Really Old StuffReally Old Stuff600 C.E. to around 1450600 C.E. to around 1450

The Big PictureThe Big Picture 1. Do cultural areas, as opposed 1. Do cultural areas, as opposed

to states or empires, better to states or empires, better represent history?represent history?

2. How does change occur 2. How does change occur within societies?within societies?

3. How similar were the 3. How similar were the economic and trading practices economic and trading practices that developed across cultures?that developed across cultures?

Rise of IslamRise of Islam Monotheistic Monotheistic MohammadMohammad Qur’anQur’an Five Pillars of IslamFive Pillars of Islam Started in Mecca but was forced to Started in Mecca but was forced to

move to Medina – move to Medina – hijrahijra Moved back to Mecca – from there Moved back to Mecca – from there

spread rapidlyspread rapidly

EmpireEmpire Mohammad dies, Abu Bakr takes Mohammad dies, Abu Bakr takes

overover Caliph – emperor/religious leaderCaliph – emperor/religious leader TheocracyTheocracy

Umar, Uthman, AliUmar, Uthman, Ali Ali is assassinated – prominent Ali is assassinated – prominent

Umayyad family takes overUmayyad family takes over Became more like a monarchyBecame more like a monarchy No clear successorNo clear successor

Umayyad DynastyUmayyad Dynasty Moved capital to DamascusMoved capital to Damascus Arabic became official languageArabic became official language Conquered subjects were encouraged Conquered subjects were encouraged

to convert.to convert. Empire grew – Spain and S. Italy, as Empire grew – Spain and S. Italy, as

close to Europe as they would get.close to Europe as they would get. Muslims split Muslims split

Shi’ite - believed the hereditary line of Shi’ite - believed the hereditary line of rulers should come from Ali.rulers should come from Ali.

Sunni - leaders should come from broad Sunni - leaders should come from broad base of people; not just Alibase of people; not just Ali

Abbasid DynastyAbbasid Dynasty Umayyad defeated by Abu al-Abbas – Umayyad defeated by Abu al-Abbas –

supporters of Alisupporters of Ali Moved capital to Baghdad – cultural Moved capital to Baghdad – cultural

centercenter Trade/manufacturing of steelTrade/manufacturing of steel Medical and Math advancementsMedical and Math advancements Preserved Western Culture and Preserved Western Culture and

history – Ancient Greek and Roman history – Ancient Greek and Roman worksworks

Sufis converted many to IslamSufis converted many to Islam

WomenWomen Before the Qur’an, women were seen Before the Qur’an, women were seen

as propertyas property Qur’an – women were equal before Qur’an – women were equal before

Allah – more respected, but still Allah – more respected, but still subservient to mensubservient to men

Men could have more than one wife; Men could have more than one wife; wife could only have one husbandwife could only have one husband

Veiling of womenVeiling of women Primary duty was to be loyal and care Primary duty was to be loyal and care

for husband and familyfor husband and family

Fall of Islamic EmpireFall of Islamic EmpireMongolsMongolsWould not be united again until Would not be united again until

the rise of Ottoman Turksthe rise of Ottoman Turks

EuropeEurope Middle AgesMiddle Ages

After fall of Rome (before the After fall of Rome (before the Renaissance)Renaissance)

West and East Europe had West and East Europe had different forms of Christianity; different forms of Christianity; Catholic and OrthodoxCatholic and Orthodox

E. Europe (Byzantine) was much E. Europe (Byzantine) was much more centralized and organized more centralized and organized than the West.than the West.

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire Language: GreekLanguage: Greek Persian culture influence (dome buildings)Persian culture influence (dome buildings) Absolute EmperorsAbsolute Emperors

Justinian – Justinian’s Code (preserved Roman Justinian – Justinian’s Code (preserved Roman legal principles); major building projects (Hagia legal principles); major building projects (Hagia Sophia)Sophia)

Considered secular (compared to Rome; Considered secular (compared to Rome; Pope head of church and state)Pope head of church and state)

Distinct differences from Catholic church Distinct differences from Catholic church (priest marriages, communion, icons)(priest marriages, communion, icons)

Orthodox Patriarch and Catholic Pope Orthodox Patriarch and Catholic Pope excommunicated each otherexcommunicated each other

Orthodoxy and RussiaOrthodoxy and RussiaSt. Cyril – converted SE Europe St. Cyril – converted SE Europe

and Russia to Christianity – Slavic and Russia to Christianity – Slavic alphabetalphabet

Vladimir – Kiev Prince – converted Vladimir – Kiev Prince – converted to Orthodoxyto Orthodoxy

Russia becomes culturally Russia becomes culturally different from other powers of different from other powers of Europe because of the cultural ties Europe because of the cultural ties to Russian Christian Orthodoxyto Russian Christian Orthodoxy

Western EuropeWestern Europe FranksFranks – Germanic people; converted to – Germanic people; converted to

ChristianityChristianity United under King Clovis; Kingdom was United under King Clovis; Kingdom was

split among his sons and disintegratedsplit among his sons and disintegrated Charles Martel once again united people Charles Martel once again united people

to defeat the Muslims – Battle of Tours to defeat the Muslims – Battle of Tours (stopped Muslim advance into Europe)(stopped Muslim advance into Europe) Founded Carolingian Dynasty; Pepin (his Founded Carolingian Dynasty; Pepin (his

son) certified his rule with the Popeson) certified his rule with the Pope

CharlemagneCharlemagne (Pepin’s Son) (Pepin’s Son) Revitalized the concept of empire to W. Revitalized the concept of empire to W.

