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Index

aberrationchromatic, 18spherical, 18

Abowd, Gregory D., 170, 177Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational

(ACT-R), 277adaptive thresholding, 150advertising, 261

headline, 264packshot, 264wearout, 264

affordance, 195algorithmic Regions Of Interest (aROIs),

232Allopenna, Paul D., 238α cells, 22, 24alternative hypothesis, 158Anders, Geerd, 241Anderson, John R., 277Andre, Anthony D., 243APGV Conference, 201apparent motion, 34apparent movement, 33Application Program Interface (API), 86Applied Science Laboratories (ASL), 238Arbib, Michael A., 26Area V1, 16Area V2, 16Area V3, 16Asaad, Wael F., 210Ashmore, Michael, 197attention

spotlight of, 8

attentionalglue, 10window, 10

attentional feedback loop, 16Attentive User Interface, 282attenuation filter, 6AUI, 282Aula, Anne, 278

Babcock, Jason, 273Balk, Stacy A., 185Ballard, Dana H., 235, 236, 247banner blindness, 270Barth, Erhardt, 290Beale, Russell, 170, 177Bednarik, Roman, 273, 278Behavior Research Methods, Instruments,

and Computers (BRMIC), 68, 107behavioral realism, 179Bergstrom, Peter, 290Bertera, James H., 214, 227β cells, 22, 24Bhagwat, Sameer, 256bipolar cells, 19blinks, 139Bohme, Martin, 290Bojko, Aga, 273, 284Bolt, Richard, 276bottom-up model, 11boundary paradigm, 214Broadbent, Donald, 6Broberg, Daniel, 272, 278Buswell, G. T., 220Byrne, Michael D., 277

322 Index

Caird, Jeff K., 246Campfire on Perceptually Adaptive

Graphics, 300Cavender, Anna, 281cells

α, 22, 24β, 22, 24amacrine, 19bipolar, 19, 22cortical

complex, 25simple, 25

ganglion, 20, 22, 25horizontal, 19, 21inner nuclei, 20M, 23P, 23W, 22X, 22Y, 22

center-off, 22center-on, 22center-surround, 22change blindness, 247Chapman, Peter R., 244, 246Charness, Neil, 257Cheng, Daniel, 282chromatic aberration, 18Clarke, Jim, 292click-down menus, 277COGAIN, 280color vision, 36

peripheral discrimination, 38Coltekin, Arzu, 290Computer-Supported Collaborative Work

(CSCW), 275, 300cones, 18conjunction search, 226consistency, 195consumer actions, 261Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF), 29, 33Cooper, Roger M., 237corneal reflection, 54cortex

occipital, 41striate, 25

Cortical Directional Selectivity (CDS), 25Critical Fusion Frequency (CFF), 33Crundall, David E., 246

Cuddihy, Elisabeth, 284curvature of field (retina), 18

d’Ydewalle, Gery, 221Dasher, 281DeCarlo, Doug, 281deictic reference, 235, 284deixis, 282Desmet, Geert, 221DeSouza, P., 212Deutsch, J. Anthony and Deutsch, Diana, 6dictionary units, 6differentiation, 44, 138Dingliana, John, 297Directional Selectivity (DS), 25Discrete Wavelet Transform, 289Dishart, Damion C., 245DiVita, Joseph, 224Dix, Alan, 170, 177Dodge, R., 7Doll, Theodore J., 224Donder’s Law, 44Dorr, Michael, 290dorsal stream, 16Douglass, Scott, 277drift, 46driving simulator, 185Drury, Colin G., 255, 256Dual-Purkinje Image (DPI), 57Duffy, Susan A., 262, 266dwell time, 138

ECSGlasses, 282Electro-OculoGraphy (EOG), 51, 52, 59,

279Ellis, Steve, 284Enhanced Restricted Focus Viewer, 272, 278Euler angles, 74European Conference on Eye Movements

(ECEM), 68, 107Executive Process Interactive Control

(EPIC), 277experimental design

ANOVA, 167forms of inquiry, 159independent variable, 158report format, 159SEE metrics, 172statistical tests of difference, 168

Index 323

extra-ocular muscles, 41eye as a motor controlled input device, 281Eye Movement Equipment Database

(EMED), 59eye movements

accommodation, 41adaptation, 41conjugate, 44drivers’, 244five basic types, 41in the movies, 261inspectors’, 251lookahead, 236pilots’, 242vergence, 41

eye tracker calibration, 87ancillary procedures, 92errors, 153in virtual reality, 91internal calibration (2D), 92internal calibration (3D), 95problems, 88procedure, 88

eye tracker coordinatesmapping, 70measurement, 72

Eye Tracking Research & Applications(ETRA), 48, 68, 107, 260

eye tracking status window, 125eye typing, 279EyeDraw, 281eyePatterns, 233EyePliances, 282

