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GLOSSARY

aforest (to) - to establish a forest by intervention on an area where forestvegetation has been essentially absent.allele one of a pair of characters, alternative to each other, in inheritance,governed by genes situated at the same locus in homologous chromosomes.basal area - the area of the cross section of astern at a specified (breast)height .biogeography - branch of biology that deals with the geographie distrib­ution of plants and animals.biomass - mass of living organisms, originally expressed as a mass-density(e .g. grams /sq, m.) but now sometimes expressed as calories per unit area.biosphere - the whole earth ecosystem.biotic factors - environmental influences caused by plants or animals,opposite of abiotic factors.canopy - the cover of branch and foliage formed by the crowns of trees ina forest.census - a complete enumeration and classification of a population.climax - plant community resulting after an ecological succession and inwhich further change is slow.climatic factors - light, temperature, pressure, humidity, winds and otherfeatures of climate.clump - the aggregate of sterns issuing from the same root rhizome systemwith particular reference to bamboos and the larger grasses.cohort - group with all individuals of the same age, used in constructionof life tables.Community - group of populations of plants and animals in a given place.competition - occurs when a number of organisms of the same species orof different species utilize common resources that are in short supply.competitive exclusion - principle that strongly competing species cannotco-exist indefinitely.crown - the upper branchy part of the tree above the bole.culm - the characteristie hollow and jointed stern of a bamboo or grass.deciducus - shed annually.defoliation - a reduction in the normal amount of foliage due to insect orfungal attack or other injury.deforest - to remove the tree crop from a piece of landdeterministic model - mathematieal model in which all the relationshipsare fixed and the concept of probability does not enter; a given input pro­duces one exact prediction as output, opposite of stochastic model.dominance - condition in communities or in vegetational strata in whiehone or more species, by means of their number, coverage or size, have consid-

282 Glossary

erable influence upon or control of the conditions of existence of associatedspecies.dominant - (ecologically dominant) more abundant than allowed for in arandom assortment, or competitively superior, samething also used to refermerely to the most common species.dynamies - in population ecology, the study of the reasons for changes inpopulation size, centrast with statics,eeologieal sueeession - sequential appearance of species or communities.eeosystem - biotie community and its abiotic environment, the whole earthcan be considered as one large ecosystem.eeotone - region of rapidly changing species composition at an environ­mental disjunction .endemie - (1) confined in its indigenous occurrence to a particular re­gion, (2) the normal population level of a potentially destructive species(epidemie).entropy - physicist 's term describing state of maximum disorder or ran­domness toward whieh natural systems spontaneously move .environment - all the biotic and abiotic factors that actually affect anindividual organism at any point in its life cycle.epidemie - a marked and generally rapid increase in the population of apest or agent of disease.epidemiology - study of epidemie diseases ,erosion - the removal of soil and rock material by water, wind and gravity.eutrophie - fertile.evergreen - never entirely without green foliage , leaves persisting until anew set has appeared.exotie - not native to the area in question.feeundity - an ecologieal concept based on the number of offspring pro­duced during a unit of time.floristie - refers to species composition of vegetation.food ehain - predation series linking animals to ultimate plant food.fugitive species - opportunist or r-strategist adapted to disperse awayfrom competitors.functional response - change in rate of predation with change in preydensitygenotype - entire genetic constitution of an organism, contrast with phe­notype.Habitat - the sum of effective environmental conditions under whieh anorganism lives.horne-range - wandering or feeding area of an animal.host - organism that furnishes food , shelter or both benefits to anotherorganism of a different species.

Glossary 283

k-strategy - life style in which fecundity is reduced to divert resources topersistence.limiting factors - a critically limiting resource.litter - organic debris on a forest floor, freshly fallen or only slightly decom­posed and consisting chiefly of leaves but also including track fragments,twigs etc.mortality - rate of deathniche - role or profession of an organism in the environment, its activitiesand relationships in the community.parasite - organism that benefits while feeding upon, securing shelterfrom or otherwise injuring the other organism (host), insect parasites areusually fatal to their host and behave more like verbrate predators.perennial - plant living many yearsphenology - process of constraining biological features like flowering intoparticular times of year or day as apart of a system of co-evolution.phenotype - expression of the characteristic of an organism as determinedby the interaction of its genetic constitution and the environment, centrastwith genotype

plankton - drifting organisms of open water, mostly small to microscopic.population - group of individuals of a single species.

Quadrat - a small field study unit or sample area, usually a sq. meter insize, established for the purpose of detailed observation.

recruitment - increment to a natural populations, usually from younganimals or plants entering the adult population.self-regulation - process of population regulation in which populationincrease is prevented by a deterioration in the quality of individuals thatmake up the population, population regulation by adjustments within thepopulation rather than by external forces such as predators.senescence - process of aging.sessile - attached to an object or fixed, e.g. barnacles.

sociobiology - the study of how selection for individual fitness leads togroup or social phenomena.Stability - absence of fluctuations in the population, ability to withstandperturbations without large changes in composition.

standing crop - biomass present at the time of sampling.statics - in population ecology, the study of the reasons of equilibriumconditions or average values, centrast with dynamics.

stochastic models - mathematical model based on probabilities, the pre­diction of the model is not a single fixed number but a range of possiblevalues, opposite to deterministic model.

