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Middlesex Polytechnic (mimeo).

245


Painter, K. (1989a) Lighting and Crime Prevention For Community Safety: The Tower Hamlets Study First Report, Middlesex Polytechnic (mimeo).

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248

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249


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250

References

Young, R. (1994b) 'Stores Struggle to Stem Tide of Theft', The Times, 18th February.

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Zimring, F. and Hawkins, G. (1973) Deterrence: The Legal Threat in Crime Control, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Index

Ackroyd, Keith 37,38 Ahuja, A. 20,22 Alcohol 45,47-48, 88-91

see also public drunkenness APEX 109 Arlidge, J. 168 Armstrong, G. and Hobbs, D. 162 Arrests 37-39,90,117,121-122,181-

184 see also closed circuit television (CCTV); crime prevention

Asda 10,216 Ashworth, J. 169 Assault

See violent crime Assessed Companies Scheme 126 Association for Payment and Clearing

Services (APACS) 38 Association of Chief Police Officers

(ACPO) 87,114-115,129-130,134, 137,195 see also police

Association of District Councils 130 Association of Metropolitan Authorities

130 Association of Town Centre

Management (ATCM) and Environment Committee 57, 148-149,228 and threatened town centres 19 and town-centre partnerships 57, 149,151 as source of information 3 failure to prioritise security 53-54, 55, 83-84,91,146-147,152,227 findings directed to 2

membership and objectives of 57-58,213 need to prioritise security 148,150 raising profile of 146-150, 227 security as part of development 155 see also Donaldsons and Healey & Baker; Town Centre Management; town-centre managers; town centres

Atkins, S. 56, 214 Atkins, S. et al 216 Audit Commission 105,107 Autoglass 185 Automobile Association (AA) 15,44, 87 Avoidance behaviour

and car parks 63-64 and CCTV 230 and fear of crime 41-45 and migration from town centres 83,113,114 and previous research 4,47-53,55-56,69-70,88,112 and pubs and clubs 63-64 and security shutters 206 implications for Association of Town Centre Management 53,54, 57-58,148 implications for British Council of Shopping Centres 57-58 in shopping centres 63-64 in town centres 63-64,83 see also crime threats to safe shopping; fear of crime; nuisance threats to safe shopping; pollution threats to safe shopping; town centres


Bagnall, S. 10,11,23 Baltic Exchange 169 Bamfield, J. 38,39 Banning troublemakers

and exclusion orders 120 and identity cards 118-119 and managers' comments 118,119, 150,185 civil v criminal law 120-121 rights of entry and revocation 89, 93-94,117-118 unfettered discretion of security guards 119-120 use of police photographs 121-122, 183,184 see also threatening youths

Barker, M., et al 93 Barr, R. and Lawes, H. 216 Bassett, P. 24 Baumer, T. and Rosenbaum, D. 45 Beck, A. and Willis, A. 40,46,52,56, 69,

87,163,179,180,181,183,190,191, 192,193

Beck, A. et al 26,40, 209 Beggars 29-32,47,60-63, 67,71,76-81,

88,122-123, 208 see also nuisance threats to safe shopping

Bell, S. 40 Bellos, A. 214 Bennett, T. 140 Bennetto, J. 134 Benyon, J. etal8, 111 Bernoth, A. 10,11,14 Berrington, L. and Ford, R. 41,166 Beyleveld, D. 181 Bishopsgate 169 Blackman, N. 210 Blair, 1.108,126 Board of Trade 126 Boots 147,151,155, 228 Bottoms, A. and Wiles, P. 68 Box, S. et al 44 Brearley, N. et al 208, 215 Brent Cross 12,170 Brink's-Mat 40

British Council of Shopping Centres (BCSC) and town-centre management 149 and use of CCTV 170,174,186,198 as source of information 3 findings directed to 2 membership and objectives 56-58 see also shopping-centre managers; shopping centres

British Crime Survey (BCS) 1982 survey 42 1984 survey 42-43,94 1988 survey 92-93 1992 survey 6-7, 26,43, 85,91-92 1994 survey 6-7 and motor-vehicle crime 84-85 and violent crime 91-93 limitations of 35-36

