References V1 final

295

References

AAPA. 1996. American Association of Physical Anthropologists statement on

biological aspects of race. American Journal of Physical Anthropology

101:569–570.

Arbousset, T. and Daumas, F. 1846. Narrative of an Exploratory Tour to the

North-east of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope. Cape Town:

Robertson.

Archer, R. H., Snijman, D. A. and Brummitt, R. K. 2001. Proposal to conserve the

name Boophone Herbert with that spelling (Amaryllidaceae). Taxon

50(2):569–571.

ASAPA. 2006. Appendix C to the constitution of ASAPA: minimum standards of

practice for ASAPA members. Association of Southern African

Professional Archaeologists.

Ascher, R. 1961. Analogy in archaeological interpretation. Southwestern Journal

of Anthropology 17:317–325.

Ashton, H. 1967. The Basutu: A Social Study of Traditional and Modern Lesotho.

London: Oxford University Press.

Ashton, N. and Ashton, B. 2003. The Oceans of Africa Guide to Whales and

Dolphins of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Oceans of Africa.

Avery, G. 2000. Responses from curators and researchers. In Legassick, M. and

Rassool, C. Skeletons in the Cupboard: South African Museums and the

Trade in Human Remains 1907–1917:82–87. Cape Town: South African

Museum.

Avery, G., Cruz-Uribe, K., Goldberg, P., Grine, F. E., Klein, R. G., Lenardi, M. J.,

Marean, C. W., Rink, W. J., Schwarcz, H. P., Thackeray, A. I. and Wilson,

M. L. 1997. The 1992–1993 excavations at the Die Kelders Middle and

Later Stone Age cave site, South Africa. Journal of Field Archaeology

24(3):263–291.

Bank, A. 2006. Bushmen in a Victorian World: The Remarkable Story of the

Bleek–Lloyd Collection of Bushmen Folklore. Cape Town: Double Storey.

296

Barnard, A. 1992. Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A Comparative

Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

Bennum, N. 2004. The Broken String: The Last Words of an Extinct People.

London: Viking.

Bentley, R. A. 2006. Strontium isotopes from the earth to the archaeological

skeleton: a review. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory

13(3):135–187.

Bernstein, R. J. 1983. Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Science, Hermeneutics,

and Praxis. Oxford: Blackwell.

Biesele, M. 1975. Folklore and Ritual of !Kung Hunter-gatherers. Unpublished

PhD thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Biesele, M. 1979. Old K”xau. In Halifax, J. (ed.) Shamanic Voices: A Survey of

Visionary Narratives:54–62. New York: E. P. Dutton.

Biesele, M. 1993. Women Like Meat: The Folklore and Foraging Ideology of the

Kalahari Ju/hoan. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.

Biesele, M. 2002. A sketch of !Xun ethnography. In Szalay, M. (ed.) The Moon as

Shoe: Drawings of the San:53–66. Zurich: Scheidegger & Spiess.

Binneman, J. N. F. 1990. A history of archaeology in the Eastern Cape. Part 1: the

spade brigade. The Phoenix 3(1):12–15.

Binneman, J. N. F. 1995. Symbolic Construction of Communities during the

Holocene Later Stone Age in the South-eastern Cape. Unpublished PhD

thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Binneman, J. N. F. 1997. Results from a test excavation at The Havens Cave,

Cambria Valley, south-Eastern Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology

6(2):93–105.

Binneman, J. N. F. 1998. Results from a test excavation at Kleinpoort Shelter in

the Baviaanskloof, Eastern Cape Province. Southern African Field

Archaeology 7(2):90–97.

Binneman, J. N. F. 1999a. Mummified human remains from the Kouga

Mountains, Eastern Cape. The Digging Stick 16(2):1–3.

297

Binneman, J. N. F. 1999b. Results from a test excavation at Groot

Kommandokloof Shelter in the Baviaanskloof/Kouga region, Eastern Cape

Province. Southern African Field Archaeology 8(2):100–107.

Binneman, J. N. F. 2000. Results from two test excavations in the Baviaanskloof

mountains, Eastern Cape Province. Southern African Field Archaeology

9:83–96.

Binneman, J. N. F. and Hall, S. 1993. The context of four painted stones from the

south-eastern and eastern Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology

2(2):89–95.

Bleek, D. F. 1924. The Mantis and His Friends. Cape Town: T. Maskew Miller.

Bleek, D. F. 1928. The Naron: A Bushman Tribe of the Central Kalahari.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bleek, D. F. 1933. Customs and beliefs of the /Xam Bushmen: Part V: The rain.

Bantu Studies 7:297–312.

Bleek, D. F. 1935. Beliefs and customs of the /Xam Bushmen: Part VII: Sorcerors

(sic). Bantu Studies 9:1–47.

Bleek, D. F. 1936. Notes on the Bushman photographs. Bantu Studies 10:201–

203.

Bleek, W. H. I. and Lloyd, L. C. 1911. Specimens of Bushmen Folklore. London:

George Allen.

Blundell, G. 2004. Nqabayo’s Nomansland: San Rock Art and the Somatic Past.

Uppsala: Uppsala University Press.

Blurton Jones, N. G. and Konner, M. J. 1976. !Kung knowledge of animal

behaviour (or: The proper study of mankind is animals). In Lee, R. B. and

de Vore, I. (eds) Kalahari Hunter-gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and

their Neighbors:325–348. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Boas, F. V. 1900. The mythology of the Bella Colla Indians. Memoirs of the

American Museum of Natural History 2:25–127.

Boivin, N. 1997. Insidious or just boring? An examination of academic writing in

archaeology. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 14(2):105–125.

Booth, C. 1988. James Drury (1875–1962). Sagittarius 3(1):22–24.

298

Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Broom, R. 1923. A contribution to the craniology of the yellow-skinned races of

South Africa. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 53:132–149.

Bulmer, R. 1967. Why is the cassowary not a bird? A problem of zoological

taxonomy among the Karam of the New Guinea Highlands. Man (n.s.)

2(1):5–25.

Cairns, P. 1975. A report on circular stone features associated with coastal shell

middens at Cape St. Francis. South African Archaeological Bulletin

30:36–39.

Campbell, C. 1986. Images of war: a problem in San rock art research. World


Campbell, C. 1987. Art in Crisis: Contact Period Rock Art in the South-eastern

Mountains of Southern Africa. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of the

Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Cassens, I., van Waerebeek, K., Best, P. B., Crespo, E. A., Reyes, J. and

Milinkovutch, M. C. 2003. The phylogeography of dusky dolphins

(Lagenorhynchus obscurus): a critical examination of network methods

and rooting procedures. Molecular Ecology 12:1781–1792.

Chalmers, A. F. 1999. What is this Thing Called Science? Buckingham: Open

University Press.

Chang, K. C. 1967. Major aspects of the interrelationship of archaeology and

ethnology. Current Anthropology 8(3):227–243.

Chappel, C. A. 1968. A strandloper skeleton found at Cape St. Francis. Diastema

2:37–39.

Childe, V. G. 1946. Archaeology and anthropology. Southwestern Journal of

Anthropology 2(3):243–251.

Chippindale, C. 1988. The invention of words for the idea of 'prehistory'.

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 54:303–314.

299

Chippindale, C. 1993. Ambition, deference, discrepancy, consumption: the

intellectual background to a post-processual archaeology. In Yoffee, N.

and Sherratt, A. (eds) Archaeological Theory: Who Sets the Agenda?:27–

35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Clarke, D. L. 1973. Archaeology: the loss of innocence. Antiquity 47:6–18.

Clayton, F. 2002. Weaning Patterns in the Later Stone Age, as Reconstructed

through Nitrogen Isotope Analyses of the Skeletons from Matjes River

Rock Shelter. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Cape Town.

Copeman, P. R. 1954. Some notes on poisoning by South African plants. The

South African Industrial Chemist 8:73–76.

Copi, I. M. and Cohen, C. 1994. Introduction to Logic. New York: Macmillan

Publishing Company.

Corr, L. T., Sealy, J. C., Horton, M. C. and Evershed, R. P. 2005. A novel marine

dietary indicator utilising compound-specific bone collagen amino acid

δ13C values of ancient humans. Journal of Archaeological Science

32(3):321–330.

Cramb, J. G. 1934. Smithfield implements from a Natal coastal site. Transactions

of the Royal Society of South Africa 22:205–223.

Cramb, J. G. 1961. A second report on work at the Holley Shelter. South African

Journal of Science 57:45–48.

Creighton, J. 1995. Visions of power: imagery and symbols in Late Iron Age

Britain. Britannia 26:285–301.

CSIR. 1986. Report on radiocarbon analysis. 29 September 1986. National

Physical Research Laboratory, Council for Scientific and Industrial

Research.

Dart, R. A. 1923. Boskop remains from the south-east African coast. Nature

112:623–625.

David, B., Brayer, J., McNiven, I. J. and Watchman, A. 2001. Why digital

enhancement of rock paintings works: rescaling and saturating colours.

Antiquity 75:781–792.

300

Davison, P. 1993. Human subjects as museum objects. A project to make life

casts of 'Bushmen' and 'Hottentots', 1907–1924. Annals of the South

African Museum 102(5):165–183.