284 Glossary

succession - replacement of one kind of community by another kind, theprogressive changes in vegetation and animallife that may culminate in thec1imax.Transect - a line, belt, strip or profile as a vegetation, chosen for studyand charting.trophic level - functional c1assification of organisms in a community ac­cording to feeding relationship. The first trophic level inc1udes plants, thesecond herbivore and so on.ultimate factors - in evolutionary terms, the survival value of the adap­tation in question, the evolutionary reason for the adaptation; opposite ofproximate factors .undergrowth - the lowest stratum of woody and other vegetation abovethe ground cover.vector - organism (often an insect) that transmits a pathogenic virus,bacterium, fungus etc. from one organism to another.yield - may mean net production or any harvestable portion of net pro­duction according to context.

Aabundance 152, 162, 163- estimate 95, 118, 127, 146- species 154-179,216,217- relative 155, 169-71,176,180age 197-199 ,201- structure 25, 33, 195-197,206- distribution 28- classes 25, 202, 204,205- composition 128- length-key 135- at recruitment 137Bbinomial 46, 120, 122, 238 , 239,241 ,260,261- negative 101, 148, 156, 157biomass 4, 108, 186, 190, 198, 200CCapture 95, 117, 127- photographs as 144- probability 121, 150Carrying capacity 12-15 , 66, 68,73,80Catchability- homogeneous 119- coefficient 136Chaos 19,22Characteristic- equation 28-30, 81- root 28-30, 58, 80- vector 28-31, 206Co-existence 2, 63 - 69Community 6,153 , 177, 180, 199- matrix 79-81, 93Competition 63, 230 , 252 , 264- avoidance 64

Index

285

- interspecific 65,69, 71- intra specific 65,69- scramble 16-18Competitive exclusion 63-69Conservation(ist) 2, 53, 95, 140,169, 174, 177-179contest 16-18,242, 247, 248Ddensity (Population) 4, 183, 184- dependent (ce) 12,20,31,55,59,207- independent 12, 55detection (sighting) function 109,115, 148- exponential 110deterministic 4, 22,43-46, 55, 207,210,212discoun t rate 194, 195, 208dynamic(s) /(al) 5, 47, 204, 215,231 260Eecosystem 2, 63, 140, 154encounter 155, 158, 160, 166, 167,213, 219-224, 231-235, 261environment(al) 2, 12,64,130,153,201, 208,210- gradient 1equilibrium 5, 13, 19, 20, 66-93,173,187-194,199,200,250,252- Nash 247, 248, 264escapment fraction 202, 204, 209ESS 247-259Evolution(ary) 2, 11, 14,46, 159,240, 249, 257exponential

286 INDEX

- distribution 97 103 105 226, , , ,258- decay 74, 117, 134,196, 197, ,229- detection function 110, 148- growth 10, 74, 80, 93, 202exctinction 1, 52-55Fforaging 260, 212, 215, 219, 221­226, 235, 242functional response 82-85Ggame theory 242, 247, 248generalist 215, 218growth rate 3, 10, 12, 15, 22-23,34,55,76,87,129,188-190,200Hhabitat 3, 14, 173, 178, 179Hamiltonian 227handling time 213, 214, 219, 260Iisocline 66-90LLeslie Matrix model 26, 201, 205Linear Programming 203, 204, 217,218Logistic (groth/model/equatlon) 5,12-21,25,56,80187-189,194,198,208, 239Mmarginal value theorem 223mixed strategy 244, 245, 250-257MSY 186-191, 195, 201, 208multinomial distribution 160Nniche 184Normal distribution 54, 133, 159,225- half 117- mixture 132- multivariate 141- Log 159o

Optimal 188-, 213­PPoisson distribution 88,95,96, 100,116, 155, 213, 226Pontryagin maximization principle(PMP) 226, 227present value 193prudent (strategy) 185, 193pure strategy 246-259Rrarity 165-167, 178recruit(ment) 123, 131, 137, 195,209refugium 93, 200, 201renewable 185, 195, 208(non) - 154SSelection- natural 1, 11, 14, 159, 211, 230- r, k 14- random 166specialist (as against generalist ) 215,218stage structure 5, 32stationary (population) 28, 37stochastic 43, 53, 55, 208, 231surviv(al)( orship) 7, 17,26,32-39 ,53, 198, 205, 215, 231-235, 242,260sustainable 186, 188,207-209,211symbiosis 71

THEORY AND DECISION LIBRARY

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2. J.K. Sengupta: Stochastic Optimization and Economic Models. 1986ISBN 90-277-2301-X

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lysis. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2592-69. B.R. Munier (ed.): Risk, Decision and Rationality. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2624-8

10. F. Seo and M. Sakawa: Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis in Regional Planning.Concepts, Methods and Applications. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2641-8

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nomic Continuity. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1713-020. H. Bandemer and W. Näther: Fuzzy Data Analysis. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1772-621. A.G. Sukharev: Minimax Models in the Theory ofNumerical Methods . 1992

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1994 ISBN 0-7923-3031-530. M. Grabisch, H.T. Nguyen and E.A. Walker: Fundamentals ofUncertainty Calculi with

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Interaction Processes. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3192-332. U. Höhle and E.P. Klement (eds.): Non-Classical Logics and Their Applications to

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33. M. Wygralak: VaguelyDefined Objects. Representations, Fuzzy Sets and NonclassicalCardinality Theory. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3850-2

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