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FR FR GG > 20 males Reef Fishes in the Mariana Islands Terry J. Donaldson Reef Fishes in the Mariana Islands University of Guam Marine Laboratory UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam 96923 USA Email: [email protected] JE Randall

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FRFR

GG> 20 males

Reef Fishes in the Mariana Islands

Terry J. Donaldson

Reef Fishes in the Mariana Islands

University of Guam Marine LaboratoryUOG Station, Mangilao, Guam 96923 USAEmail: [email protected] JE Randall

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Outline• Reef fish species diversity in the Mariana Islands: what weReef fish species diversity in the Mariana Islands: what we 

know so far

H di i R f fi h i i G d th CNMI• Human dimensions: Reef fisheries in Guam and the CNMI‐following a global trend

• Human dimensions: Reef fish conservation and fisheries management strategies in Guam and the CNMI‐ following another global trendg

• Threats:  To fish populations and assemblages, and to fisheries 

• Research needs

• Mapping needs

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Fish Diversity in the Mariana Islands

Over 1,048 species of inshore marine, estuarine and freshwater species

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Other Surveys and Assessmentsy

• University of Guam Marine Laboratory collections y y(late 1960s to present)

• CNMI Division of Fish and Wildlife (Kate Moots and others)

• NOAA CRED research cruises

• NOAA/NMFS funded Bar Code of Fish Life sampling in Guam• NOAA/NMFS‐funded Bar Code of Fish Life sampling in Guam and the CNMI (University of Guam Marine Laboratory and collaborators)

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Mariana Islands Fish Ecology: Habitat Association and Trophic Guilds

Donaldson (1995)

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Human Dimensions and Reef Fisheries:The Usual Story‐y

Declines in Landings of Inshore Fishes

Richmond et al. (2008)

Russell et al. (2012)

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Human Dimensions: Fish Conservation and Fisheries M t T l i G MPAManagement Tools in Guam‐MPAs 

• Territorial Marine Protected Areas

Piti Bomb HolesSasa Bay Tumon BayTumon BayAchang BayPati Point

• Federal Marine Protected Areas 

Northwest section of the Guam National Wildlife RefugeNorthwest section of the Guam National Wildlife Refuge,Ritidian

Marianas Trench Marine MonumentMarianas Trench Marine Monument

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Fish Conservation and Fisheries Management Tools in th CNMI MPAthe CNMI: MPAs

• Commonwealth MPAsManagaha Marine Conservation Area, SaipanBird Island Marine Sanctuary, SaipanForbidden Island Marine Sactuary, SaipanSasanhaya Bay Fish Reserve, RotaNorthern Island protected areas

• FederalMarianas Trench Marine MonumentMarianas Trench Marine Monument

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Effectiveness of MPAs as a Fish Conservation and Fisheries Management Tooland Fisheries Management Tool

Richmond et al. (2008)

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Threats (Extrinsic Factors)• Over‐exploitationOver exploitation• Natural habitat destruction and loss

Volcanic eruptionsh kEarthquakes

TyphoonsCrown‐of‐thornsDisease

• Anthropogenic habitat destruction or lossOcean warming through anthropogenic climate changeOcean warming through anthropogenic climate changeOcean acidification through anthropogenic climate change

PollutionPollutionPoor land‐use practicesDestructive Fishing(The Usual Suspects)

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Intrinsic Factors: Life History Traits and Distribution Patterns

Low actual or potential population growth rate indicated by any of theLow actual or potential population growth rate, indicated by any of the following:

• (i) Low fecundity • (ii) Late age at maturity (e.g. many groupers)( ) g y ( g y g p )• (iii)  Large body size• (iv) Long generation time and/or longevity• (v) Low natural mortality (M)(v) Low natural mortality (M)• (vi) Depensatory dynamics at low numbers • (vii) Low intrinsic rate of population increase (r) 

Ecological specialization, for example:• (i)    Specialist feeding, breeding or nursery habitat (e.g. aggregations that 

enhance catchability or close association with a susceptible habitat)y p )• (ii) Poor dispersal• (iii) Diadromy (where population is forced through a bottleneck)

Range size (i.e.. small or restricted range size)

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Threats: Hyperstability and Hyperdepletion

Sadovy and Domeier (2005)

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Extinction Susceptibility, Vulnerability and Risk in Coral Reef Fishes

Impacts of specialized habitats and specialized fish faunas

Population declines  from  over‐exploitation (intentional or masked)

Allee Effects retard resilience and recovery

Local extinctions

Loss of biodiversity

Coral reef system instability

Ecological shifts

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Specialized Habitats:  Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations, Their Utilization and Importance

Growth and sustainable use

Juvenile recruits(JE Randall)

Spawning aggregation speciesSuccessful spawning and dispersal of larvae

(JE Randall and DC Cook)

No spawning and ino recruitment

Fishing on spawning aggregations and no  

spawningSpawning aggregation site Over‐exploitation

(TJ Donaldson; IMA) (TJ Donaldson)

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Extinction Susceptibility and Vulnerability in Reef Fishes

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Research Needs• Bar Code of Fish Life and cryptic speciesBar Code of Fish Life and cryptic species• Deep reef, shallow sea mount, and near‐shore pelagic fish 

species diversityEl b h d t k l i f b h i• Elasmobranch survey and network analysis of behavior

• Fine scale diversity of offshore reefs• The geography of rarity versus commonality in relation to g g p y y y

biodiversity conservation• Habitat and microhabitat distribution, and utilization• Spawning aggregation identification distribution• Spawning aggregation identification, distribution, 

characterization and function• Reproductive dynamics of spawning aggregation species• Connectivity at local and archipelago‐wide scales• Life history correlates of reef fishes• Predictions of extinction vulnerabilities in relation to threats• Predictions of extinction vulnerabilities in relation to threats

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Mapping Needs

• Fish habitat and microhabitat in relation to the distribution of fish species

• Reef fish spawning aggregation sites (FSAS)

• Dispersal tracks of eggs and larvae from FSAS in relation to currents

• Characteristic fish assemblages

• Threats to fish assemblagesThreats to fish assemblages

• The geography of extinction