Davison, P. 1998. Museums and the reshaping of memory. In Nuttall, S. and

Coetzee, C. (eds) Negotiating the Past: The Making of Memory in South

Africa:143–160. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

Day, M. 1990. Archaeological ethics and the treatment of the dead. Anthropology

Today 6(1):15–16.

DCMS. 2005. Guidance for the Care of Human Remains in Museums. London:

Department of Culture, Media and Sport.

De Smet, P. A. G. M. 1996. Some ethnopharmacological notes on African

hallucinogens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 50(3):141–146.

De Villiers, H. 1965. Skeletal remains from the Gamtoos Valley. South African

Archaeological Bulletin 20:201–205.

De Villiers, H. 1968. The Skull of the South African Negro. Johannesburg:

Witwatersrand University Press.

De Villiers, H. 1974. Human skeletal remains from Cape St. Francis, Cape

Province. South African Archaeological Bulletin 29:89–91.

Deacon, H. J. 1969. Melkhoutboom Cave, Alexandra District, Cape Province: a

report on the 1967 investigation. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums

6:141–169.

Deacon, H. J. 1972. A review of the Post-Pleistocene in South Africa. South

African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 1:26–45.

Deacon, H. J. 1976. Where Hunters Gathered: A Study of Holocene Stone Age

People in the Eastern Cape. Cape Town: South African Archaeological

Society.

Deacon, H. J. 1979. Excavations at Boomplaas Cave: a sequence through the

Upper Pleistocene and Holocene in South Africa. World Archaeology

10(3):241–257.

Deacon, H. J. and Deacon, J. 1999. Human Beginnings in South Africa:

Uncovering the Secrets of the Stone Age. Cape Town: David Philip.

301

Deacon, H. J., Deacon, J. and Brooker, M. 1976. Four painted stones from

Boomplaas Cave, Oudtshoorn District. South African Archaeological

Bulletin 31:141–145.

Deacon, J. 1965. Cultural material from the Gamtoos Valley shelters

(Andrieskraal 1). South African Archaeological Bulletin 20:193–200.

Deacon, J. 1972. Wilton: an assessment after fifty years. South African


Deacon, J. 1978. Changing patterns in the late Pleistocene/early Holocene

prehistory of southern Africa as seen from the Nelson Bay Cave Stone

artifact sequence. Quaternary Research 10(1):84–111.

Deacon, J. 1984a. The Later Stone Age of Southernmost Africa. Oxford: BAR.

Deacon, J. 1984b. Later Stone Age people and their descendents in southern

Africa. In Klein, R. G. (ed.). Southern African Prehistory and

Paleoenvironments:221–328. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.

Deacon, J. 1986. 'My place is the Bitterpits': the home territory of Bleek and

Lloyd's /Xam San informants. African Studies 45:135–155.

Deacon, J. 1988. The power of a place in understanding southern San rock

engravings. World Archaeology 20:129–140.

Deacon, J. 1989. Introducing Goodwin's legacy. South African Archaeological

Society Goodwin Series 6:3–5.

Deacon, J. 1990. Weaving the fabric of Stone Age research in southern Africa. In

Robertshaw, P. (ed.) A History of African Archaeology:39–58. London:

James Currey.

Deacon, J. 1995. An unsolved mystery at the Howieson’s Poort name site. South

African Archaeological Bulletin 50:110–120.

Deacon, J. 1996. Archaeology of the Flat and Grass Bushmen. In Deacon, J. and

Dowson, T. A. (eds) Voices From the Past: /Xam Bushmen and the Bleek

and Lloyd Collection:245–270. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University

Press.

Deacon, J. and Foster, C. 2005. My Heart Stands in the Hill. Cape Town: Struik.

Deacon, J. and Lancaster, N. 1988. Late Quaternary Palaeoenvironments of

Southern Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

302

Denbow, J. R. 1984. Prehistoric herders and foragers in the Kalahari: the evidence

for 1 500 years of interaction. In Schrire, C. (ed.) Past and Present in

Hunter Gatherer Studies:75–193. New York: Academic Press.

Descola, P. 1992. Societies of nature and the nature of society. In Kuper, A. (ed.)

Conceptualizing Society:107–126. London: Routledge.

Descola, P. 1994. In the Society of Nature: A Native Ecology in Amazonia.


Descola, P. and Pálsson, G. 1996. Introduction. In Descola, P. and Pálsson, G.

(eds) Nature and Society: Anthropological Perspectives:1–19. London:

Routledge.

Dewar, G. and Pfeiffer, S. 2004. Postural behaviour of Later Stone Age people in

South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 59:52–58.

Dlamini, N. and Morris, A. G. 2005. An investigation of the frequency of

squatting facets in Later Stone Age foragers from South Africa.

International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 15(5):371–376.

Dobkin de Rios, M. 1984. Review of Boiling Energy by Richard Katz.

Transcultural Psychiatric Research 21(3):202–207.

Dobkin de Rios, M. 1986. Enigma of drug-induced altered states of consciousness

among the !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari desert. Ethnopharmacology

15:297–304.

Döckel, W. 1998. Re-investigation of the Matjes River Rock Shelter. Unpublished

MA thesis, University of Stellenbosch.

Dold, A. P. and Cocks, M. L. 2001. Traditional veterinary medicine in the Alice

District of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. South African Journal

of Science 97:375–379.

Dornan, S. S. 1917. The Tati Bushmen (Masarwas) and their language. The

Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and

Ireland 47:37–112.

Dornan, S. S. 1925. Pygmies & Bushmen of the Kalahari. London: Seeley,

Service & Co. Limited.

Douglas, M. 1957. Animals in Lele religious symbolism. Africa 27(1):46–58.

303

Douglas, M. 1966. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and

Taboo. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

Dowson, T. A. 1988. Revelations of religious reality: the individual in San rock

art. World Archaeology 20(1):116–128.

Dowson, T. A. 1989. Dots and dashes: cracking the entoptic code in Bushman

rock paintings. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series

6:84–94.

Dowson, T. A. 1994. Reading art, writing history: rock art and social change in

southern Africa. World Archaeology 25(3):332–344.

Dowson, T. A. 1995. The 'Mfecane' impact on Bushmen, their ritual and their art.

In Hamilton, C. A. (ed.) The Mfecane Aftermath: Reconstructive Debates

in Southern African History:51–70. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand

University Press.

Dowson, T. A. 1998. Like people in prehistory. World Archaeology 29(3):333–

343.

Dowson, T. A. 2000. Paintings as politics: exposing historical processes in hunter-

gatherer rock art. In Schweitzer, P., Biesele, M. and Hitchcock, R. K. (eds)

Hunters and Gatherers in the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance and

Self-determination:413–426. New York: Berghahn Books.

Dowson, T. A. 2001. Queer theory and feminist theory: towards a sociology of

sexual politics in rock art research. In Helskog, K. (ed.) Theoretical

Perspectives in Rock Art Research:312–329. Oslo: Novus Forlag.

Dowson, T. A. and Holliday, A. 1989. Zigzags and eland: an interpretation of an

idiosyncratic combination. South African Archaeological Bulletin 44:46–

48.

Drennan, M. R. 1938a. Archaeology of the Oakhurst Shelter, George. Part III. The

cave-dwellers. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa

25(3):259–280.

Drennan, M. R. 1938b. Archaeology of the Oakhurst Shelter, George. Part IV.

The children of the cave-dwellers. Transactions of the Royal Society of

South Africa 25(3):281–293.

304

Dreyer, T. F. 1934. The archaeology of the Matjies River Rock Shelter.

Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 21:187–209.

Dreyer, T. F. 1936. The significance of the Bushman skull. Soologiese Navorsing

van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein 1(4):25–31.

Dronfield, J. 1996. Entering alternative realities: cognition, art and architecture in

Irish passage-tombs. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6(1):37–72.

Du Plooy, W. J., Swart, L. and van Huysteen, G. W. 2001. Poisoning with

Boophane disticha: a forensic case. Human & Experimental Toxicology

20(5):277–278.

Dubow, S. 1995. Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa. Johannesburg:


Dubow, S. 1996. Human origins, race typology and the other Raymond Dart.

African Studies 55(1):1–30.

Dubow, S. 2000. A commonwealth of science. The British Association in South

Africa, 1905 and 1929. In Dubow, S. (ed.) Science and Society in Southern

Africa:66–99. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Dubow, S. 2003. Opération coup de poing. Archaeological Dialogues 10(1):26–

32.

Eastwood, E. B. 1999. Red lines and arrows: attributes of supernatural potency in

the San rock art of the Northern Province, South Africa and south-western

Zimbabwe. South African Archaeological Bulletin 54:16–27.

Eastwood, E. B. and Blundell, G. 1999. Re-discovering the rock art of the

Limpopo-Shashi Confluence Area, southern Africa. Southern African

Journal of Field Archaeology 8(1):17–27.

Eliade, M. 1964. Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. London: Penguin.

Ellenberger, D. F. 1912. History of the Basuto: Ancient and Modern. London:

Caxton.

English Heritage. 2005. Guidelines for Best Practice for Treatment of Human

Remains Excavated from Christian Burial Grounds in England. London:

English Heritage.

305

Estermann, C. 1976. The Ethnography of Southwestern Angola. The Non-Bantu

Peoples. The Ambo Ethnic Group. New York: Africana Publishing

Company.

