References

Alami, E., Beinert, G., Marie, P, and Zana, R. 1993. Alkanediyl-alpha-omega-

bis(dimethylammonium bromide) surfactants. 3. Behavior at the air water inter-

face. Langmuir, 9, 1465-1467.

Alami, E., Levy, H., Zana, R., and Skoulious, A. 1994. Alkanediyl-alpha-

omega-bis(dimethylammonium bromide)surfactants. 2. Structure of the lyotropic

mesophases in the presence of water. Langmuir, 10, 1140-1145.

Arakawa, J., and Pethica, B. A. 1980. Micellization in aqueous solutions of monoalkyl

phosphate salts. Journal of Colloid Interface Sci. 75, 441-450.

Boda, Z. P., Hans-Peter, H, Kathrina, L., and Markus, A. 2000. New Cationic Surfac-

tants with Sulfonium Headgroups. Langmuir, 16, 3214-3220.

Bradley, J. B., Lee, E. M., Thomas, R. K., Willatt, J., and Ward, R. C. 1988. Adsorption

at the liquid studied by means of specular reflection of neutrons. Langmuir, 4,

821-826.

Buijnsters, P., Rodriguez, C., Feiters, M., and Zwanenburg, B. 2002. Cationic gemini

surfactants based on tartaric acid: Synthesis, aggregation, monolayer behavior, and

interaction with DNA. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 8, 1397-1406.

Bunton, C., Robinson, L., Schaak, J., and Stam, M. 1971. Catalysis of nucleophilic

substitutions by micelles of dicationic detergents. Journal of Organic Chemistry,

36, 2346-2350.

161

Buzzacchi, M., Schmiedel, P., and Rybinski, W. V. 2006. Dynamic surface tension of

surfactant systems and its relation to foam formation and liquid drainage on solid

surface. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 273,

47-54.

Camesano, T. A., and Nagarajan, R. 2000. Micelle formation and CMC of Gemini

Surfactants: A Thermodynamic model. Colloids and Surfactants: A, 167, 165-

177.

Castro, M., Kovensky, J., and Cerelli, A. F. 1997. Tetrahedron Lett. 38, 3995-3998.

Castro, M., Kovensky, J., and Cerelli, A. 2002. Family of nonionic gemini surfactants.

Determination and analysis of interfacial properties. Langmuir, 185, 2571-2482.

Cheah, O., and Cilliers, J. J. 2005. Foaming of aerosol af solutions at low concentration

using a continuous plunging jet method. Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physiochemical

and Engineering Aspects, 263, 347-353.

Clint, J. H. 1975. Micellization of mixed nonionic surface active agents. Journal of

Chemical Society Faraday Trans. I 71, 1327-1334.

De, S., Aswal, V. K., Goyal, P. S., and Bhattacharya, S. 1999. Characterization of new

gemini surfactant micelles with phosphate headgroups by SANS and flurescence

spectroscopy. Chemical Physics Letters, 303, 295-303.

Deamer, D. W., and Pashley, R. M. 1989. Origins Life. Evol. Biosphere, 19, 21.

Diamant, H., and Andelmann, D. 1994. Dimeric surfactants: Spacer chain conformation

and specific area at the interface. Langmuir, 10, 2910-2916.

Diamant, H., and Andelmann, D. 1995. Dimeric surfactants: A simplified model for

spacer chain. Langmuir, 11, 3605-3606.

Esumi, K., Taguma, K., and Koide, Y. 1996. Aqueous properties of multichain quater-

nary cationic surfactants. Langmuir, 12, 4039-4041.

162

Fainerman, V. B. 1991. Kinetics of adsorption of ionic surfactants at the solution air

interface and the nature of adsorption barrier. Colloids abd Surfaces, 57, 240-266.

Fainerman, V. B., and Miller, R. 1994. The measurement of dynamic surface tension by

the maximum bubble pressure method. Colloid Polymer Science, 272, 731-739.

Fainermann, V. B., Malkievski, A. V., and Miller, R. 1998. Surfactant adsorption

isotherms considering molecular reorientation or aggregation at Liquid/Fluid in-

terfaces. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 14, 373-407.

