Debt

$42,414,000

State Debt

$21,500,000

CustomDuties

(Tariffs)

ExciseTax

on Whiskey

Misc.Revenue

Congress & Sec. of Treasury Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt Alexander Hamilton solve debt

problems:problems:

•Pay off $80 million debt

•Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products

•Tariff: a tax on imports

•Establish good credit with foreign nations

•Create a national bank with a national currency

•Raise money for govt backed by gold silver

Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the Assumption Act led to the creation of Washington,

D.C.debt

HAMILTONHAMILTON•Safe place to deposit and transfer

money

•Provide loans to government and state banks

•A national currency---$$$$$

•An investment by people to buy stock into US bank

•Constitution did not forbid a national bank….Loose construction of

Constitution

•National debt good for country

JEFFERSONJEFFERSON•Against the Constitution

•State banks would collapse

•Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank than control

the government

•Hurt the common man

•Strict construction…If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than

there can’t be a national bank.

•Against a national debt

BUS

•Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role in the beginning of our nation. in the beginning of our nation.

•Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially. would go economically, politically and socially.

•President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.they argued over our country’s beginnings.

whiskeymap

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed this tax was unfair because

it was taxing their income……

Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed this tax was unfair because

it was taxing their income……

•Farmer’s revolt in Farmer’s revolt in western Pennsylvania.western Pennsylvania.

•Refused to pay Refused to pay Hamilton’ s excise tax Hamilton’ s excise tax

•Believed it was an Believed it was an unfair tax.unfair tax.

•Were called the Were called the ““Whiskey RebelsWhiskey Rebels””

•Issue at hand was Issue at hand was testing the power of the testing the power of the

new Constitutionnew Constitution

Outcome:Outcome:

•Demonstrated to the Demonstrated to the people that this new people that this new

constitution was constitution was powerful enough to put powerful enough to put

down domestic down domestic rebellions, rebellions, “mobocracy”“mobocracy”

•Showed the power of the Showed the power of the national governmentnational government

President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Maryland, to crush Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Maryland, to crush

the Whiskey Rebellion.the Whiskey Rebellion.

Whiskey

Federalist BeliefsFederalist Beliefs(former Anti-Federalists)(former Anti-Federalists)

Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans

Leader

Appealed to

Alexander HamiltonJohn Adams

Thomas JeffersonJames Madison

Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated….Favored seaboard cities

Farmers and Planterscommon manFavored the South and West

Ideas of Government

Strong government over statesLoose ConstructionLoose Construction of Constitution

•Implied powersImplied powersWealthy and educated involvedLimit freedoms of speech & pressPreferred govt. similar to a king

State’s rights over National Govt.Strict constructionStrict construction of Constitution

•Expressed/Enumerated powersExpressed/Enumerated powersCommon man but educatedBill of Rights is sacredLesser government the better

DomesticPolicy

Supported National Bank—BUSSupported excise taxNational debt good for countryNational govt. assume state debtsTariffs should be high

Against National Bank—BUSAgainst excise tax Against National debtStates pay their own debtsTariffs should be low

ForeignPolicy

Opposed French RevolutionWanted war with FrenchFavored the British

Supported French RevolutionOpposed war with FrenchFavored the French

political

Jays

Jay’s Treaty with EnglandJay’s Treaty with England….. British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians.

•Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier.

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete

•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete

•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

French Rev

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

French Rev

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie Antoniette in

1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French Revolution where 40,000 opponents of

the new govt. were beheaded.

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie Antoniette in

1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French Revolution where 40,000 opponents of

the new govt. were beheaded.

farewell

Whereas it appears that a Whereas it appears that a state of warstate of war exists between Austria, Prussia, exists between Austria, Prussia,

Sardinia, Sardinia, Great BritainGreat Britain and the United and the United Netherlands, of the one part and Netherlands, of the one part and

FranceFrance on the other; and the duty and on the other; and the duty and

interest of the U.S. require, that they should with interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct conduct

friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers.friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers.

farewell

neutrality

•President Washington’s response to the French was to warn President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and remain Americans to stay out these European conflicts and remain neutral neutral

or avoid. or avoid.

