Redes Inalámbricas – Tema 1 General concepts · REDES INA “Mobile ad hoc networking: imperatives and challenges”, Imrich Chlamtac, Marco Conti, Jennifer J.-N. Liu, Ad Hoc Networks,

Redes Inalámbricas – Tema 1 Redes Inalámbricas – Tema 1 General conceptsGeneral concepts

An overall view of:TechnologiesMANETs networksApplicationsDevicesReferencesReferences

A k l d tAcknowledgmentsMark WeiserVint CerfJim Kurose, Keith Ross, “Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 2nd edition. Addison-Wesley, July 2002

REDES INALÁMBRICAS AD HOC Máster Ingeniería de Telecomunicación , Universidad de Málaga 2008/2009

edition. Addison Wesley, July 2002


Technologies


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Various types of wireless technologies3

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Network telephony. Various generations:GSM GPRS, HSCSD; UMTS HSDPAUMTS HSDPA

Satellites:Satellites Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)(GEO)

Example: Inmarsat

Satellites Low-Earth Orbit (LEO)Example : Iridium (66 satellites) (2.4Example : Iridium (66 satellites) (2.4 Kbps data)

Infrared: IrDAUltra-Wide Band (UWB)

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( )RFIDZigbee

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Wireless Data Networks4

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Wireless networks are the best option for mobile devices:Easy instalation

no problem with cablesSystems easily expandable according to the needsShared acces to InternetShared acces to Internet There is no need to "plug" and "unplug"

Local AreaPersonal Area Wide Area

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Wireless LANCellular Systems

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IEEE 802.11, HiperLAN/2

PAN

BluetoothGSM,

GPRS, EDGEUMTS

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Uses of WLANs5

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“CORPORATE CAMPUS”

“HOME OFFICE”

• COMMON AREAS,• MEETING ROOMS,• LABORATORIES,

• TEMPORARY OFFICE• TEMPORARY OFFICE

“HOT SPOTS”

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AIRPORTS

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• HOTELS• CONVENTION CENTER

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Uses of WPAN6

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STB/Media CenterMobile/Smart HH

PC

BT Model UWB ModelPhoto/Printer Mass Storage

BT Model UWB Model

Substitute cables

Personal ad hoc connectivity

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HDTVy

KB, Mouse

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DVC

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DVCVoice, Stereo Audio

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Mobility7

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There are several types of mobilityPhysical mobility (of the devices)y y ( )

off line connectivity: portableon line connectivity : mobile

Logical mobility:Logical mobility:Of the processesOf the applications “ubiquitous computing”pp q p g

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Mobility and the applications8

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Bandwidth variabilityApplications should adapt. E.g., a videoconferencing application could vary the image size or its quality when varying the bandwidthimage size or its quality when varying the bandwidth.

DisconnectionAllow asynchronous operations, pre-fetching, caching, weak consistency, ...

Security and privacyThe wireless channels are prone to "wiretapping''(snooping)Who should be given access to the location information? How much accurate o s ou d be g e access to t e ocat o o at o o uc accu ateshould be this information?

Energy management: stop discs turn off the screen standby mode of the CPU put to sleep the network

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stop discs, turn off the screen, standby mode of the CPU, put to sleep the network card, …

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General view9

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“Mobile ad hoc networking: imperatives and challenges”, Imrich Chlamtac, Marco Conti, Jennifer J.-N. Liu, Ad Hoc Networks, Elsevier, 1 (2003).