Fielden, M. L., Perrin, C., Kremer, A., Bergsma, M., and Engberts, J. B. 2001. Sugar

based tertiary amino gemini surfactants with a vesicle to micelle transition in the

endosomal pH range mediate efficient transfection in vitro. European Journal of

Biochemistry. 268, 1269-1279.

Frese, C., Ruppert, S., Fainerman, V. B., and Miller, R. 2004. Adsorption dynamics

of micellar solutions of mixed anionic cationic surfactant system. Colloids and

Surfaces, A: Physiochemical and Engineering Aspects, 239, 33-40.

Frindi, M., Michels, M., Levy, B., and Zana, R. 1994. Alkanediyl-alpha-omega-

bis(dimethyl ammonium bromide) surfactants. 4. Ultrasonic Absorption studies

of amphiphile exchange between micelles and bulk phase in a aqueous micellar

solution. Langmuir, 10, 1140-1145.

Gao, T., and Rosen, M. J. 1994. Dynamic surface tension of aqueous solutions. Com-

pounds containing two hydrophobic groups and their mixtures with other surfac-

tants. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society. 71, 771-778.

Garret, P. R. 1993. Recent development in the understanding of foam ggeneration and

stability. Chemical Enginnering and Science, 48, 367-397.

Hansjorg, E. J., Mcintyre, J. O., Eduard, A. M. F., and Sidney, F. 1983. Synthesis of

labeled phospholipids in high yield. Methods in Enzymol, 98, 623-632.

163

Hassan, P., Bhagwat, S. S., and Manohar, C. 1995. Micellization and adsorption of

behavior of binary surfactant mixtures. Langmuir, 11, 470-473.

Hua, X. Y., and Rosen, M. J. 1998. Dynamic surface tension of aqueous surfactant

solution. 1. Basic parameters. Journal of Colloid and Interfacial Science. 124,

652-659.

Hua, Y., and Rosen, M. J. 1988. Dynamic surface tension of aqueous surfactant solu-

tions. Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 124, 652-659.

Imokawa, G., and Tsutsumi, H. 1978. Surface activity and cutaneous effects of

monoalkyl phosphate surfactants. Journal of American Oils Chemists Society, 55,

839-843.

James Smith, M. A., Shekhawat, D., and Shah, D. O. 2007. Importance of micellar

lifetime and submicellar aggragates in detergency processes. Tenside, Surfactants,

Detergents, 44, 142-154.

Jian-Guo, M., Boyd, B. J., and Brummond, C. J. 2006. Positional isomers of linear

sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate. Solubility, self-assembly and air/water inter-

facial activity. Langmuir, 22, 8846-8654.

Kalekar, M. S., and Bhagwat, S. S. 2006. Dynamic behavior of surfactants in solution.

Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 27, 1027-1034.

Kalekar, M. S., and Bhagwat, S. S. 2007. Effect of Additives on the Dynamic Behavior

of surfactants in solution. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 28: 907-

911.

Li, R., and Tracy, D. J. 1999. Anionic gemini surfactants and methods for their prepa-

ration. US Patent 5,952,290.

Lu, E., Lee, R., Thomas, J., Penfold, S., and Flitsch. 1993. Direct determination by

neutron reflection of the structure of triethylene glycol monodecyl ether layers at

the air/water interface. Langmuir, 9, 1352-1360.

164

Lu, J. R. et al. 1997. Structure of monolayers of monodecyl dodecaethylene glycol at

the air water interface studied by neutron reflection. Journal of Physical Chemistry

B., 101, 10332-10339.

Ludlum, D. B. 1956. Micelle formation in solutions of some isomeric detergents. The

Journal of Physical Chemistry, 60, 1240-1244.

Menger, F. M., and Littau, C. A. 1991. Gemini surfactants synthesis and properties.

Journal of American Chemical Society, 113, 1451-1452.