British Parking Association (BPA) 87 British Property Federation 153 British Retail Consortium (BRC)

and security shutters 205 importance of retail crime surveys 38-39 Retail Crime Costs 1992/93 Survey 36-38, 209 Retail Crime Costs 1993/94 Survey 39,179-180,190 Retail Crime Initiative 1-2,29 see also crime threats to safe shopping; retail sector

British Security Industry Association (BSIA) 3,8,109,126-128,163,172

British Urban Regeneration Association (BURA) 213 see also town centres

Broadbent, D. 189 Brown, P. 20,22,148,154,217 Bryne, C. and Bernoth, A. 13 Budgens 41 Bulger, James 165-166,184,186 Bulos, M. 163,167,169,185 Burden, T. and Murphy, L. 216 Burglary

and CCTV 172 and criminal statistics 36 and policing 104,105,106,138

254

Index

and retail crime studies 7, 37-40, 50-51, 209 and security shutters 202, 207, 208, 211 and street lighting 215-216 ignored in retail context 6,29, 36 see also ram-raids

Burne, J. 180,183 Burrell, I. and Levy, A. 131,132 Burrows, J. 9,185 Burrows, J. and Speed, M. 9,36,39,110,

112,117,207,209 Business-related crime 6,7,35-36, 39-

40, 46, 50,172,180, 207 Buskers 29-32,60-63,76-81

see also nuisance threats to safe shopping

Button, M. and George, B. 108,131

C&A18 Cahill, M. 9 Camera Watch 169 Cameron Hall 12 Campbell, D. 98,109-110,125,126,138,

169 Capital Shopping Centres (CSC) 13 Car crime

See car parking; crime threats to safe shopping; motor vehicle crime

Car parking and avoidance behaviour 44, 63-64 and CCTV 162,167,168,169,171, 172,173,174,185-186 and contrasting managers' views 87 and owners liable for negligence 87-88 and police tasks 106 and retail parks 15 and 'secured' scheme 87 as part of customer service 58,86 Environment Committee 21, 86, 87 government ambivalence towards 86 in shopping centres 85-88 in town centres 20, 21, 48, 54, 85-88 see also motor vehicle crime

Care Security Services 139

Carr, G. 172 Cassidy, Michael 169 Casson, J. 128 Causer, D. 165 CCTV Manufacturers and Distributors

Association (CCTV MDA) 163 CCTV Today 163 Chelsfield 13 Church Commissioners 12 CIN Properties v Rawlins and Others 71 -

72,117-118 City Challenge 149,153 Clark, M. 11 Clarke, R. and Hough, M. 104,105 Closed circuit television (CCTV)

abuse by management 192-193 abuse by operators 98,193-194 and capital costs 166,167-169,174, 175,176,187, 229 and codes of practice 192,194-195 and data protection 195-196 and detection 174,180-184,186, 188.197, 229 and deterrence 174,180-181,184, 197,229 and displacement 180,184-186 and Home Office guide 171,173, 175,176,179,180,184,187,188, 190,195,197,199 and market size 163-164,166-167, 171 as part of security industry 109 and planning applications 162,196 and real-time monitoring 186-189, 197-199,230 and recurrent costs 166,171,173, 175,176,187,229 and 'security wish fulfilment' 166, 180.198, 229 and tragic events 165-166 and undercurrent of public anxiety 192 appeal of the camera policeman 165 customers' awareness of 98,100-101,157,158-159

255


customers' views on acceptability 98,102,157,160 developments in 164-165,169-170, 182,189 evaluation of 171-177,180,196-198, 229-231 examples of use 167-170,174 government support for 20,162, 163,169 impact on customers 189,190-191, 230 impact on retail staff 189-190,191, 192-193,230 managers' views on effectiveness 98,101-102,157,159 managers' views on use 97, 99-100, 158 omnipresent in public places 162, 167,171 retail investment in 40 widespread support for 5,49,103, 160-162,179-180,184,190-191, 193,196-197,198-199,228,230