Devices


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Sensors11

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Mica Hardware Platform: The Mica sensor node (left) with the Mica Weather Board developed for environmental monitoring applications

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Commercial Motes12

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Processor: 4MHz, 8bit CPUMemory: Prog RAM Memory (128 KB), Data RAM (4KB)

On-Board Flash (512 KB)On Board Flash (512 KB)Radio: 916 Mhz, 52K bps (150-300m max range)Antenna: On-board, optional externalOS Ti OS f B k lOS: TinyOS from BerkeleyBattery: 2xAA, coin cell (sleep often, sleep deep)

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http://www.xbow.com

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Mobile devices: PDA and phones13

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Mobile devices: PDA and phones14

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Mobile devices: notebooks/laptops15

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Mobile devices : tablet PC16

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More devices (Information/Internet Appliances)17

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Web-enabled toaster+weather forecaster

IP picture framehttp://www.ceiva.com/

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World’s smallest web serverhttp://www.webservusb.com/

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Screenfridge

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More devices (Information/Internet Appliances)18

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MANETs networks


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Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)20

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Networks formed by mobile wireless nodes.Do not use any existing infrastructurey g

There are hybrid solutions known as "mesh networks“

In a MANET mobility has a crucial importance.iroutes vary over time

partitioning

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Why ad hoc networks?21

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The ad hoc networks can be deployed in a flexible manner in environments that have no fixed infrastructureHaving a fixed wired infrastructure or access points is not always possible or feasible

It is not economically viable or interestingIt is not economically viable or interestingIt is not practical in temporary environmentsIt may have been destroyed, for example, due to natural disasters

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A “clear” example: vehicular networks22

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About “smart cars” and “smart roads”. On-board systems “talk” with the “road”.

They car offer:Cooperative driver assistance:

E tifi tiEmergency notificationOvertaking assistanceObstacle warning

Decentralized floating car data:Traffic jam monitorDynamic navigationRoute weather forecast

User communications and information services:

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Hot-spot Internet accessInter-vehicle chatDistributed games

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Applications: UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING


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Ubiquitous Computing24

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Mark Weiser – The father of “Ubiquitous Computing” (1988)

DefinitionsUbiquitous computing is the method of enhancing computer use by making many q p g g p y g ycomputers available throughout the physical environment, but making them effectively invisible to the user

– Mark Weiser– Mark Weiser

Mark Weiser (1952-1999) was the chief technology officer at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center

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(Parc). He is often referred to as the father of ubiquitous computing. He coined the term in 1988 to describe a future in which invisible computers, embedded in everyday objects, replace PCs. Other research interests included garbage collection, operating systems, and user interface design. He received his MA and PhD in computer and communication science at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. After completing his PhD, he joined the computer science department at the University of Maryland College Park where he taught for 12 years He wrote or cowrote over 75 technical

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Maryland, College Park, where he taught for 12 years. He wrote or cowrote over 75 technical publications on such subjects as the psychology of programming, program slicing, operating systems, programming environments, garbage collection, and technological ethics. He was a member of the ACM, IEEE Computer Society, and American Association for the Advancement of Science. Weiser passed away in 1999. Visit www.parc.xerox.com/csl/members/weiser or contact [email protected] for more information about him.

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Mark Weiser (1952Mark Weiser (1952--1999)1999)http://wwwhttp://www--sul.stanford.edu/weiser/sul.stanford.edu/weiser/

M. Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century Scientific American, 1991

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Ubiquitous Computing25

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What Ubiquitous Computing is!Information technology everywhere

Ubiquitous Computing: And old vision

Is a paradigm shift where technology becomes virtuallyinvisible in our lives “Calm Technology”“Calm Technology”

It needsIt needs1. Smart Objects embedded processors2. Wireless Technology to interconnect them

What Ubiquitous Computing is not!

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MobilityMobility itself doesn’t lead to UbiCompMultimediaMultimedia itself doesn’t lead to UbiComp eitherVirtual realityVirtual reality neither

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Virtual reality vs ubiquitous computing 26

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Virtual RealityWorld in the computer

Ubiquitous ComputingComputers in the world

(paradigm inversion)(paradigm inversion)drawing computers out of theirelectronic shells

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The new paradigm27

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Environment-centric instead of computer-centric or Context-centric instead of desktop-centric

Generic Features11 T t i t fT t i t f

• Ubiquitous Computing— Human - environment

• Context-Aware Applications1.1. Transparent interfacesTransparent interfacesInvisible interfaces that Provideinteraction between user and application

• Context-Aware Applications.— Flexible and adaptable services

Smart Home. A realistic scenario?

