AUTOVISIONPAPER PRESENTATION

Names: 1.Shrishant Patil. 2. Sagar Bahirje.

College: A.G.Patil Institute of Technology, Solapur

Mob. No.: 9637277047 (Shrishant Patil) 9766797897 (Sagar Bahirje)

Email ID: Shrishant@yahoo.com(Shrishant Patil)

Sagarbahirje@gmail.com(Sagar Bahirje)

Postal Add.: *Shrishant Patil 87, Vaishnavi Nagar -1,

Vijapur Road, Solapur. 413004.* Sagar Bahirje70/560 solapur Cooperative Society, South Sadar Bazaar, Sat Rasta, Solapur.

Paper Presentation on

BYShrishant Patil (shrishant@yahoo.com)

Sagar Bahirje (sagarbahirje@gmail.com)

A.G.PATIL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SOLAPUR

ABSTRACT:

This paper presents a study on the behavior of smart cars by considering them as

autonomous intelligent agents. In particular, a smart car could behave as autonomous agent

by extracting information from the surrounding environment (road, highway) and

determining its position in it, detecting the motion and tracking the behavioral patterns of

other moving objects (automobiles) in its own surrounding space, exchanging information via

internet with other moving objects (if possible) and negotiating its safety during travel with

the other moving objects. The ideas presented here are based on traffic rules that a smart car

has to know and the way to negotiate its safety by studying the other cars driving behavior

like an autonomous agent. A smart-vehicle system involves sensor-based systems, which

continuously evaluate the surroundings of the vehicle, display relevant information to the

driver and might even take control of the vehicle.

The first part of this paper looks into the technologies related to smart cars and

modern technologies to improve safety. These technologies are broken down into four broad,

distinct classifications of devices:

Collision avoidance,

Adaptive cruise control,

Imaging and

Navigational aids.

Collision-avoidance systems protect the occupant by preventing accidents.

Adaptive cruise control seeks to allow a car to maintain its speed and also its distance from

cars in front of it. Imaging aids enhance vision of humans in improper visibility situations.

Navigational aids assist drivers for better navigation.

The next part of the paper deals with the latest technologies developed by the

manufacturers all over the world, to make a vehicle “SMART”. A smart vehicle not only

takes care of passengers traveling in it but also of those using roads and other vehicles.

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. COLLISION AVOIDANCE

3. ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL

4. IMAGING TECHNOLOGY

5. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

6. OTHER FEARURES INVOLVED IN “SMART” VEHICLES

7. HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

8. VOLVO`S “SCC”

9. FUTURE EVOLUTION OF SMART VEHICLES

10. CONCLUSION

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION:Just as the human brain coordinates memory, senses, thinking, and physical reaction

during driving, a vehicle needs a coordinating system to integrate the various capabilities of

information, safety, and automation technologies. This coordinating system is the defining

feature of a human-centered intelligent vehicle. Without it, the vehicle is simply a container

for potentially overlapping or conflicting technologies. In a smart vehicle, drivers will have

access to more information than they are traditionally accustomed. This includes information

on road and weather conditions, route directions, vehicle diagnostics, anti-collision warnings,

the driver's physiological status, etc. As a result, the vehicle itself must do some information

filtering, a process called "data fusion." Data fusion, however, is a complicated task, which

involves suppressing non-critical information -- such as "the nearest fast food restaurant is

two blocks to the left" -- when a safety-critical message -- such as "brake immediately" -- is

relayed to the driver. Data fusion must also consider how many messages a driver can receive

within a given period without becoming overwhelmed or distracted.

COLLISION AVOIDANCE:Collision-avoidance systems will expand the paradigm of traffic safety from

protecting the occupant of the vehicle to preventing accidents altogether.

Fig. 1: Collision Avoidance

General Motors and Delphi Delco Electronics system are currently testing one type of

collision avoidance system on Buick Lesabres. While many technical details are being kept

under raps, the new system promises to determine the potential for collisions based on data

about the car’s movement, the current driving environment and previous driver reactions

obtained from radar, laser range-finders and other onboard sensors. The system responds to

potentially hazardous situations by sounding a warning or, in the more pro-active concept

versions, automatically adjusting cruise control settings to compensate for and avoid the

danger.