Feature integration theory, 10, 225feedback, 195feedback circuit, 42, 45Fernie, Andrew, 241fields

receptive, 22Fillion, Stephanie, 272, 278filter

attenuation, 6selective, 6

Findlay, John M., 215, 226–228Finite Impulse Response (FIR), 141Finlay, Janet E., 170, 177, 284Fitts’ law, 197fixations, 46, 47, 138

flight simulators, 241, 286Flock Of Birds (FOB), 53, 62, 74fovea, 30

centralis, 30Foveaglyph, 290foveal mask paradigm, 214foveation, 289foveola, 30Frontal Eye Fields (FEF), 16functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(fMRI), 211

Gaddy, Catherine, 273, 284Gamlin, Paul, 211ganglion

cells, 20layer, 20

GAZE Groupware system, 284Gaze Intersection Point (GIP), 84, 96, 145gaze-aware application, 104Gaze-Contingent Display (GCD), 38, 197,

205, 213, 215, 286, 300Gazetalk, 281Gazzaniga, Michael S., 26Geisler, W. S., 286, 289Gibson, James, 5Gilchrist, I. D., 226, 228global effect, 215Goldberg, Joseph H., 283Gould, J. D., 250, 253Graeber, David A., 243Gramopadhye, Anand K., 182, 256Graphical User Interface (GUI), 86Graw, Trevor, 246Greene, Harold H., 228Greenlee, M. W., 212Greenstein, Joel, 182, 256Guan, Zhiwei, 284Guided Search, 229Gur, Moshe, 209

Hayhoe, Mary, 234–236, 247Head-Mounted Display (HMD), 61, 62, 73,

88, 90, 247, 289, 292, 297Helmet-Mounted Fiber Optic Display

(HMFOD), 286Henderson, John M., 218, 219Hickox, Joseph, 243Hierarchical Task Analysis, 178, 187

324 Index

Ho, Geoffrey, 246Hollingworth, Andrew, 218Holmes, Michael E., 269Hornof, Anthony J., 277, 281Howlett, Sarah, 298Hubel, David H., 26Hughes, Howard C., 234Human Factors and Ergonomics Society

(HFES), 260human Regions Of Interest (hROI), 232Human Visual System (HVS), 12, 15, 22,

33, 35, 229Human–Computer Interaction (HCI), 275hypothesis

alternative, 158null, 157

Idelix, 197Ihde, Steven, 199importance weightings, 6in toto, 4inattentional blindness, 270informative details, 8inner plexiform layer, 19ISCAN, 72, 210ISO 9241, 174Israelski, Edmond, 273, 284Itti, Laurent, 230, 233

Jacob, Robert, 276, 283, 284James, William, 3, 5Joint Photography Experts Group (JPEG),

286Josephson, Sheree, 269Juliano, Cornell, 284

Kagan, Igor, 209Kanizsa, 7, 207, 224Karn, Keith S., 284Keir, Jessica, 262, 266Kennedy, Alan, 216Kieras, David E., 277Kimbler, Delbert, 256KISS principle, 178, 187Kitterle, Frederick, 234Kocian, Dean, 241, 286Koivunen, Kimmo, 278Kortum, P., 286Kosslyn, Stephen M., 10

Kotval, Xerxes P., 283Kramer, Arthur F., 224Kroll, Judith F., 216

Land, Michael F., 234, 245Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN), 21–24,

26Lateral IntraParietal (LIP), 16LC Technologies, 284leaky integrator, 44Lee, Shirley, 284Leopold, D. A., 208Level Of Detail (LOD), 289, 292Levenshtein, 233Levoy, M., 293Lew, Gavin, 273, 284Lewnstein, Marion, 283Li, Dongheng, 273limbus tracking, 54Lin, Shu-Chiang, 255Linear Time-Invariant (LTI), 47Listing’s Law, 44Liu, Andrew, 250Loftus, Geoffrey R., 217Logothetis, N. K., 208Lohse, Gerald L., 263Longridge, Thomas, 241lookahead eye movements, 236Loschky, Lester, 287Luebke, David, 297

macula, 30magnocellular, 22Magnuson, James S., 238Majaranta, Paivi, 278, 280Manual Gaze Input Cascaded (MAGIC)

pointing, 199, 281Martinetz, Thomas, 290Matessa, Michael, 277Matsumoto, Ken-ichi, 278McConkie, George W., 213, 287McNamara, Ann, 221Medlin, E., 256Megaw, E. D., 253, 256Melloy, B., 256Mennie, Neil, 234mesopic, 21Mexican Hat, 22Meyer, D. E., 277

