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Tropical fruit production and genetic

resources in Southeast Asia: Identifying the

priority fruit species - by M.B. Osman, Z.A.Mohamed, S. Idris and R. Aman

Introduction

Strictly, the Southeast Asian region comprises of the countries in the Malay Archipelago(including the Greater and Lesser Sunda, Moluccas, Philippines and New Guinea) and the

Indochinese Peninsula of continental Asia. It is essentially a constituent part of the large Asia-

Pacific region which consists of 30 countries. The region, with a multitude of climatic conditions

and agroecologies, is one of the most important centres of diversity of many species of tropical

fruits. A significant percentage of the world's total tropical fruit production occurs in this region,within the overall range of distribution in the tropical rain forest belt (Fig. 1). Since adequate and

reliable data on various aspects of production and genetic resources are not readily available, forthe purpose of this paper, discussions are based on a few important tropical fruit producing

countries, namely, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and Malaysia.

The region is a major producer of the important tropical fruits, such as banana, mango, pineapple,

durian and rambutan. Some of the fruits have high potential but have remained under-exploited

and, are though cherished by the natives, are seldom marketed beyond the national or regional

boundaries.

Objectives of this paper are:

1) to briefly describe the status of the fruit production in a number of countries in the region,

2) to assess the available tropical fruit genetic resources, and

3) to identify few priority fruit species both for major and minor fruits of importance in the

region.

Fig. 1. World centres of diversity/origin of fruit-tree species (compiled and modified by

authors)

Fruit production in the Asia-Pacific and Southeast Asian Regions

The Asia-Pacific region produced about 26 per cent of the world's total fruit production during1986-88 (Table 1). The region was a major producer of some of the important tropical fruits,

such as banana, mango and pineapple. Within the region, banana, citrus, mango and pineapple, in

that order, were the top fruits in terms of productivity, and together they accounted for about 56 per cent of the total fruit production in the region. Therefore, these four fruits are considered as

http://www2.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/655/p062.gif







the major fruits of the region. The major producing countries for several of them were India,

Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Pakistan and Vietnam. Further, the region can be considered as

the most important producer of minor fruits, such as durian, mangosteen, langsat and rambutan.During 1986-88, the. region produced more than 68 per cent share of the minor fruits in the

world market, and which included litchi and longan.

Based on the production figures in Table 2, the Southeast Asia region as a whole is still

considered relatively small vis-a-vis the major fruit production worldwide. However, several

countries in the region may be very important for the production of minor fruits, particularlythose which have shown strong growth rates.

Table 1. Annual production of some major fruits in Asia-Pacific and the world during

1986-88 ('000 tonnes)

Asia-

Pacific*

World Asia-Pacific as %

of world

Major producing countries

Banana 16 425 40 087 41.0 India, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand,PNG, Vietnam

Citrus 12 609 63 295 19.9 China, Japan, India, Pakistan, Australia

Mango 11 381 14 563 78.2 India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand,Philippines

Pineapple 6 380 10 354 61.6 Philippines, Thailand, India, Vietnam,Indonesia

Minor

fruits**

11 350 16 679 68.1

Total 83 996 326886

25.7

Source: Adapted from Singh (1993).

*Comprises 30 countries.

**Minor fruits include durian, mangosteen, litchi, longan, langsat, rambutan, sugar apple, guava,

starfruit, etc.

Table 2. Total fruit production excluding melon, in several Southeast Asian countries

during 1979-88 ('000 tonnes)

Country 1979-81 1986-88 Av. Growth %(1979-88)

Indonesia 4 103 5 775 3.9

Malaysia 962 1 146 2.2

Philippines 5 813 6 752 1.7

Thailand 6 309 5 394 1.9



Vietnam 2 587 3 831 5.0

Asia-Pacific 70 514 88 585 2.9

World 294 364 326 892 1.4

Sources: Adapted from Singh (1993).

Adequate and reliable data on fruit hectarages in the countries of the Southeast Asian region arenot available. However, for several countries, the available data are satisfactory and are used to

determine as to which of the fruits produced within the different countries constitute the majorand minor fruits on a regional basis (Fig. 2). The figure indicates that for the four countries,

namely, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and Malaysia, the fruit hectarages match very well with

the major fruits produced by them. During 1986-88, Thailand had the highest fruit hectarage(36.7 per cent), followed by Indonesia (30.7 per cent), Philippines (25.7 per cent) and Malaysia

(6.9 per cent). Out of over 2.1 million hectares planted, only about 16.3 per cent (about 350,000

ha) were planted with minor fruits including a few non-tropical ones.

Fig. 2. Fruit hectarages in four Southeast Asian countries.

Major and Minor Fruits in Southeast Asia

The terms major, minor and rare fruits are relative in their meaning depending on whether one istalking about their market availability, production, planted acreage or even other economic

considerations. In the international fruit markets, most tropical fruits are considered minor and

exotic compared to the temperate fruits, except for a few such as banana and pineapple. Durian,for example, is a major fruit in Malaysia and Thailand, and is also popular in a number of other

countries in Southeast Asia, but durian is still unheard of in many parts of the world. In the

context of this paper, the major and minor fruits are loosely defined as those that are planted with

production in mind, but differing in their relative abundance, while the rare fruits are usually not

deliberately planted, and many are only found in the forests, and none or very few of them findtheir way into the market. Most of the rare fruits are indigenous and endemic to the region.

A number of major and minor fruits have been introduced into the region, for instance papaya,

pineapple, guava, sapodilla and soursop from South America. Presently, the fruits produced in

the region are a good mix of indigenous and introduced fruits.

