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Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux

Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 1: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

Red Hat Linux 9

Red Hat Linux � ��

Page 2: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux � ��ÇY‘‘2003 Red Hat, Inc.

Red Hat, Inc.

1801 Varsity DriveRaleigh NC 27606-2072 USA��Õ+1 919 754 3700��Õ888 733 4281�]Õ+1 919 754 3701PO Box 13588Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA

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Page 3: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 4: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 5: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 6: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 7: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 8: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 9: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 10: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 11: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 63: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 64: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 65: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 66: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 86: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

74 11.C4v*

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Page 87: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 88: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 89: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

11.C4v* 77

• GIMP {�ÒV�Ý9�JÍ°ÿ{× q 1Z¦�#�{¢¸#Þ��,1óshellݪà+�E�man gimp uÝÖÙ�ÒV��GIMP ¤��ÇÐϨ�ìÇ�,1/, GIMPÓäyh\Þ{�ÐÏ� =>�ÐÏ...�uÝÖ�

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• http://manual.gimp.org/manual/ —ó"{GIMP User ManualÃGIMP~��ÒVÄ�

• http://gimp-savvy.com/ — Carey BunksÄÍ{Grokking the GIMP�V{ÚÊ�5�rýV÷Ñ,1ó��5Þ�ñ�

• http://tigert.gimp.org/gimp/ — tigertÃTuomas KuosmanenÄ{GIMP �5�

11.3.3.#�V÷�*�����GIMP ÃõÕ�{Íý�{ýîÇóVÞUýV�Ç�ïV÷.¯-Õ

• The Artists’ Guide to the GIMPÇ*VÕMichael J. HammelÖFrank Kasper and Associates, Inc.

• GIMP Essential ReferenceÇ*VÕAlex HarfordÖNew Riders Publishing

• GIMP for Linux BibleÇ*VÕStephanie Cottrell Bryant, et alÖHungry Minds, Inc.

• GIMP: The Official HandbookÇ*VÕKarin KylanderZOlof S. KylanderÖCoriolis Group

• Grokking the GIMPÇ*VÕCarey BunksÖNew Riders Publishing

• Sams Teach Yourself GIMP in 24 HoursÇ*VÕJoshuaZRamona PruittÖSams

Page 90: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

78 11.C4v*

Page 91: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 92: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 93: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

13.

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Page 94: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 95: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

13. Shell+äý�# 83

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Page 96: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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× Õ�

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Page 97: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 98: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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• -a —\\ÃallÄ�ïÞø9¥{\\©GÇÝi[u©GÃ.filename Ä� �YÇï,{åDÿ{.. Z. �'4��ø9Z�{h�ø9�

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• -F —©G¡nÃFile typeÄ�ó��ÇïÞ1ø�����ÇnR�YJnRÝiÕ/ ,Ò4�Çø9Ö@,Ò4tÙÇ©G{nRÓzÖ* ,Ò4�Ç,�q©G�

• -r —�5ÃreverseÄ�,�5��ïÞø9¥{���

• -R —��ÃrecursiveÄ�� 1���ïÞÄ�ø9Ãóh�ø9��Ä{���

• -S —LBÃsizeÄ��©GLB\��

13.6.½ ©GZø9���Ç��wì�©GÝø9?óÇbeX��tý°VItÇ��,1&~locate × u�¯©GÝø9�

&~locate × Ç�RÌ�t��ÇÝi�¯�G{ø9Ý©G���Ç�*�.�¯Ä�ÖÁ¥Q�finger YÇ#{©GÇE�Õ

locate finger

locate × &~jâEu½ ©GÝø9Ö¥Q�finger YÇ#{©GZø9�YÇ�¯�*,�ÌÝi�Çw)finger.txt {©GÇ�Çw)pointerfinger.txt {©GÇ�Çú×Ö�fingerthumbnails {ø9ÇÃ�$¡��¦óÍõ��locate {�#Ç>ÝÖlocate {�ÒV�Ãóshell+�E�man locate Ä�

���{jâE4��Íc{Çlocate × {äq¤ÝÒÌiO�YÇjâEó�tÑÌ~cron× �ÄÍc�cron 4�Çó�Ñ¥äq{BÇ�ÇÇ�qÈ«�ÖǾ�ó®Ý{Ï-�½��Íclocate jâE�

Cron 4�ÇE��ÇÃdaemonÄ�Çó½�®Ý{Ï-��q�Ö��ÝÖcron {�ÒV�Çóshell+�E�man cron ���cron {-<Ç>kÝ�Red Hat Linux½�����

Page 99: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

13. Shell+äý�# 87

cron �Ö½�Ícslocate jâEÇ�jâE~uÉ©G �I¡�óv*ø:-#¦Ç1ù��Ó*�e��åÌk/cron éjâE{�ÄÍc�

�CÓ�ÍcjâEÇ~9�Ê~�Ãóshell+�E�su Çl�E��{Ê= ÇzøE�× updatedb �

�I¨��Çlocate × &~{slocate jâEÒÌúÍc�

Õ�

�,1äqanacron ut�{ø:�½�Å��u½Ï�q�J× �¦cron X3ÇÇ?X"½åì4óÑ�ä*�O ÇÇ,1~óX4�����B�Ñóäq{åìÞÇu;�/�úcron × ;�{����±�Z�Û{*��

��-<Ç>kÝ��anacron {�ÒV�Ãó× q¥E�man anacron Ä1ù�Red Hat Linux ½�����

13.7.,× q¥K\X��4óGUI¥�â�Ç�<¤4,× q¥E�× ÇK\ÑX�®4�1i�Ä�{�Ç�ý�"½�.²th�{�êËzó�{ø:Þ{K\åÇ?RÌ5��:�[,× q¥K\�R>K\�1ù��K\*����÷�K\å{-ûfåÇ>kÝ�89�

lpr × Ç�Ëø�Ç©GÖÇ̲�½{©G��tK\èï¥���Çlpr foo.txt ÌK\foo.txt ©G�

���óK\èï¥�V{*�Çó× q¥E�lpq �E�lpq �Ç�Ì�tZ1�#�{QñÕ

active root 389 foo.txt

óYǾ�¥Ç389 4*�Rh�

�,1R>K\èï¥{*�Ç0�4E�lprm Çò˱K\*�{RhÇYÇRh4�ó&~lpq × �Ä�+{Rh��R>foo.txt K\*�ÇE�lprm 389 Çl��[Enter]E�

13.8.8øZ­÷ªàóshell+�Çý"��&~ê�Çls × Ç�ÄÓ*{ªà=�Ì )�zp��¯l�,1,ªà=¥RñòK �Çc=Çb4�8øªà¥�+{��Ç��ÇÍOÍ;\{0��

Aøóshell+�E�clear × �clear × Ì)ÇÁÞÄ�+{Õ8øªà=�

��Ç�,�ÌÃ?�ó�Ǫà=¥K �ÇÇ�©GÝÙÇ:©ý©G��`���ê�Ç©GÇ�Ì���E�{©ý¦�+ìÞ{QñXn\�

óY«<Y�ÇE�reset u²ªà=¤ÆtÇ{å���

Page 100: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

88 13. Shell+äý�#

13.9.&~cat uv*©GRed Hat Linux��ÇÓäÇ�ÇÇ�êÐÏ�â�;áï,ÇRYJï,BøåuÇ��5�?&���{ø:få�

YÇÓäw)cat ÇÇ4concatenateÃËÃÄ{;UÇ?�4\?©G�

cat × ¤Ìó¶ôÞ�+rÇ©G{��Ã��ÇE�cat filename.txt Ä��*©Gv�ÇÇÌó¶ôÞ<O�%,��3�Y�H*{�Ç&~cat filename.txt | less × �

�å&~�wÃ|ÄZless × Ì������+©G�l�Ç�",1&~5ÞÝ5�{F>Eó�h¥5�Ý5�#Ä���&~�wu\?ÜÇX3Õ�{-ûfåÇ>kÝ�13.10��

13.9.1.&~­s5­s5Ò4&shell�#ÇÄ�½{)ïQñÇÝV�#)ïQñ{ø)�

�­s5)ïQñÇ&~> nR�²> nR8ócat × ��ÃÝó�[U�)ïQñ{ÓäÇ�Za~Ç���ÄÇ̲Ç{Qñ­s5tËónR��{©G¥�

��Ç&~cat �üÌó¶ôÞQñ�ÄQ�{��Ç�34ó­��¦E�{q��Á{¾��+êcat Ì­��Q�{��qÕ

C13-5.cat ×

�²cat {Qñ­s5t�Ç©G¥Çóshell+�E�1�× Ã�[Enter]E̲�Qt�Ç8qÄÕ

cat > sneakers.txt

Page 101: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

13. Shell+äý�# 89

C13-6.²Qñ­s5t�Ç©G

�[Enter]EÝt�Ç8qÇl�&~[Ctrl]- [D] EuRñcat �

Õ?tC13-6¥{K/êmÚ$ÿ?��­��+�Y4O�cat{)ïQñ.²ú­s5ê�­s5{�04�¦¦�*{�Çw)sneakers.txt {/c©G�

h�äqcat × �Ç�Ì���Äóø9¥{©GÃ�*�.ïÞYJ©GÇE�ls Ä�

��Ä+Ç�,1&~cat uÖR©G�ó+�ÇE�Õ

cat sneakers.txt

Be

ó�²Qñ­s5�©G�Ç>��,/ÇO��Ìi�4����Ç�?©G¼ø:�.S��©GÇ>hâ�Ä O{©GÖ¦.²?ó{©GÖX�ø�

ò²Qñ­s5t��Ç©GÇö%²Çw)home.txt �óYǾ�¥ÇE�× cat >home.txt Çl��[Enter]ÇÙ�˱Õ

bring the coffee hometake off shoesput on sneakersmake some coffeerelax!

�óÇó�Ç8qÞÇ&~[Ctrl]- [D] E�\uRñcat �

��ZÇ&~cat ²home.txt Zsneakers.txt ËzåuÇl�ò²ÜÇ©G{Qñ­s5t�Çw)saturday.txt {c©GÃ�ÌóC13-7¥���Ç+¾Ä�E��Á{× Õ

cat sneakers.txt home.txt > saturday.txt

Page 102: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

90 13. Shell+äý�#

C13-7.Ëz©GZ­s5Qñ

�,1�tcat .²²home.txt ��tsneakers.txt {��ÿ�

13.9.2.�V)ïQñ�,1&~Qñ­s5uó�Ç�?©G����cfå�Y¦�&~> nR#�Ç�4ó·ªshell²få��t)ïQñ�i{ìÇ�0�

l Çh�&~>>�Ç�4óÉ©G��fåÇ X4q\�¦©G���

!P{�:0�45�Ü+"¾�·¢"&~¦b. O{ÜÇ©GÃsneakers.txtZhome.txt ÄÇl�&~�VQñ{nR²Ç¢Ëzåu��.²home.txt {få��tsneakers.txt {få¥VÇO$E�Õ

cat home.txt >> sneakers.txt

�óÇ&~cat sneakers.txt {× u5����!ª{Qñó©G��ÿ�+êhome.txt{��Õ

buy some sneakersthen go to the coffee shopthen buy some coffeebring the coffee hometake off shoesput on sneakersmake some coffeerelax!