Fagan, B. M. 1960. The Glentyre Shelter and Oakhurst re-examined. South


Fairhall, A. W., Young, A. W. and Erickson, J. L. 1976. University of Washington

dates IV. Radiocarbon 18(2):221–239.

Fausto, C. and Neiburg, F. 2002. An Interview with Adam Kuper. Current


Fischer, D. H. 1970. Historians' Fallacies: Towards a Logic of Historical

Thought. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.

FitzSimons, F. W. 1915. Palaeolithic man in South Africa. Nature 95:615.

FitzSimons, F. W. 1921. The cliff-dwellers of Tzitzikama: results of recent

excavations. Illustrated London News Dec 24:880–882.

FitzSimons, F. W. 1923a. Cliff dwellers of Zitzikama. South African Journal of

Science 20:541–544.

FitzSimons, F. W. 1923b. The Bushmen of the Zuurberg. South African Journal


FitzSimons, F. W. 1926. Cliff dwellers of Zitzikama: results of recent

excavations. South African Journal of Science 23:813–817.

FitzSimons, F. W. 1928. Results of recent strandlooper excavations at Knysna.

South African Journal of Science 25:448–450.

Fourie, L. 1926. Preliminary notes on certain customs of the Hei-//om Bushmen.

Journal of the South West African Scientific Society 1:49–63.

Fourie, L. 1928. The Bushmen of South West Africa. In Hahn, C. (ed.) The Native

Tribes of South West Africa:81–107. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.

Gamble, C., Davies, W., Pettitt, P., Hazelwood, L. and Richards, M. 2005. The

archaeological and genetic foundations of the European population during

the Late Glacial: implications for ‘agricultural thinking’. Cambridge

Archaeological Journal 15(2):193–223.

Gear, H. S. 1925. The skeletal features of the Boskop race. South African Journal


306

Gear, H. S. 1926. A further report on the Boskopoid remains from Zitzikama.


Geertz, C. 1979. Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society: Three Essays in

Cultural Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gelfand, M. and Mitchell, C. S. 1952. Buphane disticha poisoning in man. South

African Medical Journal 26:573–574.

Gelfand, M., Mavi, S., Drummond, R. B. and Ndemera, B. 1985. The Traditional

Medical Practitioner in Zimbabwe: His Principles of Practice and

Pharmacopoeia. Gweru: Mambo Press.

Giddens, A. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of

Structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Goodwin, A. J. H. 1926. South African stone implement industries. South African


Goodwin, A. J. H. 1935. A commentary on the history and present position of

South African prehistory with full bibliography. Bantu Studies 9(4):292–

417.

Goodwin, A. J. H. 1938a. Archaeology of the Oakhurst Shelter, George. Part I.

Course of the excavation. Transactions of the Royal Society of South

Africa 25(3):229–245.

Goodwin, A. J. H. 1938b. Archaeology of the Oakhurst Shelter, George. Part II.

Disposition of the skeletal remains. Transactions of the Royal Society of

South Africa 25(3):247–257.

Goodwin, A. J. H. 1938c. Archaeology of the Oakhurst Shelter, George. Part VI.

Stratified deposits and contents. Transactions of the Royal Society of South

Africa 25(3):303–320.

Goodwin, A. J. H. 1938d. Archaeology of the Oakhurst Shelter, George. Part VII.

Summary and conclusions. Transactions of the Royal Society of South

Africa 25(3):321–324.

Goodwin, A. J. H. 1946. The Loom of Prehistory. Cape Town: South African

Archaeological Society.

307

Goodwin, A. J. H. 1953. Method in Prehistory: An Introduction to the Discipline

of Prehistoric Archaeology with Special Reference to South African

Conditions. Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society.

Goodwin, A. J. H. and Peers, B. 1953. Two caves at Kalk Bay, Cape peninsula.

South African Archaeological Bulletin 8:59–77.

Goodwin, A. J. H. and van Riet Lowe, C. 1929. The Stone Age cultures of South

Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 27:1–289.

Gordon, R. J. 1984. The !Kung in the Kalahari exchange: an ethnohistorical

perspective. In Schrire, C. (ed.) Past and Present in Hunter Gatherer

Studies:195–224. New York: Academic Press.

Guenther, M. 1986. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana: Tradition and Change.

Hanburg: H. Buske Verlag.

Guenther, M. 1999. Tricksters and Trancers: Bushman Religion and Society.

Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Halkett, D., Hart, T. and Malan, A. 2004. Bones of contention: archaeology and

the Green Point Burial Grounds. SAMAB 30:25–31.

Hall, M. 1990. ‘Hidden history’: Iron Age archaeology in southern Africa. In

Robertshaw, P. (ed.) A History of African Archaeology:59–77. London:

James Currey.

Hall, M. and Morris, A. G. 1983. Race and Iron Age human skeletal remains from

southern Africa: an assessment. Social Dynamics 9(2):29–36.

Hall, S. 1990. Hunter-gatherer-fishers of the Fish River Basin: A Contribution to

the Holocene Prehistory of the Eastern Cape. Unpublished PhD thesis,

University of Stellenbosch.

Hall, S. 2000. Burial and sequence in the Later Stone Age of the Eastern Cape

Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 55:137–

146.

Hall, S. and Binneman, J. N. F. 1987. Late Stone Age burial variability in the

Cape: a social interpretation. South African Archaeological Bulletin

42:140–152.

Hammond-Tooke, W. D. 1993. The Roots of Black South Africa. Johannesburg:

Jonathan Ball Publishers.

308

Harner, M. J. 1982. The Way of the Shaman. Toronto: Bantam Books.

Haughton, S. H. 1926. Note on a burial-stone. Transactions of the Royal Society

of South Africa 13(2):105–106.

Hausman, A. J. 1980. Holocene Human Evolution in Southern Africa: The

Biocultural Development of the Khoisan. Unpublished PhD thesis,

University of New York at Bimghamton.

Hausman, A. J. 1982. The biocultural evolution of Khoisan populations of

southern Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 58:315–330.

Heinz, H.-J. 1986. A !Xo Bushmen burial. In Vossen, R. and Keuthmann, K. (eds)

Contemporary Studies in Khoisan:23–36. Hamburg: Helmut Buske

Verlag.

Hempel, C. 1966. Philosophy of Natural Science. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice

Hall.

Henshilwood, C. S., Sealy, J. C., Yates, R., Cruz-Uribe, K., Goldberg, P., Grine,

F. E., Klein, R. G., Poggenpoel, C., van Niekerk, K. and Watts, I. 2001.

Blombos Cave, southern Cape, South Africa: preliminary report on the

1992–1999 excavations of the Middle Stone Age levels. Journal of

Archaeological Science 28(4):421–448.

Hewitt, J. 1922. On several implements and ornaments from Strandlooper sites in

the Eastern Province. South African Journal of Science 18:454–467.

Hewitt, J. 1925. On some stone implements from the Cape Province. South

African Journal of Science 22:441–453.

Hewitt, J. 1931. Artefacts from Melkhoutboom. South African Journal of Science

28:540–548.

Hewitt, J. 1954. Pottery from the Eastern Province. South African Archaeological

Bulletin 9:38.

Hewitt, J. 1955. Further light on the Bowker implements. South African


Hewitt, R. 1986. Structure, Meaning and Ritual in the Narrative of the Southern

San. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.

Hodder, I. 1977. The distribution of material culture items in the Baringo District,

western Kenya. Man 12(2):239–269.

309

Hodder, I. 1979. Economic and social stress and material culture patterning.

American Antiquity 44(3):446–454.

Hodder, I. 1982. Symbols in Action: Ethnoarchaeological Studies of Material

Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hodder, I. 1986. Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in

Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hodder, I. 1999. The Archaeological Process: An Introduction. Oxford:

Blackwell.

Hoffman, A. C. 1958. New excavations in the Matjes River rock shelter. South

African Museums Association Bulletin 6(11):342–348.

Hollmann, J. C. 1993. Preliminary report on the Koebee rock paintings, Western

Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin

48:16–25.

Hollmann, J. C. 2003. Indigenous Knowledge and Paintings of Human-animal

Combinations: Ostriches, Swifts and Religion in Bushman Rock-art,

Western Cape Province, South Africa. Unpublished MA thesis, University

of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Hollmann, J. C. 2004. Customs and Beliefs of the /Xam Bushmen. Johannesburg:


Hornborg, A. 1996. Ecology as semiotics: outlines of a contextualist paradigm for

human ecology. In Descola, P. and Pálsson, G. (eds) Nature and Society:

Anthropological Perspectives:45–62. London: Routledge.

Houtman, G. 1990. Human remains and the Vermillion Accord. Anthropology

Today 6(1):23–24.

How, M. W. 1962. The Mountain Bushmen of Basutoland. Pretoria: Van Schaik.

Howell, N. 1979. Demography of the Dobe !Kung. New York: Academic Press.

Howells, W. W. 1973. Cranial Variation in Man. Cambridge, MA: Peabody

Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.

Huffman, T. N. 1983. The trance hypothesis and the rock art of Zimbabwe. South


Huffman, T. N. 1986. Cognitive studies of the Iron Age in southern Africa. World


310

Hume, D. 1886. A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the

Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects; and Dialogues

Concerning Natural Religion. London: Longmans, Green.