Menger, F. M., and Littau, C. A. 1993. Gemini Surfactants A new class of Self Assem-

bling Molecules. Journal of American Chemical Society, 115, 10083-10090.

Menger, F. M., and Peresypkin, A. 2001. A combinatorially derived structural phase

diagram for Zwitterionic Geminis. Journal of American Chemical Society, 123,

5614-5615.

Menger, F. M., Keiper, J. S., and Azov, V. 2000. Gemini surfactants with acetylenic

spacers. Langmuiur, 16, 2063-2067.

Mittal, K. L. 1979. Solution Chemistry of Surfactants. Plenum, New York vol. 1 and 2.

Myers, D. 1988. Surfactant Science and Technology. VCH, New York.

Nagayama, M., Okumura, O., Yaquchi, K., and Mori, A. 1974. The reaction of aplpha-

olefins and epoxyalkanes with the dimethyl sulphide sulhur trioxide complex. Bul-

letin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 47, 2473-2475.

Nametz, R. C. 1970. Flame-Retarding Synthetic Textile Fibres. Industrial Engineering

and Chemistry 62, 41-53.

Ogino, M., and Abe, K. 1993. Mixed surfactant Systems. Marcel Dekker, New York.

Patist, A., Axelberd, T., and Shah, D. O. 1998. Effect of long chain alcohols on micel-

lar relaxation time and foaming properties of sodium dodecyl sulphate solutions.

Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 208, 259-265.

165

Powale, R. S., Andheria, A. P., Maghrabi, S. S., and Bhagwat, S. S. 2005. A novel

method for evaluating foam properties. Journal of Dispersion Science and Tech-

nology. 26, 597-603.

Prizomic, M. S. 2005. Effect of the spacer chain length on the association and adsorp-

tion behavior of dissymetric gemini surfactants. Journal of Colloid and Interface

Science, 68, 268-271.

Reymond, L. B. 1971. Dynamic surface tension with the maximum bubble pressure

method. Journal of Colloid Interace Science. 35, 238-248.

Rosen, M. J. 1978. Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomenon. Wiley, New York.

Rosen, M. J. 1989. Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomenon. John Wiley and Sons,

New York, 2.

Rosen, M. J. 2004. Surfactant and interfacial Phenomenon, 3rd edition. John Wiley

and Sons, NJ,.

Rosen, M. J., and Gao, T. 1995. Dynamic surface tension of aqueous surfactant so-

lutions 5. Mixtures of different charge type surfactants. Journal of Colloid and

Interfacial Science. 173, 42-48.

Rosen, M. J., Mathias, J., and Davenport, L. 1999. Aberrant aggregation behavior in

cationic gemini surfactants investigated by surface tension, interfacial tension, and

fluorescence methods. Langmuir, 15, 7340-7346.

Rosen, M. J. abd Hua, X. Y. 1982. Surface concentration and molecular interactions

in binary mixtures of surfactants. Journal of Colloid and Interfacial Science 86,

164-172.

Rubingh, D. N. 1979. Solution Chemistry of Surfactants,. Plennum Press, New York

Vol. 1, 337.

Schramm, L. L., Stariak, E. N., and Marangoni, D. G. 2003. Surfactants and their

applications. Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem. Sect. C. 99, 3-48.

166

Schulz, P. C. 1976. Ph.D. thesis, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahia Blanca, Ar-

gentina.

Seredyuk, V., and Holmberg, K. 2001. Stabilization of Latex by Heterogemini Surfac-

tants. Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 241, 524-528.

Shah, D. O. 1998. Effect of antifoaming agents on the micellar stability and foamability

of sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions. Langmuir, 15, 3042-3044.

Sheikh, M. S., Kabiruddin, and Dar, A. A. 2011. Synergistic interaction of Gemini sur-

factant pentanediyl-1,5-bis(dimethylcetylammonium bromide) with conventional

(ionic and nonionic) surfactants and its impact on the solubilization pentanediyl-

1,5-bis(dimethylcetylammonium bromide) with conventional (ionic and nonionic)

surfactants and its impact on the solubilization. Colloids and Surfaces A: Phys-

iochem. Engg. Aspects 378, 60-66.

