References

Amblard-Pison, S. 1996 Greniers Neolithique sur Pilotis du Sahara

Meridional (Dhars Tichitt et Oualata, Mauritanie), L' Anthropologie 100(2/3):356-365.

Anderson,J. E. 1968 Late Paleolithic skeletal remains from Nubia. In

The Prehistory of Nubia, Vol. II, edited by F. Wendorf. Dallas: Fort Burgwin Research Center and Southern Methodist University Press. Pp. 996-1040.

Anderson, W. 1992 Badarian burials: Evidence of social inequality in

Middle Egypt during the Early Predynastic Era. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. XXIX:51-66.

1996 The Significance of Middle Nubian C-GroupMortuary Variability, ca. 2200 B.C. to ca. 1500 B.C. Vol. I. Ph.D. Dissertation. Montreal: Department of Anthropology, McGill University.

Andrews, F. W. 1950 The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,

Vol. I. Arbroath: T. Bunde & Co. Ltd. 1952 The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,

Vol. II. Arbroath: T. Bunde & Co. Ltd. 1956 The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,

Vol. III. Arbroath: T. Bunde & Co. Ltd. Arkell, A. J.

1949 Early Khartoum: An Account of the Excavation of an Early Occupation Site Carried out by the Sudan Government Antiquities Service in 1944-1945. London: Oxford University Press.

1961 A History of the Sudan: From the Earliest Times to 1821. London: University of London, Athlone Press.

Asad, T. 1970 The Kilbabish Arabs: Power Authority and Consent in

a Nomadic Tribe. London: C. Hurst Company. Aufderheide, A. C. and C. Rodriquez-Martin

1998 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology.

Bacher,A. 1967

Badawy,A.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Vergleichend morphologische Untersuhungen an Einzelknochen des postkranialen Skeletts in Mitteleuropa vorkommender Schwane und Ganse. Institut fUr Palaeoanatonie, Domestifikations-forschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin der Universitat Miinchen.

1964 The stellar destiny of Pharaoh and the so-called Air-shafts in Cheop's Pyramid. Mitteilungen des

Instituts fur Orientforschung Akadamie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Band 10:189-206.

Bagnold, R. A. 1931 Journeys in the Libyan Desert 1929 and 1930. The

Geographical Journal 78:14-39. Bailey, C. and A. Danin

1981 Bedouin plant utilization in Sinai and the Negev. Economic Botany 35:145-162.

Baker, P. and A. Gautier 1997 Site E71K12 and the Late Paleolithic Annual Round

along the Nile in Upper Egypt. In A Late Paleolithic Kill-Butchery-Camp in Upper Egypt, by F. Wendorf, R. Schild, P. Baker, A. Gautier, L. Longo and A. Mohamed. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University and Warsaw: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Pp. 43-56.

Bang, P. and P. Dahlstrom 1973 Elseviers Dierensporengids. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Banks,K. M. 1980 Appendix 3: Ceramics of the Western Desert. In

Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, by F. Wendorf and R. Schild. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 299-315.

1984a Report on Site E-79-2. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild and edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 95-121.

1984b Climates, Cultures and Cattle: The Holocene Archaeology of the Eastern Sahara. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University.

Barakat, H. N.

676

1995a Contribution Archeobotanique a l'histoire de la vegetation dans Ie Sahara Oriental et dans Ie Soudan Centrale. Marseille: Universite de Droit, d'Economie et des Sciences d' Aix-Marseille, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques de Saint-Jerome.

1995b Charcoals from Neolithic site at Nabta Playa (E-75-6), Egypt. Acta Palaeobotanica 35:163-166.

1996 Anthropological studies in the Northeastern Sahara: Methodology and preliminary results from the Nabta Playa. In Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa, Vol. 5, Studies in African Archaeology, edited by L. Krzyzaniak, K. Kroeper and M. Kobusiewicz.

References

Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. Pp. 61-69.

Barakat, H. and A. G. el-Din Fahmy 1999 Wild grasses as "Neolithic" food resources in the

Eastern Sahara. In The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa, edited by M. Van der Veen. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Pp. 33-46.

Bard, K. A. 1992 Toward interpretation of the role of ideology in

the evolution of complex society in Egypt. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11:1-24.

1995 From Farmers to Pharos: Mortuary Evidence for the Rise of Complex Society in Egypt. Sheffield: Academic Press.

Barich, B. E. 1974 La serie stratigrafica dell'Uadi Ti-n-Torha (Acacus,

Libya): per una interpretazione delle facies a ceramica Saharo-Sudanesi. Origini 8:7-184

1987 Adaptation in archaeology: An example from the Libyan Sahara. In Prehistory of Arid North Africa. Essays in Honor of Fred Wendorf, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. Pp. 189-210.

1992 The botanical collections from Ti-n-Torha/Two Caves and Uan Muhuggiag (Tadrart Acacus, Libya) - an archaeological commentary. Origini 16:109-123.

Barich, B. E. and F. A. Hassan in press A stratified sequence from Wadi El Obeyid,

Farafra: New data on subsistence and chronology of the Egyptian Western Desert. In Proceedings of the International Symposium "Recent Research into the Stone Age of Northeastern Africa," Kiekrz, Poznan, August 1997.

Bar-Yosef, O. 1984 Seasonality among Neolithic hunter-gatherers in

southern Sinai. In Animals and Archaeology, Early Herders and their Flocks, Vol. 3, edited by J. Clutton-Brock and C Grigson. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. Pp. 145-160.

Bass, W. M. 1971 Human Osteology: A Laboratory and Field Manual of

the Human Skeleton. Columbia: Missouri Archaeo-logical Society.

1981 Human Osteology. Columbia: Missouri Archae-ological Society.

Batanouny, K. H. 1983 Human impact on desert vegetation. In Man's

Impact on Vegetation, edited by W. M. A. Holzner and I. Ikusima. The Hague.

Bayle des Hermens, R. 1975 Recherches prehistoriques en Republique Centra

Fircaine. Librairie C Klincksieck, Recherches Oubanguiennes, 3. Universite de Paris X.

Bedri, I. 1939 Dinka beliefs in their chiefs and rainmakers. Sudan

Notes and Records 22:125-13l. Behre, K. E. and S. Jacomet

1991 The ecological interpretation of archaeobotanical data. In Progress in Old World Palaeoethnobotany, edited by W. van Zeist, K. Wasylikowa and K. E. Behre. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. Pp. 81-108.

677

Behrensmeyer, A. K. 1978 Taphonomic and ecological information from bone

weathering. Paleobiology 4:150-162. Benecke, N.

1994 Der Mensch und seine Haustiere. Die Geschichte einer Jahrtausendealten Beziehung. Stuttgart: Thesis.

Bernus, E. 1992-93 Des arbres et des herbes aux marges du Sahara.

Sahara 5:17-28. Biehl, E., F. Wendorf, W. Landry, A. Desta and L. Watrous

1999 The use of gas chromatography and mass spectro-metry in the identification of ancient sorghum seeds. In The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa, edited by M. Van der Veen. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Pp. 47-53.

Binford, L. R. 1971 Mortuary practices: Their study and potential. In

Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology No. 25, edited by J. A. Brown. Washinton D.C: Society for American Archae-ology. Pp. 6-29.

Birks, H. and B. Amman 2000 Two terrestrial records of rapid climatic change

during the Glacial-Holocene transition 14,000-9,000 calendar years from Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97(4):139-194.

Blundell, M. 1987 Wild Flowers of East Africa. London: Collins.

Bochenski, Z. 1993 Bird fauna from Bir Tarfawi. In Egypt during the

Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic ofBir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East, by F. Wendorf, R. Schild, A. E. Close and Associates. New York: Plenum Press. Pp.159-185.

Bochenski, Z. and Z. M. Bochenski 1992 Correlation between the wing length of living

birds and measurements of their bones. Belgium Journal of Zoology 122 (1):123-132.

Boessneck, J. 1969 Osteological differences between Sheep (Ovis aries

Linne) and Goat (Capra hircus Linne). In Science in Archaeology, edited by D. Brothwell and E. Higgs. London: Thames and Hudson. Pp. 331-358.

Boessneck, J., H. H. Muller and M. Teichert 1964 Osteologische Unterscheidungsmerkmale zwi-

schen Schaf (Ovis aries LINNE) und Ziege (Capra hircus LINNE). Kiihn-Archiv 78(1-2). Pp. 1-129.

Boessneck, J. and A. von den Driesch 1989 7. Tierknochen- und Molluskenfunde. InA Transit-

ional Late Predynastic-Early Dynastic Settlement Site in the Northeastern Nile Delta, Egypt, edited by E. C. M. Van Den Brink. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archiiologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 45:94-102.

Boessneck, J., A. von den Driesch and R. Ziegler 1989 Die Tierreste von Maadi und Wadi Digla. In Maadi

III: The Non-Lithic Small Finds and the Structural Remains of the Predynastic Settlement, edited by I. Rizkana and J. Seeher. Mainz am Rhein: von Zabern. Pp. 87-128.

678

Bokonyi, S. 1974 History of Domestic Mammills in Central and Eastern

Europe. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. Bolton,L.

1962 Alfalfa. London: Leonard Hill. Bornkamm, R.

1986 Flora and vegetation of some small oases in S-Egypt. Phytocoenologia 14:275-284.

Bornkamm, R. and H. Kehl 1990 The plant communities of the Western Desert of

Egypt. Phytocoenologia 19:149-231. Boulos, L.

1983 Medidnal Plants of North Africa. Algonac. Michigan: Reference Publications, Inc.

1995 Flora of Egypt Checklist. Cairo: AI Hadara Publishing. Brace, C. L.

1962 Cultural factors in the evolution of the human dentition. In Culture and the Evolution of Man, edited by M. F. A. Montague. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 343-354.

Bradley, D. G., D. E. Machugh, P. Cunningham and R. T. Loftus 1996 Mitochondrial diversity and the origin of African

and European cattle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sdences USA 93:5131-5135.

Briggs, L. C. 1955 The Stone Age races of northwest Africa. Bulletin

of the American School of Prehistoric Research, No. 18. Cambridge: Peabody Museum.

Brothwell, D. R. 1981 Digging Up Bones (third edition). Ithaca, New York:

1994 Cornell University Press. Freshwater Snails of Africa and their Medical Importance (Second edition). London: Taylor and Francis Ltd.

Brown, L., E. D. Urban and K. Newman (editors) 1982 The Birds of Africa, Vol. I. New York: Academic

Press. Bruijn, M. de and H. van Dijk

1995 Arid Ways: Cultural Understandings of Insecurity in Fulbe Society, Central Mali. Amsterdam: Thela Publishers.

Burton,M. 1973 The Hedgehog. London: Transworld Publications

(Gorgi Book). Butler, E. A.

