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Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
IMAGERY
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Action: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various types of aerial imagery
Condition: Given intelligence handout and group discussion in a classroom environment.
Standard: Score 70% on a 50 question multiple choice test.
Terminal LearningObjective
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS: GENERAL SAFETY
RISK ASSESSMENT: LOW
ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERATIONS: IF YOU BROUGHT IN, TAKE IT WITH YOU!!
EVALUATION: Students will be evaluated during a written exam following the exam and during the graded FTX.
General Admin
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Action: Learn types of imagery, and various aspects of each type of imagery.
Condition: Given intelligence handout and group discussion in a classroom environment.
Standard: Score 70% on a 50 question multiple choice test.
Enabling LearningObjective A
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Photographic Imagery
Intelligence and combat information are required by commanders at all echelons to satisfy their needs. Timely, accurate information is the cornerstone on which sound tactical decisions are made. Imagery provides information or intelligence that is not only timely, but, in most cases, accurate and detailed.
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Echelon Support
• Echelons above corps
– National level assets, civil and commercial systems
• Corps
• Division
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Types of Imagery
• RADAR (to include SAR)
• Infrared (thermal)
• Optical
• Electro optical
• Multi-spectral
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Radar
• Best for detecting objects at night and in bad weather• Capabilities
– All-weather capability• Can penetrate fog, haze, clouds, smoke
– Good stand-off capability– Large area coverage– Can detect movement– Does not rely on visible light nor thermal radiation
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Radar
• Limitations– Requires skilled analysis– Can be jammed or intercepted– Terrain masking
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
IR Capabilities
• Best for night time, clear weather, detailed analysis
• Finds objects by the heat they radiate
• Can detect objects at night
• Can locate personnel and equipment under camouflage
• Passive sensor
• Provides good resolution
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
IR Limitations
• Thermal/temp cross-over twice each day
• Bloom of heat sources can obscure or hide nearby objects
• Weather severely degrades resolution
• Tactical platforms vulnerable to enemy air defense
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Hard Copy (Optical) Capabilities
• Best tool for daytime, clear weather, detailed analysis
• Highest resolution
• Affords familiar view of scene
• Preferred for detailed analysis
• Offers stereographic viewing
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
• Processing time
• Can be deceived by employment of camouflage and concealment techniques
• Restricted by weather conditions; Visible light cannot penetrate clouds or fog
• Restricted by terrain and vegetation
• Limited to daytime use only
Hard Copy (Optical) Limitations
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Optical Imagery
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Soft Copy (electro-optical) Capabilities
• Excellent resolution
• Near-Real-Time (NTR) capability
• Same capabilities as optical
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
• Requires large amount of memory and storage
• Same as for optical (with exception of processing time)
Soft Copy (electro-optical) Limitations
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Multi-spectralCapabilities
• Best tool for mapping purposes and terrain analysis
• Large database available• Wide area coverage• Band combinations can be manipulated to
display desired requirements• Images can be merged with other digital data to
provide higher resolution
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
• Poor resolution
• Current platforms commercially owned– Scenes must be purchased
• Computer manipulation requires large amount of memory and storage
• Image quality degraded by same weather factors for visible and IR
Multi-spectralLimitations
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Map Mosaic
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Perspective View
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Summary
• IMINT Mission
• Four types of aerial imagery
• Capabilities and limitations of each type
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
QUESTIONS???
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Check on Learning
• What are the four types of aerial imagery?
• What is the disadvantage of Electro-optical over optical?
• What are two advantages of radar imagery?
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Enabling LearningObjective B
Action: Learn the various angles imagery photos can be taken at and the advantages and disadvantages of each type.
Condition: Given intelligence handout and group discussion in a classroom environment.
Standard: Score 70% on a 50 question multiple choice test.
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Angles of Photography
• Vertical (topographical)
• Oblique (low and high)
• Panoramic
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Vertical (overhead)
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Vertical Capabilities
• Fairly constant scale• Can see what is all around an object as opposed to
just one side• Can be used as a map substitute• Can construct mosaics• Obtain accurate measurements• Allows stereographic viewing• Accurate interpretation
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Vertical Limitations
• Difficult to see slopes• Depth perception lacking• Aircraft or air vehicles must fly directly over target • Objects under overhead cover cannot be viewed• Unnatural view angle• Some targets cannot be viewed due to restrictions on
over-flights
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Low Oblique
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
High Oblique
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Oblique Advantages
• More natural viewing angle
• Can “see” the slope of the terrain
• Can determine heights of objects
• Can see under cover
• Large area coverage
• Stand-off capability
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Oblique Disadvantages
• Scale variations
• Measurement difficult
• Terrain masking
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Panoramic
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Panoramic Advantages
• Large area coverage
• Satisfies both vertical and oblique mission requirements
• Limited stand-off
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Panoramic Disadvantages
• Scale varies
• Measurements difficult
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
IR Capabilities
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Blossoming, Halation, and Bleed-over effect
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
IR Imagery Distortions
• A - IR shadow (ghost effect)• B - halation
B
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
QUESTIONS???
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
Check on Learning
• What are the five types of imagery?
• What are the advantages of oblique imagery?
• What are the advantages of vertical imagery?