Various systems combines an eye tracker, which checks where the driver is

looking, and differential global positioning system, which is designed to allow the system to

keep track of its location both on the planet and in relation to other similarly equipped

vehicles. In addition to all that, the system also integrates video equipment to monitor road

conditions and a laser rangefinder to aid in keeping track of other vehicles, combining

everything into one sleek package. This equipment can be used in order to signal to the driver

that other vehicles are occupying “blind spots” by displaying a red triangle on rear and side-

view mirrors. Unfortunately, this early version can only pick up moving objects, but they are

working hard to overcome this limitation.

John Pierowicz and his team at Veridian are working on a device that warns drivers of

upcoming stop signs. Their device integrates 3 separate radars to detect traffic signs; a unit

and a map database of the roads determine relative position, a Heads-Up-Display, and a

secondary braking system.

Whenever the vehicle determines that it is approaching a sign in an unsafe way, it

gives a physical cue on the Heads-Up-Display. As of right now, Veridian’s system is only

programmed to deal with stop signs, but they hope that it can be modified to assist drivers

merging onto major roads and maybe even to allow it to work with stop lights the same way

it does with stop signs. They’re also contemplating modifications to allow the system to

brake automatically on its own whenever it activates, rather than only issuing a passive

warning

Other safety innovations that are now in testing include automatic collision

notification systems, which will immediately signal for help if a vehicle's air bag deploys,

and drowsy-driver warning systems that will keep drivers from falling asleep at the wheel.

ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL:-

Fig 2: Detecting pedestrians, vehicles & obstacles and

Moving accordingly by braking or acceleration.

Adaptive cruise control is a new concept that is being explored by many automakers

and researchers for the Intelligent Vehicles Initiative. These systems seek to allow a car to not

only maintain its speed, like traditional cruise control, but also its distance from cars in front

of it. A perfect example is the system being developed for the Jaguar line of cars. To use it,

the driver simply enters a speed and a distance (in seconds) to keep between themselves and

the car in front of them. The System works like normal cruise control when the road is empty.

When another car is present, however, a Microwave radar mounted on the Jaguar measures

the distance to cars ahead and, a few equations to determine relative velocity, acceleration,

and position later, communicates to the brakes and throttle, adjusting velocity as necessary to

maintain the minimum following distance specified. Jaguar’s adaptive cruise control system

is currently available.

A competing adaptive cruise control concept, called the Platoon system, is also being

developed by the University of California. Two kinds of sensors were responsible for keeping

the vehicles bearings- 9 sensors monitored speed and engine performance, while actuators

controlled the throttle and brakes. An antenna mounted on each car allowed it to

communicate with the front few vehicles.

An adaptive cruise control system called Vita- Video Technology Application is

being researched by Mercedes-Benz. What makes this system unique is that rather than radars

and rangefinders, the Vita-Video approach uses stereo images from 2 cameras to collect data.

The two cameras scan road markings 12 times per second and scan for potential obstacles to

the side and back of the car. Mercedes is billing their system as a safeguard against tired

drivers that, in the future, will be able to brake, steer, and accelerate the vehicle on its own.

IMAGING TECHNOLOGY:-

Fig 3: Image detection using cameras & sensors.

Another area of study is how to enhance the vision of humans in situations where they

may not be able to see very clearly. Few companies are testing a concept similar to that used

in Night Vision Goggles, where sensors process differences between roadside temperatures

and those of objects ahead. The sensors send this information to a central computer, which

converts the information and uses it to put together images of the surrounding roadside that

are updated several times a second; this processed composite image then shows up on a

screen built into the dashboard.

NAVIGATIONAL AIDS:-

“Smart” Navigational

Systems

Fig 4 Navigational system

Communication and navigation systems are increasingly headed in this direction, and

will be loaded with even more intelligent features. A car's mobile phone or Internet

connection will be more than just a luxury toy. It will be integrated within a communicating

navigation unit that automatically tracks the actual location of the car and can reveal it if

necessary. So far, such systems have been used to track stolen cars and calculate traffic flows.