1995 The small-seeded legumes: An enigmatic pre-historic resource. Acta Palaeobotanica 35:105-115.

1996

Camps,G. 1953 1969

Trifolieae and related species: Problems in identification. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 5:157-167.

Les domens de Beni-Messons. Libyca 1:329-372. Amekni: Neolithique anden du Hoggar. Paris: Arts et Metiers Graphiques.

Camps-Fabrer, H. 1963 La disparition de l'autruche en Afrique du Nord.

Cane,S. 1989

Travaux Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques, Prehistoriques et Ethnographiques. Alger: Imprimerie "La Typo-Litho" and J. Carbonel.

Australian aboriginal seed grinding and its archaeological record: A case study from the

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NABTA PLAYA

Western Desert. In Foraging and Farming, edited by D. R. Harris and G. C. Hillman. Boston: Unwin Hyman. Pp. 99-119.

Carter, P. L. and E. S. Higgs 1979 A study of the faunal remains from "la Grotte

Capeletti Khanguet Si Mohamed Tahar" (Aures, Algeria). In Economie pastorale preagricole en Algerie Orientale: Ie neolithique de tradition capsienne, by C. Roubet. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Pp.411-414.

Cassinello, J. 1998 Ammotragus lervia: A review on systematics,

biology, ecology and distribution. Annales Zoologid Fennid 35:149-162.

Caton-Thompson, G. 1952 Kharga Oasis in Prehistory. London: University of

London, Athlone Press. Caton-Thompson, G. and E. W. Gardner

1934 The Desert Fayum, 2 Vols. London: London Royal Anthropological Institute.

Cesarino, F. 1997 I cani del Sahara. Sahara 9:93-113.

Chafetz, G. 1983 First Report of the Lost Army of Cambyses Expedition,

dated November 11, 1983. On file at the National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.

1984a Report on the Lost Army of Cambyses Expedition, dated February 16, 1984. On file at the National Geographic SOciety, Washington, D.C.

1984b A Search for the Lost Army of Cambyses. Manuscript on file, at the National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C.

Chaix, L. 1988

Chapelle, J.

Le monde animal 11 Kerma (Soudan). Sahara 1:77-84.

1957 Nomades Noirs du Sahara. Paris: Librairie PIon. Chenal-Velardi!, I.

1997 Les premieres traces de boeuf domestique en Afrique du Nord: etat de la recherche centre sur les donnees archeozoologiques. In Animals and People in the Holocene of North Africa, edited by A. Gautier. ArchaeoZoologia 9(1/2):11-40.

Chmielewska, M. 1968 The Arkinian and Shamarkian Industries. In Schild

et al., in The Prehistory of Nubia, Vol. II, edited by F. Wendorf. Dallas: Fort Burgwin Research Center and Southern Methodist University Press. Pp. 756.

Churcher, C. S. 1972 Late Pleistocene vertebrates from archaeological

sites in the Plain of Kom Ombo, Upper Egypt. Life Sdences Contributions. Royal Ontario Museum, Vol. 82. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum.

1992 Ostrich bones from the Neolithic of Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt. Palaeoecology of Africa 23:67-71.

1999 The Neolithic fauna from archaeological contexts in Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. In Archaeozoology in Africa edited by I. Plug and R. G. Klein. ArchaeoZoologia X/1.2:47-54.

Churcher, C. S., M. R. Kleindienst and H. P. Schwarcz 1999 Faunal remains from a Middle Pleistocene

References

Clark, D. 1952

Clark,J. D.

lacustrine marl in Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt: Palaeo-environmental reconstructions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 154:301-312.

Memorial service for an ox in Karamoja. Uganda Journal 16 (1):69-71.

1971 A re-examination of the evidence for agricultural

1980

origins in the Nile Valley. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 37:43-79. Human populations and cultural adaptations in the Sahara and Nile during prehistoric times. In The Sahara and the Nile, edited by M. A. J. Williams and H. Faure. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. Pp. 527-582.

Clayton, W. D. and S. A. Renvoize 1982 Gramineae (part 3). In Flora of Tropical East Africa,

edited by R. M. Polhill. Rotterdam: Balkema. Pp. 451-898.

Close,A. E. 1980 Methods of analysis of lithic artifacts. In Loaves and

Fishes: The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 49-54.

1984a Report on Site E-80-l. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic ofBir Kiseiba, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 251-297.

1984b Report on Site E-80-4. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 325-349.

1984c Report on Site E-80-8. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 251-297.

1989 Analysis of flaked stone artifacts at Wadi Kubbaniya: The low-technology approach. In The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya Vol. 3, Late Paleolithic Archaeology, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. Pp. 293-302.

1990 Living on the edge: Neolithic Herders in the Eastern Sahara. Antiquity 64 (242):79-96.

1992 Holocene occupation ofthe Eastern Sahara. In New Light on the Northeast African Past, edited by F. Klees and R. Kuper. Africa Praehistorica, Vol. 5. Pp. 155-183.

1995 Few and far between: Early ceramics in North Africa. In The Emergence of Pottery: Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by W. K. Barnett and J. W. Hoopes. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Pp. 23-37.

1996a Carry that weight: The use and transportation of stone tools. Current Anthropology 37:545-553.

679

1996b Plus c;a change: The Pleistocene-Holocene transition in northeastern Africa. In Humans at the End of the Ice Age: The Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition, edited by L. G. Straus, B. V. Eriksen, J. M. Erlandson, and D. R. Yesner. New York: Plenum. Pp.43-60.

Close, A. E. and F. Wendorf 1992 The beginnings of food-production in the Eastern

Sahara. In Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory, edited by A. B. Gebauer and T. D. Price. Madison: Prehistory Press. Pp. 63-72.

Close, A. E., F. Wendorf and R. Schild 1979 The Afian: A Study of Stylistic Variation in a Nilotic

Industry. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University.

Clutton-Brock, J. (editor) 1961/62 Near Eastern Canids and the affinities of the

Natufian Dogs. Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie 76:326-333.

1989 The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation. London: Unwin Hyman.

Clutton-Brock, J. 1993 The spread of domestic animals in Africa. In The

Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, edited by T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah and A. Okpoko. London: Routledge. Pp. 61-70.

Connah,G. 1987 African Civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press. Connor, D. R.

1984a The Kiseiba Plateau and Bir Murr Playa. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 350-403.

1984b Report on Site E-79-8. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 217-250.

1984c Report on Site E-79-5. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic ofBir Kiseiba, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas:

Coon, C. S.

Dept. of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist Univ. Pp. 165-183.

1958 Caravan: The Story of the Middle East. New York: Henry Holt.

Cope, T. A. and H. A. Hosni 1991 A Key to Egyptian Grasses. Kew: Royal Botanic

Gardens. Corridi, C.

1997

1998

Some new archaeological data from the Tradrart Acacus, Libya (9th to 5th millennium B.P.). In Animals and People in the Holocene of North Africa, edited by A. Gautier. ArchaeoZoologia 9:41-48. Faunal remains from Holocene archaeological sites of the Tadrart Acacus and surroundings (Libyan Sahara). In Wadi Teshuinat: Palaeoenvironment and

680

Prehistory in South-Western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara), edited by M. Cremaschi and S. Di Lernia. C.N.R. Quaderni di Geodinamica Alpina e Quaternaria (Milano), N° 7. Pp. 89-94.

Coughenour, M. B., J. E. Ellis, D. M. Swift, D. L. Coppock, K. Galvin, J. T. McCabe and T. C. Hart

1985 Energy extraction and use in a nomadic pastoral ecosystem. Science 230:619-625.

Cramp, S. (editor) 1977 The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 1. Oxford:

Oxford University Press. 1988 The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 5. Oxford:

Oxford University Press. Cremaschi, M. and S. Di Lernia

1996 Climatic changes and human adaptive strategies in the Central Saharan Massifs: The Tadrart Acacus and Messak Settafet perspective (Fezzan, Libya). In Aspects of African Archaeology: Papers from the 10th Congress of the PanAfrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies, edited by G. Pwiti and R. Soper. Harare: Univ. of Zimbabwe Publications. Pp. 39-5l.

Cunnison, 1. 1966 Baggara Arabs: Power and the Lineage in a Sudanese

Nomad Tribe. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Dahl, G. and A. Hjort

1976 Having Herds: Pastoral Herd Growth and Household Economy. Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology 2. Stockholm: Department of Social Anthropology, University of Stockholm.

Dahlberg, J. A. and K. Wasylikowa 1996 Image and statistical analysis of early sorghum

remains (8000 B.P.) from the Nabta Playa archae-ological site in the Western Desert, southern Egypt. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 5:293-299.

Dalziel, J. M. 1955 The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Second

reprint. London: Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations.

Darby, W. J., P. Ghalioungui and L. Grivetti 1977 Food: The Gift of Osiris. London: Academic Press.

Dayan, T., E. Tchernov, O. Bar-Yosef and Y. Yom-Tov 1986 Animal exploitation in the Ujrat el-Mehed, a

Neolithic Site in southern Sinai. Paleorient 12:105-116.

de Foucauld, C. and de Motylinski 1922 Textes Tuareg en Prose. Dialecte de l' Ahaggar. Alger.

Desplagnes, L. 1951 Fouilles du tumulus d'El Qualedjl (Soudan).

Bulletin Institut Fondamental de ['Afrique Noire 13:1159-73.

Di Lernia, S. 1999 The UanAfuda Cave: Hunter-gatherer societies of

Central Sahara. Arid Zone Archaeology Monographs, 1.

Ditch, L. E. and J. c. Rose 1972 A multivariate dental sexing technique. American

Journal of Physical Anthropology 37:61-64. Dogget, H.

1988 Sorghum. New York: Longman. Dorst, J. and P. Dandelot

1972 Guide des Grands Mammiftres d' Afrique. NeucMtel: Delachaux and Niestle.

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NABT A PLA Y A

Doyle, L. R. and T. J. Wilcox 1986 Statistical analysis of Namoratunga: An archaeo-

astronomical site in Sub-Saharan Africa? Azania 21:125-129.

Driton, E. and J. Vandier 1962 L'Egypte. Des origines it la conquete des Alexandre

(fourth edition). Paris. Ducos,P.

1962 Application de quelques donnees de biologie des boeufs domestiques actuels a l'etude historique de leur domestication. Zeitschrift flir Tierzuchtungsbiologie 76:24-29.