EuropeEurope Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Monasteries – center of art and Monasteries – center of art and

educationeducation Feudalism societyFeudalism society After his death, empire was divided After his death, empire was divided

among 3 grandsonsamong 3 grandsons Viking and Magyar invasionsViking and Magyar invasions Catholic church became most Catholic church became most

powerful institution in W. Europepowerful institution in W. Europe

FeudalismFeudalism – Europe’s social, – Europe’s social, economic, and political system in economic, and political system in the Middle Agesthe Middle AgesKingKingNoblesNoblesVassalsVassalsPeasants (serfs)Peasants (serfs)

Manor systemManor system 3 field system – produced food 3 field system – produced food

surplussurplus

Code of ChivalryCode of Chivalry Females had few rightsFemales had few rights Serfs – eventually became highly Serfs – eventually became highly

skilled workers – would help bring skilled workers – would help bring Europe back into trading with the Europe back into trading with the worldworld

High Middle AgesHigh Middle AgesTowns grewTowns grewBurghers – middle class merchantsBurghers – middle class merchantsHanseatic League – alliance of Hanseatic League – alliance of

towns and dominated trade in towns and dominated trade in EuropeEurope

Gothic ChurchesGothic Churches

Church conflict:Church conflict: Scholasticism – relied on reason rather Scholasticism – relied on reason rather

than faiththan faith People questioned organized religionPeople questioned organized religion Heresies – religious beliefs or practices Heresies – religious beliefs or practices

that do not conform to the traditional that do not conform to the traditional church doctrinechurch doctrine

Pope Innocent III – strict church Pope Innocent III – strict church doctrines; persecution of Jews and doctrines; persecution of Jews and hereticsheretics

InquisitionInquisition Thomas Aquinas – Christian realist that Thomas Aquinas – Christian realist that

faith and reason do not have to conflictfaith and reason do not have to conflict

Emergence of Nation-StatesEmergence of Nation-States W. Europe was not organized into W. Europe was not organized into

countries but was broken up into feudal countries but was broken up into feudal kingdomskingdoms

Europe will begin to organize Europe will begin to organize themselves into cultural and language themselves into cultural and language groups groups

Germany and ItalyGermany and Italy – decentralized; – decentralized; strong group of independent strong group of independent kingdoms (like city-states)kingdoms (like city-states)

EnglandEngland – unified quickly – unified quickly William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror King John – signed Magna Carta (laid King John – signed Magna Carta (laid

foundation for Parliament)foundation for Parliament) Parliament – House of Lords and House of Parliament – House of Lords and House of

CommonsCommons FranceFrance – King Hugh Capet ruled small – King Hugh Capet ruled small

area around Parisarea around Paris Conflict with England (England taking land Conflict with England (England taking land

in France)in France) 100 Years War united France; led to 100 Years War united France; led to

England’s withdrawal of France (Joan of England’s withdrawal of France (Joan of Arc)Arc)

Bourbons become French monarchBourbons become French monarch

SpainSpain – united by Queen Isabella by – united by Queen Isabella by marrying Ferdinand.marrying Ferdinand. Used Catholic church as their allyUsed Catholic church as their ally Spanish Inquisition – forced non-Christians Spanish Inquisition – forced non-Christians

out of Spainout of Spain Led to Spanish culture and Christianity to Led to Spanish culture and Christianity to

the New Worldthe New World RussiaRussia – Fell to the Tatars (Mongols) – Fell to the Tatars (Mongols)

As Mongol power declined Russian princes As Mongol power declined Russian princes grew in power grew in power

Ivan III declared himself CzarIvan III declared himself Czar Ivan the Terrible - centralized powerIvan the Terrible - centralized power

Tang DynastyTang Dynasty Empire spreadEmpire spread Became too large it collapsed (local Became too large it collapsed (local

warlords)warlords) Song DynastySong Dynasty

Reunified ChinaReunified China Eventually fell to the Jurchens and the Eventually fell to the Jurchens and the

MongolsMongols Ming DynastyMing Dynasty

Drove out Mongols; restored traditional Drove out Mongols; restored traditional Chinese RuleChinese Rule

ChinaChina

Strong bureaucratic system (civil Strong bureaucratic system (civil service exam)service exam)

Built canals, roads, paper moneyBuilt canals, roads, paper money Song Dynasty – Gunpowder, Song Dynasty – Gunpowder,

compass, ship technologies, compass, ship technologies, production of steelproduction of steel

Champa rice – from Vietnam led Champa rice – from Vietnam led to population explosion in China to population explosion in China (also the rise of urban centers)(also the rise of urban centers)