Humphreys, A. J. B. 2004/2005. "De-!Kunging" the Later Stone Age of the

central interior of South Africa. Southern African Field Archaeology 13 &

14:36–41.

Humphreys, A. J. B. 2007. Behavioural ecology and hunter-gatherers: from the

Kalahari to the Later Stone Age. South African Archaeological Bulletin

62:98–103.

Inskeep, R. R. 1961. Review of Prehistory of the Matjes River Rock Shelter. South


Inskeep, R. R. 1986. A preliminary survey of burial practices in the Later Stone

Age, from the Orange River to the Cape coast. In Singer, R. and Lundy, J.

K. (eds) Variation, Culture and Evolution in African Populations:221–

239. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.

Inskeep, R. R. 1987. Nelson Bay Cave, Cape Province, South Africa: The

Holocene levels. Oxford: BAR.

Iser, W. 2006. How to Do Theory. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Iziko. 2005. Policy on the management of human remains in Iziko collections.

Iziko Museums of Cape Town.

Jerardino, A., Sealy, J. C. and Pfeiffer, S. 2000. An infant burial from

Steenbokfontein Cave, west coast, South Africa: its archaeological,

nutritional and anatomical context. South African Archaeological Bulletin

55:44–48.

Jerardino, A., Yates, R., Morris, A. G. and Sealy, J. C. 1992. A dated human

burial from the Namaqualand coast: observations on culture, biology and

diet. South African Archaeological Bulletin 47:75–81.

Johnson, M. 1989. Conceptions of agency in archaeological interpretation.

Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 8:189–211.

Johnson, M. 1999. Archaeological Theory: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.

Johnson, M. 2006. Response. Antiquity 80:442–443.

311

Jolly, P. 1986. A first generation descendant of the Transkei San. South African


Kannemeyer, D. R. 1890. Stone implements of the Bushmen. Cape Illustrated

Magazine 1:120–130.

Kaplan, A. 1964. The Conduct of Inquiry. San Francisco: Chandler.

Katz, R. 1982. Boiling Energy: Community Healing Among the Kalahari Kung.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Katz, R., Biesele, M. and St. Denis, V. 1997. Healing Makes our Hearts Happy:

Spirituality and Cultural Transformation among the Kalahari Ju|'hoansi

Vermont: Inner Traditions.

Keeney, B. 1999. Kalahari Bushman Healers. Philadelphia: Ringing Rocks Press.

Keeney, B. 2003. Ropes to God: Experiencing the Bushman Spiritual Universe.

Philadelphia: Ringing Rocks Press.

Keith, A. 1934. A descriptive account of the human skulls from Matjes River

cave, Cape Province. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa

21:151–185.

Kelley, J. H. and Hanen, M. P. 1988. Archaeology and the Methodology of

Science. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Kent, S. 1992. The current forager controversy: real versus ideal views of hunter-

gatherers. Man 27(1):45–70.

Kleber, H. D. 2006. Commentary on: Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type

experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and

spiritual significance by Griffiths et al. Psychopharmacology 187:291–

292.

Klein, R. G. 1972. The late quaternary mammalian fauna of Nelson Bay Cave

(Cape Province, South Africa): its implications for megafaunal extinctions

and environmental and cultural change. Quaternary Research 2(2):135–

142.

Klein, R. G. 1974. Environment and subsistence of prehistoric man in the

southern Cape Province, South Africa. World Archaeology 5(3):249–284.

312

Klein, R. G., Avery, G., Cruz-Uribe, K., Halkett, D., Parkington, J. E., Steele, T.,

Volman, T. P. and Yates, R. 2004. The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age

site, South Africa, and early human exploitation of coastal resources.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 101(16):5708–5715.

Kluckhohn, C. 1940. The conceptual structure in Middle American studies. In

Hay, C. L., Linton, R. L., Lothrop, S. K., Shapiro, H. L. and Vaillart, G. C.

(eds) The Maya and their Neighbours:41–51. New York: Dover

Publications.

Klüver, H. 1942. Mechanisms of hallucinations. In McNemar, Q. and Merrill, M.

A. (eds) Studies in Personality:175–207. New York: McGraw Hill.

Klüver, H. 1966. Mescal and Mechanisms of Hallucinations. Chicago: University

of Chicago Press.

Knoll, M., Kugler, J., Hofer, O. and Lawder, S. D. 1963. Effects of chemical

stimulation of electrically induced phosphenes on their bandwidth, shape,

number and intensity. Confinia Neurologica 23:201–226.

Kolpakov, E. 1993. The end of theoretical archaeology? A glance from the east.

Norwegian Archaeological Review 26(2):107–115.

Kuhn, T. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: Chicago

University Press.

Laidler, F. W. 1929. Burials and burial methods of the Namaqualand Hottentots.

Man 29:151–153.

Laing, G. D. 1924. A preliminary report on some Strandlooper skulls found at

Zitzikama. South African Journal of Science 21:528–541.

Laing, G. D. 1925. A further report on the Zitzikama material. South African


Laing, G. D. and Gear, H. S. 1929. A final report on the strandlooper skulls found

at Zitzikama. South African Journal of Science 26:575–601.

Laing, R. O. 1979. Three cases of poisoning by Boophone disticha. Central

African Journal of Medicine 25:265–266.

Lane, P. 1996. Breaking the mould? Exhibiting Khoisan in southern African

museums. Anthropology Today 12(5):3–10.

313

Laue, G. 2000. Taking a Stance: Posture and Meaning in the Rock Art of the

Waterberg, Northern Province, South Africa. Unpublished MSc thesis,

University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Laydevant, F. 1932. Religious or sacred plants of Basutoland. Bantu Studies 6:65–

69.

Leakey, M. D. 1984. Disclosing the Past. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Lee, R. B. 1979. The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society.


Lee, R. B. 1984. The Dobe !Kung. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.

Lee, R. B. 1993. The Dobe Ju'hoansi. New York: Harcourt Brace.

Lee, R. B. and DeVore, I. 1976. Kalahari Hunter-gatherers: Studies of the !Kung

San and their Neighbours. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.

Legassick, M. and Rassool, C. 2000. Skeletons in the Cupboard: South African

Museums and the Trade in Human Remains 1907–1917. Cape Town:

South African Museum.

Leslie-Brooker, M. 1987. An Archaeological Study of the Uniondale Rockshelter,

Albany District, Eastern Cape. Unpublished MA thesis, University of

Stellenbosch.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1981a. Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in

Southern San Rock Painting. London: Academic Press.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1981b. The thin red line: southern San notions and rock

paintings of supernatural potency. South African Archaeological Bulletin

36:5–13.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1984. Ideological continuities in prehistoric southern

Africa: the evidence of rock art. In Schrire, C. (ed.) Interfaces: The

Relationship of Past and Present in Hunter-gatherer Studies:225–252.

New York: Academic Press.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1986. The last testament of the southern San. South African


Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1987. A dream of eland: an unexplored component of San

shamanism and rock art. World Archaeology 19(2):165–177.

314

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1988. Reality and Non-reality in San rock art.

Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1994. Rock art and ritual: South Africa and beyond.

Complutum 5:277–289.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1995a. Seeing and construing: the making and 'meaning' of

a southern African rock art motif. Cambridge Archaeological Journal

5(1):3–23.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1995b. Modelling the production and consumption of rock

art. South African Archaeological Bulletin 50:143–154.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1996. 'A visit to the Lion's House': the structure, metaphors

and socio-political significance of a nineteenth-century Bushman myth. In

Deacon, J. and Dowson, T. A. (eds) Voices from the Past: /Xam Bushmen

and the Bleek and Lloyd Collection:122–141. Johannesburg:


Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1997a. The mantis, the eland and the meerkats: conflict and

mediation in a nineteenth-century San myth. In McAllister, P. (ed.)

Culture and the Commonplace: Anthropological Essays in Honour of

David Hammond-Tooke:195–216. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand

University Press.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1997b. Harnessing the brain: vision and shamanism in

Upper Paleolithic Western Europe. In Conkey, M. W., Soffer, O.,

Stratmann, D. and Jablonski, N. G. (eds) Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image

and Symbol:321–342: California Academy of Science.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1998. Quanto? The issue of 'many meanings' in southern

African San rock art research. South African Archaeological Bulletin

53:86–97.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 2000. Stories that Float from Afar: Further Specimens of

19th Century Bushman Folklore. Cape Town: David Philip Publishers.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 2001a. Southern African shamanistic rock art in its social

and cognitive contexts. In Price, N. S. (ed.) The Archaeology of

Shamanism:16–39. London: Routledge.

315

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 2001b. Brainstorming images: neuropsychology and rock

art research. In Whitley, D. (ed.) Handbook of Rock Art Research:332–

357. Walnut Creek: Altamira.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 2001c. Monolithism and polysemy: Scylla and Charybdis

in rock art research. In Helskog, K. (ed.) Theoretical Perspectives in Rock

Art Research:23–39. Oslo: Novus Forlag.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. and Biesele, M. 1978. Eland hunting rituals among

northern and southern San groups: striking similarities. Africa 48(2):117–

134.