Dumont, H. J. and Asim I EI Moghraby 1993 Holocene evolution of climate and environment,

and stone "city" ruins in northern Darfur, Sudan: Is there a relationship? In Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.c., Vol. 4, Studies in African Archaeology, edited by L. Krzyzaniak, M. Kobusiewicz and J. Alexander. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. Pp. 381-397.

Dyson-Hudson, N. 1966 Karimojong Politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Ehert, C. 1993 Nilo-Saharans and the Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic.

In The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, edited by T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah and A. Okpoko. London: Routledge. Pp. 104-125.

EI-Hadidi, M. N. 1980 Vegetation of the Nubian Desert (Nabta region).

In Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, by F. Wendorf and R. Schild. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 345-35l.

EI-Najjar, M. Y. and K. R. McWilliams 1978 Forensic Anthropology. Springfield, Illinois: Charles

C. Thomas. EI-Taife, A.

1980 Salvadoraceae. In Flora of Libya, Vol. 69, edited by S. M. H. Jafri and A. El-Gadi. Tripoli: Al Faateh University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany. Pp. 1-3.

Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1940 The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood

and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People. New York: Oxford University Press.

1962 Application de quelques donnees de biologie des boeufs domestiques actuels a l' etude historique de leur domestication. Zeitschrift flir Tierzuchtungsbiologie 76:24-29.

Epstein, H. 1971 The Origin of the Domestic Animals of Africa, Vols. I

and II. New York/London/Munich: Africana Publishing Corporation.

FAO/WHO 1973 Energy and Protein Requirements: Report of a Joint

FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Expert Committee, Rome, 22 March - 2 April 1971. Rome: FAO and WHO.

Fahmy,A. G. 1996 Plant remains from wadi E-Obeiid, Ain Dsalla

(Farafra Oasis): A preliminary report. Unpublished. Faye, B.

1984 Etude Ethnozoologique du site de Chin Tafidet.

References

Feder, K. L.

In Les sepultures du Neolithique Final ii l'Islam, edited by F. Paris. Etudes Nigeriennes 50:72-75.

1980 Waste not, want not: Differential lithic utilization and efficiency of use. North American Archaeologist 2:193-205.

Fergusson, J. 1872 Rude Stone Monuments in All Countries: Their Age

and Uses. London: John Murray. Ferguson, W. W.

1981 The systematic position of Canis aureus lupaster (Carnivora: Canidae) and the occurrence of Canis lupus in North Africa, Egypt and Sinai. Mammalia 45:459-465.

Ferhat, N., K. H. Striedter and M. Tauveron 1996 Un cimetiere de boeuf dans Ie Sahara central: la

nt?cropole de Mankhor. In La Prehistoire de ['Afrique de ['Ouest, Nouvelles Donnees sur la Periode Recente. Saint-Maur: Edition Sepia. Pp. 102-107.

Pick, O. 1974 Vergleichend morphologische Untersuhun-gen an

Einzelknochen europiiischer Taubenarten. Institut fUr Palaeoanatonie, Domestifika-tionsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin der UniversWit Miinchen.

Flores, D. V. 1999 The Funerary Sacrifice of Animals during the

Predynastic Period. Ph.D. Dissertation. Toronto: Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto.

Frankfort, H. 1978 Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near

Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Friedman, R. 1984 Predynastic Settlement Ceramics of Upper Egypt: A

Comparative Study of the Ceramics of Hemamieh, Nagada, and Hieraknopolis. Ph.D. Dissertation. Berkeley: University of California.

Gabler, K. O. 1985 Osteologische Unterscheidungsmerkmale an

postkranialen Skelett zwischen Miihnenspringer (Ammotragus lervia), Hausschaf (Ovis aries) und Hausziege (Capra hircus). Miinchen, Inaugural Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Miinchen.

Garcea, E. A. A. 1993 Cultural Dynamics in the Saharo-Sudanese Prehistory.

Gast,M. 1968

Gautier, A.

Roma: Gruppo Editoriale Internazionale.

Alimentation des populations d' Ahaggar: etude ethnographique. Paris: Memoires du Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques, Prehistoriques et Ethnographiques, Vol. 8 (Arts et Metiers Graphiques).

1968 Mammalian remains of the Northern Sudan. In The Prehistory of Nubia, edited by F. Wendorf. Dallas:

1976

Fort Burgwin Research Center and Southern Methodist University Press. Pp. 80-99. Animal remains from archaeological sites of Terminal Paleolithic to Old Kingdom Age in the Fayum. In Prehistory of the Nile Valley, Appendix II,

1980

1984a

1984b

1987a

1987b

1988 1989

1990

1991

1992

1993a

1993b

1993c

in press

681

edited by F. Wendorf and R. Schild. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 369-381. Appendix 4: Contributions to the archaeozoology of Egypt. In Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, by F. Wendorf and R. Schild. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 317-344. Archaeozoology of the Bir Kiseiba Region, Eastern Sahara. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 49-72. How do I count you, let me count the ways? Problems of archaeozoological quantification. In Animals and Archaeology, Vol. 4, Husbandry in Europe. BAR International Series 227, edited by C. Grigson and J. Clutton-Brock. Pp. 237-251. Prehistoric men and cattle in North Africa: A dearth of data and a surfeit of models. In Prehistory of Arid North Africa. Essays in Honor of Fred Wendorf edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. Pp. 163-187. The archaeozoological sequence of the Acacus. In Archaeology and Environment in the Libyan Sahara: The Excavations in the Tadrart Acacus, 1978-1983, edited by B. Barich. BAR International Series 368. Pp.283-308. The Final Demise of Bos ibericus? Sahara 1:7-48. A general review of the known prehistoric faunas of the Central Sudanese Nile Valley. In Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Vol. 2, Poznan Studies in African Archaeology, edited by L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. Pp. 353-357. La domestication. Et l'homme crea l'animal. Errance, Paris. Section IV: Storage. In Guide to the Curation of Archaeozoological Collections. Proceedings of the Curation Workshop held at the Smithsonian Institution,

Washington D.C., edited by E. Henry. Gainesville: Florida Museum of Natural History. Pp. 74. Le chien de la tombe postmeroltique de Berber. Archeologie du Nil Moyen 5(1991):185-188. Mammiferes holocenes du Sahara apres l'art rupestre et l'archeozoologie. In Carte e l'ambiente del Sahara Preistorico: dati e interpretazioni. Memorie della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturale e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 26(2):261-267. The Middle Paleolithic archaeofaunas from Bir Terfawi (Western Desert, Egypt). In Egypt during the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East by F. Wendorf, R. Schild, A. E. Close and Associates. New York: Plenum Press. Pp. 121-143. Faunal remains from Site E71K12 and E71K13 near Isna in Upper Egypt. In Two Upper Pleistocene Kill-Butchery Sites in the Nile Valley of Egypt, AppendiX 2 (A.A .B. Mohammed). Ph.D. Dissertation. Dallas: Southern Methodist University. Pp. 333-344. The Evidence for the Earliest Livestock in North Africa, Or Adventures with Large Bovids, Ovicaprids, Dogs and Pigs.

682

Gautier, A. and W. Van Neer 1989 Animal remains from the Late Paleolithic sequence

at Wadi Kubbaniya. In The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya, Vol. 2., Stratigraphy, Paleoeconomy, and Environment, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 119-161.

Gautier, A. and A. Muzzolini 1991 The life and times of the giant buffalo alias

Bubalus/Homoioceras/Pelorovis antiquus in North Africa. ArchaeoZoologia 4(1):39-92.

Gautier A., R. Schild, F. Wendorf and T. W. Stafford, Jr. 1994 One elephant doesn't make a savanna:

Palaeoecological significance of Loxodonta africana in the Holocene Sahara. Sahara 6:7-20.

Gentry, A. W. and A. Gentry 1978 Fossil Bovidae (Mammalia) of Olduvai Gorge,

Tanzania. Part I. Bulletin British Museum (Natural History) (Geology) 29(4):289-446.

Germer,R. 1985 Flora des Pharaonischen Aegypten. Mainz am Rhein:

Philipp von Zabern. Giles, E. and o. Elliot

1962 Race identification from cranial measurements.

Gill,G. W. 1986

1995

Journal of Forensic Science 7:147-157.

Craniofacial criteria in forensic race identification. In Forensic Osteology: Advances in the Identification of Human Remains, edited by K. J. Reichs. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. Challenge on the frontier: Discerning American Indians from whites osteologically. Journal of Forensic Science 40:783-788.

Glantz, M. M. 2000 Morphological factors reflected in dental wear: The

sinking of subsistence. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 30:159-160.

Godwin, H. and A. G. Tansley 1941 Prehistoric charcoals as evidence of former

vegetation, soil and climate. Journal of Ecology 29:117-126.

Goldstein, L. 1981 One-dimensional archaeology and multi-

dimensional people: Spatial organization and mortuary analysis. In The Archaeology of Death, edited by R. Chapman, 1. Kinnes and K. Randsborg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 53-70.

Goodman, S. M. and J. J. Hobbs 1988 The ethnobotany of the Egyptian Eastern desert:

A comparison of common plant usage between two culturally distinct Bedouin groups. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 23:73-89.

Goodman, S. M. and P. L. Meininger (editors) 1989 The Birds of Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gramly, R. M. 1975 Meat-feasting sites and cattle brands: Patterns of

rock-shelter utilization in East Africa. Azania 10:107-121.

Greene, D. L. 1972 Dental anthropology of early Egypt and Nubia.

Journal of Human Evolution 1:315-424.

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NABTA PLAYA

Griffiths, J. G. 1960 The Conflict of Horus and Seth. Liverpool: Liverpool

University Press. 1980 The Origins of Osiris and His Cult. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Grigson,C. 1991 An African origin for African cattle? - Some

archaeological evidence. African Archaeological Review 9:119-144.

Grimal,N. 1992 A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell.

Grove,A.T. 1993 Africa's climate in the Holocene. In The Archaeology

of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, edited by T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah and A. Okpoko. London: Routledge. Pp. 32-42.

Haaland, R. 1992 Fish, pots and grain: Early and Middle Holocene

adaptations in the Central Sudan. The African Archaeological Review 10:43-64.

Haas, H. and C. V. Haynes 1980 Discussion of radiocarbon dates from the Western

Desert. In Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, by F. Wendorf and R. Schild. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 373-378.

Habermehl, K. H. 1975 Die Altersbestimmung bei Haus- und Labotieren.

