Recent SMART-COMMIT and - NASA

1November 1, 2006

NASA/GSFCSi-Chee Tsay, DeputyEOS/Terra Project Scientist

Recent SMART-COMMITObservations of Smoke# and

Dust@ Aerosols

Recent SMART-COMMITRecent SMART-COMMITObservations of Observations of SmokeSmoke## andand

DustDust@@ Aerosols Aerosols

Si-Chee TsaySi-Chee Tsay and SMART-COMMIT Team*and SMART-COMMIT Team*

NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterNASA Goddard Space Flight Center

**Q. Jack Q. Jack JiJi, M-J. , M-J. JeongJeong, Richard A. , Richard A. HansellHansell

@@Special thanks to U.S. Air ForceSpecial thanks to U.S. Air Force Reserve for FREE C-5 contributions Reserve for FREE C-5 contributions(($22 K/hr $22 K/hr xx 16 hr 16 hr == $352 K $352 K))

##http://climate.http://climate.gsfcgsfc..nasanasa..govgov; Image of the week, June archive; Image of the week, June archive

2November 1, 2006


Cape Verde

Sal

SAL conceptual modelKaryampudi et al. 1999

… “Sal” means salt in Portuguese. Apparently, this island produces nothing but salt − eventhe basic two elements, air and water, for humankind are imported. The air breezes mainlyfrom the African continent this time of the year, especially the SAL (Saharan Air Layers) withairborne dust particles. The fresh water is bottled and shipped predominantly from Portugal.

They said “Cape Verde isthe African’s Hawaii…”

3November 1, 2006


RationaleRationaleSal

03 September 2006Terra/MODIS

•• Saharan Air LayerSaharan Air Layer::–– occurs during the lateoccurs during the late

spring through early fallspring through early fall–– convergence iconvergence innduced byduced by

heat lows over the Saharaheat lows over the Sahara–– hot, dry, dust laden of well hot, dry, dust laden of well

mixed layer up to 500mb,mixed layer up to 500mb,westward propagation withwestward propagation withAfrican Easterly WavesAfrican Easterly Waves

17 September 2006Terra/MODIS

SalSal•• SAL-Tropical SAL-Tropical CyclogenesisCyclogenesis::

–– may stabilize the lowermay stabilize the loweratmosphere due to atmosphere due to solarsolarabsorptionabsorption by dust particles; by dust particles;

–– may regulate the may regulate the strengthstrengthand and structurestructure of Mid-Level of Mid-LevelEasterly Jet (MLEJ);Easterly Jet (MLEJ);

–– impact remains impact remains inconclusiveinconclusive!!(e.g., (e.g., Karyampudi Karyampudi & Pierce, MWR, 2002)& Pierce, MWR, 2002)

4November 1, 2006


NAMMANAMMA: : NNASA ASA AAfrican frican MMonsoononsoonMMultidisciplinary ultidisciplinary AActivities ctivities (8/15-9/15, 2006)(8/15-9/15, 2006)

•• Earth Observing Satellites: Terra, A-Train, etc. Earth Observing Satellites: Terra, A-Train, etc. (e.g., Deep-Blue)(e.g., Deep-Blue)•• DC-8 high-altitude research aircraft DC-8 high-altitude research aircraft (based at Sal)(based at Sal)•• NPOL NPOL polarimetric polarimetric weather research radar weather research radar (based at Dakar)(based at Dakar)•• TOGA C-band Doppler weather radar TOGA C-band Doppler weather radar (based at Praia)(based at Praia)•• SMART-COMMIT ground-based mobile observatorySMART-COMMIT ground-based mobile observatory (based at Sal)(based at Sal)

Global precipitation anomalyGlobal precipitation anomaly, 1967-1998 minus 1948-1966, over land, 1967-1998 minus 1948-1966, over landfor the peak-summer months of July-August (after for the peak-summer months of July-August (after Hulme Hulme et al.,et al., 1998). 1998).

19511951

19951995

6161

7171

8181

9191

00 11 22-1-1-2-2-3-3-4-4-5-5Standardized AnomalyStandardized Anomaly

Yea

rY

ear

West African precipitationWest African precipitationanomalyanomaly, based on 1951-, based on 1951-1980 mean for the 1980 mean for the SahelSahel(after Jenkins (after Jenkins et al.,et al., 2000). 2000).