WomenWomen Wu Zhao – only Empress of ChinaWu Zhao – only Empress of China Foot bindingFoot binding Subservient to menSubservient to men

ReligionReligion Buddhism – Mahayana – focused on Buddhism – Mahayana – focused on

peaceful, quiet lives and Zen – peaceful, quiet lives and Zen – attracted educated classes who attracted educated classes who followed Confucianismfollowed Confucianism

Daoists and Confucians tried to stop Daoists and Confucians tried to stop spread of Buddhismspread of Buddhism

Influenced by Korea and ChinaInfluenced by Korea and China Yamato clan – first and only dynastyYamato clan – first and only dynasty Religion – Shinto “the way of the gods” Religion – Shinto “the way of the gods”

– worshipped – worshipped kamikami Chinese influence grew in JapanChinese influence grew in Japan - -

Buddhism; bureaucratic and legal Buddhism; bureaucratic and legal reforms; however rejected reforms; however rejected Confucianism and Civil Service Exam; Confucianism and Civil Service Exam; nobility was hereditary not earned.nobility was hereditary not earned.

JapanJapan

Heian Era – lost a little Chinese Heian Era – lost a little Chinese influenceinfluence

Fujiwara – powerful aristocratic familyFujiwara – powerful aristocratic family Literature flourishedLiterature flourished Feudal systemFeudal system

Feudal Japan – developed about the Feudal Japan – developed about the same time as Europe’s feudal systemsame time as Europe’s feudal system

Shogun (like King)Shogun (like King) Daimyo (land owners; like lords)Daimyo (land owners; like lords)

Samurai (knights) – Code of BushidoSamurai (knights) – Code of Bushido Lesser SamuraiLesser Samurai Peasants and artisansPeasants and artisans Women were demeaned (not adored)Women were demeaned (not adored)

Islam vs. HinduismIslam vs. Hinduism Islamic Empire spread to N. India.Islamic Empire spread to N. India. Islamic Sultan made much Islamic Sultan made much

progress in Indiaprogress in India Much of N. India converted, and Much of N. India converted, and

S. India held on to Hinduism = S. India held on to Hinduism = conflictconflict

Mongols swept in with destruction Mongols swept in with destruction and leftand left

IndiaIndia

Rivalries between clans kept them Rivalries between clans kept them from unitingfrom uniting

Genghis Khan unified the clans and Genghis Khan unified the clans and led them to the largest empire ever!led them to the largest empire ever!

Did not establish a cultureDid not establish a culture 2 major consequences of Mongols2 major consequences of Mongols

1. Russia didn’t unify and develop as 1. Russia didn’t unify and develop as quickly as W. Europequickly as W. Europe

2. globally world trade, cultural 2. globally world trade, cultural diffusion and awareness grewdiffusion and awareness grew

MongolsMongols

KushKush Developed around same time as Developed around same time as

Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt Conquer Egypt then retreat back Conquer Egypt then retreat back

to Meroe - Iron manufacturing cityto Meroe - Iron manufacturing city AxumAxum – had much contact with – had much contact with

Mediterranean worldMediterranean world Converted to ChristianityConverted to Christianity

AfricaAfrica

West African KingdomsWest African Kingdoms Ghana, Mali and Songhai – Ghana, Mali and Songhai –

trade gold and salt with Islamic trade gold and salt with Islamic traderstraders

The kingdoms ended up The kingdoms ended up converting to Islamconverting to Islam

Timbuktu – W. Africa cultural Timbuktu – W. Africa cultural centercenter

ArtsArts Oral literatureOral literature Benin – bronze sculpting Benin – bronze sculpting

MayaMaya S. Mexico and Central AmericaS. Mexico and Central America Collection of city-states; pyramid Collection of city-states; pyramid

builders, hieroglyphicsbuilders, hieroglyphics Tikal – important political cityTikal – important political city Kings, priests, nobles, merchants, Kings, priests, nobles, merchants,

peasants, slavespeasants, slaves Not sure what caused the Mayan Not sure what caused the Mayan

civilization to declinecivilization to decline

AmericasAmericas

AztecsAztecs Central Mexico; Tenochtitlan Central Mexico; Tenochtitlan

(Mexico City)(Mexico City) Professional army dominated Professional army dominated

neighbors – demanded heavy neighbors – demanded heavy taxestaxes

Not bureaucratic – conquered Not bureaucratic – conquered areas were allowed to govern areas were allowed to govern themselvesthemselves

Religion was tied to military – Religion was tied to military – human sacrificeshuman sacrifices

IncasIncas Andes Mts. in PeruAndes Mts. in Peru Human was main source of laborHuman was main source of labor Women worked in fields, took care of Women worked in fields, took care of

household, had property, played a role in household, had property, played a role in religionreligion

Polytheistic – sun god was most importantPolytheistic – sun god was most important Ruler descended from sun and therefore Ruler descended from sun and therefore

ruled all of the earthruled all of the earth Bureaucracy – noblesBureaucracy – nobles Machu Picchu – templesMachu Picchu – temples Never developed writing; used quipu – Never developed writing; used quipu –

knotted strings to keep recordsknotted strings to keep records

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