Index 325

microsaccades, 25, 46Midas Touch problem, 276Middle Superior Temporal (MST), 16, 25Middle Temporal (MT), 16, 25Miller, Earl K., 210Miller, L. A., 250, 253minutatim, 4mode awareness, 242Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), 31Molnar, F., 220Monden, Akito, 278Moore, Kristin S., 185Morimoto, Carlos, 199motion capture, 58Motion Pictures Experts Group (MPEG),

286moving window paradigm, 213Murphy, Hunter, 297myelin, 20

Nair, S., 256Nakamura, Masahide, 278National Association for Stock Car Auto

Racing (NASCAR), 267National Association for Stock Car Auto

Racing (NASCARTM), 267Necker, 224Needleman–Wunsch, 233Nielsen Norman Group, 270, 284Norman, Don, 195Noton, David, 8, 224Nozawa, George, 234null hypothesis, 157Nunes, Luis M., 249nystagmus, 47

optokinetic, 47vestibular, 47

O’Regan, Kevin, 215O’Sullivan, Carol, 221, 297occipital cortex, 23, 41oculomotor plant, 41Ohshima, Toshikazu, 292openEyes, 273optic chiasm, 23optic tract, 23Osberger, Will, 230Ottati, W. Leigh, 243outer nuclear layer, 19

outer plexiform layer, 19Ozyurt, J., 212

Parkhurst, Derrick, 273, 287parsing diagrams, 174parvocellular, 22pathways

magnocellular, 24parvocellular, 24visual, 15

Pelz, Jeff, 235, 236Percept, 290performance measures, 250peripheral color discrimination, 38Perry, J. S., 289persistence of vision, 33phi phenomenon, 33, 34Photo-OculoGraphy (POG), 51, 53photopic, 33photoreceptor, 18pick-and-place task, 235Pieters, Rik, 264, 265plaster of paris ring, 53plexiform layer

inner, 19outer, 19

Point Of Regard (POR), 51, 56, 69, 80, 87point-in-polygon, 83Pollatsek, Alexander, 217Pomplun, Marc, 221, 257, 272, 278pop-out effect, 11, 225POSIX threads, 109, 110, 117, 134Posner, Michael I., 8, 12Posterior Parietal Complex (PPC), 16Privitera, Claudio M., 232process measures, 251projections

M, 22P, 22

Pulvinar, 16Purkinje image, 54, 57

Quinn, Amy, 273, 284

Raiha, Kari-Jouko, 278, 280Rainer, Gregor, 210Ramey, Judith, 284Rantala, Harri, 278Rapid Eye Movement (REM), 11

326 Index

ray/plane intersection, 81Rayner, Keith, 213, 214, 216, 217, 227, 228,

237, 262, 266reading, 213

boundary paradigm, 214foveal mask paradigm, 214moving window paradigm, 213strategy, 215

Recarte, Miguel A., 249Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC),

29receptive fields, 22Reddy, Martin, 289, 290Region Of Interest (ROI), 232, 286Reingold, Eyal M., 257reinstrumenting, 179, 186Rele, Rachana, 270Renshaw, Tony, 284Restricted Focus Viewer, 278retinal buffer, 25Retinal Directional Selectivity (RDS), 25Retrospective Think-Aloud, 233, 284Richardson, J., 253, 256Richter, Jeff, 243Rieser, Johannes, 221rods, 18Rogriguez, Pilar Aivar, 247Root Mean Squared (RMS), 152Rosbergen, Edward, 264Rotello, Caren M., 262, 266RTA, 284Rusted, Jenny, 234Rutschmann, R., 212

saccade detectionacceleration-based, 143acceleration-based in 3D, 147dwell-time, 139velocity-based, 141velocity-based in 3D, 146

saccade main sequence, 149saccades, 42, 47, 138

center-of-gravity, 44Sadasivan, Sajay, 182saliency map, 230Santella, Anthony, 281scanpaths, 8

comparison, 174, 232scene integration problem, 7, 207

scene perception, 216perceptual span, 217schema hypothesis, 219

schema hypothesis, 219Schmieder, David E., 224Schoonard, J. W., 250, 253Scialfa, Charles T., 246scleral contact lens, 52scleral search coil, 52Scott, Neil, 283SEE metrics, 172selective filter, 6selectivity

directional, 25semicircular canals, 41SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI), 228, 266,

