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Reading Chest Radiographs
Basics
Anterior-Posterior vs. Posterior-Anterior
AP exaggerates cardiac size
PA requires pt to stand
Look at the whole radiograph
Learn a system - do it the same EVERY time
System
A-B-C-D-E-F
A - Airway/lung fields
B - Bones/soft tissueC - Cardiac/mediastinumD - DiaphragmE - Examine TechniqueF - Foreign bodies
Lung Parenchyma
Classify disease into 3 categories
Airspace: alveolar filling
fluffy, opacities, air-bronchograms
Interstitial: lines and small dots
reticulonodular, reticular, nodular
Nodule: single or multiple, vary in size, w/ or w/o cavitation/calcification, smooth or irregular
Consolidation
Filling or loss of air spaces
Pus - Pneumonia
Fluid - Pulmonary edemaBlood - infarct, hemorrhageForeign body - aspirationTumor - bronchoalveolar carcinomaVolume loss - atelectasis
RML atelectasis
Consolidation
Radiographic signs
Opacity, air bronchograms, silhouetting
Silhouette sign: intrathoracic lesion touching border of heart, aorta, diaphragm obliterating that border
Helps to identify location of consolidation
Left HeartSilhouette sign
Consolidation
Silhouette sign:
What structure is silhouetted on PA?R heart = RMLL heart = lingulaAorta, diaphragm = Lower lobe
Lateral view: which diaphragm is silhouetted?
Fissure sign: abrupt edge @ margin
Increased density of vert. just above diaphragm on lateral
Collapse
Atelectasis - volume loss
Extrinsic compression (effusion, tumor, etc)
Airway obstruction
Extraluminal - tumor, LADIntraluminal - tumor, foreign body
Lobar collapse: mediatstinal shift to affected side, displacement of hilum/fissures, fewer vessels on affected side
Interstitial Pattern
Acute process:
Pneumonia - viral, fungal, Tb, PCP
Edema - CHF, Renal failure w/ overload
Drug/Transfusion reaction
Chronic: many etiologies
Normal/low lung volumes
Interstitial Pattern
Upper lobe predominant
Tb, pneumoconioses, fibrosis from ankylosing spondylitis
Mid lung predominant
sarcoid, berylliosis, allergic alveolitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis
Lower lung predominant
IPF, lymphangitic tumor spread, CVD fibrosis, chronic edema, drug rxn
Interstitial Pattern
Large Lung volumes: indicates air trapping
Cystic fibrosis
Eosinophilic granulomatosis
Lymhangioleiomyomatosis
Tuberous sclerosis
Pulmonary Nodule(s)Solitary Nodule: many etiologies
Primary lung tumor, mets, granuloma, septic emboli, pulmonary AVM, hamartoma, Wegener’s vasculitis, bronchiectasis, fungal infection, etc
Important features
Change over time: growing is worrisomeCalcification: eccentric is worrisomeSize: > 3cm more worrisome
Pulmonary Nodule(s)
Multiple Nodules
Metastatic until proven otherwiseseptic/bland embolivasculitides, CVDpneumoconiosesEosinophilic granulomatosisFungi, viral, Tb PNAWegener’sLymphoma
Cardiac Anatomy
Frontal view
Right atrium
SVC
Aortic knob
Left atrial appendage
Left ventricle
Lateral view
Right atrium/Ventricle
Left ventricle
Left atrium
Aortic arch
Main Pulm. Artery
Descending Thoracic Aorta
Cardiac Anatomy
On frontal CXR - 45% or less than largest diameter from inner aspect of rib to rib laterally
Right heart border - mostly RA
Left Border - Aortic arch, MPA, LAA, LV
Right Atrium - Right border >4cm from center of spine
Right Ventricle - fills retrosternal space >1/3 distance between diaphragm & sternomanubrial joint
Left Atrium - subcarinal angle >90 degrees, posterior deviation of left main stem bronchus
Left Ventricle - LV reaches spine prior to diaphragm
Atrial/Ventricular Hypertropy
Pulmonary Vasculature
Many potential patterns to help narrow differential for cardiac disease
3 you need to know
Normal - lower lobe vessels larger due to gravity, taper smoothly to periphery, interlobar arterial size (11-16mm M, 9-14mm F)
Pulmonary Vasculature
Pulmonary venous hypertension: upper lobe vessels larger “cephalization” result of hypoxic vasoconstriction; dependent edema
LV failure (ASCHD, valvular), atrial myxoma, PVOD
Pulmonary arterial hypertension: “pruning” or rapid tapering of peripheral vessels from large central arteries
Chronic venous HTN, COPD, Chronic PE, vasculitides, Primary PHTN, L-to-R shunt
Kerley A line
Mediastinum
Several compartments
Anterior: ant. = sternum, post. = pericardium
Middle: ant. = pericardium, post. = trachea
Posterior: ant. = trachea, post. = ribs
Don’t miss a widened mediastinum = could be an aortic aneurysm
Mediastinum
Masses by compartment
Anterior: “4T’s”
Teratoma
ThymomaTerrible tumor (lymphoma, mets)Thyroid - goiter
Middle:Aortic aneurysm
MediastinumLymph nodes - Lymphoma/Mets
Pericardial/bronchogenic cystPosterior:
AneurysmLymph nodesNeurogenic tumors - ganglion tumorSpine - osteophyteEsophagus - paraesophageal herniaSubsternal Thyroid
Pleural Abnormalities
Effusions: fluid
300-500cc to blunt CP angle on frontal150cc posterior to blunt CP angle on lateral
Free flowing or not?: obtain bilateral decubital films
Subpulmonic: lateral peaking of diaphragm, loss lung parenchyma below diaphragm
Pleural Abnormalities
Pneumothorax: air in pleural space
Apical or “deep sulcus”
Tension: flattened ipsilateral lung on mediastinum
MassesAngle w/ chest wall is obtuseCenter of MassWell defined margin only on 1 side
Pleural Abnormalities
ThickeningFocal: unilateral
usually from infection/hemorrhagePlaque from asbestosis - near diaphragms
Diffuse: unilateralSmooth: Old Tb, empyem, hemothorax, mesothelioma, mets, lymphoma
Nodular: same except Tb