Berlin/Hamburg: Parey. Haltenorth, T. and H. Diller

1979 Elseviers Gids van de Afrikaanse Zoogdieren. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Halwagy, R. 1962 The impact of man on semi-desert vegetation in

the Sudan. Journal of Ecology 50:263-273. Harrison, C.

1982 An Atlas of the Birds of the Western Palaearctic. London: Collins.

Harlan, J. R. 1976 Plant and animal distribution in relation to

domestication. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Ser. B, Vol. 275. Pp. 13-25.

1987 Les plantes cultivees et l'homme. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

1989a Wild-grass seed harvesting in the Sahara and Sub-Sahara of Africa. In Foraging and Farming, edited by D. R. Harris and G. C. Hillman. Boston: Unwin Hyman. Pp. 79-98.

1989b Wild grass seeds as food sources in the Sahara and Sub-Sahara. Sahara 2:69-74.

Harlan, J. R. and J. Pasquereau 1969 Decrue agriculture in Mali. Economic Botany 23:70-

74. Harlan, J. R., J. M. J. de Wet and A. Stemler

1976 Plant domestication and indigenous African Agriculture. In Origins of African Plant Domestication, edited by J. R. Harlan, J. M. J. de Wet and A. B. L. Stemler. The Hague: Mouton Publishers. Pp. 3-19.

Hassan, F. A. 1988 The Predynastic of Egypt. Journal of World

Prehistory 2:135-185. Hather, J.

1995 Parenchymatous tissues from the Early Neolithic Site E-75-6 at Nabta Playa, Western Desert, south

References

Hatting, T. 1975

Egypt. Preliminary report. Acta Palaeobotanica 35:157-162.

The influence of castration on sheep horns. In Archaeozoological Studies, edited by AT. Clason. Amsterdam/Oxford: North Holland Publishing Company. Pp. 345-352.

Hawass, Z., F. A Hassan and A Gautier 1988 Chronology, sediments, and subsistence at Merimde

Beni Salama. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 74:31-38. Hayes, T. R

n.d. Late Prehistoric occupation of the Egyptian Desert. Unpublished manuscript.

Haynes, C. V. 1980 Geological evidence of pluvial climates in the

Nabta area of the Western Desert, Egypt. In Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, by F. Wendorf and

1987 R. Schild. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 353-37l. Holocene migration rates of the Sudano-Sahelian weffing front, Arba'in Desert, Northern Sudan. In Prehistory of Arid North Africa. Essays in Honour of Fred Wendorf edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. Pp. 69-84.

Haynes, C. V., C. H. Eyles, L. A Pavlish, J. C. Ritchie and M.Rybak

1989 Holocene palaeoecology of the eastern Sahara: Selima Oasis. Quaternary Science Reviews 8:109-136.

Hays, T. R. n.d. Late prehistoric occupation of the Egyptian desert.

Unpublished manuscript. Hedberg, I. and S. Edwards

1989 Flora of Ethiopia, Vol. 3. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: The National Herbarium.

Hedges, R. E. M., R. A Housley, C. Bronk Ramsey and

1994

HeIck, W.

G. J. Van Klinken Radiocarbon dates from Oxford AMS System: Archaeometry datelist 18. Archaeometry 36 (2):337-374.

1983 Schwachstellen der Cronologie-Diskussion. Gottinger Miszellen. Gottingen. Pp. 47-49.

Helmer, D. 1994 La domestication des animaux d'embouche dans

Ie Levant Nord (Syrie du Nord et Sinjar) du milieu du IXe millenaire BP a la fin du VIlle millenaire BP. Nouvelles donnees d'apres les fouilles recentes. Anthropozoologica 20:41-54.

Henneberg, M., M. Kobusiewicz, R. Schild and F. Wendorf 1989 The Early Neolithic Qarunian Burial from the

Northern Fayum Desert (Egypt). In Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Vol. 2, Studies in African Archaeology, edited by L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. Pp. 181-196.

Henneberg, M., J. Piontek and J. Stzalko 1980 Biometrical analysis of the Early Neolithic human

mandible from Nabta Playa (Western Desert of Egypt). In Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara, by F. Wendorf and R. Schild. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 389-392.

Herskovits, M. J. 1926 The Cattle Complex in East Africa. American

683

Anthropologist 28:230-272; 361-380; 494-528; 633-664.

Hester, J. J. and P. M. Hoebler 1969 Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Libyan Desert.

Higgs, E. S.

University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 92. Nubia Series 4. Salt Lake: University of Utah Press.

1967 Environment and chronology - The evidence from mammalian fauna. In The Hauah Fteah (Cyrenaica), edited by C. B. M. McBurney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 16-44.

Hill,M. O. 1973 Reciprocal averagin:g: An eigenvector method of

ordination. Journal of Ecology 61 :237-249. Hillman, G. C.

1989 Late Paleolithic plant foods from Wadi Kubbaniya in Upper Egypt: Dietary diversity, infant weaning, and seasonality in a riverine environment. In Foraging and Farming, edited by R. D. Harris and G. C. Hillman. London: Unwin Hyman. Pp. 207-239

Hillman, G. C. and M. S. Davies 1990 Measured domestication rates in wild wheats and

barley under primitive cultivation and their archaeological implications. Journal of World Prehistory 4:157-222.

Hillman, G. c., A J. Legge and P. A Rowley-Conwy 1997 Food or fuel? The charred seeds from Epipalaeo-

lithic Abu Hureyra. Current Anthropology 38:651-659.

Hillman G., C. Madeyska and J. Hather 1989 Wild plant foods and diet at Late Paleolithic Wadi

Kubbaniya: The evidence from charred remains. In The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya, Vol. 2, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A E. Close. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. Pp. 162-242.

Hinton, R. J. 1981 Form and patterning of anterior tooth wear among

aboriginal human groups. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 54:555-564.

Hofman, J. L. 1991 Folsom land use: Projectile point variability as a

key to mobility. In Raw Material Economies among Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers, edited by A Montet-White and S. Holen. Lawrence: University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology. Pp. 335-355.

1992 Defining buried occupations surfaces in terrace sediments. In Piecing Together the Past: Applications of Refitting Studies in Archaeology, edited by J. L. Hofman and J. G. Enloe. BAR International Series 578. Oxford: Tempvs Reparatvm. Pp. 128-150.

Holmes, D. L. and R. F. Friedman 1994 Survey and text excavations in the Badari Region,

Egypt. Proceedings of Prehistoric Society 60: 105-142. Holl, A F. C.

1988 Livestock husbandry, pastoralisms, and territoriality: The West African record. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17:143-165.

Howell, P. P. 1948 "Pyramids" in the Upper Nile Region. Man 48:52-

53.

684

Howell, P. P. and W. P. G. Thompson 1946 The death of the Reth of the Silluk and the

installation of his Successor. Sudan Notes and Records 27:5-85.

Howells, W. W. 1989 Skull shapes and the map: Craniometric analyses in

the dispersion of modern Homo. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 79. Cambridge: Harvard University.

Irish, J. D. 1993

1994

1996a

1996b

1998a

1998b

1998c

1998d

Biological Affinities of Late Pleistocene through Modern African Aboriginal Populations: The Dental Evidence. Ph.D. Dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms. The African dental complex: Diagnostic morphological variants of modern sub-Saharan populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 18:112. Diachronic and synchronic dental trait affinities among post-Pleistocene North African populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 22:129.

Characteristic high- and low-frequency dental traits in sub-Saharan Africa populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102:455-467. Diachronic and synchronic dental trait affinities of Late and post-Pleistocene peoples from North Africa. Homo 49:138-155. Affinites des populations d' Afrique du Nord et d' Afrique sub-saharienne depuis la fin du Pleistocene jusqu'a I' Actuel, d'apres la morphologie dentaire. Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe d' Anthropolgie de Paris 10:237-272. Dental morphological indications of population discontinuity and Egyptian gene flow in post-Paleolithic Nubia. In Human Dental Development, Morphology, and Pathology: A Tribute to Albert A. Dahlberg, edited by J. R. Lukacs. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers 54. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Press. Pp. 155-172. Ancestral dental traits in recent sub-Saharan Africans and the origins of modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution 34:81-98.

Irish, J. D. and C. G.Turner II 1990 West African dental affinity of Late Pleistocene

Nubians: Peopling of the Eurafrican-South Asian triangle II. Homo 41:42-53.

Is

References

1982 East African Mammals. An Atlas of Evolution in Africa. Vol. III Part D (Bovids). London/New York/ San Francisco: Academic Press.

Klein, R. G. 1994 The Long-Horned African Buffalo (Pelorovis

antiquus) is an extinct species. Journal of Archaeological Science 21:725-733.

Klein, R. G. and K. Scott 1986 Re-analysis of faunal assemblages from the Haua

Fteah and other Late Quaternary archaeological sites in Cyrenaican Libya. Journal of Archaeological Science 13:515-542.

Knapp, R. 1973 Die Vegetation von Africa. In Vegetationsmono-

graphien der einzelnen Grossraume III, edited by H. Walter. Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag.

Kobusiewicz, M. 1984 Report on Site E-79-4: The archaeology of EI

Gohrab Playa. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara:

Kock, D. 1971

The Neolithic ofBir Kiseiba, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 135-164.

Zur Verbreitung von Mahnenschaf und Steinbock im Nilgebiet. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 19:28-39.

Kowalski, K. 1988 The food of the Sand Fox Vulpes rueppelli Schinz,

1825 in the Egyptian Sahara. Folia Bioi. 36(1-2):89-94.

Kowalski, K. and B. Rzebik-Kowalska 1991 Mammals of Algeria. Wroclaw /Warszawa/Krak6w:

Zaklad Narodowy Imienia Ossolinskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk.

Krogman, W. M. and D. Y. Is

686

Lockyer, J. N. 1894 The Dawn of Astronomy. London: Macmillan and Co.

Lubell, D., J. L. Ballais, A. Gautier and F. A. Hassan 1975 The prehistoric cultural ecology of Capsian

Escargotieres. Libyca 23:43-12l. Lutz, R. and G. Lutz

1995 Das Geheimnis der Wilste. Die Felskunst im Messak Sattafet und Messak Mellet - Libyen. Innsbruck: Golf Verlag.

Lynch,B.M. 1982 'Namoratunga: A study of early pastoralists

organization. In Culture History in the Southern Sudan, edited by J. Mack and P. Robertshaw. B.I.E.A., Memoir 8. Pp. 149-64.

Lynch, B. M. and L. H. Robbins 1978 Namoratunga: The first archeoastronomical

evidence in sub-Saharan Africa. Science 200:766-768.