�E�{× ²©Ghome.txt {Qñ�Vt©Gsneakers.txt ¥V�

/,�VQñÇ�¼~ê�?©G X� Oc©GÇ, �����J�-Ã1ù�J�ckøÄ�

�ó�v��©Gsneakers.txt Z©Gsaturday.txt {�*Ç�ÒÌ�tÇ¢�Ü�ø��)�vÇE�Õ

cat sneakers.txt; cat saturday.txt

YÜÇ©G{��ÑÌú�+—�4sneakers.txt ©GÇl�4saturday.txt ©GÃ�C13-8Ä+Ä�

Page 103: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

13. Shell+äý�# 91

C13-8.�É× Z�v©G

13.9.3.­s5)ïQ��Xb,1­s5)ïQñǤ,1­s5)ïQ��

h�&~­s5)ïQ�nR<�Ç�4ó·ªshell�.&~ìÇ©G*�× {Q��

&~�Ç�. O{©GuÜ+Y��'�E�Õ

cat < sneakers.txt

O��~uIÅcat × Z©G{4B�RÃ<ÄÇsneakers.txt {QñÒúcat × ÖR�

C13-9.­s5)ïQ�

13.10.�wZI�ìóLinux¥Ç�wËzø�Ç× {)ïQñZ��Ç× {)ïQ��

t·¢�D���ÁÄÿX{ls × �ls ��õ,~{ 1Çb4�*ø9{��òĤÝOz�Ã�������Í�Ú

&~1�× u��/etc ø9{��Õ

Page 104: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

92 13. Shell+äý�#

ls -al /etc

���øb�óQñò,¶ô���û��Ç¢�Ú

0���4²Qñ~�ws�t�Çw)less {Óä�less 4�ÇI�ÓäÇÇã������ÃÝ�Ƕô�ǶôÄ���få�

&~g"Ã| Äu²Qñ~�ws�t× ¥�

ls -al /etc | less

�óÇ�Ò,1�Ƕô�Ƕô���/etc ø9{��ê��5�#Ä�ǶôÇ�[Space]EÖ�5�#Ä�ǶôÇ�[b] EÖ�RñÇ�[q] E�&~less × �Ç�¤,1&~F>Eu��#Ä�

�&~less u�©ý©G{QñÇ�[/]Çl�E��.ó©G��Â{�����Õ

/Linux

�Í�û�ÝÖéÄ>åÇóshell +�ÇE�dmesg | less ��R�ê�Ƕô�Ƕô�ÝÖ�©G�&~F>Eu�� Ý©G���©GQñÇ�[/]?E��Â���

�w¤,1~u�K\�Ç©G¥{ìJq�E�Õ

grep coffee sneakers.txt | lpr

YRÌK\sneakers.txt ©G¥t�coffee�YÇ#{��qÃó�13.11.3�¥,Öt��grep {-<Ä�

13.10.1. more × more Zless {Ì�K/4Çless ã��&~F>Eu��#ÄÇ more &~[Spacebar]Z[b]Eu��#Ä�

&~ls Zmore × uïÞ/etc ø9¥{���

ls -al /etc | more

Page 105: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

13. Shell+äý�# 93

C13-10.²ls {Qñ�wQñÉmore

�&~more ó©ý©G��Â�EÇ�[/] ?E��Â�ø���Õ

/foo

&~[Spacebar]u5� Ý�h��[q] uRñ�

13.11.ÝÖ©ý©G{ÙÇ× ·¢.²5��ëê�Çäý{ó©ý�öì�ÝÖ©G{shell+�{× ��ÁïÞêÙÇ�Ç$¡× �

13.11.1. head × �,1&~head × u��©G{ >\I�$1× 4Õ

head <filename >

head 4�Ç�~{× Çb4��Ç�!�©G{!ð�qÇ��Xt©G"�Þ�õ���Lå�÷�Ç���ÝÖ©G{��q��,1/,�½�Çj 1u�#��+{qjÇ��Á{× Ä+Õ

head -20 <filename >

13.11.2. tail × ¦head × ôô#'{4tail × �&~tail × Ç�,1��©G��{�q�Y�Ï�����©G{!��quÝÖ­�{ø:>å��¤,1&~tail u���©GúÍc{,Ç�&~-f  1Çtail Ì�Ä"��²K ©G¥{c>å�+t¶ôÞ�¾�Ç�Ù×��/var/log/messages Ç1Ê~�üPóshell+�E�1�× Õ

tail -f /var/log/messages

Page 106: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

94 13. Shell+äý�#

13.11.3. grep × grep × é�ó©G¥�I�½{�i�~E�¾�Ç�*�.ósneakers.txt ©G¥�I��Çt�coffee�{�0Ç�,1E�Õ

grep coffee sneakers.txt

�ÒÌ�t©G¥Q��coffee�{��q�

ø:���ÒÇgrep �¯4KILBUÃcase sensitiveÄ{�Y?�ø�¯Coffee ¦�¯coffee X3�ógrep { 1¥�-i Y�1ÇÇÌã��ó�¯©G�XKILBU���YÇ× {-<Ç>ÝÖgrep {�ÒVÃmanÄ��

13.11.4. I/O ­s5Z�wh�.Ñ?ùÃÝÄK\få1"1�ÝÖ�Ç�,1&~�wZQñ­s5�

��Ç�,1&~grep u�¯©G¥{ì�¡��Çl�²�*â?ó©G¥Ý��ÉK\å�

��Ç�K\sneakers.txt ©G¥���coffee�{qÇ��E�Õ

grep coffee sneakers.txt | lpr

13.11.5./{nZt�,H*�*���ê��I{©GÖ��ÍÚI�4&~/{nÝt�,H*��óX�wqr{©GÖ{<Y��,1ó�©GÞ�qv*����U�Ä�{\IÇ��\I~/{nÃwildcardÄu�S�/{n4�OnRÇ�,1~Ç¢u�¦ñ�jZnRÇY��û�Ý�ø9ï,u¯IìÇ©G��4zõ�

�ÝÖ��/{nZt�,H*{-<Ç>���bash {�ÒV�Ãman bashÄ�>�ÔÇ�,1²YÇ©G?��Ç©ý©GÇ0�4E�man bash | col -b > bash.txt × �l�Ç�",1&~less Ývi Ãvi bash.txt ÄuK ?ÝÖ�©G��*�.K\�©GÇ>�?Ç{�li��

·¢�wYÇ©Gw)�sneak____.txt�ÇO$E�Õ

ls sneak*.txt

YÒÌ�+YÇ©G{\ÖÕ

sneakers.txt

�ó�Â�!�&~{,�4hRÃ*Ä�YÇhRÌ ñ�{�Ä�¯C�{�#�O$ý"�E�êÕ

ls *.txt

Page 107: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

13. Shell+äý�# 95

ÝÕ

ls sn*

�Ì��sneakers.txt 1ùÙÇ1sn >{©GÝ1.txt ��{©G�Y�Ï�¦,��ÀB�¯)��

�ÀB�¯)�{��«0�4&~¯RÃ?Ä�ZhR#�Ç&~? �ÐÏ�½ �{ì��¯C�{©G�

l óY«<Y�Ç? é�{\Çn�~ÇO$�*��¯sneaker?.txt Ç�Ìztsneakers.txt YÇ�¯�*Ç1ùÃÝVÄsneakerz.txt Ç�*YÇ©G?ó{��

t�,H*���êh{hRZ¯R��ìzõ�

��Çh�ÇhRô�4�Ç©GÖ{�\I�Ç���Ç�*©Gsneakers.txt "�Þw)sneak*.txt {��Çt�,H*ÒÌ�¾Ç{*~ê�

&~'R"Ã\ ÄÇ�Ò,1�½�&~hR?X4.�¯�#Ç"�Þ�4ó¯IÖÁ¥Q�hR{©G�

�*YÇ©Gw)sneak*.txt ÇE�Õ

sneak\*.txt

�Á4/{nZt�,H*{�Ç;áï,Õ

• * —�{Ä�n

• ? —�{�¥{�Çn

• \* —�{�*�n

• \? —�{�?�n

• \) —�{�)�n

13.12.× »$ZTab �ÄV\~XêõÈÇ�ÒÌ¡út�((�­�E�#3× ?X4��íÄ|e��ÇBB{E�FØÌ» rÇ× q�

�ûÍ���4&~× q»$�/,&~[5ÞF>]Z[5�F>]EuÞ�%ÄÇ�Ì���õ�Á.²E�,{× �

·¢,1òósneakers.txt Ãó�13.9.1�¥ O{Ä©G¥Aè���X,Ç��'Çt·¢óshell+�E�Õ

cat sneakrs.txt

hlÇ���XÌ�ÇO�sneakrs.txt ©G?X?ó��¯�Ç·¢��&~5ÞF>Eu²YÇ× RÃÇl�&~5&F>E²�)#t·¢&«�e�{�0���YÇñ�ò�[Enter]E�

�ó·¢Ò,1�tsneakers.txt {��ê�

bash× q»$©G¥,1å�Ñ?500Ç× �

Page 108: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

96 13. Shell+äý�#

/,óshell +�E�env × Ç·¢Ì�t;�× q»$LB{¢¸#Þ�U�HISTFILESIZE=500{��q�+êbash RÌû?{× jÞ�

× q»$"�Þúâ?ó�Ç©G¥ÇÇ4·¢{~9ø9¥w).bash_history {©G�·¢,1~�«0�uÖRÕ&~vi �cat �less �more�1ùÙÇ× �

>�?YÇ©G,�Ìi���&~more × uÖRÇÇó�{Ìø9�E�Õ

more .bash_history

�5�#Ä�ǶôÇ�[Space]EÖ�5�#Ä�ǶôÇ�[b] EÖ�RñÇ�[q] E�

�X&~F>EÝ Ý»$©G ItÙ¥{× Ç&~grep YÇÕ��L{�ÂÓäÃ>kÝ�13.11.3�Ä��Á�ëê�[O¤�¯I�Ç�Á.~,{× Õ"÷�ó�¯�Ç¡��cat sneak ��{× ��~,ê�Ç× Ç�1�Ç,�¤ó�{»$©G¥�óshell+�E�Õ

history | grep sneak

��Ç��{Óä�Á�× �ÄV\��*�E�ê©GÖ�× �Ý4»Ö{�\IÇl��[Tab]EÇbash��̲©GÝ4»Ö{��\IV\Ç��ÌÉ��Ç/�Ã�*�{ø:¥é~ê�H{�Ä��*�zt{4/�Ç��ò��'[Tab]EuÜR¦�.E�{\I�{{©GÝ4»Ö{ï,�

��Ç�*���ê× updatedb Çb4�zYÇ× {�\IÇ�,1~su × #�Ê~�Çl�óshell+�E�upÇË�Ü'[Tab]EÇ�"Ì�t�Ç,~uV\× {ï,ÇÝiupdatedb Zuptime �E�\I× updÇl�ò�[Tab]EÇ�{× ÒÌú�ÄV\�

13.13.&~õÇ× Linuxã���'Q�õÇ× ���{�G4��&~IRuIÅ× �

"÷��ñê�Çc©GÕfoobar-1.3-2.i386.rpm Ç�.²Ç8ó�{Ìø9�{�Çw)rpms/ {cø9�Çb4YÇcø9¤��ú O��,1² Orpms/ ø9ZÝ#�ñ©GYÜÇ× \?ó�åÇ0�4Çóshell+�E�1�× Õ

mkdir rpms/; mv foobar-1.3-2.i386.rpm rpms/

äqYÇ× �\Ìó�ÇZ½� Oø9?Ý#©G�

13.14.Ä�YZ�,Y!óý9�\Çh�ACݦtÊ~�{~9ø9�Ç�Btê1�>åÕ

cd /rootbash: /root: Permission denied

Y4Linux�\Õ�{�ÇÜ+�LinuxZUNIX �øÇ4�Çõ~�ø:�©GY!4ø:3�ù?4�{�«0��

Page 109: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

13. Shell+äý�# 97

h�úáýY!��­Ü6¯Y{0���4&~�ó�Á¦t{su × ~9�Ê~��Y4O��wÊ= {|�q\{6¯Y�

b4#¦Ä§ÿ~�?X�4i0"Ç·¢�XOF��$ÇO�&~§ÿ~�üPÔ�4s�FØÝ�#­�{{�©G�

Ä�{©GZø9Ñú OÇ¢{|Ä�p����ó�{~9ø9¥ Oê©Gsneakers.txtÃ>kD�13.9.1�ÄÇO$sneakers.txt a���

Y?�ø�,1�½x,1ÖRYÇ©GÇx,1U�YÇ©GÇÝVÃ�*Ç4Ç� X4©ý©G{�Äx,1�qYÇ©G�

ÖR�U��Z�q4�,Y!¥{®ÇÌ�÷���l~�óÆ¢{AR O��Òú���Ç�kÇ�¤,1�½ýJ�k,1ÖR�U��Ý�qì�©G�

t·¢~Q�-l Ã�Ä 1Ã>kÝC13-11Ä{ls × u�û����©Gsneakers.txt �

Y°Øê�õû���,1�tx�ÖRÃrÄZU�ÃwÄ©GÇ1ùx OêYÇ©GÃtestÄÇÄ�VÄó{�kÃtestÄ�>�ÔÇ�Lå�÷�Ç�{�kÖZ�{~9Ö#3�

C13-11.sneakers.txt {�,Y!

ó�k�}{fåÝi©GLB� O{�ÏZ�-Ç1ù©GÖ�

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Page 147: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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Page 165: Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux - unipr.it · 2003-03-17 · Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux ÇY‘ ‘ 2003 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA

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