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Little Brown. Budgeting, Boston: Little Brown. The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis, London: Macmillan. "Schools of Public Policy in Poor Countries", Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, (March) pp. 407-413.
Wilensky, Harold, L. 1967 Organizational Intelligence, N.Y. Basic Books.
Wilson, W. 1941 "The Study of Administration", Political Science Quarterly,
(December) pp. 481-506. Winch, Peter
1963 The Idea of a Social Science, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Wohlstetter, Roberta 1979 "The Pleasures of Self-Deception", The Washington Quarterly,
Vol. 2, No. 4, (Autumn) pp. 54-62. Zaltman, G.
1979 "Knowledge Utilization as Planned Change", Knowledge, vol. 1, no. 1, (September) pp. 82-105.
Zelda, I985 Zelda's Poems, Hakibbutz Hameuchad: Tel Aviv (Hebrew)
Zen Flesh, Zen Bones: A Collection of Zen and Pre-Zen Writing, compiled by Paul Reps, N.Y. Doubleday (undated).
Subject Index
AIDS, 120 An American Dilemma, by Gunnar
Myrdal, 121 Barbarossa, 59, 60 Bureaucratic organization, 15, 18, 26,
41, 47. see also organizations; performance systems
Cassandra, xiv, 131 Challenger, xv, 51, 52-56, 57, 60, 63,
64 Checks and balances, 18, 32, 35, 66,
67. see also democratic politics; epistemology
Closed politics, 17, 123 Coleman Report, 109 Contest xi, xiv, xv, 16, 17, 18, 24,
32, 35, 41, 89, 112, 125, 131, 134; con testability, xi, xiv, xv, 16, 22, 35, 64, 67; and verifiability, xi, xiv, 32-34; and innateness, 16, 18, 41. see also organizational premises
Conventionalism, 28-30, 33 Crisis, 47; management of, 124 Data: hostile, xi-xiii, xv, 42, 49, 51,
57, 58, 62, 63, 65, 66, 81, 83, 96, 98, 108, 112, 120; friendly, 14, 83, 128; arming of, 75, 76, 79; interpretation of, xiii; power of xv. see also paper money
Data selection, 42, 127, 134, 135; algorithm, xiv, 118, 128; wisdom in, 10-12; strategies, 21, 42, 47, 54-55, 66, 80, 133: accept, xi, xii, xiii, 12, 13, 14, 42, 54-55, 57,
153
59, 112, 118, 125; reject, xi-xiii, 12, 13, 14, 42, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 59, 62, 63, 66, 80, 125, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133; suppress, xiv, 83, 128; in mathematics, 66. see also contest; data; evaluation; selfenveloping
Decentralization, 84, 86, 90, 97, 98; illusionary, 97
Deception, 48, 51, 59-60; self-deception, 60. see also intelligence failure
Democratic politics, xiii, 6, 9, 10, 14, 65, 67, 128, 130-132, 135, 136; and data 130; epistemology of, 14, 130. see also free society
Ecclesiastes, 45, 131 Epistemology, xi, xiv, 21, 29, 31, 32,
42, 53-54, 66, 129: evolutionary, 43; organizational, 21, 25-28, 32; Weltanschauungen, 42; epistemic community, 23; epistemic monopolies, 135; epistemic authority, 130-132; Lockean tabula rasa, xiv, 38, 43, 47, 63; and visual perception, 32, 43. see also logical positivism
Evaluation, xiv, 6, 8, 25, 27, 124; audiences of, 106; impact of, 100, 109-112; power of, 99, 113; uses of, see chapter 6. see also data; paper money
Fallibility, 18, 19, 21, 26, 28, 29, 38, 47, 48, 130
Family policy (U.S.), 122-124
154
Family and Nation, by Daniel P. Moynihan, 122
Feedback, 14, 30, 31, 43, 47 Free society, xi, xii, 18, 63 Fuzzy gambling, 130 Harvard School of Public health, 45 Implementation, see policy
implementation Incubated innovation, 85 Information, xiv, 37, 46-47, 98, 134:
signal/noise, 11, 40, 52, 59 Intelligence failure, 59, 60, 63 International Committee for the