299Sharit, Joseph, 256Shell, Jeffreey S., 282Shinoda, Hiroyuki, 247Shoemaker, Garth, 197Sibert, Linda E., 283SIGCHI Conference, 68, 107, 260, 275, 277,

284SIGGRAPH Conference, 68, 107, 300Simulator Complexity Testbed (SCTB), 286situation awareness, 242Skaburskis, Alexander W., 282Smeets, J. B. J., 236Smith, John D., 282smooth pursuits, 45, 47, 138Snodderly, D. Max, 209Sohn, Changuk, 282Solso, Robert L., 220Spearman, William J., 185speed–accuracy tradeoff, 182, 257spherical aberration, 18spotlight of attention, 8Stampe, Dave M., 257Stanford Research Institute, 228Stark, Lawrence, 8, 178, 224, 232Starker, India, 276Steele, Jay E., 185Stewart, A. James, 282Stewart, Andrew J., 262, 266Stimson, Mark, 283string editing, 232stroboscopic motion, 34Sullivan, Bria, 247

Index 327

summation, 138Superior Colliculus (SC), 15, 16, 21,

23, 44synchronization issue, 179system integration

video signals, 62

tachistoscopic display, 214, 216, 217Tanenhaus, Michael K., 238Tanriverdi, V., 276Tarasewich, Peter, 272, 278television, 33temporal contrast sensitivity, 33the “how” of visual attention, 6the “what to do” of visual attention, 6the “what” of visual attention, 5, 16the “where” of visual attention, 5, 16Think-Aloud, 171, 179, 272

Retrospective, 284Thomas, Mel, 241Tobii Technology, 102

ET-1750, 102Linux API, 109

daimon synchronization object, 128STet CalibAnalyzeData, 113STet GazeData, 116Tet CalibAddPoint, 112Tet CalibCalculateAndSet, 112Tet CalibClear, 112Tet CalibGetResult, 112Tet CalibLoadFromFile, 112Tet CalibRemovePoints, 112Tet CalibSaveToFile, 112Tet CallbackFunction, 116Tet Connect, 111Tet Disconnect, 111Tet GetLastError, 115Tet GetLastErrorAsText, 115Tet GetSerialNumber, 115Tet Init, 111Tet PerformSystemCheck, 115Tet Start, 112Tet Stop, 112Tet SynchronizeTime, 115

Todd, Steven, 224Tole, J. R., 141Treisman, Anne, 6, 10, 225tremor, 46Triesch, Jochen, 247

Tukiainen, Markku, 273Twieg, Donald, 211

UKO II, 281Underwood, Geoffrey, 244, 246UPA Conference, 284usability

Retrospective Think-Aloud, 233usability measurement framework, 171Uwano, Hidetake, 278

Van Orden, Karl F., 224Van Rensbergen, Johan, 221Velichkovsky, Boris, 221Vembar, Deepak, 183ventral stream, 16Vertegaal, Roel, 282, 284Video-OculoGraphy (VOG), 53ViewPointer, 282Vince, John A., 292Virtual Reality (VR), 69, 74, 81, 84, 91, 256,

275, 285, 300arbitrary vector, 77gaze direction, 80gaze point, 78gaze point, parametric, 80gaze vector, 81up vector, 76view vector, 75

Virtual Reality Software and Technology(VRST), 300

visibility, 195visual acuity, 29visual angle, 29visual buffer, 10visual cortex, 23Visual Flight Rules (VFR), 243visual inspection, 182, 250visual pathways, 15visual search, 251

conjunction, 226random model, 251systematic model, 252

visuotopic, 38Von Helmholtz, Hermann, 4

Wang, Mao-Jiun J., 255Waterman, M. S., 233Watson, Ben, 289

328 Index

Web pages, 283Web search

F pattern, 187, 270, 284golden triangle, 187, 270, 284

Webb, Natalie, 284Wedel, Michel, 264, 265West, P., 212Wetzel, Paul, 241Whitaker, R., 293Whorter, Shane W., 224Wichansky, Anna, 283

William James, 3Williams, Terry, 241Wolfe, Jeremy M., 224, 226Wooding, David, 221

Yarbus, Alfred L., 8, 220, 224Yellow PagesTM , 263Young, L. R., 141

Zeki, Semir, 26Zhai, Shumin, 199, 281