Based on the area planted, Table 3 lists the major and the minor fruits in different countries ofSoutheast Asia. As can be observed, some fruit types, such as citrus, durian, jackfruit and annona

are categorized both under major and minor fruits as per their relative importance in a particular

country, and total area under cultivation. As expected, the list of minor fruits is longer than that

of major fruits. However, several fruits, such as papaya, durian, rambutan, Jackfruit, mangosteenand Lansium are cultivated in majority of the countries.

Table 3. The major and minor fruits of Southeast Asia*

Classification Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Philippines

Major Fruits Banana Durian Banana Banana






Pineapple

Mango

Citrus

Rambutan

Banana

Rambutan

Pineapple

ChampedakMango

Mango

Durian

Annona

RambutanCitrus

Jackfruit

Mango

Pineapple

Citrus

Minor Fruits Papaya

Lansium

SalakOthers

Lansium

Jackfruit

MangosteenGuava

Papaya

Citrus

SapodillaStarfruit

Lansium

Longan

SapodillaGuava

Mangosteen

Pummelo

Litchi

Papaya

Jackfruit

LansiumCaimito

Avocado

Guayabano

ChicoPili

Durian

Atis

MarangMangosteen

Tiesa

Starfruit Annona

*For scientific names refer Appendix II.

1 Based on planted hectarage;

2Based on 1986 data;

3Based on 1988 data;

4Based on 1987 data.

Sources: Adapted from Subijanto (1993), Polprasid (1993), Valmayor (1993), and, Ministry of

Agriculture, Malaysia (1993).

As presented in Table 3, the major and minor fruits of importance in Southeast Asia can be

summarized as follows:

Major fruits Minor fruits

Banana Annona* Lansium

Citrus Atis Litchi

Mango Avocado Longan

Pineapple Caimito Mangosteen

Durian Chico Marang

Rambutan Citrus* Papaya

Jackfruit Durian* Pili

Annona Guava Pummelo

Champedak Guayabano Salak

(soursop) Sapodilla

Jackfruit* Starfruit



Tiesa

*Also occur as the major fruits in some other countries; for scientific names, refer Appendix II.

Genetic Resources in Tropical Fruits

Southeast Asia - A centre of genetic diversity in tropical fru its

Rich plant diversity occurs in the tropical rain forests of the Southeast Asian region, which is

reported to have about 25 000 indigenous species of flowering plants. More than 500 species offruits are estimated to be found in the region. In fact, due to the varying agroecologies and socio-

economic influences, even the introduced fruit species, such as guava and papaya have

accumulated considerable diversity (Singh, 1993).

Southeast Asia has always been recognized as the centre of origin of a number of cultivated

tropical fruit trees. The region possesses a wealth and variety of tropical fruits, and is unrivalledin terms of the variability of fruit genetic resources, particularly the large genera, such as Durio

(durian), Garcinia (mangosteen), Nephelium (rambutan), Artocarpus (champedak), Baccaurea

(rambai), Citrus (lime, pummelo), Syzygium (water apple), Mangifera (brinjai, bambangan),

Musa (banana), Lansium (duku, langsat), Salacca (salak) and others. Osman (1993) reportedover 200 different species for Malaysia alone, and these represent promising genetic diversity.

Species richness

In many countries in this region, fruits contribute as a source of food and also income. Althougha wealth of indigenous genetic resources are available, most are still growing in wild or in semi-

cultivated state, and their economic potential has not been fully realized. The extent of richness

of fruit species in Southeast Asia is indicated in Table 4 and Figs. 3-5 depict the distribution of

Durio, Nephelium and Mangifera. In many cases, systematic efforts to tap their potential have been lacking or have not received due priority. Although a few indigenous tropical fruit types are

becoming relatively important, on the whole, many tropical fruits are still underexploited.

Table 4. Some fruit tree genera with a large number of species found in Southeast Asia

Genus No. of species

Garcinia 400

Baccaurea 80

Artocarpus 51

Mangifera 41 Parkia 40

Nephelium 30

Durio 27

Xerospermum 20

Lansium 15





Total No. Of Online Applications For February - August 2010

No. Online Services Feb March Apr May June July Aug No. Of Records

1. Enquiries /

Comments

28 325 205 192 185 190 195 1320

2. Vacancies

Application

0 219 145 110 116 119 86 795

Total 28 544 350 302 301 309 281 2115

Source:

http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/statistics-online




http://history.go%28-1%29/



The percentage of Australian smokers by age group and by sex is presented below. The agegroup 25-29 year olds has the highest rates of smoking. A higher percentage of men smoke

compared to women in all age groups. Current smokers are defined as persons who smoke daily

or at least weekly.

Percentage of current smokers in sex and age groups, 2007

Age Men Women Total 18-24 21 18 19

25-29 30 26 28 30-39 25 21 23 40-59 23 19 21 60+ 12 10 11

Total 21 18 19

Between 1980 and 2007, smoking rates decreased in all age groups. This information is presented in the graph below. Up until 2004, the proportion of adult smokers aged 18-24 has

been very similar to the proportion aged 25-29. In 2007, the proportion of 18-24-year-olds who

smoked dropped sharply and is now lower than all other age groups under 60 years. The fall in

smoking rates in this age group possibly reflects the decline in smoking among teenagers since

1999.

Source:

www.allcountries.org/.../226_current_cigarette_smoking.html

http://www.allcountries.org/.../226_current_cigarette_smoking.html



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