MacGregor, A. 1985 Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn: The Technology of

Skeletal Material since the Roman Period. London:

Magid,A. 1989

1995

Croom Helm.

Plant domestication in the Middle Nile Basin. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology, Vol. 35, British Archaeological Reports International Series, Vol. 523. Plant remains from the sites of Aneibis, Abu Darbein and EI Darner and their implications. In Aqualithic Sites along the Rivers Nile and Atbara, Sudan, edited by R. Haaland and A. A. Magid. Bergen: Alma Mater. Pp. 147-177.

Magid, A. and K. Krzywinski 1995 The method of positive casts of plant impressions

in pottery: A field and laboratory manual. In Acta Palaeobotanica 35(1):121-132.

Malbrant, R. 1952 Faune du Centre Africain Fran~ais. (Mammiferes et

Oiseaux). Paris: P. Lechevallier. Marks, A. E.

1968 The Mousterian Industries of Nubia. In The Prehistory of Nubia, Vol. I, edited by F. Wendorf. Dallas: Fort Burgwin Research Center and Southern Methodist University Press. Pp. 194-314.

Martin,R. 1928 Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, Zeiter Band:

Kraniologie, Osteologie. Jena, Germany: Verlag Gustav Fischer.

Martin, V. and C. Becker 1974 Vestiges Protohistoriques et Occupation H umaine.

Annales de Demographie Historique: 403-429. Mouton.

1984 Inventaire des Sites Protohistoriques de la Senegambie. Kaolack, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Paris.

Maurizio, A. 1926 Pozywienie roslinne i rolnictwo w rozwoju dziejowym.

Warszawa: Kasa Mianowskiego. McArdle, J. E.

1992 Preliminary observations on the mammalian fauna from Predynastic localities at Hierakonpolis. In The Followers of Horus. Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NABT A PLAYA

Hoffman, edited by R. Friedman and B. Adams. Oxford: Oxbow (Egyptian Studies Association 2). Pp.53-56.

McBurney, C. B. M. 1967 The Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the Stone Age of the

Southeast Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McDonald, M. M. A. 1990 The Dakhleh Oasis Project: Holocene prehistory

Interim report on 1990 season. Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities XX:54-64.

1991 Technological organization and sedentism in the Epipalaeolithic of Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. African Archaeological Review 9:81-109.

1992 Origins of the Neolithic in the Nile Valley as seen from Dakhleh Oasis in the Egyptian Western Desert. Sahara 4:41-52.

1993 Cultural Adaptation in Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, in the Early to Mid-Holocene. In Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern African until the Second Millennium B.C., edited by L Krzyzaniak, M. Kobusciewicz and J. Alexander. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. Pp. 199-209.

1996 Relations between Dakhleh Oasis and the Nile Valley in the Mid-Holocene: A discussion. In Inter-regional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa, Vol. 5, Studies in African Archaeology, edited by L. Krzyzaniak, K. Kroeper and M. Kobusiewicz. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. pp. 93-99.

1998 Early African Pastoralism: View from Dakhleh Oasis (South Central Egypt). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17:124-142.

McIntosh, R. J. 1995 The Power of Place in Mande Social Memory.

Workshop on Global Climatic Change in History and Prehistory. Manuscript. Houston: Rice University,1995.

McKim, J., F. Wendorf, A. Mazhar and R. Schild 1998 Megaliths and Neolithic astronomy in southern

Egypt. Nature 392:488-492. Meinertzhagen, R.

1930 Nicoll's Birds of Egypt. London: Hugh Rees. Meitinger, B.

1983 Die Zahna/tersbestimmung beim Rind in ihrer Bedeutung Jilr die Osteoarchiiologie, Eine Literaturstudie. (Inaug, Diss., Universitat Miinchen).

Milburn,M. 1988 A typological enquiry into some dry-stone

funerary and cult monuments of the Sahara. Scientific Reviews on Arid Zone Research Oodpur), 6:1-126.

Milburn, M. and R. I. Kobel-Wettlauffer 1973 (1975) Contribution to the study of some lithic

monuments of West Sahara. Almogaren 4:103-150. Miller, N.

1996 Seed eaters of the ancient Near East: Human or herbivore? Current Anthropology 37:521-528.

Miller, N. F. 1985 Paleoethnobotanical evidence for deforestation in

ancient Iran: A case study of urban Malyan. Journal of Ethnobiology 5:1-19.

References

1988 Ratios in paleoethnobotanical analysis. In Current Paleoethnobotany, edited by C. A. Hastorf and V. S. Popper. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Pp.72-85.

Misonne,X. 1969 La Faune. In Expedition Scientifique Belge dans Ie

desert de Libye, Jebel Uweinat 1968-1969. Africa-Tervuren, Vol. 15(4). Pp. 117-119

1977 Mammiferes du Jebel Uweinat, Desert de Libye. Annales Musee Royal de l' Afrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques 217:4-33.

Mitka, J. and K. Wasylikowa 1995 Numerical analysis of charred seeds and fruits

from an 8000 years old site at Nabta Playa, Western Desert, south Egypt. Acta Palaeobotanica 35:157-162.

Morel, J. 1974 La faune de l'escargotiere de Dra-Mta-El-Ma-El-

Abiod (Sud-Algerien). Ce qu' elle nous apprend de l'alimentation et des conditions de vie des populations d u Capsien Superieur. L' Anthropologie 78(2):299-320.

Murray, G. W. 1926 Graves of oxen in the Eastern Desert of Egypt.

Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 12:248-249. Muzzolini, A.

1990 The sheep in Saharan rock art. Rock Art Research 7(2):93-109.

1993a L'Origine des chevres et des moutons domestiques en Afrique. Reconsideration de la these diffusionniste traditionelle. Empuries 48-50(2):160-171.

1993b The emergence of a food-producing economy in the Sahara. In The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, edited by T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah and A. Okpoko. London: Routledge. Pp. 61-70.

Nadel, S. F. 1947 The Nuba: An Anthropological Study of the Hill Tribes

in Kordofan. London: Oxford University Press. National Science Academy

1996 Lost Crops of Africa, Vol. I: Grains. Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. Washington: National Academy Press.

Nelson, M. C. 1991 The study of technological organization. In

Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 3, edited by M. B. Schiffer. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Pp.57-100.

Newman, J. R. 1994 The effects of distance on lithic material reduction.

Journal of Field Archaeology 21:491-501. Neumann, K.

1987 Middle holocene vegetation of Gilf Kebir, South-west Egypt: A reconstruction. Palaeoecology of Africa 18:179-188.

1989a Zur Vegetationsgeschichte der Ostsahara im Holozan. Holzkohlen aus prahistorischen Fundstallen. In Forschungen zur Umweltgeschichte der Ostsahara, edited by R. Kuper. Koln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut. Africa Praehistorica 2:14-181.

1989b Holocene vegetation of the Eastern Sahara: Charcoal from prehistoric sites. The African Archaeological Review 7:97-116.

687

1992a Wirtschaftsweisen im Neolithikum der Ostsahara und ihr Einfluss auf die Vegetation. In Uberlebens-stratigien in Afrika, edited by M. Bollig and F. Klees. Koln: Heinrich-Barth Institut. Pp. 47-52.

1992b Une flore soudanienne au Sahara central vers 7000 B.P.: les charbons de bois de Fachi, Niger. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 139:565-569.

1993a Holocene prehistoric economies in the Eastern Sahara. In Geoscientific Research in Northeast Africa, edited by U. Thorweihe and H. Schandelmeier. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. Pp. 609-611.

1993b Holocene vegetation of the Eastern Sahara: Charcoal from prehistoric sites. In Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C., Vol. 4, Studies in African Archaeology, edited by L. Krzyzaniak, M. Kobusiewicz and J. Alexander. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. Pp. 153-169.

1994 Wirtschaftsweisen im Neolithicum der Ostsahara und ihr Einfluss auf die Vegetation. In Uberlebens-strategien in Afrika, edited by H. Bollig and F. Klees. Colloquium Africanum 1. Koln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut. Pp. 47-52.

Neumann, K. and E. Schulz 1987 Middle Holocene savanna vegetation in the central

Sahara - preliminary report. Palaeoecology of Africa 18:163-166.

1992 Une flore soudanienne au Sahara central vers 7000 B.P.: les charbons de bois de Fachi, Niger. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 139:565-569.

1994 Wirtschaftsweisen im Neolithicum der Ostsahara und ihr Einfluss auf die Vegetation. In Uberlebens-strategien in Afrika, edited by H. Bollig and F. Klees. Colloqium Africanum 1. Koln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut. Pp. 47-52.

Nicolaisen, J. 1963 Ecology and culture of the pastoral Tuareg.

Nationalmuseets Skrifter, Etnografisk Raekke 9:1-540. 1968 The Haddad - a hunting people in Tchad.

Preliminary report of an enthnographical reconnaissance. Folk 10:91-109.

Nievergelt, B. 1966 Der Alpensteinbock (Capra ibex L.) in seinem

Lebensraum. Ein okologischer Vergleich. Hamburg: Parey (Mammalia Depicta).

Nordstrom, H. A. 1972 Neolithic and A-Group Sites. In The Scandinavian

Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia, Vols. 3:1 and 3:2. Stockholm: Scandinavian University Books.

Ortner, D. J. and W. T. J. Putschar 1985 Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human

Skeletal Remains. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Osborn, D. J. and Z. Helmy 1980 The contemporary land mammals of Egypt

(including Sinai). Fieldiana Zoology, new series, Vol. 5. Osman, R.

1999 Geological interpretation of the main geomorphic units in Egypt. In The Phanerozaic Geology of Egypt, A Geodynamic Approach, edited by B. Issawi, M. El Hinnawi, M. Francis and A. Mazhar. The Egyptian

688

Geological Survey Special Publication No. 76. Cairo: Egyptian Geological Survey. Pp. 7-54.

Ousley, S. D. and R. L. Jantz 1996 FOREDISC 2.0 Personal Computer Forensic

Functions. Knoxville: University of Tennessee. Ozenda, P.

1983 Flore du Sahara. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Pachur, H. J. 1991 Tethering stones as palaeoenvironmental

indicators. Sahara 4:13-32. Pachur, H. J. and S. Kropelin

1989 L'aridification du Sahara oriental a I'Holocene moyen et superieur. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 8:99-107

Pachur, H. J. and B. Wunnemann 1996 Reconstruction of the palaeoclimate along 30° E

in the Eastern Sahara during the Pleistocene/ Holocene transition. Palaeocology of Africa 24:1-32.

Paris, F. 1984 La Region d'In Gall - Tegidda N Tesemt (Niger).