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TransparentInterfaces

Awareness of

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Context(s)

Capture Experience

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The new paradigm28

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Generic Features2.2. Awareness of contextAwareness of context

Context information about the environment with which theapplication is associated.

LOCATION and TIME are simple examples of context !Computing context vs User context vs physical context ?Computing context vs User context vs physical context ?

AutoDi CAAppnk

s PublicDi l

ContextB

Why is context needed?

Diary CAApp

C t tContext

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Display Browser

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Context Data LayerContext Data Layer

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Environment Preferences

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Sensor ManualInput

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Awareness ofContext(s)

Capture ExperienceGeneric Context Model

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The new paradigm29

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Generic Features3.3. Capture experienceCapture experience

To capture our day-to-day experience and make it available for future use.To acquires knowledge from places visited to server future visitorsResearch challengesResearch challengesgg

Multiple streams of informationTheir time synchronizationTheir correlation and integrationTheir correlation and integration

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Smart carpets (Infineon)

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Smart Devices30

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MediaCup (Teco, MediaCup)Sensing, processing, and communication capabilitiesPeriodically broadcasting state of cupApplications:

Visualizing state of cupg pInfering and indicating meetings through aggregation of cups …

MIT M di L b ShMIT Media Lab – ShoesBroadcast ID every 3 to 5 stepsApplications …

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Applications31

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InfostationsUsed in many modern museumsInfostation near an exhibit providesdetailed information

Visitors approach infostationOffer of informationUser preferences

LanguageLanguageLevel of detail…

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Oceanis, Wilhelmshaven

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More examples at MIT32

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http://ttt.media.mit.edu/


Applications: RURAL COMMUNICATIONS


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Global survey on rural communications 34

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Rural communications on the global agendaConnecting villages with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and

t bli hi it i testablishing community access points

BenefitsE-business and e-commerce could play an important role in enabling local artisansE business and e commerce could play an important role in enabling local artisans to reach national and international markets

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Over 40% of the world’s population lives in rural and remote areas of developing countries and have difficult or no access to even basic telecommunications services

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Y hik K mi “R l mm ni ti n n th l b l nd ” Gl b l S n R l

countries and have difficult or no access to even basic telecommunications services. Development of telecommunications in rural and remote areas, therefore forms an important mission of the ITU Development sector.

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Communications for the ITU-D on Communications for rural and remote areas.

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Rural populations and their ICT needs35

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Needs of rural people in connection with e-services E-health, e-education and e-administration top the list as primary needsE-business and e-banking also scored highly

ITU-D global survey, Doc 111/SG2

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supply is simply non-existent or insufficient

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insufficient

T l di i T i i i Bh t b T k i U i itT l di i T i i i Bh t b T k i U i it l

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Sciences donated the medical equipments with ICT functions and provided the training on the use of equipments. Tokai University Second Opinion center provides the assistance service over the internet when requested by the Bhutanese ends.

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Optimal Technologies to connect Rural Communities36

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Question 1: What are the requirements for communications system in rural areas

Implementation should be possible at a low cost in areas where population density is lowThe system can be easily installed, even in remote and inaccessible locationsy y ,System operation and maintenance may be carried out even where qualified technical personnel are scarceImplementation should be possible even when basic infrastructure such as mainsImplementation should be possible even when basic infrastructure such as mains electricity, running water, paved road networks, etc., are absent Long life cycles

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Question 2: What are the choices of technologies for communications in rural areas

Mobile communications system (2G,GSM)Satellite communications system (VSAT)Terrestrial wireless communications systemTerrestrial wireless communications system

Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, 802.16Copper wire including power lineTh fi l t f ITU F G 7 “NThe final report of ITU Focus Group 7 on “New technologies for rural applications” (2001) recommended (WiFi) based on the IEEE 802.11 b/g

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Question 3: What is the advantage of wireless technologies for communications in rural areas

Provide significant life time cost benefits in rural areas in cases where cable deployment is uneconomic.Provide easy and speedy installation in harsh terrain and extremely remote areas, y p y y ,smaller investment increments and avoidance of copper cable theft.Provide lower maintenance cost and greater network flexibilities

Question 4: How to finance the rural projectsGiving priority to the rural communications projects funding system.