Cohen, N. 130,133 Cohen, S. 104 Collett, B. 40 Condon, Sir Paul 139 Consumers' Association 15, 87 Cooper, G. 175 Cornish, D. and Clarke, R. 184 Cowe,R. 10,11,20 Crime prevention

and fear of crime 41-42 and Local Government Act 1972 90 and police 'mug shots' 121-122 and police tasks 106-107,140 and use of CCTV 161,162,163, 170,171,172,174,184,192,197, 198 and violence and drunkenness 88, 91-92 and detecting crime 37,40,104, 108,122,161,165,169,170,172, 173,174,180-186,190,194, 229-230 and deterring crime 95,98,125, 140,157,165,169,170,172,174,

180-186,190,197, 205, 208, 209, 214,215,229-230 and displacement 71,89, 91,118, 180-186, 208, 210, 229-230 business surveys of 39-40,110 Home Office studies in 3, 7

Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 163

Crime threats to safe shopping and actual victimisation 64-66,67-68 and avoidance behaviour 41-42,45, 55-56, 63-64, 68-70 and BCS data 35-36 ' and criminal statistics 35-36 and decline of the high street 18-19 and fear of crime 41-45 and previous research on 45-54 and retailers as victims 36-41 and security implications 56-58, 219-223 and witnessed victimisation 64-65 a neglected field of study 6-9 comparison between customers and managers 75,81-83 costs of 36-41,50-52, 69,112,136 customers' views on seriousness 60-63, 66-67 customers' worries about victimisation 59-60, 66-67 definitions of 29-32,55 design and sample 25-29 explaining differences in town centres and shopping centres 70-72 managers' views on frequency 75, 76-79, 81 managers' views on seriousness 75, 79-81 see also drug-related crime; motor vehicle crime; public drunkenness; threatening youths; violent crime

Criminal damage 31,37,38,84, 88,174 see also crime threats to safe shopping; graffiti; vandalism

Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 93,120,163

256

Criminal statistics limitations of 35-36, 68-69 national figures 35-36 neglect of retail sector in 35-36 see also British Crime Survey (BCS); British Retail Consortium (BRC); crime threats to safe shopping; International Crime Survey

Crossley, J. and Murray, 1.10,12,13,18, 19

Customers See avoidance behaviour; crime threats to safe shopping; nuisance threats to safe shopping; pollution threats to safe shopping; retail sector

Customer theft 37,38,39,46,50, 65,67, 94,96,117,120-121

Data Protection Act 1984 195 Data protection and CCTV 195-196 Data Protection Registrar 195 Davidson, N. and Goodey, J. 216 Davies, S. 162,163,166,167,168,179,

183,191,193,194 Debenhams 151 Defensible space

and CCTV 165 and street lighting 215-216

Department of Education 162 Department of the Environment 11-12,

18,19, 22-23,148,162,168, 212, 213, 214, 231-232 see also closed circuit television (CCTV); security shutters; town centres

Department of the Environment Urban and Economic Development Group (URBED) 11-12,18,19, 213

Distributive Trades Economic Development Committee 18

Dixons Stores Group 18,40,108,115, 209

Dogs fouling streets 29-32, 60-63, 76-81

see also pollution threats to safe shopping

Dolan,L. andSivell, G. 11 Donaldsons and Healey & Baker 46,

53-54, 55, 57, 83-84,91,114,147, 149,151,152,153 see also Association of Town Centre Management (ATCM); Town Centre Management

Doran, M. 182 Drug-related crime

and decriminalisation 93 and policing of 93-94,112 customers' views on seriousness 60-63 managers' views on frequency 76-79 managers' views on seriousness 79-81 see also crime threats to safe shopping

Drunks See nuisance threats to safe shopping; public drunkenness

Drury, I. 84, 87,168,173,191 DTZ Debenham Thorpe 12 Duce, R. 41 Dundee Contracts Limited 86 Durham, P. 175 Dutta, R. and Ford, R. 108

Edwards, P. and Tilley, N. 162,167,168, 169,171,173,174,175,177,179, 180,183,184,187,188,190,195, 197,199 see also closed circuit television (CCTV)

Ekblom, P. 40 Ekblom, P. and Simon, F. 40 Ellam, D. 41 Employee theft

See staff dishonesty English Heritage 20 Enrolled Companies Scheme 126 Environment Committee

See House of Commons Erlichman, J. 10

257


European CEN Technical Committee 211

Ezard, J. 20

Fear of crime and customers' avoidance behaviour 63-64, 68-70 and customers' concerns 59-60, 66-67 and general studies 41-45 and retail studies 45-54,55