Programme Archeologique d'Urgence, 1977-1981, Vol. III. Les Sepultures du Neolithique Final a l'Islam. Etudes Nigeriennes No. 50. Niamey: Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines.

1995 African livestock remains from Sahara mortuary contexts. Communication for the Conference "African Livestock: Archaeology, Linguistics and DNA" London, September 22-24, 1995. Fran

References

Posansky, M. 1966 Kingship, archaeology and historical myth. Uganda

Journal 30:1-12. Prussin, L.

1995

Quezel, P.

African Nomadic Architecture: Space, Place, and Gender. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press and the National Museum of African Art.

1965 La vegetation du Sahara du Tschad a la Mauritanie. Geobotanica Selecta, Vol. 3. Stuttgat: Gustav Fischer Verlag.

Raimbault, M., Cl. Guerin and M. Faure 1987 Les Vertebres du gisement neolithique de Kobadi

(Mali). ArchaeoZoologia 1(2):219-238. Reisner, G.

1910

Richter, J. 1989

Rigby, P. 1977

The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, Report for 1907-1908. Cairo: National Printing Department.

Neolithic sites in the Wadi Howar (Western Sudan). In Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Vol. 2, Studies in African Archaeology, edited by L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. Pp. 431-450.

Opul and Entoroj: The economy of sharing among the pastoral Baraguyu of Tanzania. In Pastoral Production and Society Production: Proceedings of the International Meeting on Nomadic Pastoralism - Paris 1-3 Dec. 1976, edited by L'Equipe ecologie et anthropologie des societes pastorales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 329-347.

Ritchie, J. C. 1987 A Holocene pollen record from Bir Atrun,

1994 northwest Sudan. Pollen and Spores 29(4):391-410. Holocene pollen spectra from Oyo, Northwestern Sudan: Problems of interpretation in a hyperarid environment. The Holocene 4:9-15

Ritchie, J. c., C. H. Eyles and C. V. Haynes 1985 Sediment and pollen evidence for an Early to Mid-

Holocene humid period in the Eastern Sahara. Nature 314:352-355.

Ritchie, J. c. and C. V. Haynes 1987 Holocene vegetation zonation in the Eastern

Sahara. Nature 330:645-47. Robertshaw, P.

1989 The emergence of a food producing economy in the Sahara. In The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, edited by T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah and A. Okpoko. London: Rutledge. Pp. 61-70.

Roubet,C. 1979

Rognon,P. 1980

Rolando, C.

Economie pastorale preagricole en Algerie Orientale: Ie neolithique de tradition capsienne. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Pluvial and arid phases in the Sahara: The role of non-climatic factors. Palaeoecology of Africa 12:45-62.

1992 Contribution de l'analyse anthracologique a I' etude des paleoenvironnements saheliens. These de doctorat, Universite Aix-Marseille III.

689

Rolando, C. and J. Riser 1992 Application de l'analyse anthracologique au site

neolithique de Hasi el Defa (Tagant, Mauritanie). Premiers resultats. Comptes Rendus de l' Academie des Sciences, Vol. 315, serie II. Pp. 511-514.

Roset, J. P. 1987a Paleoclimatic and cultural conditions of Neolithic

development in the Early Holocene of Northern Niger (Air and Tenere). In Prehistory of Arid North Africa. Essays in Honor of Fred Wendorf, edited by Angela E. Close. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. Pp. 211-234.

1987b Neolithisation, Neolithique et post-Neolithique au Niger nord-oriental. Bulletin de I' Association Fran~aise pour I'Etude du Quaternaire 4:203-214.

Roset, J. P., F. de Broin, M. Faure, M. Gayet, C. Guerin and F. Mouchet

1990 La faune de Tin Ouaffadene et d' Adrar Bous 10, deux gisements archeologiques de l'Holocene ancien au Niger nord-oriental. Geodynamique 5(1):67-89.

Rosevear, R. 1974 The Carnivores of West Africa. London: Trustees of

the British Museum (Natural History). Rowley-Conwy, P.

1991 Sorghum from Qasr Ibrim, Egyptian Nubia, c. 800 B.c.- A.D. 1811: A preliminary study. In New Light on Early Farming, edited by J. M. Renfrew. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Pp. 192-212.

Rowley-Conwy, P. A., W. J. Deakin and C. H. Shaw 1997 Ancient DNA from archaeological sorghum

(Sorghum bicolor) from Qasr Ibrim, Nubia:

Ruffer, A.

Implications for domestication and evolution and archaeological evidence. Sahara 9:23-34.

1920 Study of abnormalities and pathology of ancient Egyptian teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3:335-382.

Russell, K. W. 1988 After Eden: The Behavioral Ecology of Early Food

Production in the Near East and North Africa. Oxford: BAR International Series 391.

Ryder, M. L. 1983 Sheep and Man. London: Duckworth.

Rzebik-Kowalska, B. 1993 Insectivores (lnsectivora: Mammalia) from Bir

Terfawi. In Remains of Small Vertebrates from Bir Tarfawi and Their Paleoecological Significance, assembled by K. Kowalski. In Egypt during the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic ofBir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East, by F. Wendorf, R. Schild, A. E. Close and Associates. New York: Plenum Press. Pp. 185-189.

Sadr, K. 1991 The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast

Africa. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Savage, S. H.

1997 Descent group competition and economic strategies in predynastic Egypt. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16:226-268.

Schaefer, B. E. 1986 Atmospheric extinction effects on stellar alignments.

In Archaeoastronomy (Supplement to Journal for the History of Astronomy) 10:532-542.

690

1987 Heliacal rise phenomena. In Archaeoastronomy (Supplement to Journal for the History of Astronomy) 11:S19- S33.

1993 Astronomy and the limits of vision. Vistas in Astronomy 36:311-361.

Sharabati, D. 1984 Red Sea Shells. London: KPI Limited.

Schild, R., M. Chmielewska and H. Wieckowska 1968 The Arkinian and Shamarkian Industries. In The

Prehistory of Nubia, Vol. II., edited by F. Wendorf. Dallas: Fort Burgwin Research Center and Southern Methodist University Press. Pp. 651-767.

Schild, R., H. Kr6lik, F. Wendorf and A. E. Close 1996 Architecture of Early Neolithic huts at Nabta

Playa. In Interregional Contacts in the lAter Prehistory of Northeastern Africa, Vol. 5., Studies in African Archaeology, edited by 1. Krzyzaniak, K. Kroeper and M. Kobusiewicz. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. Pp. 101-114.

Schild, R., M. F. Pazdur, F. Wendorf and H. Kr6lik 1996 Conventional radiocarbon chronology in the

Sahara: Beware of fossil fuel. Sahara 8:67-70. Schild, R. and F. Wendorf

1977 The Prehistory of Dakhla Oasis and Adjacent Desert. Ossolineum, Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences.

1984 Lithostratigraphy of Holocene Lakes along the Kiseiba Scarp. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic ofBir Kiseiba, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 9-40.

1989 The Late Pleistocene Nile in Wadi Kubbaniya. In The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya, Vol. 2, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Southern Methodist Univ. Press. Pp. 15-100.

Schilder, M. 1952 Die Kaurischnecke. Wittenberg Lutherstadt: Ziemsen

(Die Neue Brehm-Biicherei, Vol. 45). Schon, W.

1989

Schuck, W.

New results from two playa sites in the Gilf Kebir (Egypt). In lAte Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Vol. 2, Studies in African Archaeology, edited by 1. Krzyzaniak and M. Kubusiewicz. Poznan: Poznan Archaeolgical Museum. Pp. 215-222.

1989 From lake to well: 5,000 years of settlement in Wadi Shaw (Northern Sudan). In lAte Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Vol. 2, Studies in African Archaeology, edited by 1. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological

1993

Schulz, E. 1987

Museum. Pp. 421-429. An archaeological survey of the Selima Sandsheet, Sudan. In Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millenium B.C., Vol. 4, Studies in African Archaeology, edited by 1. Krzyzaniak, M. Kobusiewicz and J. Alexander. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. Pp. 237-248.

Die Holozane Vegetation der Zentralen Sahara (N-Mali, N-Niger, SW-Lybien). Palaeoecology of Africa 18:143-161.

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NABT A PLAYA

Schulz, E. and A. Adamou 1992 Die Vegetation des Ai"r-Gebirges (N-Niger) und ihre

traditionelle Nutzung. Leben in der sildlichen Sahara. Wiirzburg: Geographisches Institut der Universitat.

Seligman, C. G. and B. Z. Seligman 1918 The Kababish, A Sudan Area Tribe. In Harvard

African Studies II. Cambridge: Peabody Museum of Harvard University. Pp. 104-184.

1932 Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan. London: Routledge and Sons.

Shaw, T., P. Sinclair, B. Andah and A. Okpoko (editors) 1993 The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns.

London: Routledge. Shipman, P., A. Walker and D. Bichell

1985 The Human Skeleton. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press. Silver, I. A.

1969 The aging of domestic animals. In Science in Archaeology: A Survey of Progress and Research, edited by D. Brothwell and E. Higgs. Bristol: Thames and Hudson. Pp. 283-302.

Small, E. and M. Jomphe 1889 A synopsiS of the genus Medicago (Leguminosae).

Canadian Journal of Botany 67:3260-3290 Smart, T. 1. and E. S. Hoffman

1988 Environmental interpretation of archaeological charcoal. In Current Palaeoethnobotany, edited by C. A. Hastorf and V. S. Popper. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Pp. 167-205.

Smith,A. B. 1984 The origins of food production in Northeast Africa.

In Palaeocology of Africa and the Surrounding Islands, edited by J. A. Coetzee. Pp. 317-324.

1986 Review article: Cattle domestication in North Africa. African Archaeology Review 4:197-203.

1992 Pastoralism in Africa: Origins and Development Ecology. London: Hurst.

Smith, B.H. 1984 Patterns of molar wear in hunter-gatherers and

agriculturalists. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 63:39-56.

Snowden, J. D. 1936 The Cultivated Races of Sorghum. London: Adlard

& Son, Ltd. 1955 The wild fodder sorghums of the section Eu-

Sorghum. Journal of the Unnean Society of London, Botany 55:191-260.

Soper, R. 1990 Archaeo-astronomical Cushites: Some comments.

Azania 27:145-162. Stager, J. c., B. Cummming and 1. Meeker

1997 A high resolution l1,400-Yr diatom record from Lake Victoria, East Africa. Quaternary Research 47(1):81-89.

Steinbock, R. T. 1976 Paleopathological Diagnosis and Interpretation: Bone

Diseases in Ancient Human PopUlations. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.