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Subsidy by the Universal Service Funds.Partnership with funding institutions and private sectors

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Question 5: What are the barriers for communications in the environment of rural areas

Scarcity and absence of reliable electricity supply, water, access roads and regular transportScarcity of technical personnely pDifficult topographical conditions (lakes, rivers, hills, mountains, or deserts, etc.)Severe climatic conditions that make critical demands on the equipment.Low level of economic activity mainly based on agriculture fishing handicraftsLow level of economic activity mainly based on agriculture, fishing, handicrafts, etc.Low per capita income

d d l d l f (h l h d )

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Underdeveloped social infrastructure (health, education)Low population density Low literacy rate

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El Programa Telecentros40

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¿Qué es?El programa Telecentros se ha dirigido a los municipios de zonas rurales y a ú l b d f id t é d l Di t i C bild C jnúcleos urbanos desfavorecidos, a través de las Diputaciones, Cabildos y Consejos

insulares o, en su caso, Comunidades Autónomas uniprovinciales. La actuación tuvo como principal objetivo facilitar el acceso a las nuevas tecnologías tanto a las poblaciones ales como a los colecti os menos integ ados a fin de log a spoblaciones rurales como a los colectivos menos integrados, a fin de lograr su participación efectiva en la Sociedad de la Información.La actuación tiene como principal objetivo facilitar el acceso a las nuevas t l í t t l bl i l l l titecnologías tanto a las poblaciones rurales como a los colectivos menos integrados, a fin de lograr su participación efectiva en la Sociedad de la Información.

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Actuaciones:Conexiones a Internet de banda ancha en zonas ruralesy urbanas desfavorecidas.

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Portales de servicios a poblaciones rurales.Servicios de dinamización y formación

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EU y las redes rurales41

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Mesh Networks42

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FeaturesMulti-hop NetworksAutomatic organization and maintenanceSupport for mobility (clients)Integration of technology accessIntegration of technology access

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MIT Roofnet43

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MIT Roofnet: http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/roofnet/doku.phpWireless access to the MIT Computer Science Lab

1,25 squared milesMIT Roofnet: Distribution of nodes and quality of the

linkslinks

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guifi.net44

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Public WiFi network deployed basically in Cataluña

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Other proposals45

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Kingsbridge Link http://www.kblink.co.uk/Based on Linksys WRT54g

panOULUpanOULUhttp://www.panoulu.net/Finland

Merakihttp://meraki com/

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http://meraki.com/San Francisco

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Applications: VANETs


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Motivation47

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Safety and transport efficiencyIn Europe around 40,000 people die and more than 1.5 millions are injured every

th dyear on the roadsTraffic jams generate a tremendous waste of time and of fuel

Most of these problems can be solved by providing appropriateMost of these problems can be solved by providing appropriateinformation to the driver or to the vehicle

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Passive Approach is not Enough48

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On foggy daysOn foggy days

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What’s in What’s in front of front of

What’s What’s behind the behind the

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h n th h n th bend ?bend ?On rainy days

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Vehicle Communication (VC) 49

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VC promises safer roads,

… more efficient driving,

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Vehicle Communication (VC)50

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… more fun,

… and easier maintenance.