•Why?Why?

I have therefore thought fit by these presents I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the U.S. to observe to declare the disposition of the U.S. to observe

the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and respectfully; and to exhort and warn the warn the

citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoeverproceedings whatsoever, which may in any , which may in any

manner tend to contravene such manner tend to contravene such disposition….disposition….April 1793April 1793

•Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were upset Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were upset with Washington’s Neutrality. with Washington’s Neutrality.

•Washington’s Washington’s NeutralityNeutrality decision was based on decision was based on the long term U.S. self interest.the long term U.S. self interest.

•Preserve and protect the infant nationPreserve and protect the infant nation

Thomas Paine On Thomas Paine On Washington’s NeutralityWashington’s Neutrality

““And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of danger) and a hypocrite in have been to me, and that in the day of danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide, whether you are an public life, the world will be puzzled to decide, whether you are an

apostate or an importer; whether you have abandoned good apostate or an importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any.”principles, or whether you ever had any.”

Response to frenchrev

•President Washington faced

several Indian problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition to and ammunition to attack US settlers.attack US settlers.

•Washington sent General “Mad

Anthony” Wayne to defeat the Indian

tribes.

•President Washington faced

several Indian problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition to and ammunition to attack US settlers.attack US settlers.

•Washington sent General “Mad

Anthony” Wayne to defeat the Indian

tribes.

precedents

War in the Old Northwest Territory

War in the Old Northwest Territory

Several tribes, led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, scored early victories

(1790–91)

The Miamis were defeated at Fallen Timbers by General

Mad Anthony Wayne (1794)

War in the Old Northwest Territory

War in the Old Northwest Territory

Treaty of Greenville • (1795) gave USA right to settle most of Ohio

• First formal recognition of Indian sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty

Map 13 of 45

British forts on U.S. soil. Still

haven’t removed troops and

supplying Indians with weapons

Disputed land claims with

Spain..Cut off Mississippi River

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

• British remove forts from US soil

• British agreed but required US to pay old debts on pre-

Revolution accounts.

• Allowed US to negotiate separate treaties with

Indian tribes

• Opened westward expansion for US settlers.

John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed

he sold out to the British.

•British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading

posts on US soil, sold firearms to

Indians.•Collaborated with Indians to check US

expansion to frontier.

Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain

Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain

• British expected Americans to defend French West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300– Impressed and imprisoned American sailors.

• Jeffersonians called for war• Federalists resisted (financial system).

• To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London (1794).

• Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s loyalty.

• Hamilton feared war with England, secretly supplied British with US bargaining strategy.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

• British agree to pay some damages, but required US to pay old debts on pre-

Revolution accounts.

• Jeffersonian’s felt treaty was surrender to Britain,

betrayal of South (who had debts).

• Did not stop impressment.

John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed

he sold out to the British.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

• Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity.

• Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.

Picnkneys

Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between Spanish Florida and US……

Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi

River and deposit their crops in New Orleans.

ImpressmentImpressment:: an act of kidnapping a ship, its an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy----contents, men and forcing them into your navy----

the British and French were doing this to us.the British and French were doing this to us.

impressment

•Washington warned of the dangers of Washington warned of the dangers of political partiespolitical parties and and permanent alliancespermanent alliances

with other nations. with other nations.

•Washington’s warning against Washington’s warning against “entangling “entangling alliances”alliances” became a principle of U.S. foreign became a principle of U.S. foreign

policy.policy.

““Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relationvery remote relation….Our ….Our detacheddetached and and distantdistant situation invites situation invites

and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign

worldworld……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable ……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely

trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796

farewell

Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated with all the

British and foreign continents--- --- ”GOOD HISTORIAN””GOOD HISTORIAN”

Washington displayed this in 1793 by the Proclamation Proclamation of Neutralityof Neutrality and his Farewell AddressFarewell Address in 1796.