Lewis-Williams, J. D., Blundell, G., Challis, W. and Hampson, J. 2000. Threads

of light: re-examining a motif in southern African San rock art. South


Lewis-Williams, J. D. and Clottes, J. 1998. The Shamans of Prehistory: Trance

Magic and the Painted Caves. New York: Abrams.

Lewis-Williams, J. D., den Hoed, P., Dowson, T. A. and Whitelaw, D. A. 1986.

Two crabs in a box. The Digging Stick 3(1):1.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. and Dowson, T. A. 1988. The signs of all times: entoptic

phenomena in Upper Palaeolithic art. Current Anthropology 29(2):201–

245.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. and Dowson, T. A. 1990. Through the veil: San rock

paintings and the rock face. South African Archaeological Bulletin 45:5–

16.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. and Dowson, T. A. 1993. On vision and power in the

Neolithic: evidence from the decorated monuments. Current Anthropology

34:55–65.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. and Dowson, T. A. 1999. Images of Power: Understanding

San Rock Art. Johannesburg: Southern Book Publishers.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. and Pearce, D. G. 2004a. San Spirituality: Roots,

Expressions, and Social Consequences. Cape Town: Double Storey.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. and Pearce, D. G. 2004b. Southern African San rock

painting as social intervention: a study of rain-control images. African

Archaeological Review 21(4):199–228.

316

Lewis-Williams, J. D. and Pearce, D. G. 2005. Inside the Neolithic Mind:

Consciousness, Cosmos and the Realm of the Gods. London: Thames &

Hudson.

Liengme, C. 1987. Botanical remains from archaeological sites in the Western

Cape. In Parkington, J. E. and Hall, M. (eds) Papers in the Prehistory of

the Western Cape, South Africa:237–261. Oxford: BAR.

Lombard, M. 2002. Bored stones, lithic rings and the concept of holes in San

shamanism. Anthropology Southern Africa 25(1&2):17–27.

Lombard, M. 2005. The Howiesons Poort of South Africa: what we know, what

we think we know, what we need to know. Southern African Humanities

17:33–55.

Loubser, J. H. N. and Zietsman, P. 1994. Rock paintings of postulated Brunsvigia

sp. (Amaryllidaceae) at Thaba Bosiu, western Lesotho. South African


Louw, J. T. 1960. Prehistory of the Matjes River Rock Shelter. Memoirs of the

National Museum, Bloemfontein 1:1–143.

Lubke, R. A. and van Wijk, Y. 1988. Estuarine plants. In Lubke, R. A., Gress, F.

and Bruton, M. (eds) A Field Guide to the Eastern Cape Coast:133–143.

Grahamstown: Wildlife Society of Southern Africa.

Lucas, G. 2001. Critical Approaches to Fieldwork: Contemporary and Historical

Archaeological Practice. London: Routledge.

Ludwig, B. 2005. A Comparison of Hunter-gatherer Material Culture from Matjes

River Rock Shelter and Nelson Bay Cave. Unpublished MSc thesis,

University of Cape Town.

Lynnerup, N. 2007. Mummies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology

134(S45):162–190.

Mabudafhasi, R. 2007. Remarks by the Deputy Minister of Environmental Affairs

and Tourism, Rejoice Mabudafhasi at the occasion of the symbolic release

of the human remains from the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape, the

University of Pretoria, 29 October 2007.

Maggs, T. and Sealy, J. C. 1983. Elephants in boxes. South African

Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 4:44–48.

317

Manhire, A. 1993. A report on the excavations at Faraoskop rock shelter in the

Graafwater District of the south-western Cape. Southern African Field


Manhire, A., Parkington, J. E., Mazel, A. and Maggs, T. 1986. Cattle, sheep and

horses: a review of domestic animals in the rock art of southern Africa.

South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 5:22–30.

Mark, R. and Billo, E. 2002. Application of digital image enhancement in rock art

recording. American Indian Rock Art 28:121–128.

Marker, M. E. and Miller, D. 1993. A Mid-Holocene high stand of the sea at

Knysna. South African Journal of Science 89:100–101.

Marshall, L. 1962. !Kung Bushman religious beliefs. Africa 32:221–252.

Marshall, L. 1965. The !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert. In Gibbs, J. L.

(ed.) Peoples of Africa:243–278. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Marshall, L. 1969. The Medicine Dance of the !Kung Bushmen. Africa 39:347–

381.

Marshall, L. 1976. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University

Press.

Marshall, L. 1999. Nyae Nyae !Kung: Beliefs and Rites. Cambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press.

Martin, A. R. H. 1968. Pollen analysis of Groenvlei Lake sediments, Knysna

(South Africa). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 7(2):107–144.

Mays, S. 2004. After the bones report: the long-term fate of skeletal collections. In

Brickley, M. and McKinley, J. I. (eds) Guidelines to the Standards for

Recording Human Remains:46–47. Reading: Institute of Field

Archaeologists.

Mazel, A. D. 1989. Changing social relations in the Thukela basin, Natal 7000–

2000 BP. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 6:33–41.

Mazel, A. D. and Watchman, A. L. 1997. Accelerator radiocarbon dating of Natal

Drakensberg paintings: results and implications. Antiquity 71:445–449.

Mazel, A. D. and Watchman, A. L. 2003. Dating rock paintings in the

Ukhahlamba-Drakensberg and the Biggarsberg, KwaZulu-Natal, South

Africa. Southern African Humanities 15:59–73.

318

McCall, D. F. 1970. Wolf Courts Girl: The Equivalence of Hunting and Mating in

Bushman Thought. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Centre for International

Studies.

McGuire, R. H. 1992. A Marxist Archaeology. San Diego: Academic Press.

Meiring, A. J. D. 1937. The 'Wilton' skulls of the Matjes River shelter. Soologiese

Navorsing van die Nasionale Museum 1(6):51–79.

Mguni, S. 2001. Research into the formlings in the rock art of Zimbabwe.

Antiquity 75:807–808.

Mguni, S. 2002. Continuity and Change in San Belief and Ritual: Some Aspects

of the Enigmatic 'Formling' and Tree Motifs from Matopo Hills Rock Art,

Zimbabwe. Unpublished MA thesis, University of the Witwatersrand,

Johannesburg.

Mitchell, P. 1997. Holocene Later Stone Age hunter-gatherers south of the

Limpopo River, Ca. 10,000–2000 B.P. Journal of World Prehistory

11(4):359–424.

Mitchell, P. 2002. The Archaeology of Southern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Mitchell, P. 2003. Anyone for hxaro? Thoughts on the theory and practice of

exchange in southern African Later Stone Age archaeology. In Mitchell,

P., Haour, A. and Hobart, J. (eds) Researching Africa's Past: New

Contributions from British Archaeologists:35–43. Oxford: Oxford

University School of Archaeology.

Mitchell, P. 2005a. Modelling Later Stone Age societies in southern Africa. In

Stahl, A. B. (ed.) African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction:150–173.

Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Mitchell, P. 2005b. Why hunter-gatherer archaeology matters: a personal

perspective on renaissance and renewal in southern African Later Stone

Age research. South African Archaeological Bulletin 60:64–71.

Mitchell, P. and Hudson, A. 2004. Psychoactive plants and southern African

hunter-gatherers: a review of the evidence. Southern African Humanities

16:39–57.

319

Moore, J. A. and Keene, A. S. 1983. Archaeology and the law of the hammer. In

Moore, J. A. and Keene, A. S. (eds) Archaeological Hammers and

Theories:3–13. New York: Academic Press.

Morris, A. G. 1986. Khoi and San craniology: a re-evaluation of the osteological

reference sample. In Singer, R. and Lundy, J. K. (eds) Variation, Culture

and Evolution in African Populations:1–12. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand

University Press.

Morris, A. G. 1987. The reflection of the collector: San and Khoi skeletons in

museum collections. South African Archaeological Bulletin 42:12–22.

Morris, A. G. 1992a. A Master Catalogue: Holocene Human Skeletons from South

Africa. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.

Morris, A. G. 1992b. The Skeletons of Contact: A Study of Protohistoric Burials

from the Lower Orange River Valley, South Africa. Johannesburg:


Morris, A. G. 2000. Responses from curators and researchers. In Legassick, M.

and Rassool, C. Skeletons in the Cupboard: South African Museums and

the Trade in Human Remains 1907–1917:73–76. Cape Town: South

African Museum.

Morris, A. G. 2002. The British Association meeting of 1905 and the rise of

physical anthropology in South Africa. South African Journal of Science

98:336–340.

Morris, A. G., Thackeray, A. I. and Thackeray, J. F. 1987. Late Holocene human

skeletal remains from Snuifklip, near Vleesbaai, southern Cape. South


Morris, D. and Beaumont, P. B. 1994. Portable rock engravings at Springbokoog

and the archaeological context of rock art of the Upper Karoo. In Dowson,

T. A. and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds) Contested Images: Diversity in

Southern African Rock Art Research:11–28. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand

University Press.

320

Morris, D. and Jacobson, L. 2000. Responses from curators and researchers. In

Legassick, M. and Rassool, C. Skeletons in the Cupboard: South African

Museums and the Trade in Human Remains 1907–1917:77–81. Cape

Town: South African Museum.