The latter option is still rather unpopular. From the driver's point of view, a communicating

navigation system is convenient because it dynamically chooses the best route by tracking the

actual location of the car. In other words, instead of theoretically suggesting the best way

from point A to point B, the system constantly gets information about road conditions and

traffic jams and uses it to suggest the most practical way from the car's current position to its

destination. With the help of Internet-based services, the navigation system can also tell the

driver about free parking lots or the cheapest nearby gas station. And for safety reasons, such

systems will announce this information through speakers instead of showing it on a display

OTHER FEARURES INVOLVED IN “SMART” VEHICLES:

SMART VISION:

Smart vehicles use a vision system to detect other vehicles, respond to traffic

signals, and avoid pedestrians and obstacles. Researchers at DaimlerChrysler Research (Ulm,

Germany) have built a smart-vehicle-theory demonstrator called the Urban Traffic Assistant

(UTA). The DaimlerChrysler research team has demonstrated that by using a multitude of

algorithms it can maintain separation from the vehicle ahead, see and respond to traffic

signals, and avoid pedestrians and obstacles while moving through urban traffic situations at

normal driving speeds under the supervision of a human driver.

MULTIFUNCTIONAL SMART CARD CAR KEYS

Fig 5: Smart Card

The idea that a personal smart card could replace your car keys is not futuristic.

Mercedes CL owners can already open their car with a contact less smart card developed by

Siemens. The motor starts after pushing a little ignition button, but only if the card is inside

the vehicle. Without it, no hairpin or fake key can help a thief start the car. The system also

prevents drivers from locking the car with the card inside, making it impossible to lock

oneself out. Again, the key-card is the more visible variation of a different security system

developed by Siemens, where a conventional metal key is equipped to exchange codes with

the starter unit. The engine management control unit only works if this unique code which is

randomly regenerated each time is correct.

Other than this intelligent key, the new smart cards have further advantages, as

demonstrated by Renault. Its middle class model Laguna is also opened using a smart card,

but here you have to put the card into a slot to start the car. What at first might seem less

practical enables the card to collect data about the automobile. Such information, including

that on mileage, gas, and oil consumption, makes it easier for drivers to keep track of when

the car has to be brought in for the next checkup. The card can also remember personal

settings for mirrors, seats, and the audio system.

Run-Flat Tires

Just hitting the market on a couple special interest automobiles, it won't be too long

before run-flat tires become extremely common. Goodyear recently announced its intention

to build such tires for most cars. But the really big shift will be when most new cars come

with tires that can keep on going even after a complete loss of air. They can't run indefinitely,

but can be used for about the same distance and at similar speeds as today's compact spares.

When automakers use these tires, it will eliminate the need for a spare tire, saving cargo

space and weight while improving fuel economy. The idea of never having to change a flat

tire is also a wonderful convenience for the driver.

Fig 6: Run Flat Tires

Smart Brakes

Fig 7: ABS

Anti-lock brakes (ABS) have been touted as being a major asset in the fight against

accidents, preventing cars from skidding on slippery surfaces. But ABS has not proven as

effective as its engineers had hoped. The problem is that people still don't know how to use

them. In many cases, people fail to push the brake pedal firmly enough at first. Braking is less

effective and a car travels quite a bit of extra distance

FIG 8: How to apply ABS

HANDS OFF COMMUNICATION

Spoken communication between cars and drivers will become increasingly

sophisticated, in order to reduce the number of distracting side-glances at displays. This will

also help to increase safety, because with mobile phones or car stereos efficiently controlled

by spoken commands, drivers can keep their eyes on the road. This is a field where silicon-

based security accompanies progress. The chips that Infineon has developed for speech

recognition are already used for voice control of mobile phones inside cars. It is too early to

say whether this development will one day lead to voice authentication of drivers, but once

there is a sophisticated speech unit inside a car, it could very well be used for a number of

purposes.

Smart Highways

A number of manufacturers are working with highway designers to make the roads

smarter. Tie in onboard computers with cars and people will have a more elaborate "cruise

control" function. Eventually, lines of cars will be able to travel along without human control,

perhaps at very rapid speeds in close proximity. A car would merge into a special lane at

specific access points and then be whisked along in a train of cars. Punch in your exit and the

car leaves the line at that point and normal driving control is returned to the driver. This

technology is still many years in the future, but testing is already going on in such places as

Tokyo and San Diego.

