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Real Events Happening to Real People 76 million cases of
foodborne illness annually1
325,000 hospitalizations 5,000 deaths Medical costs, productivity
losses, costs of premature death costs 6.9 billion dollars a year2
1Mead PS, et al., Food-related illness and death in the United States, Emerg Infect Dis. 5:607-614. 1999.2 Buzby, et al. Product Liability and Microbial Foodborne Illness (2001)ERS Agricultural Economic Report No. 799.
Marler Clark, LLP PS
Since 1993 Marler Clark has represented thousands of legitimate food illness victims in every 50 States
Only a fraction of the victims who contactour office end up being represented
Who do we turn away?
There is a Worm in my Freezer!
“I recently found a whole, 2-cm long worm packaged inside a frozen dinner. I have the worm in my freezer. I'm interested in discussing my rights in this matter. Could you please contact me, or refer me to a firm that may be able to give me assistance? ”
“Christening” the Carpet“I opened a box of buffalo wings and saw an unusually shaped piece of chicken and I picked it up. When I saw that the ‘piece’ had a beak, I got sick to my stomach. My lunch and diet coke came up andI managed to christen my carpet, bedding and clothing. I want them to at least pay for cleaning my carpet etc.”
The Chaff
Just like health departments, we need to quickly and reliably recognize unsupportable claims.
How Do We Do It?
Basically, The Same That You Do
Symptoms Incubation Duration Food History Medical Attention Suspected source Others Ill
Health Department Involvement
Matching Incubation PeriodsIncubation Periods Of Common Pathogens
PATHOGEN INCUBATION PERIOD
Staphylococcus aureus 1 to 8 hours, typically 2 to 4 hours.
Campylobacter 2 to 7 days, typically 3 to 5 days.
E. coli O157:H7 1 to 10 days, typically 2 to 5 days.
Salmonella 6 to 72 hours, typically 18-36 hours.
Shigella 12 hours to 7 days, typically 1-3 days.
Hepatitis A 15 to 50 days, typically 25-30 days.
Listeria 3 to 20 days, typically 21 days
Norovirus 24 to 72 hours, typically 36 hours.
Match Symptoms and Vehicles with Specific Pathogens
E. coli O157:H7
Hepatitis A
Salmonella
Shigella
Campylobacter
Vibrio
Epidemiologic Assessment
Time
Place
Person association
Part of a recognized outbreak?
Medical Attention
Health care provider
Emergency Room Hospitalization
Health Department Involvement
FOIA/Public Records Request
Communicable Disease Investigation
Reportable Disease Case Report Form
Enteric/viral laboratory testing results
Human specimens
Environmentalspecimens
Molecular Testing Results
PFGE and PulseNet
MLVA
Calicinet
Prior Health Department Inspections
Improper Cooking Procedures
Improper Refrigeration
Improper Storage and Cooking Procedures
Improper Sanitation
Improper Cooking Procedures
A young girl suffered HUS after eating a hamburger from a midsized southern California fast-food chain.
Her illness was not culture-confirmed.
No food on site tested positive for E. coli O157:H7.
Review of health inspections revealed flaws in cooking methods.
Hamburger buns are toasted on the grill immediately adjacent to the cooking patties, and it is conceivable that, early in the cooking process, prior to pasteurization, meat juices and blood containing active pathogens might possibly splash onto a nearby bun.
Improper Refrigeration
A Chinese buffet-restaurant in Ohio was the suspected source of an E. coli O157:H7 outbreak.
No contaminated leftover food was found.
A number of ill patrons were children. Jell-O was suspected as the vehicle of transmission.
Health Department report noted “raw meat stored above the Jell-O in the refrigerator.”
The likely source of E. coli O157:H7 in the Jell-O was from raw meat juices dripping on the Jell-O while it was solidifying in the refrigerator.
Improper Storage and Cooking
Banquet-goers in southeastern Washington tested positive for Salmonella.
Leftover food items had been discarded or tested negative.
Restaurant had “pooled”dozens, if not hundreds, of raw eggs in a singlebucket for storage overnight, then usedthem as a “wash” ona specialty dessert that was not cooked thoroughly.
The Liability of Health Inspectors
Are You At Risk?
“Liability”
Financial responsibility for another person’s injuries or damages.
If You Are Going To Be Held Liable, It Will Be For:
NEGLIGENCE
Elements of NEGLIGENCE
Duty
Breach
Causation
Damages
DUTY
Legal obligation to act for the benefit of another person
Sources:
1. Statute or regulation
2. Contract
3. Common Law
The Other Elements
Breach
Causation
Damages
Public Duty
A legal doctrine that shields state
and local governments from
liability.
Immunity
Governments can choose to not be liable for tortious
conduct
Public Duty and Immunity
Whether an inspector is liable is a function of whether the state’s courts apply the public duty rule, sovereign immunity, or a combination of both.
The “public duty doctrine” shields almost all public officials and the
agencies they work for from
liability.
“A duty to all is a duty to none”
Public Duty Doctrine
Public Duty Doctrine Applied
Inspector conducts on-site inspection at sandwich shop. From previous inspections he knows that cooked deli meat used in sandwiches is prepped in a separate area out of public view. He leaves without inspecting the deli meat prep area.
20 days later there is a large Hepatitis A outbreak among sandwich shop patrons. An investigation attributes illnesses to an ill employee who sliced meats and did not wear gloves.
Is the inspector liable to patrons who become ill?
It Depends
Even among
states that apply
the public duty
doctrine, there
are always
exceptions
Can a Health Inspector in WA be Sued for Failing in a Duty to Find a Food-Safety Risk?
The answer is…..
Are you paying for
this information?
Sovereign Immunity Waived in WASHINGTON
RCW 4.96.010 – Government entities may be liable for damages arising out of their employees’ tortious conduct while performing their official duties.
But, Washington Appliesthe Public Duty Doctrine
The duty owed by the government entity must be one
owed to the injured plaintiff,
not one owed to the public in general.
“A duty to all is a duty to none”
Exception: Special Relationship
(1) where a public agent, acting within the scope of official conduct, has direct contact or privity with the injured plaintiff which sets the injured plaintiff apart from the general public; AND
(2) the public officer gives express assurances, which
(3) give rise to justifiable reliance
Special Relationship Applied
Just as the inspector starts his inspection he gets called back to the office and has to leave before finishing. As he gets in the car, a customer spots the county logo and asks if the restaurant is a safe place to eat.
“Sure,” he says, “the safest place in town.”
The customer consumesa sandwich and contractsHepatitis A.
Is the inspector liable?
MAYBE
Who Me, Worry?
Anyone can be sued. But the good news is, it is very unlikely occurrence.
You are always entitled to a lawyer provided by your employer for job-related claims.
You will not be financially exposed because it is your employer who would be on the hook for your
job-related mistakes. Be nice to lawyers, you
may need one someday (and some of us are actually nice people).
Words of Wisdom
Do your job and you will be fine Think like the business and customers
are your family Educate, Educate, Educate Document, Document, Document Photos, Photos, Photos Work cooperatively with other agencies Do as complete of an investigation
as resources allow
6600 Bank of America Tower701 Fifth AvenueSeattle, Washington 981041-800-884-9840www.marlerclark.com
Questions?