Muller, C. 2001. Investigation of Possible Dietary Differences between the

Inhabitants of the Robberg/Plettenberg Bay and Matjes River Rock

Shelters in the Later Stone Age: An Isotopic Approach. Unpublished MA

thesis, University of Cape Town.

Nagel, T. 1974. What is it like to be a bat? The Philosophical Review 83:435–450.

Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany: Poisons and Drugs. London:

Chapman & Hall.

Nyazema, N. Z. 1984. Poisoning due to traditional remedies. The Central African

Journal of Medicine 30(5):80–83.

Orme, B. 1973. Archaeology and ethnography. In Renfrew, C. (ed.) The

Explanation of Culture Change: Models in Prehistory:481–492. London:

Duckworth.

Orpen, C. S. 1877. A contribution from a Bushman. Orange Free State Monthly

Magazine 1:83–85.

Orpen, J. M. 1874. A glimpse into the mythology of the Maluti Bushmen. Cape

Monthly Magazine (n.s.) 9(49):1–13.

Ouzman, S. 1995. The fish, the shaman and the peregrination: San rock paintings

of mormyrid fish as religious and social metaphors. Southern African

Field Archaeology 4(1):3–17.

Ouzman, S. 1997. Between margin and centre: the archaeology of southern

African bored stones. In Wadley, L. (ed.) Our Gendered Past:

Archaeological Studies of Gender in Southern Africa:71–106.


Ouzman, S. 1998. Towards a mindscape of landscape: rock-art as expression of

world-understanding. In Chippindale, C. and Taçon, P. S. C. (eds) The

Archaeology of Rock-Art:30–41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

321

Ouzman, S. 2000. Responses from curators and researchers. In Legassick, M. and

Rassool, C. Skeletons in the Cupboard: South African Museums and the

Trade in Human Remains 1907–1917:88–90. Cape Town: South African

Museum.

Ouzman, S. 2001. Seeing is deceiving: rock art and the non-visual. World


Ouzman, S. 2002. Encountering an encultured Nature: Some edifying examples

from indigenous southern Africa. In Gauer-Lietz, S. (ed.) Nature and

Culture: Ambivalent Dimensions of our Heritage:99–117. Cottbus:

Drukzone.

Parkington, J. E. 1972. Seasonal mobility in the Late Stone Age. African Studies

31:223–243.

Parkington, J. E. 1976. Coastal settlement between the mouths of the Berg and the

Olifants Rivers, Cape Province. South African Archaeological Bulletin

31:127–140.

Parkington, J. E. 1981. The effects of environmental change on the scheduling of

visits to the Elands Bay Cave, Cape Province, South Africa. In Hodder, I.,

Isaac, G. and Hammond, N. (eds) Patterns of the Past: Studies in Honour

of David Clarke:341–359. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Parkington, J. E. 1984a. Soaqua and Bushmen: hunters and robbers. In Schrire, C.

(ed.) Past and Present in Hunter Gatherer Studies:151–174. New York:

Academic Press.

Parkington, J. E. 1984b. Changing views of the Later Stone Age of South Africa.

Advances in World Archaeology 3:89–142.

Parkington, J. E. 1986. Comment on Sealy and van der Merwe. Current


Parkington, J. E. 1987. On stable carbon isotopes and dietary reconstruction.

Current Anthropology 28(1):91–95.

Parkington, J. E. 1991. Approaches to dietary reconstruction in the western Cape:

Are you what you have eaten? Journal of Archaeological Science

18(3):331–342.

322

Parkington, J. E. 2001. Mobility, seasonality and southern African hunter-

gatherers. South African Archaeological Bulletin 56:1–7.

Parkington, J. E. 2006. Shorelines, Strandlopers and Shell Middens. Cape Town:

Creda Communications.

Parkington, J. E. and Poggenpoel, C. 1971. A Late Stone Age burial from

Clanwilliam. South African Archaeological Bulletin 26:82–84.

Partridge, T. C. 1993. Warming phases in southern Africa during the last 150,000

years: an overview. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

101(3–4):237–244.

Patrick, M. K. 1989. An Archaeological, Anthropological Study of the Human

Skeletal Remains from Oakhurst Rockshelter, George, Cape Province,

South Africa. Unpublished MA thesis, University of Cape Town.

Pearce, D. G. 2002. The Tierkloof Burial Stones: The Art and Context of Painted

Stones in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Unpublished MSc thesis,

University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Pearce, D. G. 2003. The Tierkloof painted burial stones. South African Journal of

Science 99:125–127.

Pearce, D. G. 2005. Iconography and interpretation of the Tierkloof painted stone.

South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 9:45–53.

Peirce, C. S. 1934. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press.

Péringuey, L. 1899. Stone implements from Paarl and Stellenbosch. Transactions

of the South African Philosophical Society 11:iv.

Péringuey, L. 1911. The Stone Ages of South Africa. Annals of the South African

Museum 8:1–218.

Pfeiffer, S. and Sealy, J. C. 2006. Body size among Holocene foragers of the Cape

ecozone, southern Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology

129(1):1–11.

Pfeiffer, S. and van der Merwe, N. J. 2004. Cranial injuries to Later Strone Age

children from the Modder River Mouth, Western Cape Province, South

Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 59:59–65.

323

Pfeiffer, S., van der Merwe, N. J., Parkington, J. E. and Yates, R. 1999. Violent

human death in the past: a case study from the Western Cape. South

African Journal of Science 95:137–140.

Pilcher, F. B., Robineau, D., Goodall, R. N. P., Meÿer, M. A., Olivarría, C. and

Baker, C. S. 2001. Origin and radiation of southern hemisphere coastal

dolphins (genus Cephalorhynchus). Molecular Ecology 10:2215–2223.

Pluciennik, M. 2001. Theory as praxis. In Rainbird, P. and Hamilakis, Y. (eds)

Interrogating Pedagogies. Archaeology in Higher Education:21–27.

Oxford: BAR.

Potgieter, E. F. 1955. The Disappearing Bushmen of Lake Chrissie: A Preliminary

Survey. Pretoria: Van Schaik.

Price, N. 2001. An archaeology of altered states: shamanism and material culture

studies. In Price, N. (ed.) The Archaeology of Shamanism:3–16. London:

Routledge.

Protsch, R. and Oberholzer, J. J. 1975. Palaeoanthropology, chronology and

archaeology of the Matjies River Rock Shelter. Zeitschrift fur

Morphologie und Anthropologie 67(1):32–43.

Raath, M. 2001. Human material in collections: airing the skeletons in the closet.

SAMAB 27:74–78.

Rassool, C. 2001. Towards the repatriation of skeletons in South Africa’s

museums. SAMAB 27:69–73.

Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. 1978. Beyond the Milky Way: Hallucinatory Imagery of the

Tukano Indians. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Centre.

Rightmire, G. P. 1970. Bushman, Hottentot and South African Negro crania

studied by distance and discrimination. American Journal of Physical

Anthropology 33:169–196.

Rightmire, G. P. 1978. Human skeletal remains from the southern Cape Province

and their bearing on the Stone Age prehistory of South Africa. Quaternary

Research 9(2):219–230.

Robinson, G. A. 1977. The riddle of FitzSimons' 'Tzitzikama Cave'. Koedoe

20:95–99.

Roos, T. 1931. Burial customs of the !Kaũ Bushmen. Bantu Studies 5:81–83.

324

Rosenfeld, A. and Smith, C. 1997. Recent developments in radiocarbon and

stylistic methods of dating rock-art. Antiquity 71:405–411.

Rouse, I. 1972. Introduction to Prehistory: A Systematic Approach. New York:

McGraw-Hill.

Rowley-Conwy, P. 2006. The concept of prehistory and the invention of the terms

‘prehistoric’ and ‘prehistorian’: the Scandinavian origin, 1833–1850.

European Journal of Archaeology 9(1):103–130.

Rudner, J. 1971. Painted burial stones from the Cape. Supplement to the South

African Journal of Science, Special Issue 2:54–61.

Rudner, J. and Rudner, I. 1970. The Hunter and His Art: A Survey of Rock Art in

Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik.

Rudner, J. and Rudner, I. 1973. A note on early excavations at Robberg. South


Russell, M. T. 2004. The Spatial Analysis of Radiocarbon Databases: The Spread

of the First Farmers in Europe and of the Fat-tailed Sheep in Southern

Africa. Oxford: BAR.

Sadr, K. 1997. Kalahari archaeology and the Bushman debate. Current


Sadr, K. 2004. Feasting on Kasteelberg? Early herders on the west coast of South

Africa. Before Farming 3:article 2.

Sampson, C. G. 1972. The Stone Age Industries of the Orange River Scheme and

South Africa. Bloemfontein: National Museum.

Sampson, C. G. 1974. The Stone Age Archaeology of Southern Africa. New York:

Academic Press.

Sampson, C. G. and Vogel, J. C. 1989. A painted pebble and associated C-14 date

form the Upper Karoo. Pictogram 2(2):1–3.

Scarre, C. 1994. The meaning of death: funerary beliefs and the prehistorian. In

Renfrew, C. and Zubrow, E. B. W. (eds) The Ancient Mind: Elements of

Cognitive Archaeology:75–82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schapera, I. 1930. The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa. London: Routledge.