No entangling alliancesNo entangling alliances…….…….US should avoid military alliances with Europe…….continue to trade with Europe

Neutrality = Isolation

Indian land

notes1

1. Washington’s Presidency Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797 VP: John Adams

2. Problems facing US Debt Government on paper but not in practice British, Spain and Indians Confidence in new government

3. Accomplishments Political achievements

Precedents Develops first

Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson Supreme Court---Judiciary Act of 1789 treaties

Created lowers courts to assist the Supreme

Court

Domestic Achievements:Secures westward expansion

Jay’s Treaty—1793---Great BritainPicnkney’s Treaty—1795---Spain

Debt solutionsExcise taxes and tariffsBank of United States (BUS)

Enforced ConstitutionWhiskey RebellionDemonstrated strength of new government

Foreign AchievementsNo war with Great Britain or SpainFrench Revolution---1789 to 1800---US response

Neutrality Act---Washington warns = stay outCornerstone of US foreign policy = isolationism

Washington’s Farewell SpeechTwo ways the US can stay unified and strong

Avoid political parties military alliances with European countries

notes2

Farmers refuse to pay Whiskey tax to US Govt.

“Mobocracy”

Federalist BeliefsFederalist Beliefs(former Anti-Federalists)(former Anti-Federalists)

Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans

Leader

Appealed to

Alexander HamiltonJohn Adams

Thomas JeffersonJames Madison

Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated….Favored seaboard cities

Farmers and Planterscommon manFavored the South and West

Ideas of Government

Strong government over statesLoose ConstructionLoose Construction of Constitution

•Implied powersImplied powersWealthy and educated involvedLimit freedoms of speech & pressPreferred govt. similar to a king

State’s rights over National Govt.Strict constructionStrict construction of Constitution

•Expressed/Enumerated powersExpressed/Enumerated powersEducated but common manUpheld Bill of Rights as sacredLesser government the better

DomesticPolicy

Supported National Bank—BUSProtective tariff and excise taxNational debt good for countryNational govt. assume state debtsTariffs should be high

Against National Bank—BUSAgainst Protective TariffAgainst excise tax and National debtStates pay their own debtsTariffs should be low

ForeignPolicy

Opposed French RevolutionWanted war with FrenchFavored the British

Supported French RevolutionOpposed war with FrenchFavored the French

political

HAMILTON VERSUS JEFFERSON

The Origins of the Two Party Political System: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans

Views on Strict versus loose interpretation of the Constitution: the

Elastic Clause Hamilton

• Favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution’s elastic clause about making all “necessary and proper” laws; Congress could act whenever it was “proper”. Believed in the implied powers included in the Constitution.

Jefferson• Favored a strict interpretation of the

Constitution’s elastic clause; Congress should act only when “necessary”. Believed in adhering closely to the specifically listed powers included in the Constitution.

Views on the National Bank:the BUS!

Hamilton• Wanted Congress to charter

one, sell some if its stock to individuals; this would be good for investors in the bank.

Jefferson• A national bank is not

“necessary,” so it is not authorized under the Constitution; such a bank would benefit commercial classes, not the farmers Jefferson favored.

Views on paying the national debt from the war

Hamilton• Fund it at par via new bonds;

pay security holders in full; benefits well-to-do security holders and commercial interests.

Jefferson• Initially, opposed; ordinary citizens

had loaned the government money and then had to sell the securities at a deep discount to speculators - wanted these people at least partially repaid. Accepted Hamilton’s plan in exchange for the move of the Capitol.

Views on the American economy

Hamilton• Stressed manufacturing,

commerce, finance. Favored the rich, merchants, & wealthy planters.

Jefferson• Wanted a simple agrarian

economy. Favored the “yeoman farmer” …wanted the government to support the interests of the “common man”

Views on British society and government

Hamilton• Admired both; liked the

orderliness of the British government and financial systems.

Jefferson• Disliked both; thought British

society was decadent, the government corrupt and anti-republican.

Views on France’s RevolutionHamilton

• Abhorred the violence and social disruptions of the French Revolution.

Jefferson• Admired France’s republican

revolution.

"We are not to expect to be translated from despotism to liberty in a featherbed."

Views on the central government

Hamilton• Favored a strong central

government.

Jefferson• Favored state’s rights.