Fennell, E. 13 Firearms 49,50 Fishman, R. 18 Fly-posting 46,204,208 Ford, Richard 44,71,84,105,106,107,

140,169 Ford, Roger 167 Forrester, D. et al 184,185 Forum of Private Business 39-40 Foster, J. 181,185,208 Fraud 38, 40,118,130 Frean, A. 40 French, David 108,114

Gallup 105,115 Gangs 31, 43, 50, 96

see also threatening youths Gardner, C. and Sheppard, J. 16,17, 213 General Accident 172,181 George, Bruce, MP 110,130-131 George, B. and Button, M. 110,131 Gibbons, S. 115,127,129 Gilchrist, S. 10,11,20,216 Gill, M. 7 Glasgow Crime Survey Team 216 Glaskin, M. 164 Gledhill, R. and Wilkinson, P. 12 Gottfredson, M. 43 Graffiti 29-32,44,50, 60-63, 66, 76-81,

204,206,208,211,215 see also crime threats to safe shopping

Greenwood, L. 214 Greig, G. 17 Grigsby, J. 20,150,151,153 Groombridge, N. and Murji, K. 176

258

Group 4 127,170 Gummer, John, MP 20-22,23,148,154,

216-217 Guy, C. 9

Hamilton, K. and Bernoth, A. 10 Harlow, J. 85 Harris, D. 109 Harris, S. 210, 211 Harrower, Jim 127 Harvey Nichols 20 Hawkes, N. 12,16,17 Heal, K. and Laycock, G. 185 Heal, K. et al 105 Hearnden, K. 172,180,181 Hellewell v Chief Constable of Derbyshire

121,183 Hennessey, S. 185,168 Herbert, D. and Moore, L. 216 Hibberd, M. and Shapland, J. 40 High street

See retail sector; town centres Hillier Parker 22 Hinde, S. 14,15 Hobson, R. 13,19,23,109,170,173,174 Hoddinott, John 114-115,129-130 Hollinger, R. 50 Home Affairs Committee

See House of Commons Home Office

and criminal statistics 35, 84 and private security industry 109, 132,133-134,136 and retrenchment in policing 104-107,111,112 BCS and fear of crime 41-45 business and retail crime figures 36, 37,40,46,47,88

Honess, T. and Charman, E. 98,161, 162,171,179,192

Horsnell, M. 40,108 Hosking, P. 14 Hough, M. and Mayhew, P. 42-43 Houghton, G. 84 House of Commons

Select Committee on Home Affairs 3,4,98,111,125,128,129,130,

Index

131-133,134,137,172,192, 224, 225 Select Committee on the Environment 2,3,13,57,58, 86, 87, 148,149,151,153,154,192, 215, 228

Humphreys, Abbie 186

Illegal street vendors 32,60-63, 76-81 see also nuisance threats to safe shopping

Information Protection & Management Consultants 192,196

Inspected Companies Scheme 126 Inspectorate of the Security Industry

(ISI) 126,127,128 International Crime Survey (ICS) 84-85 International Professional Security

Association (IPSA) 3,126,128

J. Sainsbury 10,11,13,14,17,18,20, 22, 216

Jabez, A. 164 Jacques, C. 207,208 Jenkins, S. 18, 23, 68,105,120 Johnston, L. 104,108,109,117 Johnston, V. et al 32 Joint Consultative Committee 140 Jones, T. 44 Jones, T. and Newburn, T. 109 Joseph, J. 13,15,17,18

Kalms, Stanley 18-19,40,108,115, 209 Kelling, G. 45, 208 Kelly, R. 165,173,175 Kennedy, D. 22,41 Kids hanging around