Schauder, D. E. 1963. The anthropological work of F. W. FitzSimons in the

eastern Cape. South African Archaeological Bulletin 18:52–59.

325

Schlanger, N. 2002. Making the past for South Africa's future: the prehistory of

Field-Marshal Smuts (1920s–1940s). Antiquity 76:200–209.

Schlanger, N. 2003. The Burkitt affair revisited. Colonial implications and

identity politics in early South African prehistoric research.

Archaeological Dialogues 10(1):5–26.

Schoefield, J. F. 1938. Archaeology of the Oakhurst Shelter, George. Part V. The

pottery. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 25:295–301.

Schrire, C. 1962. Oakhurst: a re-examination and vindication. South African


Schrire, C. 1980. An inquiry into the status and apparent identity of San hunter-

gatherers. Human Ecology 8:9–32.

Schweitzer, F. R. 1979. Excavation at Die Kelders, Cape Province, South Africa:

the Holocene deposits. Annals of the South African Museum 78(10):101–

233.

Scott, L. 1993. Palynological evidence for late quaternary warming episodes in

southern Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

101(3–4):229–235.

Scriven, M. 1976. Reasoning. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Sealy, J. C. 1995. Report on discussion of Draft Statement on the Treatment of

Human Skeletal Remains at the biennial conference of the Southern

African Association of Archaeologists in Pietermaritzburg, 20 July 1994 at

15.20h. Southern African Association of Archaeologists 43:7–8.

Sealy, J. C. 1996. Seasonality of rainfall around the Last Glacial Maximum as

reconstructed from carbon isotopes. South African Journal of Science

92(9):441–444.

Sealy, J. C. 2003. Managing collections of human remains in South African

museums and universities: ethical policy-making and scientific value.


Sealy, J. C. 2006. Diet, mobility, and settlement pattern among Holocene hunter-

gatherers in southernmost Africa. Current Anthropology 47(4):569–595.

326

Sealy, J. C., Armstrong, R. and Schrire, C. 1995. Beyond lifetime averages:

tracing life histories through isotopic analysis of different calcified tissues

from archaeological human skeletons. Antiquity 69:290–300.

Sealy, J. C., Ludwig, B. and Henderson, Z. 2006. New radiocarbon dates for

Matjes River Rock Shelter. South African Archaeological Bulletin 61:98–

101.

Sealy, J. C. and Pfeiffer, S. 2000. Diet, body size, and landscape use among

Holocene people in the southern Cape, South Africa. Current


Sealy, J. C., Pfeiffer, S., Yates, R., Willmore, K., Manhire, A., Maggs, T. and

Lanham, J. L. 2000. Hunter-gatherer child burials from the Pakhuis

Mountains, Western Cape: growth, diet and burial practices in the Late

Holocene. South African Archaeological Bulletin 55:32–43.

Sealy, J. C. and van der Merwe, N. J. 1985. Isotope assessment of Holocene

human diets in the southwestern Cape, South Africa. Nature 315:138–140.

Sealy, J. C. and van der Merwe, N. J. 1986. Isotope assessment and the seasonal-

mobility hypothesis in the southwestern Cape of South Africa. Current


Sealy, J. C. and van der Merwe, N. J. 1988. Social, spatial and chronological

patterning in marine food use as determined by δ13C measurements of

Holocene human skeletons from the south-western Cape, South Africa.

World Archaeology 20(1):87–102.

Sealy, J. C., van der Merwe, N. J., Sillen, A., Kruger, F. J. and Krueger, H. W.

1991. 87Sr/86Sr as a dietary indicator in modern and archaeological bone.

Journal of Archaeological Science 18(3):399–416.

Sealy, J. C., van der Merwe, N. J., Thorp, J. A. L. and Lanham, J. L. 1987.

Nitrogen isotopic ecology in southern Africa: implications for

environmental and dietary tracing. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

51(10):2707–2717.

Shaw, E. M. 1978. Ethnology in southern African museums. South African

Museums Association Bulletin 3(2):1–17.

327

Shaw, E. M., Woolley, P. L. and Rae, F. A. 1963. Bushman arrow poisons.

Cimbebasia 7:2–41.

Shennan, S. and Edinborough, K. 2007. Prehistoric population history: from the

Late Glacial to the Late Neolithic in Central and Northern Europe. Journal

of Archaeological Science 34(8):1339–1345.

Shepherd, N. 2003. The modest violet. Response to 'The Burkitt affair revisited'.

Archaeological Dialogues 10(1):33–39.

Sherratt, A. 1991. Sacred and profane substances: the ritual use of narcotics in

Later Neolithic Europe. In Garwood, P., Jennings, D., Skeates, R. and

Toms, J. (eds) Sacred and Profane: Proceedings of a Conference on

Archaeology, Ritual and Religion. Oxford, 1989:50–64. Oxford: Oxford

University Committee for Archaeology.

Shostak, M. 1982. Nisa: The Life and Works of a Kung Woman. London: Lane.

Shrubsall, F. C. 1898. Crania of African Bush races. Journal of the Royal

Anthropological Institute 27:263–292.

Shrubsall, F. C. 1922. A note on Bushman craniology. Man 22:185–187.

Siegel, R. K. 1977. Hallucinations. Scientific American 237:132–140.

Siegel, R. K. and Jarvik, M. E. 1975. Drug-induced hallucinations in animals and

man. In Siegel, R. K. and West, L. J. (eds) Hallucinations: Behaviour,

Experience, and Theory:81–161. New York: Wiley.

Silberbauer, F. B. 1979. Stable Carbon Isotopes and Prehistoric Diets in the

Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Unpublished MA thesis, University

of Cape Town.

Silberbauer, G. B. 1965. Report to the Government of Bechuanaland on the

Bushman Survey. Gaberones: Bechuanaland Government.

Silberbauer, G. B. 1972. The G/wi Bushmen. In Bicchieri, M. G. (ed.) Hunters

and Gatherers Today: A Socioeconomic Study of Eleven such Cultures in

the Twentieth Century:271–326. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Silberbauer, G. B. 1981. Hunter and Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert.


Singer, R. 1958. The Boskop 'race' problem. Man 58:173–178.

328

Singer, R. 1961. Review of Prehistory of the Matjes River Rock Shelter. South


Singer, R. and Wymer, J. 1969. Radiocarbon date for two painted stones from a

coastal cave in South Africa. Nature 224:508–510.

Singer, R. and Wymer, J. 1982. The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in

South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Skotnes, P. 1994. The visual as a sight of meaning: San parietal painting and the

experience of modern art. In Dowson, T. A. and Lewis-Williams, J. D.

(eds) Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art

Research:315–329. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.

Skotnes, P. 1996. Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen. Cape Town:

University of Cape Town Press.

Skotnes, P. 2007. Claim to the Country: The Archive of Lucy Lloyd and Wilhelm

Bleek. Johannesburg: Jacana.

Smith, A. B. 1981. An archaeological investigation of Holocene deposits at

Rooiels Cave, south-western Cape. South African Archaeological Bulletin

36:75–83.

Sobiecki, J.-F. 2002. A preliminary inventory of plants used for psychoactive

purposes in southern African healing traditions. Transactions of the Royal

Society of South Africa 57(1&2):1–24.

Solomon, A. C. 1994. 'Mythic women': a study of variability in San rock art and

narrative. In Dowson, T. A. and Lewis-Williams, J. D. (eds) Contested

Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research:331–371.


Solomon, A. C. 1995. Rock Art Incorporated: An Archaeological and

Interdisciplinary Study of Certain Human Figures in San Art. Unpublished

PhD thesis, University of Cape Town.

Solway, J. S. and Lee, R. B. 1990. Foragers, genuine or spurious? Situating the

Kalahari San in history. Current Anthropology 31(2):109–146.

Stahl, A. B. 1993. Concepts of time and approaches to analogical reasoning in

historical perspectives. American Antiquity 58(2):235–260.

329

Stahl, A. B. 1994. Changes and continuity in the Banda area, Ghana: the direct

historical approach. Journal of Field Archaeology 21(2):181–203.

Stapleton, P. and Hewitt, J. 1927. Stone implements from a rock shelter at

Howieson's Poort near Grahamstown. South African Journal of Science

24:574–587.

Stapleton, P. and Hewitt, J. 1928. Stone implements from Howieson's Poort, near

Grahamstown. South African Journal of Science 25:399–409.

Steenkamp, P. A. 2005. Chemical Analysis of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of

Forensic Importance in South Africa. Unpublished PhD thesis, University

of Johannesburg.

Stern, J. T. and Singer, R. 1967. Quantitative morphological distinctions between

Bushman and Hottentot skulls: a preliminary report. South African


Steyn, D. G. 1934. The Toxicology of Plants in South Africa Together with a

Consideration of Poisonous Foodstuffs and Fungi. South Africa: Central

News Agency.

Steyn, H. P. 1971. Aspects of the economic life of some nomadic Nharo Bushman

groups. Annals of the South African Museum 56(6):275–322.

Steyn, M., Binneman, J. N. F. and Loots, M. 2007. The Kouga mummified human

remains. South African Archaeological Bulletin 62:3–8.

