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Reasons for Spanish, French and English exploration, settlement, and development in North
America
Settling the “New World”
Political turmoil Religious freedomEconomic opportunity
Many people leave their home countries because they feel they are being “persecuted” there.
For years, European countries were exploring then “colonizing” in their newly discovered areas
Why Leave Home??
European Exploration
Governments in
Europe were
trying to expand
their empires,
find new sources
of wealth, and
develop lands for
agricultural use.
Many of the
people who
travelled do so
for the same
reasons.
“I Love Gold!”
Spanish Exploration and Settlement
“Conquistadores” were Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas. Some went on their own in search of riches, others were commissioned by government officials to locate gold or establish settlements.
Many explorations began in South America, and later explorers moved towards North America
A History of Spanish Exploration
Hernan CortesSent to Mexico in 1519Searching for the
kingdom of Moctezuma II, an Aztec
Moctezuma sent gold as a gift and in hopes that Cortes would leave them alone
Ultimately, Cortes successfully attacked the Aztec empire
Francisco PizarroInspired by Cortes’
success1531 – landed in Peru
and reached the Inca Empire
Kidnapped their ruler – Atahualpa – who offered gold and silver for freedom
Riches were brought, but Atahualpa was killed
Ultimately, Pizarro conquered the Empire
CortesAztec EmpireNorth America
(Mexico)In search of richesMoctezuma
wounded in battle (then died)
Incan EmpireSouth America
(Peru)In search of richesAtahualpa killed by
Pizarro
Defeating the Empires
Pizarro
How did they succeed??• Weaponry• Horses• Smallpox
Conquistadores in FloridaJuan Ponce de Leon
Searching richesLegend: searching for
the fountain of youthSent by King
Ferdinand1513 - Landed in
FloridaFought American
Indians, found no gold, found no Fountain
Founded a settlement in 1521
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca1528 - Survived illness,
attack, weather, and starvation
Started at the west coast of FLA, travelled to Texas (captured and escaped) and then New Mexico
Lived with tribes while searching for Spanish settlement – 1536 met a group of Spanish soldiers
Hernando de Soto – FLA in 1539, headed north into N.C., then west to Arkansas First European
to cross the Mississippi River
Avoided settling – was searching gold - didn’t trade, either
Francisco
Vasquez de Coronado – New Mexico in 1540, looking for Cibola (city of gold/gems)Conquered
towns with the same name, but no riches
Travelled all the way to Kansas
Juan
Rodriguez Cabrillo – Sailed the coast of CA in 1542 looking for gold/new route to China
Exploration gave Spain claim to the Pacific coast
GOLD!!
So – Where Were They?
And How Did They Get There?
Set up pueblos (trading posts), missions (to convert American Indians to Catholicism), and presidios (military forts – Florida and Texas)
King Phillip II declared spreading Christianity as the main reason for founding new settlements
Used slaves – first American Indians, then from Africa – to work on plantations (especially in Caribbean)
Founded St. Augustine, FL (1565) after the French tried to settle there
Empires holdings were challenged after defeat of the Armada by the English and the economy weakened
Ruling
Canadian and Great Lakes Exploration in the Name of Fur!
The French in North America
Prior to extensive exploration, some French fishermen had been travelling to the north coast of North America in the early 1500’s
France looked to expand their trading empire and expand the spread of CatholicismHow is this similar to the Spanish?How is this different from the Spanish?
French Exploration of North America
The first French settlement was in FloridaDo you remember what the Spanish named
that fort?It was founded by “Huguenots” – French
ProtestantsFrance lagged behind Spanish exploration in
part because of religious fighting in FranceThe Catholics and the Huguenots were in
conflictApproximately 200,00 were driven out of
France during this timeSome fled to other European countries, while
others travelled to the “New World”
Original Settlement
Began by founding “Acadia” = Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, parts of Maine
Established small trading communities and fishing villages
Samuel de Champlain explored the coast, then headed westReached the St. Lawrence River and Great
LakesFounded Quebec (1608)Also explored New York and Vermont
France Begins Exploring
Fur was in high demand in Europe
Fur was abundant around the Great LakesFur – especially beaver pelts – were used
to make hatsThe French traded with the American
Indians – exchanged tools, jewelry and cloth for fursHad to travel into the wilderness to tradeUsually travelled by water
Through Montreal (1642), furs were shipped back to France
Water and Fur
Trading posts were established
Fur traders, missionaries, and explorers ventured from the Great Lakes
Jacques Marquette travelled the Mississippi River as far as Arkansas, but turned back for fear of encountering the Spanish
Rene-Robert de La Salle followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of MexicoHe claimed the lands for FranceHe honored King Louis XIV by naming the area
Louisiana
France Continues Exploring
Where Did They Go?
Had difficulty getting settlersHad 12,000 by 1688
Began to build outposts, particularly along waterwaysDetroit and New Orleans
Allied with the Algonquian and Huron IndiansBecause of strong trading tiesResult = enemy of the Iroquios
Attempting to Settle
Conflict Brewing??
Establishing a Stronghold in the New World
English Settlements
Permanent settlement in the “New World”Would expand British Empire
Investment in new opportunitiesAgricultureNatural Resources
Religious FreedomCatholics and Protestants were often in
conflict
Primary Reasons for Settlement
The “Lost Colony” of RoanokeSir Walter Raleigh
finances expeditionGroup landed in Virginia
& North Carolina – called whole area “Virginia”
Sent a group to Roanoke Island in 1585 – hard life. Most left in 1586
Resettled 1587 by John White – upon returning in 1590, found colony empty
No certainty of what happened
Early Settlements – Jamestown Struggles A joint-stock company was
created to settle the colony Called the “London
Company” Does not rely on the
investments of just one person
Promised land and wealth to attract investors and settlers
Arrived in April 1607 and named settlement after King James I
Difficult land, unskilled workers, unsafe water 2/3 of colonists dead by
winter
Received help from the Powhatan Confederacy – alliance of Algonquian IndiansSometimes brought food; taught to grow corn
Colony still struggled with famine and diseaseCapt. John Rolfe introduced a West Indian
strain of tobacco Became a successful export
Early Settlements – Jamestown Rebounds
“All our riches for the present doe consiste in Tobacco”
-John Porry 1619
A Protestant group – called “Puritans” – wanted to reform (purify) the Church of England (Anglican Church)Thought bishops/priests had too much powerThe most extreme group wanted to separate
from the Church of England entirelyThese “Separatists” began to be punished by
English leadersSeeking religious freedom, these people left
England for the NetherlandsEnjoyed religious freedom, but were losing
English traditions
Early Settlements - Plymouth
Early Settlements - Plymouth100+ people boarded the Mayflower in 1620
Landed in Massachusetts, even though their charter was for VirginiaHad to create rules/laws
Created the Mayflower CompactFirst attempt at self-governance
Gained aid from local American IndiansSquanto – fertilize soil and
establish relationships with tribesHarvest celebration =
Thanksgiving
Jamestown
For economic reasons
Mostly single men
Followed one primary leader (John Smith and John Rolfe)
For religious freedom
Family basedCreated a set of
rules “for the general good of the colony”
Early Settlements - Comparison
Plymouth