See nuisance threats to safe shopping; threatening youths

Kinsey, R. et al 45,208 KPMG Peat Marwick 23,46,50,51,54,

69,88,95,112,148

Lakeside 12,19,151 Langley, J. 185 Laycock, G. 84 Laycock, G. and Austin, C. 85

Leake, C. 22 Lean, G. 23 Leathley, A. and Prynn, J. 22 Leitner, M. et al 43 Leppard, D. 119,169 Liberty 130,194 Lightfoot, L. and Leppard, D. 115 Litter 29-32,47,50, 60-63, 76-81, 208

see also pollution threats to safe shopping

Littlewoods 18 Liverpool City Centre Partnership 167,

175 Living Over the Shops (LOTS) scheme 214 Lloyd, C. 17 Loitering youths 46,48,50,55,90, 94,95

see also nuisance threats to safe shopping; threatening youths

Loss Prevention Certification Board 211 Loss Prevention Council 127

McCrystal, C. 19 Macdonald, M. 209 Maclean, David, MP 133-134 McKie, D. 213 Maguire, M. et al 6, 7 Managers

See crime threats to safe shopping; nuisance threats to safe shopping; pollution threats to safe shopping; shopping-centre managers; Town Centre Management (TCM); town-centre managers

Marketing Strategies for Industry 163-164,193

Marks & Spencer 18,20,40,147,151, 155,228

Matthews, P. 170,188 Maxfield, M. 42,43,44,45,94,208 Mayhew, P. 68 Mayhew, P. et al 7,26,35, 43, 85, 88, 91,

92,210 Meadowhall 12 Merry Hill 12,13,15,18,19 Methodology

objectives of 1-4,6-9, 25-28

259


presentation of findings 32-34 samples 28-29 tests of significance 33, 73, 96 typology of crime, nuisance and pollution 29-32

MetroCentre 12-13,40,120 Midgley, S. 162 Mitchell, A. 10,11 Mitchell, G. 204 Moore, S. 114 MORI 44,105,140 Morris, P. and Heal, K. 105 Morris, S. 175 Morse, D. 188 Mortished, C. 13 Motor vehicle crime

actual and witnessed victimisation 64-66 and CCTV 185-186 and contrasting managers' views 86-87 and prevention of 87-88,112 and victimisation rates 48,50,54, 67, 84-85 as town-centre problem 70-72 costs of 36,51, 84 customers' views on seriousness 60-63, 66, 67 in car parks 84-85 managers' views on frequency 76-79,84 managers' views on seriousness 79-81,84 see also car parking

Mugging See violent crime

Murray, 1.19,115,165

Nair, G. et al 216 National Accreditation Council for

Certification Bodies (NACCB) 126 National Approval Council for Security

Systems (NACOSS) 127 National identity card scheme 118-119 National Vocational Qualification

(NVQ) 128 Natural surveillance

See town centres Neighbourhood Watch 107-108,165,

185 see also watch schemes

Next 18 Nottingham Crime Audit 46, 50-52,54,

69,95,112,148 Nuisance threats to safe shopping

and avoidance behaviour 41-42,45, 55-56,63-64,68-70 and day-care facilities 122-123 and limits of criminalisation 120-121 and previous research on 45-52,55 and security implications 56-58, 219-223 and urban decay 44-45,208 comparison between customers and managers 75,81-83 customers' views on seriousness 60-63, 66-67 definitions of 29-32,55 design and sample 25-29 explaining differences in town centres and shopping centres 70-72 managers' views on frequency 75, 76-79, 81 managers' views on seriousness 75, 79-81 see also public drunkenness; threatening youths

Nuttall, N. 164

O'Brien, L. and Harris, F. 9 O'Keeffe, D. 95 O'Leary, J. 95 Office of Fair Trading 87 Oxford Retail Group 15 Oxford Street 12,41

Painter, K. 215 Partridge, C. 211 Patel, K. 164 Pearman, H. 11,17 Pearson, G. 68 Penfold, John 41,166 Pepinster, C. 22

260

Index

Phillips, S. and Cochrane, R. 41,45,46, 54,55, 67, 94,

Phoenix police computer 132 Physical assault

See violent crime Pierce, A. 41 Police

accountability of 98,125 and alcohol byelaws 89-91 and arrests 37,38 and crime figures 26,27,35,50,68-69,84, 88 and expenditure on 105,107, 111 and marketing services 107,114-115 and number of officers 8,110-111 and officers on patrol 71,72,104, 108, 111, 115,135,165,181,191, 198-199 and police powers 93,119 and private security as alternative to 102-104,136-139,223-226 and public confidence in 105 and retailers' criticisms of 18-19, 205 and street robbery 93 and use of photographs 121-122, 183-184 and video evidence 182-183 as symbols of security 139-141 core and ancillary tasks 105-107, 111,136 funding for CCTV schemes 175, 186 impact on crime 104-105 in CCTV control rooms 167-169 in public and private places 70-72, 117 in town centres 71,89,102-104, 111-113,117 managers' views on effectiveness 101-102 managers' views on use 99-100 customers' awareness of 100-101 customers' views on acceptability 102

retrenchment in and privatisation of 104-108, 111, 132-133,138, 223-226 service views on regulating private security 129-130 working with CCTV and security guards 198-199 see also private security guards; regulating private security; town centres