NEW SAFETY FEATURES

While this is a concept that has yet to be developed, special scanners in a car can already

locate the position of passengers and their heads (using rather rough biometric patterns) and

optimize the use of airbags. The lifesavers go off only if it is really necessary, because the

new mechanism recognizes when passengers are at risk of a collision. Unnecessary,

expensive airbag activation is avoided without reducing passenger safety. Other sensors

check tire pressure or the distance to the next car and warn the driver or react with a slight

automatic reduction of speed. Such intelligent safety features can reduce the number of

accidents and injuries. But if the intelligent car still gets into an accident, it will at least be

able to automatically phone an ambulance and give it precise directions to the accident site.

HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE:

Fig 10: schematic of hardware architecture

VOLVO’S “SCC”:

One of the more interesting concept cars to appear lately is Volvos Safety Concept

Car (SCC). The hallmark of the SCC is “superior vision” – that is, improving the sightlines

for the driver and providing more visual information.

Active rearview mirrors: Sensors in rear of the car alert the driver when a car is in

driver’s “blind spot”.

Rearward-facing cameras: To enhance rear visibility further the Volvo SSC has

several rear facing cameras mounted in the back the car. Images are displayed on a video

monitor in the instrument panel.

Adaptive headlights: The headlights monitor the car’s road speed and steering wheel

movements and adjust accordingly.

Night vision: Volvo proposes using infrared night vision in the SSC.

Collision warning sensors: If the distance to the car in front is too short, or the gap is

closing too fast, the SSC’s driver is alerted via a red warning light.

Flashing brake lights: If the driver has to brake suddenly and firmly, the SSC’s

brake lights automatically flash, warning drivers to the rear.

Lane centering: If the vehicle shows signs of veering to either side without activation

of turn signals, the driver is alerted via an acoustics signal. This is an excellent feature for

monitoring sleepiness or intoxication behind the wheels.

FUTURE EVOLUTION OF SMART VEHICLES:

In about 20 years, we could see fully automated highway systems, cooperative

systems of vehicles and infrastructure, and advances in the driver-vehicle interface, such as

use of vision enhancements and head-up displays.

1. Capabilities of Individual In-Vehicle Systems Will Improve :-

Most current systems, for example, provide routes based on "static" maps

irrespective of traffic considerations. Dynamic route guidance systems could determine

optimum routes based on prevailing "real-time" conditions on the roadway, such as the

location of bottlenecks caused by accidents or construction. Automated vehicles will

share many of the sensing elements of collision-avoidance systems and must also

possess an intelligence that can continuously assess the changing contexts and

circumstances of the driving environment.

2 Driver-Vehicle Interfaces Will Become Increasingly Sophisticated:-

The integration of individual in-vehicle technologies will be reflected in coordinated

and streamlined information displays and controls. Over time, the vehicle will become

increasingly sophisticated in how it communicates information to and accepts

commands from the driver. This sophistication will stem from the use of voice

recognition, head-up displays, and vision-enhancement technologies that can relay

information and commands and can also allow the driver to keep both hands on the

steering wheel. Voice recognition software is already becoming increasingly common

in Japanese in-vehicle navigation systems although it is still quite expensive for the

average consumer.

3 Intelligent Vehicles Will Communicate With Other Vehicles and With a Smart

Infrastructure:-

Communication with a smart infrastructure would allow an intelligent vehicle to

learn of incidents and then proactively suggest alternative routes in real time. Smart

vehicles could also act as probes that could send information about travel conditions

back to the infrastructure to create a richer base of knowledge about travel conditions

on roads and highways. In addition, fully automated vehicles will likely rely to some

extent on the guidance provided by an intelligent infrastructure and on communication

with other smart vehicles.

CONCLUSION: Smart vehicles make driving safer and comfortable. As an engineer we

must try to reduce fatalities caused by accidents. Slow reaction times, distractions,

misjudgments, all are costly reasons due to which accidents occur, There would be much less

fatalities if we provide automations as well as safety features.

Our job is to introduce new safety and automation technologies smart vehicles that are

advanced in various features like safety, efficiency, and economy.

The development in technologies will prove invaluable in man’s search for safer, comfortable

and an enjoyable drive.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:1. Look Ahead, Not Back: An Alternative System for Regional Public Transportation by

John S. Niles.

2. http://www.ce.unipr.it/people

3. http: //www.vision-systems.com

Automotive Engineering International

June 2002

4. NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)

http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/

5. http://www.howstuffworks.com