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Technologies for traffic safety systems51

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SensorsRadars send narrow microwave beams (lidars – lazer beams) that are reflected f bj t d th i d b k b th dfrom objects and then received back by the radarsBased on this information, the relative position and velocity of other objects can be determinedLimitations: local perception (require line-of-sight), utilization-related problems (rain and snow, dust and mud), cost and integration within vehicles

Computer visionComputer visionStereo cameras monitor the environment around a vehicle, and image processing is used for determining dangerous situations, such as a possible collision or a vehicle that dangerously approaches the lateral side of a road

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vehicle that dangerously approaches the lateral side of a roadLimitations: first 2 in sensors, also low speed of image processing and large number of false alarms

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Smart Vehicle (OBUs)52

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Forward radar

Event data recorder (EDR)Positioning system

Communication facility

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C ti l tfRear radar

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Lot of Involved Technologies53

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Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)54

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Ad-Hoc Network:A network with minimal or no infrastructureSelf-organizingEach node can act as the source of data, the destination for data and a network router

Vehicular Ad Hoc network (VANET)Uses equipped vehicles as the network nodesN d ill l i h h b i hi h i f h dNodes move at will relative to each other but within the constraints of the roadinfrastructure

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VANETs vs MANETs55

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Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) are a special case of Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET)

VANET constrained by Predefined roads (e.g. one-way and multi-lane)Vehicle velocities restricted by speed limitsVehicle velocities restricted by speed limitsLevel of congestion in roads (e.g. urban or suburban)Traffic control mechanisms (e.g. traffic light)

VANET advantage by Rechargeable source of energy

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g gEquipped with devices with potentially longer transmission ranges. (e.g. adopt WAVE and WiMAX) etc.

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VANETs vs MANETs56

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Rapid Topology ChangesHigh relative speed of vehicles => short link life

Frequent FragmentationChunks of the net are unable to reach nodes in nearby regions

Small Effective Network DiameterSmall Effective Network DiameterA path may cease to exist almost as quickly as it was discovered (reactive routing)

Limited RedundancyLimited RedundancyThe redundancy in MANETs is critical to providing additional bandwidthIn VANETs the redundancy is limited both in time and in function

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Lot of Involved Parties57

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Redes Inalámbricas – Tema 1Redes Inalámbricas – Tema 1General conceptsGeneral concepts

References


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Official organizations59

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ITU (before CCITT) in Europe:organized in: Study Groups Working Parties Expert Teams

ISO is a member of ITU-T and includes ANSI, AENOR, UNI, DIN, ...i d i TC SC WGorganized in: TC SC WG

TC-97: Computers and Information processingphases: CD (committee draft) DSI (draft international standard) IS p ( ) ( )(international standard)

Oth IEEE ACM NIST

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Other: IEEE, ACM, NIST, ...

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Standards en Internet60

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de-facto standards“Rough consensus and running code”, D. Clark

Defined in documents called RFCs (Request For Comments) available on line:Defined in documents called RFCs (Request For Comments) available on line: http://www.rfc-editor.org/

(Internet Architecture Board)IAB1983

IRTF IETF1989

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Phases: Proposed standards Draft Standard Internet Standard

Internet Society~1991

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S Phases: Proposed standards Draft Standard Internet StandardBefore getting to RFC we use Internet-Drafts which are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.

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Where to find up-to-date research references61

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Journals and Magazines:IEEE Network MagazineIEEE C i ti M iIEEE Communications Magazine IEEE Wireless Communications MagazineIEEE Pervasive Computing IEEE/ACM T ti N t ki (TON)IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)IEEE Transactions on Mobile ComputingIEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications (JSAC)

Conferences:MOBICOM, MOBIHOC, PIMRC, MWCN...ICC, ISCC, ICCN

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GLOBECOMINFOCOMSIGCOMM

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WWWA good starting point ☺ http://www.grc.upv.es/Web pages of research groups

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Google…

Documents

Redes Inalámbricas – Tema 1 General concepts · REDES INA “Mobile ad hoc networking: imperatives and challenges”, Imrich Chlamtac, Marco Conti, Jennifer J.-N. Liu, Ad Hoc Networks,