Shukla, D., and Tyagi, V. K. 2008. Synthesis and properties of geminis with two alkyl

and two phosphate headgroups. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technol-

ogy, 110, 579-580.

Sikiri, M., Primo, I., and Talmon, I. Y. amd Filipovi Vincekovi, N. J. 2002. Adsorption

and association in aqueous solutions of dissymetric gemini surfactant. Journal of

Colloid and Interface Science, 250, 221-229.

Singh, R. R. 2012. Studies in Interfacial Science: Dynamic Aspects. Ph.D. thesis,

Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India.

Steytler, D. C., Rumsey, E., and Thorpe, M. 2001. Phosphate surfactants for water-in-

CO2 microemulsions. Langmuir, 17, 7948-7950.

Sugimoto, M., Shibahara, K., Kurosawa, H., and Ikeda, I. 1996. Bilayer formation

and it’s spectral behavior of double chain amphiphiles having cinnamate units.

Langmuir, 12, 2775-2790.

167

Suradkar, Y. R., and Bhagwat, S. S. 2006. CMC determination of an odd carbon chain

surfactant (C13E20) mixed with other surfactants using a spectrophotometric tech-

nique. Journal of Chemical Engineering Data 51, 2026-2031.

Thomas, S. W., and Penfold, J. 1996. Apparent anomalies in surface excesses deter-

mined from neutron reflection and the gibbs equation in anionic surfactants with

particular reference to perfluorooctanoates at the air/water interface. Langmuir, 12,

2446-2453.

Tikariha, D., Ghosh, K. K., Barbero, N., Quagliotto, P., and Ghosh, S. 2011. Micel-

lization properties of mixed cationic gemini and cationic monomeric surfactants in

aqueous-ethylene glycol mixture. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physiochemical and

Engineering Aspects 381, 61-69.

Tracy, D. J., and Reierson, L. R. 2002. Commercial synthesis of monoalkyl phosphates.

Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 5, 2 DOI:10.1007/s11743-002-218-9.

Tyagi, P., and Tyagi, R. 2011. Synthesis and physico-chemical properties of novel

dialkyl diphosphate gemini surfactants based on octadecanol. European Journal

of Lipid Science and Technology, 113, 843-855.

Wang, X. Y., Zhang, L., Gong, Q. T., Zhang, L., Luo, L., Li, Z. Q., Zhao, S., and Yu,

J. Y. 2009. Study on foaming properties and dynamic surface tension of sodium

branched-alkyl benzene sulphonates. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technol-

ogy, 30;137-143.

Zana, R. 2002a. Behavior at interfaces and in aqueous solution: a review. Advances in

Colloid and Interface Science, 97, 205-253.

Zana, R. 2002b. Dimeric (gemini) surfactants: Effect of the spacer group on the associ-

ation behavior in aqueous solution. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 248,

203-220.

168

Zana, R., and Levy, H. 1997. Alkanediyl-alpha-omega-bis(dimethylammonium bro-

mide) surfactants. 2. Structure of the lyotropic mesophases in the presence of wa-

ter. Colloids Surfactants:A, 127, 229-232.

Zana, R., and Talmon, Y. 1991. Dependence of aggregate morphology on structure of

dimeric surfactant. Nature, 360, 228-230.

Zana, R., and Xia, J. 2005. GEMINI SURFACTANTS: Synthesis, Interfacial and

Solution-phase behavior and applications: Surfactant Science Series Vol.112. pg.

296. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.

Zana, R., Benrroan, M., and Rueff, R. 1991. Alkanediyl-alpha, omega-

bis(dimethylalkylammonium bromide) Surfactants. 1. Effect of the spacer chain

length on the critical micelle concentration and micelle ionization degree. Lang-

muir, 7,1072-1075.

Zhu, Y. P., Masuyame, A., and Okahara, M. 1991. Preparation and Surface-active

properties of new amphipathic compounds with two phosphate groups and two

long chain alkyl groups. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 68, 268-271.

169

Synopsis

170