Evaluation of Project Renewal (ICEPR), 99-109, 111, 112
JDC-Israel, 84, 86, 88 Jerusalem Project (JP), 84-87, 89-91,
93-98. see also neighborhood selfmanagement; policy implementation
Jewish Agency, 100-102, 107-108, 112
Justification, see policy: justification Kfar-Saba, 94 Knowledge, xi, xv, 10, 24, 35, 46,
48, 68, 113, 132: in policy, xv, 132; in politics, 66, 67-68, 69; as true belief, 67; and power, 134; transfer of, 24; utilization of archaeological, 8; see also knowledge utilization; political knowing
Knowledge utilization, 6, 7, 11, 13, 19, 21-23, 25, 27, 34, 35, 46, 67, 79, 109, 117, 119, 120, 123; as impact, 8; as organization behavior, 22-25; utilization formula, 10; lime-stone model of, 20; enlightenment model of, 7, 8; two communities model of, 11; vs. selection, 7-12, 13, 14
Learning, xii, xiii, xiv, 14, 17, 18, 21, 25, 28, 37, 41, 43, 46, 47, 131, 134-136: double-loop, 32; single-loop, 31, 32; and dogmatism, 66, 133; and insecurity, 48; and social interaction, xii, xv, 21, 65, 113, 134; experimental, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30-31. see also organizational learning; contest; crisis
Lebanon, 79
Data and Policy Change
Logical positivism, 27-28, 33; application of to administrative behavior, 26-27;
Losing Ground, by Charles Murray, 122, 123, 124
Magic, by William Goldman, 128 Neighborhood self-management, xv,
83-85, 91, 92-95, 97; c1tlzen participation in, 84, 86, 90, 96, 97: as instrumental action and interaction, 96; extension model of, 84, 98. see also Jerusalem Project
Nation and Family, by Alva Myrdal, 121
Normandy, 60 Objectivity, 15, 66; and learning, 66 Organizational learning, xiii, 21-36;
and individual members, 12, 23, 24. see also organizational epistemology; learning; organizational premises
Organizational premises, xv, 4, 16, 18, 21, 25, 27, 28, 31-34, 35, 41, 51, 64. see also cotest
Organizations: as analytic entities, 29, 31-33, 133; as closed systems, 21-22, 25, 30-32, 133, 134, 135; as self-perpetuating belief systems, 25. see also bureaucratic organizations; performance systems
Paper money, 99, 111-113 Pearl-Harbor, 60 Performance systems, 37, 38, 40, 41,
42, 47, 48, 51, 55, 56-57, 59, 62, 128, 132-133, 134; learning in, 55-57; and predictability, 37-40, 48, 132. see also NASA
Policy: as base, xii; fallibility of, 4; orientation, 134; justification of, XV, 13, 14-18, 46, 47-48, 128, 135
Policy implementation, xv: as laboratory and battlefield, 83, 85; and learning, 84, 98; of the Jerusalem Project see Jerusalem Project (chapter 5)
Policy relevance, xv, 130, 131, 134; logical vs. interested connections, 120; "hypothesis relevance", 118-120, 123; "problem relevance", 122-123; "freezer relevance", 121-
Subject Index
122; fallacies of, 119; and problem definition, 119
Political knowing, 65, 66. see also democratic politics; knowledge in politics
Poverty, xv, 5, 112; as destitution, 68; as inequality, 68-70, 72; in Israel, controversy over poverty data, see chapter 4
Project Renewal (Israel), 2, 3, 4, 74, 94, 99-109, 112; evaluation of, see chapter 6
Propaganda, 59 Proverbs, 55 Relevance, see policy relevance Robinson Crusoe, xiii, 12-13 Scientific management, 26, 41, 48,
117 Self-enveloping, 133, 135 Social science, 8, 15, 19, 123-125,
136; role of, 32, 124, 132; epistemology of, 129
Sputnik, 120, 124 The Forest Ranger, by Herbert
Kaufman, 97 The Quest for Certainty, by John