5November 1, 2006


Aer

osol

Opt

ical

Thi

ckne

ss (

Dai

ly)

Aer

osol

Opt

ical

Thi

ckne

ss (

Dai

ly)

Ang

stro

m E

xpon

ent

Ang

stro

m E

xpon

ent

0.00.0

0.50.5

1.01.0

1.51.5

2.02.0

AERONET at Sal, Cape Verde (1994-2006)AERONET at Sal, Cape Verde (1994-2006)

101055 100100Periods (Day)Periods (Day)

1-week1-week

20-day20-day

1-month1-month

2-month2-month

Pow

er S

pect

ral D

ensi

tyP

ower

Spe

ctra

l Den

sity

AERONET at Sal, Cape VerdeAERONET at Sal, Cape Verde

6November 1, 2006


SMART-COMMIT SMART-COMMIT Deployment at Sal, CVDeployment at Sal, CV

05:15 02 Sept. 2006 08:30 02 Sept. 2006

8:37 PM local time

localsolarnoon

SAL

Cirrus

C-5

7November 1, 2006


8November 1, 2006


9November 1, 2006


SMART-COMMIT GoalsSMART-COMMIT Goals for for NAMMANAMMA

•• Remote sensingRemote sensing::–– detecting/retrieving detecting/retrieving DustDust (in SAL) and (in SAL) and CirrusCirrus

(aloft) properties from atmospheric emitted,(aloft) properties from atmospheric emitted,as well as transmitted, radiance fields.as well as transmitted, radiance fields.

•• In-situIn-situ::–– measuring surface measuring surface aerosol aerosol ((&& precursor precursor))

properties properties and and boundary-layer atmosphericboundary-layer atmosphericparametersparameters for for mixing/transportmixing/transport modeling. modeling.

•• Surface Surface energeticsenergetics ::–– developing developing radiative radiative forcingforcing approximations approximations

for measurements of coexisting for measurements of coexisting aerosol-cloudaerosol-cloud..

10November 1, 2006


Simulated nadir up-looking spectral brightness temperatures at theSimulated nadir up-looking spectral brightness temperatures at thesurface as a function of surface as a function of wavenumber wavenumber for different dust loadings (for different dust loadings (ττ= 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0; 0-5 km), in conjunction with effective particle= 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0; 0-5 km), in conjunction with effective particleradius ofradius of 2.0 2.0 µµm. The cirrus cloud, located at 10 km, has anm. The cirrus cloud, located at 10 km, has aneffective particle size ofeffective particle size of 15 15 µµm and an optical thickness m and an optical thickness ττ = 0.5. = 0.5.

∂∂ II//∂∂λλ , contrasting each other, contrasting each other

11November 1, 2006


12.012.011.511.511.011.00.380.38

0.420.42

0.400.40

Time (UTC)Time (UTC)14141313121211111010998877

Time (UTC)Time (UTC)

0.100.10

0.200.20

0.150.15

0.250.25

Aer

oso

lA

ero

sol

Op

tica

l T

hic

knes

sO

pti

cal

Th

ickn

ess

•• Retrievals of Dust PropertiesRetrievals of Dust Properties–– forward radiative transferforward radiative transfer

calculations of dust modelscalculations of dust modelsas function of as function of wavelengthwavelength,,sizesize,, shape shape,, and composition and composition;;

�� χχ2 2 statistical optimizationstatistical optimization;;

•• ComparisonsComparisons–– collocated collocated AERONETAERONET

–– wavelength scaling factor aswavelength scaling factor asextinction coefficient ratioextinction coefficient ratio;;

–– good results depending ongood results depending onchoice of choice of dustdust compositionscompositions..