Stemler, A. B. 1. 1980 Origins of plant domestication in the Sahara and

the Nile Valley. In The Sahara and the Nile, edited by M. A. J. Willis and H. Faure. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. Pp. 503-526.

References

Stemler, A. B. L. and R. H. Falk 1980 A scanning electron microscopic study of cereal

grains from Wadi Kubbaniya. In Loaves and Fishes: The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya, assembled by F. Wendorf and R Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 299-306 and 365-370.

Stuiver, M., P. J. Reimer, E. Bard, J. W. Beck, G. S. Burr, K. A. Hughen, B. Kromer, G. McCormac, J. Van der Plicht and M. Spurk

1998 INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000 cal BP. Radiocarbon 40(3):1042-1083.

Szyndlar, Z. 1993 Amphibians and Non-Chelonian reptiles from Bir

Tarfawi. In Egypt During the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic ofBir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East, by F. Wendorf, R. Schild, A. E. Close and Associates. New York/London: Plenum Press. pp. 155-157.

Tackholm, V. 1974 Students' Flora of Egypt. Beirut: Cairo University.

Tackholm, V., G. Tackholm and M. Drar 1941 Flora of Egypt, Vol. 1. Cairo: Bulletin of the Faculty of

Science, Vol. 17. (Reprint by O. Koeltz Antiquariat 1973).

1950 Flora of Egypt, Vol. 2. Cairo: Bulletin of the Faculty of Science, Vol. 28. (Reprint bya. KoeltzAntiquariat1973).

Tchernov, E. and O. Bar-Yosef 1982 Animal exploitation in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic

B period at Wadi Tbeik, southern Sinai. Paleorient 8:17-37.

ter Braak, C. J. F. 1988 CANOCO-a FORTRAN program for canonical

community ordination by [partial] [detrended] canonical correspondence analysis, principal component analysis and redundancy analysis. Wageningen: Tech. Report: LWA88-02.

Thinon,M. 1992 L' analyse pedoanthracologique, aspects method-

ologiques et applications. These de doctor at des sciences, Universite Aix-Marseille.

Thomas,H. 1977 Geologie et paleontologie du gisement acheuleen

de l'Erg Tihodaine, Ahaggar-Sahara algerien. Memoires du Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques, Prehistoriques et Ethnographiques (Alger), Vol. 27.

Thulin,M. 1983 1989

Leguminosae of Ethiopia. Opera Botanica 68:1-223. Papilionoideae. In Flora of Ethiopia, Vol. 3, edited by 1. Hedberg and S. Edwards. Addis Ababa and Asmara, Ethiopia: The National Herbarium. Uppsala, Sweden: Department of Systematic Botany.

Tigani El Mahi, A. 1982 Fauna, Ecology and Socio-Economic Conditions in the

1988

Tilner, E. 1981

Khartoum Nile Environment, Ph. D. Bergen: Univ. of Bergen. Zooarchaeology in the Middle Nile Valley: A Study of four Neolithic Sites near Khartoum. BAR Inter-national Series, Vol. 418 (Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 27).

Steinsetzungen, Monuments und Gruber in der Sahara. Antikewelt 12(4):14-26.

691

Tixier, J. 1963 Typologie de l'Epipaleolithique du Maghreb.

Memoires du Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques, Prehistoriques et Ethnographiques, Alger, 2. Paris: Arts et Metiers Graphiques.

Torry, W. I. 1973 Subsistence Ecology among the Gabra: Nomads of the

Kenya/Ethiopia Frontier. Ph.D. Dissertation. New York: Columbia UniverSity.

Townsend, C. C. and E. Guest 1974 The Flora of Iraq, Vol. 3. Baghdad: Ministry of

Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Iraq. Trimble, V.

1964 Astronomical investigation concerning the so-called air-shafts of Cheops' Pyramid. Mitteilungen des Instituts fUr Orientforschung Band 10:183-187

Tubiana, M. J. and J. Tubiana 1977 The Zaghawa from an Ecological Perspective. Rotterdam:

A. A. Balkema. Turner, C. G. II

1979 Dental anthropological indications of agriculture among the Jomon people of central Japan; X. Peopling of the Pacific. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 51:619-636.

1985 The dental search for Native American origins. In Out of Asia: Peopling the Americas and the Pacific, edited by R. Kirk and E. Szathmary. Canberra: The Jounral of Pacific History. Pp. 31-78.

Turner, C. G. II and J. D. Cadien 1969 Dental chipping in Aleuts, Eskimos and Indians.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31:303-310. Turner, C. G. II and M. Markowitz

1990 Dental discontinuity between late Pleistocene and recent Nubians. Part I. Peopling of the Eurafrican-South Asian Triangle. Homo 41:42-53.

Turner, C. G. II, C. R. Nichol and G. R. Scott 1991 Scoring procedures for key morphological traits

of the permanent dentition: The Arizona State University dental anthropology system. In Advances in Dental Anthropology, edited by M. A. Kelley and C. Larsen. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Turner, C. G. II, M. Regan and J. D. Irish 1990 Physical anthropology: Policy and procedures for

skeletal excavation and laboratory analysis. In Laboratory Plan for Salado Research, edited by A. W. Simon. Tempe, Arizona: The Office of Cultural Resource Management, Arizona State University. Pp. 8-1 to 8-60.

1994 Physical anthropology of the Roosevelt Lake Livingston study area. In Archaeology of the Salado in the Livingston Area of Tonto Basin, Roosevelt Platform Mound Study: Report on the Livingston Management Group, Pinto Creek Complex. Roosevelt Monograph Series 3, Part 2, edited by D. Jacobs. Tempe, Arizona: The Office of Cultural Resource Management. Arizona State University. Pp. 819-832.

Ubelaker, D. H. 1989 Human Skeletal Remains (second edition).

Washington: Taraxacum. Urban E. K., C. H. Fry and S. Keith (editors)

1986 The Birds of Africa, Vol. II, Academic Press. 1997 The Birds of Africa, Vol. V, Academic Press.

692

Van Damme, D. 1984 The Freshwater Mollusca of Northern Africa: Distribution,

Biogeography and Palaeoecology. Dordrecht: Junk Publishers.

Van Neer, W. 1993 Fish Remains from the Last Interglacial at Bir

Tarfawi (Eastern Sahara, Egypt). In Egypt during the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East, by F. Wendorf, R. Schild, A. E. Close and Associates. New York: Plenum Press. Pp. 144-154.

in press (a) Domestic animals from archaeological sites in central and west-central Africa. In The Origins and Development of African Livestock, edited by R. M. Brench and K. C. MacDonald. London: UCL Press.

in press (b) The Earliest Livestock in Western and Central Africa. Food Security in Western and Central Africa during the Late Holocene: The Role of Domestic Stock Keeping, Hunting and Fishing.

Van Neer, W. and H. P. Uerpmann 1989 Palaeoecological significance of the Holocene

Faunal Remains of the B.O.S. Missions. In Forschungen zur Umweltgeschichte der Ostsahara, edited by R. Kuper. Africa Praehistorica 2:307-341.

Van Noten, F. 1978 Rock Art of the Jebel Uweinat. Graz (Austria):

Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt. Vandier, J.

1952 Manuel d'archeologie egyptienne I: Les epoques de formations. La prehistoire: les trois premieres dynastes. Paris. Pp. 842-43.

Verdcourt, B. 1960 Some further records of Mollusca from North

Kenya, Ethiopia, Somaliland and Arabia, mostly from arid areas. Revue de Zoologie et Botanique Africaine 61:221-265.

Vermeersch, P. M. 1978 El Kab II. Leuven: Universitaire Pers Leuven. 1984 Subsistence activities on the Late Palaeolithic

sites of Elkab (Upper Egypt). In Origin and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in Northeastern Africa, Vol. 5., Studies in African Archaeology, edited by L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz. Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. p. 139.

Vermeersch, P. M., P. Van Peer, J. Moeyersons and W. Van Neer 1994 Sodmein Cave Site (Red Sea Mountains, Egypt).

Vidal, P. 1969

Villa, P. 1982

1983

Vorbrich, R.

Sahara 6:31-40.

La civilisation megalithique de Bouar, prospection et fouilles 1962-1966. Rechers oubangiennes I. Firmin-Didot.

Conjoinable pieces and site formation processes. American Antiquity 47:276-290. Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene Archaeological Record of Southern France. Berkeley: University of California Press.

1989 Daba - g6rale p6lnocnego Kamerunu. Prace Etnologiczne, Vol. 13. Wroclaw: Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze.

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NABTA PLAYA

von den Driesch, A. 1976 A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones

from Archaeological Sites. Peabody Museum Bulletin 1. Harvard University.

1977 A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Peabody Museum Bulletin, 4. Harvard University.

1986 Tierknochenfunde aus Qasr el-Sagha / Fayum (Neolithikum und Mittleres Reich). Mitteilungen Deutsches Archiiologisches Instilut, Abteilung Kairo, Vol. 42. Pp. 1-8.

von den Driesch, A. and J. Boessneck 1974 Kritische Anmerkungen zur WiderristhOhenberechn-

ung aus Uingenmassen vor- und friihgescgichtlicher Tierknochen. Siiugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 22(4): 325-348.

1985 Die Tierknochenftmde aus der neolithischen Siedlung von Merimde-Benisaldme am westlichen Nildelta. Deutsches Archaologisches Institut, Abteilung Kairo, Miinchen.

Wainwright, G. S. 1932 Iron in Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 18:3-15.

Walker, M. J. C, S. Bjork, J. J. Lowe, L. C. Cwynar, K. L. Johnsen, B. Wohlfarth and INTIMATE Group

1999 Isotopic' events' in the GRIP isce core: A stratotype for the Late Pleistocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 18:1143-1150.

Warner, B. 1996 Traditional astronomical knowledge in Africa. In

Astronomy Before the Telescope, edited by C. Walker. New York: St Martin's Press. Pp. 304-317.

Wasylikowa, K. 1992 Exploitation of wild plants by prehistoric peoples

in the Sahara. Wiirzburger Geographische Arbeiten 84:247-262.

1997 Flora of the 8000 years old archaeological site E-75-6 at Nabta Playa, Western Desert, southern Egypt. Acta Palaeobotanica 37:99-205.

Wasylikowa, K., J. R. Harlan, J. Evans, F. Wendorf, R. Schild, A. E. Close, H. Kr6lik and R. Housley

1993 Examination of botanical remains from early Neolithic houses at Nabta Playa, Western Desert, Egypt, with special reference to sorghum grains. In The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, edited by T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah and A. Okpoko. London: Routledge. Pp. 154-164.

