Upload
brad-jacobson
View
1.400
Download
4
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Citation preview
RECONSTRUCTION AND THE NEW SOUTH
PROBLEMS AT THE END OF THE WARThere were many problems that
existed at the conclusion of the Civil War.
The South was in much worse shape than the North.
Much of the South had been destroyed by fighting and by total
war.
Newly freed slaves were unsure of their status and how to begin a new
life.
Many people, black and white, were homeless and starving after the war
destroyed their homes.
THE TEN PERCENT PLANPresident Lincoln was hoping that if the South rejoined the Union
quickly, wounds between North and South could begin to heal.
In December of 1863, Lincoln proposed the Ten Percent Plan.
As soon as 10% of a Confederate state’s voters (white men) swore an oath of loyalty to the U.S. government, that state could begin
to organize a new state government.
These new state governments had to agree to outlaw slavery as part of their Constitutions.
After these things were done, the new states could once again join the U.S. government and be represented in Washington D.C.
Lincoln also planned to give amnesty, or a group pardon to Confederates who took the oath.
High ranking members of the Confederate government or the Confederate military were not included in the pardon.
THE WADE-DAVIS BILLAfter Lincoln proposed his plan, Congress proposed their own plan called the Wade-
Davis Bill.
Congress’s proposal called for 50% of the voters (white men) of a former Confederate
state to sign an oath of loyalty to the U.S. government.
Anyone who had voluntarily (Some slaves were forced as were people who were
drafted) to fight for the Confederacy would not be allowed to choose the people who
would write their state’s constitution.
Lincoln disapproved of this bill (proposed law), so it never became law.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Lincoln hoped to build up the Republican Party in the New South by remaining “soft” and lenient with the South as it moved toward rejoining the country.
A group of Republicans known as the Radical Republicans did not want to let the South off so easy.
The Radicals wanted to be strict to the South, making sure those who led the South out of the country once could never get the power to do it again.
THE FREEDMEN’S BUREAUOne thing that had to be done quickly was reach out to all of the freedmen (freed slaves) and
other people suffering from the war.
The Freedmen’s Bureau was set up in March of 1865 to help those who were starving, homeless, and jobless because of the war.
PROVIDING EDUCATIONFreedmen were able to go to
schools that were set up by the Freedmen’s Bureau.
African American communities were so in need of schools that
they would raise money to pay a teacher themselves.
Most teachers were white women but some African American women
also taught.
Southern states did not have education systems so the schools of
the Freedmen’s Bureau educated as many whites as it did blacks.
President Lincoln had hoped that by 1865 most of the war and its ugliness was behind him.
Lincoln planned to see the country reunited when his life was cut short on April 14, 1865.
While watching a play in Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. called “Our American Cousin,” Lincoln was shot in the
back of the head by John Wilkes Booth, an actor and a man who had supported the Confederacy.
Lincoln died a few hours after being shot.
Booth was hunted down until he was trapped in a barn while hiding and killed by police.
Lincoln’s body was taken back to Illinois by train for a funeral, attended by thousands of people.
Vice President Andrew Johnson became President upon Lincoln’s death, as ordered in the U.S. Constitution.
Lincoln is murdered
LINCOLN ASSASSINATION
LINCOLN ASSASSINATION
PRESIDENT JOHNSON
Andrew Johnson was a Democrat from Tennessee.
He was one of the few southern Democrats who had stayed loyal to the Union when the Civil War broke
out.
Many people thought Johnson was going to be much tougher on the
South than Lincoln had planned on being.
Reconstruction would now be in the hands of a new man who was just
days on the job.
THE 13TH AMENDMENTThe 13th Amendment to the Constitution abolished slavery throughout the United States.
It would now be against federal law to own someone as a slave, or to force them into labor.
The 13th Amendment also gave Congress the power to make laws to make sure the amendment was followed.