Police Act 1964 139-140 Police and Magistrates' Courts Act 1994

107,114,133 Police Federation of England and

Wales 108,114,126,130 Police Foundation and Policy Studies

Institute 68, 111, 120,140 Police Superintendents' Association of

England and Wales 130 Pollution threats to safe shopping

and avoidance behaviour 41-42, 44-45 and graffiti 44-45, 50, 206, 208, 211, 215 and urban decay 44-45,208 comparison between customers and managers 75, 81-83 customers' views on seriousness 60-63 definitions of 29-32 design and sample 25-29 from litter and rubbish 44-45, 47, 50 managers' views on frequency 75, 76-79, 81 managers' views on seriousness 75, 79-81 see also security shutters; town centres

Poole, R. 10,11,41,45,48,49,50,54, 55,56,67,69,95,116,117,161

Posen, Ingrid 106 Povey, Keith 115 Poyner, B. and Webb, B. 85 Preston, C. 173,186 Preston, M. 17 Privacy International 194

261


Private security guards and implications for retailers 138-139 and importance of 139-141 and market forces 108,136-139, 141 and public support for 116-117 and size of industry 8, 36,109-111, 225 as alternative to police 104-108 customers' awareness of 100-101 customers' views on acceptability 102 in private and public places 70-72, 117 in shopping centres 49,102-104, 116-123,223-226 in town centres 102-104,113-116, 223-226 managers' views on effectiveness 101-102 managers' views on use 99-100 working with CCTV and police 198-199 see also regulating private security

Property Services Agency 162 Prostitution 29-32, 76-81

see also nuisance threats to safe shopping

Prynn, J. 21, 22 Public drunkenness

and avoidance behaviour 55-56 and criminalisation 120-121 and exclusion policies in shopping centres 89,94 and urban decay 44-45,208 and use of byelaws in town centres 45,47-48, 88-91 and violence 88,92-93 as town-centre problem 50,70-71, 88,202 customers' views on seriousness 6 0 -63,66-67 managers' views on frequency 76-79, 88-89 managers' views on seriousness 7 9 -81,84,88-89

use of CCTV 195 Public Eye 133

R v Clare and R v Peach 182-183 R v Grimer 182 Rackhams 41 Ram-raids 7,38, 207, 209, 211

see also burglary Ramsay, M. 45,47,54,55,56,69, 88, 90,

91, 95,185, 216 Randall, J. 24 Reardon, Diane 126 Regent Street 20 Regulating private security

and CCTV codes of practice 192, 194-195 and demands from the industry 126-129 and demands from the police 129-130 and government reservations 133-134 and lack of accountability 98,125, 129,130,131,135,136,225-226 and market forces 136-139,141, 225-226 cowboy and crooked operators 126, 127-128, 129,130,131,134-135, 225 Home Affairs Committee report 111,125,131-133,224-226 limitations of Home Affairs Committee report 134-137 see also private security guards

Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 127,132

Reiner, R. 140,165 Reinhard, E. 192,194 Retail crime

See British Retail Consortium (BRC); crime threats to safe shopping; victimisation

Retail sector and investment in CCTV 163-164 and customer expectations 24-25 and private security 109-111,125, 135-136,225

262

Index

and shopaholics 17 and support for CCTV 179 and threatened town centres 17-23 competition between the high street and shopping centres 23-24 growth of retail parks 12-14 growth of shopping centres 11-12 growth of superstores and supermarkets 10-11 international retailing and foreign competition 14-15 new definitions of shopping 14,15-17 restricting out-of-town developments 20-23 seen as ancillary police task 105-107,108 size of 9-10,224-225 see also shopping centres; town centres