12November 1, 2006


Tropospheric Aerosols:Tropospheric Aerosols:

•• Originate by activities at/near Originate by activities at/near SurfaceSurface−− Dust, Smoke, Air Pollution, Sea Salt, etc.Dust, Smoke, Air Pollution, Sea Salt, etc.−− Chemical, Physical, & Optical properties measurableChemical, Physical, & Optical properties measurable

•• Evolve in Evolve in Planetary Boundary LayerPlanetary Boundary Layer−− Diffusing, Mixing, Transport, etc. ProcessesDiffusing, Mixing, Transport, etc. Processes−− Chemical, Dynamical & Physical models availableChemical, Dynamical & Physical models available

•• Signify within Signify within Free TroposphereFree Troposphere−− Diabatic Diabatic Heating/Cooling, Microstructure Effects, etc.Heating/Cooling, Microstructure Effects, etc.−− Satellite, Surface/Aircraft, Modeling synergySatellite, Surface/Aircraft, Modeling synergy

13November 1, 2006


DC

-8 &

SM

AR

T-C

OM

MIT

Op

en H

ou

seD

C-8

& S

MA

RT

-CO

MM

IT O

pen

Ho

use

SM

AR

T-C

OM

MIT

4 P

acki

ng

Day

sS

MA

RT

-CO

MM

IT 4

Pac

kin

g D

ays

77 88 1010 1212 1414 1616 1818 2020 2222 2424 2525 2828September 2006September 2006

33λλ N

eph

elo

met

erN

eph

elo

met

er Sca

tter

ing

Sca

tter

ing

C

oef

fici

ent

(km

Co

effi

cien

t (k

m-1-1

))A

ng

stro

mA

ng

stro

mE

xpo

nen

tE

xpo

nen

tB

lack

Car

bo

n

Bla

ck C

arb

on

C

on

cen

trat

ion

(C

on

cen

trat

ion

(µµ

g.m

g.m

-3-3))

DustDust77λλ A

eth

alo

met

erA

eth

alo

met

erDust+SmokeDust+Smoke Sea SaltSea Salt

14November 1, 2006


Dust Smoke+Dust Sea-SaltDust Smoke+Dust Sea-Salt

Varying Smoke DensityVarying Smoke Density

Sal

Sal

Cap

e V

erd

eC

ape

Ver

de

Ph

imai

Ph

imai

Th

aila

nd

Th

aila

nd

Hu

mid

ific

atio

n

Hu

mid

ific

atio

n ff

(RH

(RH

85%

85%

/RH

/RH

40%

40%

))

••Aerosol Types:Aerosol Types:––Angstrom ExponentAngstrom Exponent

––Filter ColorFilter Color

––Size DistributionSize Distribution

––HygroscopicityHygroscopicity

––OthersOthers

15November 1, 2006


16November 1, 2006


AirmassAirmass

Aerosol Optical Thickness @0.5

Aerosol Optical Thickness @0.5µµmm

Dow

nwar

d Ir

radi

ance

(Wm

Dow

nwar

d Ir

radi

ance

(Wm

-2-2))

ΔTΔt

= −1Cpρ

ΔFΔz

∝ΔFΔτ

•• Hypothetical, not co-existedHypothetical, not co-existed•• Surrogate: Surrogate:

-- Monthly mean, e.g., ERBE Monthly mean, e.g., ERBE ((Ramanathan Ramanathan et alet al., 1989)., 1989)

-- Reference min., e.g., INDOEX Reference min., e.g., INDOEX ((ConantConant, 2000), 2000)

-- Hybrid approach Hybrid approach•• Water vapor interactions Water vapor interactions•• Langley-like approach Langley-like approach

ororFARF = FAsl − FCln

Aerosol Direct Radiative ForcingAerosol Direct Aerosol Direct Radiative Radiative ForcingForcing

-134 W m-134 W m-2-2

-120 W m-120 W m-2-2

-136 W m-136 W m-2-2

-128 W m-128 W m-2-2

17November 1, 2006


09/10 09/12 09/14 09/16 09/18 09/20 09/22 09/24 09/26 09/28-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

DateDate

Do

wn

war

d Ir

rad

ian

ce (

Wat

t m

Do

wn

war

d Ir

rad

ian

ce (

Wat

t m

22))

rainyrainy drizzledrizzle

Dust-hazyDust-hazylow cloudslow cloudsthin cirrusthin cirrus

Hazy, lowHazy, low &&high high cloudsclouds

Sea saltSea saltpatchy cloudspatchy clouds

Light hazeLight hazelow & highlow & highcloudsclouds

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Recent SMART-COMMIT and - NASA