THE 13TH AMENDMENT
JOHNSON’S PLANLike President Lincoln, President Johnson proposed a more lenient Reconstruction
plan toward the South.
He wanted to issue amnesty to most of the ex-Confederates.
The South would be allowed to reorganize new state governments with only one
major condition.
Each ex-Confederate state would have to ratify the 13th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution.
Most states had done what Johnson had asked by December of 1865, and when
Congress met many former Confederate leaders were part of the United States
government.ANDREW JOHNSON
CONGRESS BEGINS TO ACTCongress did not like the way Johnson had tried to bring the South back into
the Union.
Congress refused to seat the newly elected southern
representatives and senators who had just
recently been members of the Confederate
government and military.
It also decided to form a committee to look into
how the South should be handled.
THE BLACK CODESAfter the 13th Amendment was passed,
there would be no going back to slavery.
The South thought of ways however to try to bring back as much of slavery as they could without actually calling it slavery.
The Black Codes were used in the South to control the actions of African
Americans.
These codes forbid African Americans from things like voting, serving on juries, or to be forced to work for people if they
couldn’t pay their debts.
These codes would lead the Radical Republicans in Congress to begin to
propose taking a much harder line on the South.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1866The President and Congress disagreed over how
African Americans in the South should be treated.
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was passed to give citizenship to African Americans, making sure everyone
except Native Americans were considered citizens.
President Johnson vetoed the bill, preventing it from becoming a law.
Congress overrode his veto, making the Civil Rights Act of 1866 a law without his consent.
THE 14TH AMENDMENTWith the Civil Rights Act of 1866 passed without the President signing it, only the Supreme Court could stop the Act from
remaining a law.
To make sure this did not happen, the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
was passed.
This amendment ensures that anyone born or naturalized in the U.S. (process
to become a citizen) are citizens.
It also said that states can do nothing to take away these rights.
This amendment would become important in helping African Americans
fight for civil rights in the 1960’s.RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTIONAfter the Black Codes and violence continued
in the South through 1866, the Radical Republicans convinced Congress to be strict
on the South.
By 1867, Reconstruction had been taken over by Congress and was called “Radical
Reconstruction.”
The Reconstruction Act of 1867 dissolved any southern state government who would not
approve of the 14th Amendment.
These states were divided into 5 military districts, each governed by a Union general.
Each of these states would have to write another new constitution that ratified
(approved) of the 14th Amendment and give African Americans the right to vote.
IMPEACHMENTThe Radical Republicans realized that
President Johnson was not going to help them be tough on the South.
The Radicals wanted to impeach, or remove from office, the President.
The President can be removed from office for treason, bribery, or other “high crimes or
misdemeanors.”
Johnson had ignored the Tenure of Office Act, which was set up to protect the
appointments of Abraham Lincoln from being fired.
Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without the permission of Senate, which
allowed Congress to try and impeach him for breaking the law.
THE FALL OF JOHNSON
THE 1868 ELECTIONRepublican candidate General Ulysses S. Grant was elected
President of the United States in 1868.
Grant won support in the North and the South where the military made sure that
African Americans could vote safely.
Most African Americans voted Republican.
Grant continued Reconstruction, taking control
back from the Radical Republicans.
THE 15TH AMENDMENTThe 15th Amendment to the Constitution made sure that the right to vote could not be denied
for reasons like “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
This made sure African Americans men would be able to vote.
This did not guarantee the right to vote for any women, black or white.
The South responded by adding property restrictions to voting, ensuring newly freed African Americans would still have a hard time voting.
ELECTION OF 1868Because African Americans were allowed to vote, more and more Republicans were elected in
the South.
These Republicans helped to write new constitutions for the southern states and Congress welcomed new southern Republicans to join them.
African Americans began to win elections at the local and state level.
Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce were elected to the U.S. Senate.
REPUBLICANS IN THE SOUTHThree major groups of people helped to build up the Republican governments in the South:
1. Scalawags were the whites in the South who had opposed the South seceding from
the U.S. in the first place.