Rio de Janeiro 21 Risk management 1, 8, 9,41,56-58,83-

84 Risk of crime

See crime threats to safe shopping; victimisation

Robbery See violent crime; ram-raids

Rodwell, R. 13 Rogers, P. 12 Rosenbaum, D. 42 Royal Automobile Association (RAC)

44,87 Rudnick, D. 40,109

Safer Cities 50 Safeway 10,22 Sainsbury's

See J. Sainsbury Sears 40 Seaton, M. 18 Secretary of State

for Home Affairs 90,107,163 for the Environment 20-22,23,148, 154, 216-217

Securicor Security Services 110,128,129 Security guards

See private security guards; regulating private security

Security Industry 163 Security Management Today 163 Security shutters

and crime displacement 208-210 and crime prevention 201, 208, 211-212 and effectiveness studies 207, 208, 209 and extent of use 201-202,205 and history of 205 and need for 205-206, 207 and planning considerations 210-211,212-213,231-232 and ram-raids 209 and strong negative images 203-204, 206-207, 210, 231 and types of 211-212 and urban decay as cause of crime 208 managers' views on effectiveness 202,231

Selfridges 40 Sentencing 120,132, 205 Shapland, J. and Vagg, J. 140 Sharpe, S. 182 Shearing, C. and Stenning, P. 104 Shearsmith, Bob 139 Sheehy, Sir Patrick 105 Shields, R. 16,120 Shopaholics 17 Shopfront Security Group 37,110,140,

168,189,191,197, 204-207,211, 213,231

Shoplifting See customer theft

Shoppers See avoidance behaviour; crime threats to safe shopping; nuisance threats to safe shopping; pollution threats to safe shopping; retail sector

Shopping-centre managers and endorsement of CCTV 101-102,103,160-162,196-197,198-199

263


as key respondents 2,25,26-27,75, 143 emphasis on security over development 145-146,149-150 security as a high priority 143-145, 149-150, 226-228

Shopping centres and car parking 85-88 and CCTV installations 170-171 and drug-related crime 93 and integrated security 99-100,186, 198-199 and private security 102-104,116-123,140-141,198-199 and public drunkenness 88-91 and research design 1-6,25-34 and threatening youths 94-96 and violent crime 91 as crime-free private spaces 70-72, 89,117 development of 10-13 previous research and implications 46-47,48-50, 54-56 private security and market forces 136-139 private security and uniformed guards 139-141 rationale and appeal 15-17 retail migration to 17-19 versus the high street 23-25

Shopping malls See shopping centres

Shrimsley, R. and Darbyshire, N. 105, 116

Shutters See security shutters

Single Regeneration Budget (SRB) 153-154,175

Skogan, W. 42 Skogan, W. and Maxfield, M. 43 Slapper,G. 107,115 Slater, D. 16 Smith, A. 164 Smith, D. and Hamilton, K. 24 Smith, Sir John 109,125,137,138' Somerfield 10,22 South, N. 127,132,136,138,140

Speed, M. et al 39,167,171,179,190 Spillius, A. 10,14 Staff dishonesty 36-39,192-193, 230 Stansell, J. 164 Straw, Jack, MP 70, 206 Sykes, J. 206

Tallentire, Alan 150 Target hardening 208

see also crime prevention Tendler, S. 38, 40,107,108,112,114,

120, 126,139,164,170 Terrorism

and avoidance behaviour 52-53,56, 69 and ID cards 118-119 and threats to shopping 52-53 and use of CCTV 168,169,170, 179,184

Tesco 10,11,18,19,20,22,216 Theft

See customer theft; staff dishonesty Thomas, R. 11 Thompson, H. 209 Threatening youths

and exclusion from shopping centres 117-122 and limits of criminalisation 120-121 and previous studies 44, 49-51, 67, 94-95 and urban decay 44-45 as shopping-centre problem 67,71, 94-96 customers' views on seriousness 60-63,66-67 managers' views on frequency 76-79,94 managers' views on seriousness 79-81,94

Threats to safe shopping See avoidance behaviour; crime threats to safe shopping; nuisance threats to safe shopping; pollution threats to safe shopping