Dewey, 133 The Two Cultures, by C.P. Snow,
126 Traditional Movement of Israel
(Tami), 75-79 Uncertainty, xiv, 37-40, 42, 55, 133-
134. see also fuzzy gambling; self-enveloping
U.S. Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, William Rogers chairman, chapter 3;
see Rogers, William U.S. National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), 51, 53-54, 56-61, 63. see also Challenger
Van Leer Study, 109-112 Van Leer Institute, 108 Wisdom: and power, 44-45, 131 Yom Kippur War, 59, 60
155
Name Index
Alston, W.P., 36 Amichai, Yehuda, 106 Arendt, Hannah, 16, 19, 35, 123, 136 Argyris, Chris, 24 Argyris, Chris, and Schon, Donald,
A., 24, 25, 32 Auden, W.H., 136 Ayer, A.L., 27, 28 Azriel, Daniel, 75, 76, 78, 79 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 10 Bardach, Eugene, 84 Barnard, Chester, I., 130 Bartley, W.W., 43 Bateson, Gregory, 13 Begin, Menachem, 4, 5, 67, 73, 74,
75, 76 Benedict, Ruth, 136 Bennis, Warren, 23, 41, 117 Beyer, J. M. and Trice, H.M., 19, 23 Blume, S.S., 27, 41 Bohm, David, 49 Branscomb, Lewis, M., 64 Brewer, Garry D. and deLeon, Peter,
83 Browne, Angela, and Wildavsky,
Aaron, 27 Bulmer, Martin, 19, 23 Burke, Kenneth, 134 Campbell, Donald, T., 19, 29, 43 Caplan, Nathan, 11, 19 Carmon, Naomi, 3 Cavena, K.L., 66 CBS 60 Minutes, 44 Chelimsky, Eleanor, 119 Childe, V.G., 8
157
Chomsky, Noam, 41, 42 Churchill, Winston, 17, 60, 123-124 Churchman, West, C., 135 Clemenceau, Georges, 19 Cohen, Stanely, 114 Copi, Irving, M., 119 Corwin, R.G., and Louis, K.S., 22 Cromwell, Oliver, 133 Crozier, Michel, 15, 47 Cyert, R.M., and March, J.G., 32 Davis, H.R. and Salasin, S.E., II, 23 De George, Richard, T., 130 Dery, David, 1, 25, 105, 119 Desai, Uday, and Crow, Michael M.,
16 Deshpande, R., 19 Dewey, John, 127, 133 Douglas, Mary and Wildavsky,
Aaron, 14 Downs, Anthony, 11 Drell, Sydney, D., 64 Dror, Yehezkel, 130 Dunn, William, N., 12 Dunn, William, N., Holzner, Burkart,
and Zaltman, Gerald, 23 Einstein, Albert, 53 Eliot, T.S., 117, 123, 126 Elk ana, Y ehuda, 64 Elliot, Carl, 124 Ellul, Jacques, 52, 56 Elmore, R.F., 84 Etzioni-Halevy, Eva, 11 Ezrahi, Yaron, 14, 15 Feldman, M.S., and March, J.G., 22,
28, 29
158
Festinger, L., 12 Feyerabend, P.K., 49 Feynman, R.P., 52, 53, 57 Fox, Talbot, 43 Freeman, Howard E., and Solomon,
M.H., 27 Freeman, Howard E., and Sherwood,
C.C., 20 Friedman, Milton, II Fuchs, Victor, 68 Gallilly, Lilly, 80 Garwin, Richard, L., 64 Geroch, Robert, 118 Gibran, Kahlil, 42 Glaser, Edward M., Abelson, Harold
H. and Garrison Kathalee, 19, 22, 46
Goldman, William, 25 Goldstein, Don, 92, 96, 97 Goldstein, M., 19 Goodman, Nelson, 13, 63, 113 Gregory, R.L., 32, 43 Greenfield, Meg, 129 Hallman, Howard, H., 93 Hamer, Zevulun, 114 Handel, Michael, I., 59 Hanson, N.R., 49 Harris, Fred, R., 10, 125 Hasson, Shlomo, 85 Hayek, Friederich A., 11, 133 Hazani, Moshe, 71 Hedberg, Bo, 22, 24, 25, 27, 30 Heidegger, Martin, 8 Heiner, Ronald, H., 39, 55, 133 Hempel, Carl, G., 30, 67, 119 Hoffer, Eric, 59 Hoffman, Charles, 112 Holzner, Burkart, 23, 32 Holzner, B. and Marx, J.H., 23 Hook, Sidney, 126, 131 Hugo, Victor, 127 Huizinga, Johan, 32 James, William, 37, 53-55 Johnson, Lyndon, 123 Kafka, Franz, 9, 20 Kaplan, Abraham, 36 Katz, Israel, 68, 71, 72, 74, 78 Kaufman, Herbert, 97 Kaufmann, Walter, 20 Kenny, Anthony, 34 Keynes, John, Maynard, 40 Knorr-Cetina, Karen, D., 16, 23
Data and Policy Change
Knott, Jack, and Wildavsky, Aaron, 19
