Recap Section 4 and Recap Section 4 and Notes Section 5Notes Section 5

The The CrusadesCrusades A series of military expeditions to the Middle A series of military expeditions to the Middle

East in the name of Christianity 1096 – 1270East in the name of Christianity 1096 – 1270

Failed to rescue the Holy Land but had two Failed to rescue the Holy Land but had two consequences that encouraged European consequences that encouraged European exploration and expansionexploration and expansion

**Sparked an increase in trade as **Sparked an increase in trade as crusaders returned home with a new crusaders returned home with a new taste for products from Asiataste for products from Asia

****Weakened the power of European nobles Weakened the power of European nobles who either died or lost their fortunes, who either died or lost their fortunes, allowing the monarchs to consolidate allowing the monarchs to consolidate their own power. Eventually monarchs their own power. Eventually monarchs sponsored overseas exploration in order sponsored overseas exploration in order to increase their wealth and powerto increase their wealth and power

Decline in Church AuthorityDecline in Church Authority A third long term consequence of the A third long term consequence of the

CrusadesCrusades

Power struggles with European kings in the Power struggles with European kings in the 1300s and 1400s1300s and 1400s

ReformationReformation Divided Christianity between Catholicism and Divided Christianity between Catholicism and

ProtestantismProtestantism

Deepened rivalries between European nations Deepened rivalries between European nations and sent newly formed Protestant sects across and sent newly formed Protestant sects across the Atlantic to seek religious freedomthe Atlantic to seek religious freedom

Changes Come to EuropeChanges Come to Europe

– The Growth of Commerce and PopulationThe Growth of Commerce and Population Crusades opened up trade routes with Asia Crusades opened up trade routes with Asia Merchants got wealthy and rose in powerMerchants got wealthy and rose in power

– The Rise of NationsThe Rise of Nations Monarchs began exerting more control over Monarchs began exerting more control over

their lands by collecting new taxes, raising their lands by collecting new taxes, raising professional armies, and strengthening central professional armies, and strengthening central governmentsgovernments

Merchants paid taxes in exchange for Merchants paid taxes in exchange for protection or expansion of tradeprotection or expansion of trade

Monarchs encouraged exploration in order to Monarchs encouraged exploration in order to gain wealth to maintain their armies and gain wealth to maintain their armies and bureaucraciesbureaucracies

Portugal , Spain , France , and EnglandPortugal , Spain , France , and England

Europe Enters a New Age of Europe Enters a New Age of ExpansionExpansion

– Alternate Trade Routes to Asia SoughtAlternate Trade Routes to Asia Sought

– Sailing TechnologySailing Technology Allowed ships to sail in the open seasAllowed ships to sail in the open seas

– Portugal Takes the LeadPortugal Takes the Lead Prince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the Navigator Established a sailing schoolEstablished a sailing school Sponsored the earliest voyagesSponsored the earliest voyages West coast of Africa West coast of Africa In power nearly 40 yearsIn power nearly 40 years Vasco da Gama reached India ten years laterVasco da Gama reached India ten years later

Transatlantic EncountersTransatlantic Encounters ColumbusColumbus Crosses the Atlantic Crosses the Atlantic

– Italian Gets Backing from SpainItalian Gets Backing from Spain

Believed there was a western route to Asia Believed there was a western route to Asia Isabella of Spain agreed to sponsor himIsabella of Spain agreed to sponsor him Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria Left from Spain on August 3, 1492Left from Spain on August 3, 1492 First EncountersFirst Encounters Land spotted from the Pinta on October 12, Land spotted from the Pinta on October 12,

1492 1492 Encountered the Taino (“noble ones”)Encountered the Taino (“noble ones”) Renamed the island San Salvador or “Holy Renamed the island San Salvador or “Holy

Savior” and claimed it for Spain Savior” and claimed it for Spain

Transatlantic EncountersTransatlantic Encounters

- Gold, Land, and Religion- Gold, Land, and Religion Search for gold was one of the main reasons Search for gold was one of the main reasons

for the voyagefor the voyage When gold was not found in San Salvador , When gold was not found in San Salvador ,

ColumbusColumbus sailed all around the Caribbean sailed all around the Caribbean looking for it, claiming all of the islands for looking for it, claiming all of the islands for Spain and giving them Spanish namesSpain and giving them Spanish names

Planted a cross on all lands he discovered and Planted a cross on all lands he discovered and promised to assert Christian dominationpromised to assert Christian domination

– Spanish FootholdsSpanish Footholds ColumbusColumbus returned to Spain and reported returned to Spain and reported

that he had reached the islands off Asia that he had reached the islands off Asia known as the Indies known as the Indies

Named the people IndiansNamed the people Indians Spain funded three more voyagesSpain funded three more voyages ColonizedColonized lands they found lands they found

The Impact on Native AmericansThe Impact on Native Americans

– Methods of Methods of ColonizationColonization Plantation SystemPlantation System Use of Forced LaborUse of Forced Labor Use of European weapons to dominate a Use of European weapons to dominate a

people with less sophisticated weaponrypeople with less sophisticated weaponry– Resistance and ConquestResistance and Conquest

Some groups resisted but were quickly Some groups resisted but were quickly crushedcrushed

– Disease Ravages the Native AmericansDisease Ravages the Native Americans Lacked immunity to European diseases and Lacked immunity to European diseases and

hundreds of thousands of them diedhundreds of thousands of them died

The Slave Trade BeginsThe Slave Trade Begins

– A New Slave Labor ForceA New Slave Labor ForceDisease created a labor shortageDisease created a labor shortageAfricans seen as superior laborersAfricans seen as superior laborersAfrican slavery became an essential African slavery became an essential

part of the European-American part of the European-American economic systemeconomic system

– African LossesAfrican LossesDevastated many African societiesDevastated many African societiesUltimately drained Africa of at least 12 Ultimately drained Africa of at least 12

million peoplemillion people

The Impact on EuropeansThe Impact on Europeans

– The The Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange Global transfer of living things between Global transfer of living things between

Europe , Africa , and the Americas Europe , Africa , and the Americas Continues todayContinues today

– National RivalriesNational Rivalries Portugal resented Spain ’s sudden conquestsPortugal resented Spain ’s sudden conquests Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Tordesillas Negotiated by the PopeNegotiated by the Pope Divided New World between Spain and Divided New World between Spain and

Portugal Portugal Impossible to enforceImpossible to enforce Only lasting effect was to give Portugal BrazilOnly lasting effect was to give Portugal Brazil

A New Society is BornA New Society is Born

– Story of the United States begins with a Story of the United States begins with a meeting of North American, African, and meeting of North American, African, and European peoples and cultures that European peoples and cultures that radically transformed all three worlds  radically transformed all three worlds