Tilley, N. 85,107,162,207 Touche Ross 40

264

Index

Town and Country Planning General Development Order 162

Town Centre Management (TCM) aims and objectives 57 and critique of ATCM study 53-54, 55,83-84,91,146-148,227 and funding of 114,151-155, 227-228 and need for measurable goals 152 and raising profile of 146-150 development v security 149-150 see also Association of Town Centre Management (ATCM)

Town centres and car parking 20,21,48,54,85-88 and CCTV installations 162,166-171,174 and drug-related crime 93 and high-street opening hours 216-217 and integrated security 99-100, 112-113,198-199 and migration from the high street 17-19, 83,114 and natural surveillance 214-215, 217 and planning guidelines 20-23 and public drunkenness 88-91 and public v private policing 102-104,111-116,136-139, 223-226 and revitalisation of the high street 19-23,57, 206, 213-217 and street lighting 215-216 and the doughnut syndrome 17,18-19,155 and threatening youths 94-96 and use of security shutters 201-202 and violent crime 91 as crime-prone public places 70-72, 89,113,117 high street v shopping centres 23-25 previous research and implications 54-56

private security and market forces 136-139 research design 1-6,25-34 support from environment secretary 20-23

Town-centre managers and critique of security shutters 203-208 and endorsement of CCTV 101, 103,160-162,196-197,198-199 and need to acknowledge problems 83-84, 97 as key respondents 2,25,26-27, 75, 143 emphasis on development over security 145-146,149-150 security as a low priority 143-144, 149-150,226-228 see also Association of Town Centre Management (ATCM)

Toynbee, P. 68 Trafford Centre 22,23 Travis, A. 18,36, 37, 71,115,132, 206,

213 Truancy 46,95

Uniform Business Rate (UBR) 153 Utley, A. 163,194

Vagrants 29-32,47, 60-63, 67, 76-81, 88,122-123, 208 see also nuisance threats to safe shopping

van Dijk, J. and Mayhew, P. 68, 85 Vandalism 29-32,50, 60-63, 66, 76-81,

90,172,173,185,206,208,215 see also crime threats to safe shopping

Verdict 13,20, 24 Victimisation

and motor vehicle crime 48,50,54, 67, 84-85 and national figures 35-36 and violent crime 48,50,54, 84-85 of retail companies 36-41 of retail staff 7, 26, 36,37,38, 40, 41, 209-210

265


of shoppers 45-54,64-68,91,219 Victor, P. and Skipworth, M. 11 Vidal, J. 10,12,15,19, 21 Video Identity Assessment System

(VIAS) 182 Vigilantism 108,115-116 Vincent, T. 90 Violent crime

actual and witnessed victimisation 64-66,91 against retail staff 7,26, 36, 37,38, 40,41,209-210 and ATCM data 53-54,83-84,91, 147 and BCS findings 91-93 and contrasting managers' views 86-87 and drug abuse 93-94 and intensive policing 93 and prevention of 87-88,112 and ram-raids 209 and role of alcohol 88 and street lighting 215 and use of video evidence 182-183 and use of weapons 65,92-93 and victimisation rates 48,50, 54, 84-85 customers' views on seriousness 60-63, 66, 91 managers' views on frequency 76-79 managers' views on seriousness 79-81,91

Walker, N. 181 Ward, C. 208 Ward, D. 122 Warman, C. 12 Warren, D. 116 Watch schemes 95,97,99-101,107-108,

121-122,165,168,169,173,185 Watt, N. 163,168,173,194 Wavell, S. 20 Webb, B. et al 84,85,87 Webb, L. and Laycock, G. 84 Weeks, J. 115,130

266

West Midlands Police 176,181,187, 188,191,194

Whitaker, A. 121,183 Williams, D. et al 137 Williams, P. and Dickinson, J. 42 Willis, A. 26,105,140 Willis, A. and Beck, A. 119 Wilson, S. 208 Woolworths 41,166 Wynn Davies, P. 108

Young, D. 139 Young, J. 68 Young, R. 13,22,37

Zimring, F. and Hawkins, G. 181

Documents

References - Springer978-0-230-37786-8/1.pdfReferences Ahuja, A. (1994 ... 'Cowboy Security Firms Face Vetting', The Independent, 8th June. Benyon, J., Morris, S ... Distributive Trades