Reducing Your Risk of Diabetes and Other Chronic Diseases

Reducing

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PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines

Reducing Your Risk of Diabetes and Other Chronic Diseases

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Objectives

• Define chronic disease and explain why Americans should be concerned about current and future trends.

• Define Type 2 diabetes, chronic lung disease, osteoporosis, and arthritis.

• Identify the risk factors common to many chronic


• Identify the risk factors common to many chronic diseases.

• Describe individual and environmental risk factors for developing a chronic disease.

• Identify ways to lower your risk of developing a chronic disease.

What Is Chronic Disease?

• A medical condition that develops gradually and persists for months or years.

• Symptoms may be treated, but underlying causes cannot be prevented through vaccines or completely cured.


• Common examples include cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic lung diseases, osteoporosis, and arthritis.

• Chances of developing it increase with age.

• Three behaviors underlie 35% of all chronic disease deaths: smoking, eating poorly, and not exercising.

Worldwide Deaths from Chronic Diseases


Why Worry about Chronic Diseases?

Most Americans will develop one or more chronic

diseases.

• Nearly half of all women will develop osteoporosis.

• Arthritis is the most common disabling disease.

• 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will develop cancer.


Many chronic diseases are interrelated.

• Having one increases likelihood of developing more.

• Having one increases physical problems that could otherwise prevent further/other diseases.

• Many diabetics, for example, eventually die of cardiovascular disease.

Chronic Disease Risks You Can Control

• Getting daily physical exercise.

• Eating more fruits, vegetables, beans, nuts, and whole grains.

• Limiting dietary salt and sugar.


• Limiting dietary salt and sugar.

• Maintaining a recommended BMI.

• Managing stress.

• Avoiding tobacco use.

• Avoiding alcohol and drug use and abuse.

What Is Diabetes?

The inability to produce or use insulin (a pancreatic hormone needed to convert sugar and other substances into energy).

Type 1 Diabetes

• Autoimmune disease that destroys the pancreas’s ability to produce insulin.

• Genetic basis; often develops in childhood/adolescence.


• Genetic basis; often develops in childhood/adolescence.

• 5–10% of all diabetes cases are Type 1.

Type 2 Diabetes

• Causes the body to lose its ability to respond to insulin or regulate blood sugar.

• May be positively affected by changes in diet and lifestyle.

• 90–95% of diabetes cases are Type 2.

What Is Diabetes?

Gestational Diabetes

• Usually develops in women during pregnancy.

• May disappear after childbirth; creates a higher risk of mothers developing Type 2 diabetes.


Common Diabetes Symptoms

• Excessive thirst

• Frequent urination

• Hunger

• Fatigue

• Slow wound healing or frequent infections

Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes


Lowering Your Risk of Developing Diabetes

Risk of developing Type 2 diabetes increases with:

• Age between 35 and 64

• BMI of 30 or higher

• Physical inactivity


• Physical inactivity

• Family history

• Ethnic status

• Diagnosis of pre-diabetes

Lowering Your Risk of Developing Diabetes

What you can do to lower your risk:

Eat a healthy, balanced diet.

• Get 5–9 servings daily of fruits and vegetables.

• Limit saturated fats, refined carbohydrates, and sugars.

Exercise regularly.


Exercise regularly.

• Engage in moderate to vigorous activity on most days of the week.

Monitor risk factors.

• Be informed, consult a doctor, get a diagnosis, and followup.

Follow recommendations if you have symptoms of

pre-diabetes.

ABC News: Noninfectious Conditions

| Noninfectious Conditions


What Is Chronic Lung Disease?

COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD includes two lung diseases that disrupt airflow and create breathing problems:

• Emphysema


• Chronic Bronchitis

In 83% of cases for both diseases, smoking is the primary trigger.

The single best way to avoid COPD is to not smoke.

Avoiding COPD

• Don’t smoke.

• Monitor air quality and adjust your exposure.

• Avoid common allergens (pollen, dust, etc.).

• Avoid colds, flu, and infections.

Wash hands.


Get flu shots.

Observe basic wellness principles.

Don’t let shortness of breath prevent you from exercising. Get medical supervision, start slowly, and build up gradually. Exercise is key for lung function.

What Is Osteoporosis?

• A chronic, degenerative disease marked by thinning, brittle bones.

• Over half of Americans over 50 have the disease or

early signs of it.


early signs of it.

• Most prevalent in Asian and Caucasian women over 50.

• Develops gradually over a period of years.

Osteoporosis in Adults over 50


Normal and Osteoporotic Bone Tissues


Risks for Osteoporosis

Four groups of risk factors for osteoporosis:

• Genetic

• Hormonal

• Nutritional

• Lifestyle


Genetic Factors:

• Being female, thin, or over 50.

• Having a low bone mass reading.

• Having a close relative with the disease.

• Breaking a bone after age 50.


Hormonal Factors:

• Women lose up to 20% of bone mass 5–7 years after the onset of menopause.

• Women with disrupted menstrual cycles as a result

of low body fat, extreme dieting, or illness are at risk.


of low body fat, extreme dieting, or illness are at risk.

What you can do if you have hormonal risks:

• Eat a calcium-rich diet.

• Get regular weight-bearing and resistance exercise.

• Take calcium supplements.


Nutritional Factors:

• Calcium is needed daily for strong bones.

• Vitamin D is critical to deliver calcium to cells.

• Ensure you get adequate levels of both.


Lifestyle Factors:

• Personal choices can increase or decrease risks.

• Use common sense and sound health decisions.

• Get a bone density test, and discuss medications that can prevent further bone loss with your doctor.

What Is Arthritis?

• A group of joint diseases.

• Acute or chronic inflammation of joints.

• Causes stiffness, aching, and sometimes permanent deformation and dysfunction.

Most common types of arthritis:

Osteoarthritis


Osteoarthritis

• Breakdown of cartilage; mainly due to injury, use, obesity.

• Usually affects hips, knees, spine, fingers, toes.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Chronic, painful joint inflammation; genetically determined.

• Triggered by the body’s immune system.

• Some medications can relieve symptoms.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Deformity


Reducing Your Risk for Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Because it is a genetically determined autoimmune disease, risk increases if a close family member has asthma, lupus, or Type 1 diabetes.

• Learn about your inherited risks.


• Learn about your inherited risks.

• Watch for symptoms.

• Use general wellness practices.

Reducing Your Risk for Osteoarthritis

• Osteoarthritis is 10 times more likely to develop than

rheumatoid arthritis.

• Risk factors include advanced age, genes, injuries, obesity, physical weakness, inactivity, hormone deficiency, and vitamin deficiency.

• Monitor your BMI and maintain a healthy weight range.


• Monitor your BMI and maintain a healthy weight range.

• Get weight-bearing and resistance exercise.

• Avoid hard-hitting activities like football, rugby, etc.

• Avoid or diminish repetitive sports motions.

• Get adequate vitamin D.

• Consult a doctor about potential hormonal deficiencies.

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Reducing Your Risk of Diabetes and Other Chronic Diseases