Wasylikowa, K. and L. Kubiak-Martens 1993 Wild Sorghum from Early Neolithic at Nabta

Playa, South Egypt. In Res archaeobotanicae - 9th Symposium IWGP, edited by H. Kroll and R. Pasternak. Kiel. Pp. 345-358.

Wasylikowa, K. and J. Mitka 1998 Role of plants in the economy of the Early

Neolithic settlement at Site Nabta Playa E-75-6 in Egypt based on quantitative analyses of seeds and fruits (English summary). Archeologia Polski 43(1-2):7-35.

Wasylikowa, K., J. Mitka, A. Walanus, F. Wendorf and R. Schild 1996 Distribution of plant macrofossils within a

settlement: A case study on plant exploitation manners in a hunter-gatherer site at Nabta Playa, south Egypt. The Colloquia of the XIII International

References

Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, Forli (Italia) 8-14 September 1996, 3, Paleoecology, A. B. A. C. O. Forli. Pp. 47-56.

Wasylikowa, K, J. Mitka, F. Wendorf and R. Schild 1997 Exploitation of wild plants by the Early Neolithic

hunter-gatherers in the Western Desert of Egypt: Nabta Playa as a case-study. Antiquity 71:932-941.

Wasylikowa, K., R. Schild, F. Wendorf, H. Kr6lik, L. Kubiak-Martens and J. R. Harlan

1995 Archaeobotany of the Early Neolithic Site E-75-6 at Nabta Playa, Western Desert, South Egypt (preliminary results). Acta Palaeobotanica 35: 133-155.

Watters, J. 1962 Extra dentition in the West African Negro. Mankind

Quarterly 2:263-264. Weber,S.A.

1991 Plants and Harappan Subsistence. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. PVT.LTD and American Institute of Indian Studies.

Weiner, S. and O. Bar-Yosef 1990 States of preservation of bones from prehistoric

sites in the Near East: A survey. Journal of Archaeological Science 17:187-196.

Wendorf, F. (editor) 1968a Late Paleolithic sites in Egyptian Nubia. In The Pre-

history of Nubia, Dallas: Fort Burgwin Research Center and Southern Methodist Univ. Press. pp. 791-953.

1968b The Prehistory of Nubia, Vol. II. Dallas: Fort Burgwin Research Center and Southern Methodist Univ. Press.

Wendorf, F. and A. E. Close 1984 Report on Sites E-79-6 and E-79-7: Two Middle

Neolithic sites at Gebal el Feel Playa. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Pp. 190-216.

Wendorf, F., A. E. Close and R. Schild 1987a A survey of the Egyptian radar channels: An

example of applied archaeology. Journal of Field Archaeology 14:43-63.

1987b Early domestic cattle in the eastern Sahara. In Palaeoecology of Africa and the Surrounding Islands 18, edited by J. A. Coetzee. Rotterdam: Balkema. Pp.441-448.

1992-93 Megaliths in the Egyptian Sahara. Sahara 5: 7-16. Wendorf, F., A. E. Close, R. Schild and K. Wasylikowa

1991 The Combined Prehistoric Expedition: Results of the 1990 and 1991 Seasons. Newsletter of the American Research Center in Egypt 154:1-8.

Wendorf, F., A. E. Close, R. Schild, K. Wasylikowa, R. A. Housley, J. R. Harlan and H. Kr6lik

1992 Saharan exploitation of plants 8,000 years BP. Nature 359:721-724.

Wendorf, F. and F. Hassan 1980 Holocene ecology and prehistory in the Egyptian

Sahara. In The Sahara and the Nile, edited by M. A. J. Williams and H. Faure. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. Pp.407-419.

Wendorf, F. and R. Schild 1976 Prehistory of the Nile Valley. New York: Academic

Press. 1980 Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara. New York: Academic

Press.

693

1984 Conclusions. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild and edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Dept. of Anthropology, SouthernMethodist Univ. pp. 4Q4.428.

1989 Summary and synthesis. In Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya, Vol. 2, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Southern Methodist Univ. Press. Pp. 768-824-161.

1990 Antiquities Report for 1990, mss. 1994 Are the Early Holocene cattle in the Eastern Sahara

domestic or wild? Evolutionary Anthropology 3: 118-128.

1995-96 Nabta Playa during the early and Middle Holocene. ANKH Journal of Egyptology and African Civilization 4/5:33-45.

1999 Introduction. In Archaeology Manual: Archaeological Techniques in Saharan Archaeology, edited by K Nelson. Prepared for the Institute of International Education. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 1-14.

Wendorf, F., R. Schild (assemblers) and A. E. Close (editor) 1980 Loaves and Fishes: The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya.

Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University.

1984 Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Southern Methodist University.

1989 Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya, Vol. 2 and 3. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

Wendorf, F., R. Schild, A. E. Close and Associates 1993 Egypt during the Last Interglacial: The Middle

Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East. New York: Plenum Press.

Wendorf, F., R. Schild, A. E. Close, D. J. Donahue, A. J. T. Jull, T. H. Zabel, H. Wieckowska, M. Kobusiewicz, B. Issawi and N. el Hadidi

1984 New radiocarbon dates on the cereals from Wadi Kubbaniya. Science 225:645-646.

Wendorf, F., R. Schild and H. Haas 1979 A new radiocarbon chronology for prehistoric sites

in Nubia. Journal ofField Archaeology 6:219-223. Wendorf, F., R. Schild, K Wasylikowa, J. Dahlberg, J. Evans

and E. Biehl 1998 The use of plants during the Early Holocene in the

Egyptian Sahara: Early Neolithic food-economies. In Before Food Production in North Africa, edited by S. di Lernia and G. Manzi. Forli: A.B.A.CO. Edizioni. Pp. 71-78.

Wendorf, F., R. Schild and N. Zedeno 1996 A Late Neolithic Megalithic Complex in the Eastern

Sahara: A preliminary report. In Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa, Vol. 5, Studies in African Archaeology, edited by L. Krzyzaniak, K. Kroeper and M. Kobusiewicz. Poznan: Poznan ArchaeolOgical Museum. Pp. 125-132.

Western, A. C. 1971 The Ecological Interpretation of Ancient Charcoals from

Jericho: Levant III. British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. Pp. 31-40.

de Wet, J. M. J. 1978 Systematics and evolution of Sorghum sect.

694

Sorghum (Gramineae). American Journal of Botany 65:477-484.

de Wet, J. M. J., J. R. Harlan and E. G. Price 1976 Variability in Sorghum bicolor. In Origins of African

Plant Domestication, edited by J. R. Harlan, J. M. J. de Wet and A. B. L. Stemler. The Hague: Mouton Publishers. Pp. 453-463.

Wetterstrom, W. 1993 Foraging and farming in Egypt: The transition

from hunting and gathering to horticulture in the Nile Valley. In The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, edited by T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah and A. Okpoko. London: Routledge. Pp. 165-226.

White, F. 1983

White, T. D.

Vegetation map of Africa. Paris: ORSTOM-UNESCO.

1991 Human Osteology. New York: Academic Press. Wickens, G. E.

1975 Changes in the climate and vegetation of the Sudan since 20 000 B.P. Boissiera 24:43-65.

1976 The flora of Jebel Marra (Sudan Republic) and its geographical affinities. Kew Bulletin Additional Series V. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.

Wickens, G. E. and L. P. White 1979 Land use in the southern margins of the Sahara.

In Management of Semiarid Ecosystems, edited by B.H. Walker. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Pp. 205-242.

Wieckowska, H. 1984 Report on Site E-79-1. In Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern

Sahara, assembled by F. Wendorf and R. Schild, edited by A. E. Close. Dallas: Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University. Pp. 73-94.

Wildi, o. and L. Orloci 1990 Numerical Exploration of Community Patterns. The

Hague: SPB Academic Publishing. Willerding, U.

1970 Vor- und friihgeschichtliche Kulturpflanzenfunde in Mitteleuropa. Neue Ausgrabungen und

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NABT A PLAYA

Forschungen. In Niedersachsen, Vol. 5. Hildesheim: August Lax. Pp. 287-375.

Williams, B. B. 1986 Excavations Between Abu Simbel and the Sudan

Frontier, Vol. III, Part 1, The A-Group Royal Cemetery at Qustul Cemetery L. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

W6jcikJ. in prep. Comparative osteology of the wing bones in

European species of the genus Turdus. Wright, R.

1992 Program IDCRAN2, Version of 25 Mch 92. Sydney, Australia: Richard Wright, University of Sydney.

Wyrwoll, T. W. 1997a Zur Verbreitung des Wilden Wasserbiiffels

(Bubalus arnee) auf der Arabischen Halbinsel. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenliindischen Gesellschaft 147(2):480-485.

1997b Ein archaologischer Beitrag zum ehemaliger Vorkommen des Wilden Wasserbiiffels (Bubalus arnee (Kerr, 1792)) in Nordafrika und auf der Arabischen Halbinsel. Siiugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 39(3):103-114.

Zahran, M. A. and A. J. Willis 1992 The Vegetation of Egypt. London: Chapman & Hall.

Zohary,D. 1996

Zohary, M.

The mode of domestication of the founder crops in Southwest Asian agriculture. In The Origin and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Euroasia edited by D. R. Harris. London: UCL Press. Pp. 14-158.

1972 Origins and Evolution in the Genus Trifolium. Botaniska Notiser 125:501-511.

1973 Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East. Geobotanica Selecta. Vol. 3. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.

Zohary, M. and D. Heller 1984 The Genus Trifolium. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of

Sciences and Humanities.

Index

A-group, 486 A-group pottery, 541 Abundance (seed-and-fruit-analysis), 545 Acacia sp., 557, 561, 586

A. ehrenbergiana, 561, 565, 569, 583, 584, 590, 596-598, 600, 605, 652, 653, 667

A. nilotica, 561, 568, 583, 586, 590, 596-600, 652, 653, 667 A. raddiana, 652, 653, 667 A. tortilis, 561, 566, 583, 590, 596-598, 600, 605

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating, 2, 3 Aiguillon droit, 64 Al Jerar, 147; see also EI Nabta/ Al Jerar Humid Interphase;

Site E-91-1; Site E-92-7 Early Neolithic, 320-321, 323-325

chronology, 321 food economy, 324-325 huts and their distribution, 322-323 lithic assemblage, 325-330 seasonality, 321 storage pits, 323

pottery, 541-542 radiocarbon dates associated with, 52-53, 55

Al Jerar occupation (horizon C); see also Site E-75-6 artifacts, 143-145 features, 142-143