Kochen, M., 11 Koestler, Arthur, 43 Kollek, Teddy, 83, 84, 90, 91 Kotler, Milton, 11, 93 Kubie, L.S., 26 Kugelmass, Sol, 114 Kuhn, Thomas, S., 49, 67 Kuttner, Robert, 132 Lakatos, Imre, 66, 67 Landau, Martin, xv, 15, 26, 27, 41,
66 Larsen, Judith, K., 19 Lasswell, Harold, D., 10 Lazarsfeld, P.F. Semell, W.H. and
Wilensky, H.L., 20 Lerner, Daniel, 20 Leviton, L.C. and Hughes, E.F.X., 19 Lewey, A. and Aikin, M.C., 8, 109-
111, 114 Lewis, C.I., 22, 31 Lindblom, Charles, E. and Cohen,
David K., 19, 23, 65 Lipset, David, 13 Logsdon, John, M., 51 Lowi, Theodore, J., 41, 47 Luttwak, Edward, and Horowitz,
Dan, 59 Lynd, Robert, S., 7 Lynn, Lawrence, E. jr., 7, 121 Lyotard, J. F., 57 Majone, Giandomenico, 13, 15, 26,
28-29, 41, 67 Majone, Giandomenico, and
Wildavsky, Aaron, 84 March, J.G. and Olsen, J.P.C., 24, 32 Marcus, Y oel, 71 Maridor, Yaa'cov, 4, 5, 19 Marziano, Saa'dia, 5 Mayntz, R., 23 Mazmanian, Daniel, and Sabatier,
Paul, 84 Mead, Margaret, 16 Meir, Golda, 71, 72, 73 Merton, Robert, K., 48 Michels, Robert, 48 Mill, John Stuart, 31 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, 8, 35 Morgenthau, Hans, J., 38 Moynihan, Daniel, P., 2, 8, II, 121-
125, 126 Mullen, Edward, J., 129
Name Index
Murray, Charles, 11, 122, 125 Myrdal, Alva, 121 Myrdal, Gunnar, 121 Nachmias, D., and Felbinger, C., 23 Nakamura, Robert, T., and
Smallwood, Frank, 84 Nathan, Richard, P., 8, 22 Newman, John, Henry, 20 Nietzsche, F., 48, Ill, 113 Nozick, Robert, 135 Oz, Amos, 19 Palumbo, Dennis, J., 6, 107 Park, Rosa, 9 Patton, Michael, Q., 22, 23 Peirce, Charles, S., 13 Phillips, Derek, L., 129 Pieper, Martha, Heineman, 129 Pirsig, Robert M., 37 Pollard, Sidney, 9 Polsby, Nelson, W., 85, 124 Popper, Karl, R., 15, 25, 42, 43, 49,
66, 119 Pressman, Jeffery, L. and Wildavsky,
Aaron, 14, 26, 41, 84 Quine, W.V., 33, 67 Rabbi Nachman of Brazlav, 55 Randolph, Edmund J., 20 Ravetz, Jerome, R., 80 Rawls, John, 16 Raz, Simcha, 55 Reagan, Ronald, 9, 63, 122 Reichenbach, H., 31 Rein, Martin, 68 Rein, Martin, and Peattie, Lisa, 119 Rich, Robert, F., 20 Rivlin, Alice, M., 8 Rogers, William, xv, 52-54, 56-58,
60-62, 64 Romain, Gary, 18, 20 Rorty, Richard, 12, 46, 68 Rossi, Peter, H., 2, 124 Rossi, Peter, H., and Freeman,
Howard E., 11 Roter, R., and Shamai, N., 68, 69 Rothman, J., 22 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 8 Rubin, Ben-Zion, 75, 76, 77 Russell, Bertrand, 41, 126 Samuelson, Paul, A., 99, 118 Sapir, Pinchas, 70, 71, 72 Scaff, Lawrence, A., 96 Scheffler, Israel, 42 Schick, Allen, 119
Schilpp, Paul Arthur, 133 Schlesinger, James R., 15 Schultze, Charles L., 132 Scott, R.A., and Shore, A.R., 22 Sellars, Wilfrid, 68 Selznick, Philip, 48 Shamir, Itzhak, 5, 6, 73, 75, 79 Sharpe, L.J., 40 Shnitzer, Shmuel, 73 Simon, Herbert, A., 26-28, 40, 41 Snow, C.P., 5, 17, 123, 126 Solberg, W.V., 8 Sontag, Susan, 43, 129 Spurgeon, 11 Stockman, David, A., 9, 10, 67 Suppe, Frederick, 49 Taylor, F.W., 26 Thomas, Patricia, 20 Toulmin, Stephen, 49 Truman, Harry, 124 Tunik, Itzhak, 9
159
Van de Ven, A.H. and Astley, G.W., 29
Wallace, Carolyn, 9 Webber, Carolyn, and Wildavsky,
Aaron, 16 Weber, Max, 15, 18, 26, 127 Weiss, Carol H., 7, 8, 22, 23 Weiss, Carol H., and Bucuvalas, M.,
19, 22, 23 Whaley, Barton, 59 Wiener, Norbert, 44 Wiesner, Jerome, B., 63 Wildavsky, Aaron, xv, xvi, 1, 47,
130 Wilensky, Harold, L., 17 Wilson, W., 26 Winch, Peter, 38, 117, 133 Wittgenstein, 34 Wholstetter, Roberta, 59 W ouk, Herman, 134 Wrong, Dennis, 122 Zaltman, G., 30 Zelda, 48