2. Freedmen (freed slaves) supported the Republicans who helped them win their
freedom.
3. Carpetbaggers were northern whites who moved south to start businesses or run for
political offices.
They were called this because of their cheap suitcases that they put their belongings in
because they rushed to the South.
THE KKKSouthern Whites who had supported the Confederacy and who
wanted to maintain slavery were slowly being denied political power.
To make sure they were able to show their unhappiness, these southerners formed secret societies in the South.
The most popular was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) started by Nathan Bedford Forrest, an ex-Confederate general.
The KKK would try to terrorize African Americans to keep them from voting.
They burnt crosses, whipped, tortured, and killed African Americans.
Congress passed the Ku Klux Klan Acts to make sure violence couldn’t be used against voters.
While the KKK was forced to dissolve, fewer African Americans voted as a result.
THE KKK
EDUCATION AND FARMINGAfrican Americans built their own schools
during Reconstruction.
Academies, schools with special training, were set up and grew into African
American colleges in the South.
African Americans and whites went to different schools, very few were
integrated.
African Americans wanted land to farm, but couldn’t afford it.
Most became sharecroppers, who rented land and paid their rent with a
percentage of their crops each year.
Most sharecroppers had little left over to pay their debts or feed their families.
REASONS FOR THE END
There were several reasons why Reconstruction ended:
1. The Republican Party became less popular.
2. The Democrats began to “redeem” the South.
3. Rutherford B. Hayes was elected President in 1876.
REASONS FOR THE END
THE FALL OF THE REPUBLICANS
As the Civil War crept further into the past, people wanted to focus on their
own lives and cared less about Reconstruction.
President Grant’s administration was corrupt, and many of the men he put in
office were not trustworthy.
The Republicans became less popular as a result.
CHANGES IN THE SOUTHMany people in both the North and South wanted the federal
troops and military districts to end in the South.
Democrats began to run for election and started to win in the
South, taking back the state governments from the
Republicans.
African American rights were threatened with each Democrat
elected.
Societies like the KKK helped to make sure African Americans
didn’t feel safe voting.
THE ELECTION OF 1876After 8 years of Grant
being President, Rutherford B. Hayes was
elected President in 1876.
The election was disputed (winner was not agreed
on).
Republicans and Democrats made a deal that allowed Hayes to become President in
exchange for his promise to end Reconstruction.
Upon his inauguration, Hayes ordered all federal troops out of the South,
leaving African Americans to fend for themselves.
THE NEW SOUTHThe South began to grow again
during Reconstruction.
Cotton and tobacco production began to soar again.
The textile (cloth) industry grew quickly using southern cotton to
create new products.
Mills and factories sprung up to produce new materials the South
didn’t have in the past.
This “New South” was not just a cotton producer, but an
industrial center.
THE JIM CROW LAWSWith the Republicans out of power and the U.S. Army gone, the
South began to go back towards its former glory.
Laws known as Jim Crow Laws were passed to take away rights from African Americans.
Poll taxes were passed to keep poor African Americans from voting.
Literacy tests were used to keep African Americans who could not read from voting.
The grandfather clause allowed poor whites or whites that could not read to vote. It said anyone who had a grandfather eligible to
vote could vote without passing the poll or literacy test.
Laws were also passed that segregated (separated) whites and blacks. Each would have separate hospitals, schools, restaurants,
cemeteries, parks, etc.
Blacks also had to give up or take the back seats on trains and streetcars.
PLESSY V. FERGUSONIn 1869 the Supreme Court said
that segregation was legal.
In the court case Plessy v. Ferguson, Homer Plessy was
arrested for sitting in a train car that was for whites only.
When Plessy was arrested, he sued saying the 13th and 14th
Amendments were being violated.
Eventually the Supreme Court would say that segregation was
legal, but only if facilities for blacks and whites were
equivalent (separate but equal).
SEPARATE BUT EQUAL