Stock, J. and Pfeiffer, S. 2001. Linking structural variability in long bone

diaphyses to habitual behaviors: foragers from the southern African Later

Stone Age and the Andaman Islands. American Journal of Physical


Stock, J. and Pfeiffer, S. 2004. Long bone robusticity and subsistence behaviour

among Later Stone Age foragers of the forest and fynbos biomes of South

Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:999–1013.

Stow, G. W. 1905. The Native Races of South Africa. Cape Town: Struik.

Stynder, D. 2006. A Quantitative Assessment of Variation in Holocene Khoesan

Crania from South Africa's Western, South-western, Southern and South-

eastern Coasts and Coastal Forelands. Unpublished PhD thesis, University

of Cape Town.

330

Stynder, D., Ackermann, R. R. and Sealy, J. C. 2007. Craniofacial variation and

population continuity during the South African Holocene. American

Journal of Physical Anthropology 134(4):489–500.

Summers, R. 1975. A History of the South African Museum. Cape Town: A. A.

Balkema.

Swart, J. and Escott, B. 2003. The Cascades painted stones. Southern African

Humanities 15:75–89.

Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. C. 1992. Late Quaternary paleotemperatures derived

from a speleothem from Cango Caves, Cape Province, South Africa.

Quaternary Research 37(2):203–213.

Tambiah, S. J. 1969. Animal are good to think and good to prohibit. Ethnology

8:424–459.

Taylor, J. L. S., Rabe, T., McGaw, L. J., Jäger, A. K. and van Staden, J. 2001.

Towards the scientific validation of traditional medicinal plants. Plant

Growth Regulation 34(1):23–37.

Taylor, W. W. 1948. A Study of Archaeology. Menasha: American

Anthropological Association.

Thackeray, A. I. 1983a. Archaeological sites in the Kuruman Hills area. In

Humphreys, A. J. B. and Thackeray, A. I. Ghaap and Gariep: Later Stone

Age Studies in the Northern Cape:33–139. Cape Town: South African

Archaeological Society.

Thackeray, A. I. 1983b. Dating the rock art of southern Africa. South African

Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 4:21–26.

Thackeray, A. I. and Humphreys, A. J. B. 1983. The Holocene archaeology of the

Northern Cape. In Humphreys, A. J. B. and Thackeray, A. I. Ghaap and

Gariep: Later Stone Age Studies in the Northern Cape:271–298. Cape

Town: South African Archaeological Society.

Thackeray, A. I., Thackeray, J. F., Beaumont, P. B. and Vogel, J. C. 1981. Dated

rock engravings from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. Science 214:64–

67.

Thackeray, J. F. and Feast, E. C. 1974. A midden burial from Cape St. Francis,

Eastern Cape Province. South African Archaeological Bulletin 29:92.

331

Thomas, E. M. 1959. The Harmless People. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Thomas, E. M. 2006. The Old Way: A Story of the First People. New York:

Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Tobias, P. V. 1966. The peoples of Africa south of the Sahara. In Baker, P. T. and

Weiner, J. S. (eds) The Biology of Human Adaptability:111–200. Oxford:

Clarendon Press.

Tobias, P. V. 1985. History of physical anthropology in southern Africa.

Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 28:1–52.

Traill, A. 1995. The Khoesan languages of South Africa. In Mesthrie, R. (ed.)

Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics:1–

18. Cape Town: David Philip.

Trigger, B. G. 1984. Alternative archaeologies: nationalist, colonialist, imperialist.

Man 19:355–370.

Turner, M. 1970. A search for the Tsitsikamma shelters. South African


Ucko, P. 1987. Academic Freedom and Apartheid: The Story of the World

Archaeological Congress. London: Duckworth.

Valiente Noailles, C. 1993. The Kua: Life and Soul of the Central Kalahari.

Rotterdam: Balkema.

Van Andel, T. H. 1989. Late Pleistocene sea levels and the human exploitation of

the shore and shelf of southern South Africa. Journal of Field Archaeology

16(2):133–155.

Van der Merwe, N. J., Sealy, J. C. and Yates, R. 1987. First accelerator carbon-14

date for pigment from a rock painting. South African Journal of Science

83:56–57.

Van Wyk, B.-E. and Gericke, N. 2000. People’s Plants: A Guide to Useful Plants

of Southern Africa. Pretoria: Briza Publications.

Van Wyk, B.-E., van Oudtshoorn, B. and Gericke, N. 1997. Medicinal Plants of

South Africa. Pretoria: Briza Publications.

332

Vanhaeren, M. 2005. Speaking with beads: the evolutionary significance of

personal ornaments. In d’Errico, F. and Backwell, L. R. (eds) From Tools

to Symbols: From Early Hominids to Modern Humans:525–553.


Vastokas, J. M. and Vastokas, R. K. 1973. Sacred Art of the Algonkians: A Study

of the Peterborough Petroglyphs. Peterborough: Mansard.

Vinnicombe, P. 1967. Rock painting analysis. South African Archaeological

Bulletin 22:129–141.

Vinnicombe, P. 1976. People of the Eland: Rock Paintings of the Drakensberg

Bushmen as a Reflection of their Life and Though. Pietermaritzburg:

University of Natal Press.

Voigt, E. 1972. A burial on Groot Hagelkraal, Bredasdorp District, Cape. South


Wadley, L. 1987. Later Stone Age Hunters and Gatherers of the Southern

Transvaal: Social and Ecological Interpretation. Oxford: BAR.

Wadley, L. 1996. The Bleek and Lloyd records of death and burial: the problems

that these present for archaeologists. In Deacon, J. and Dowson, T. A.

(eds) Voices From the Past: /Xam Bushmen and the Bleek and Lloyd

Collection:271–286. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.

Wadley, L. 1997. Where have all the dead men gone? Stone Age burial practices

in South Africa. In Wadley, L. (ed.) Our Gendered Past: Archaeological

Studies of Gender in Southern Africa:107–133. Johannesburg:


Wadley, L. 2001. Wilton. In Peregrine, P. N. and Ember, M. (eds) Encyclopedia

of Prehistory, Volume 1, Africa:346–353. New York: Kluver

Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Walker, N. 1994. Later Stone Age funerary practice in the Matopos, Zimbabwe: a

contribution to understanding prehistoric death rites in southern Africa.

Southern African Field Archaeology 3(2):94–102.

Watchman, A. 1993. Perspectives and potentials for absolute dating prehistoric

rock paintings. Antiquity 67:58–65.

333

Watt, J. M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M. G. 1962. The Medicinal and Poisonous

Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. London: Livingstone.

Weeder, M. 2004. Prestwich Place project. Arrested development: the dead of

Prestwich Street. SAMAB 30:23–24.

Wells, L. H. 1929. Fossil Bushmen from the Zuurberg. South African Journal of

Science 26:806–834.

Wells, L. H. and Gear, J. H. 1931. Cave-dwellers of the Outeniqua mountains.


Wendt, W. E. 1976. 'Art mobilier' from the Apollo 11 Cave, South West Africa:

Africa's oldest dated works of art. South African Archaeological Bulletin

31:5–11.

Whitley, D. S. 2005. Introduction to Rock Art Research. Walnut Creek, CA: Left

Coast Press.

Whitley, J. 2002. Too many ancestors. Antiquity 76:119–126.

Widlok, T. 1998. Digging a grave for culture: cultural heritage and power

relations in a Namibian Khoisan group. In Banks, A. (ed.) The

Proceedings of the Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage

Conference:256–262. Cape Town: The Institute for Historical Research,

University of the Western Cape.

Wiessner, P. 1977. Hxaro: A Regional System of Reciprocity for Reducing Risk

Among the !Kung San. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Michigan,

Ann Arbor.

Wiessner, P. 1982. Risk, reciprocity and social influences on !Kung San

economies. In Leacock, E. and Lee, R. B. (eds) Politics and History in

Band Societies:61–84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wiessner, P. 1983a. Social and ceremonial aspects of deaths among the !Kung

San. Botswana Notes and Records 15:1–5.

Wiessner, P. 1983b. Style and social information in Kalahari San projectile points.

American Antiquity 48:253–276.

Wiessner, P. 1984. Reconsidering the behavioural basis for style: a case among

the Kalahari San. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3:190–234.

334

Wilmsen, E. N. 1989. Land Filled with Flies: A Political Economy of the

Kalahari. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Wilmsen, E. N. and Denbow, J. R. 1990. Paradigmatic history of San-speaking

peoples and current attempts at revision. Current Anthropology 31(5):489–

524.

Wilson, M. L. and Van Rijssen, W. J. J. 1990. The Coldstream stone: a unique

artefact in the South African Museum collections. Sagittarius 5(1):6–8.

Wilson, M. L., Van Rijssen, W. J. J. and Gerneke, D. A. 1990. An investigation of

the 'Coldstream stone'. Annals of the South African Museum 99(6):187–

213.

Winkelman, M. and Dobkin de Rios, M. 1989. Psychoactive properties of !Kung

medicine plants. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21(1):51–59.

Woodhouse, H. C. 1966. Whitcher's Cave: the paintings. South African


Woodhouse, H. C. 1968. The Coldstream burial stone: painting of a prehistoric

painter. South African Journal of Science 64(9):341–344.

Woodhouse, H. C. 1969. The Coldstream burial stone. South African Journal of

Science 65:127.

Woodhouse, H. C. 1987. The Coldstream burial stone: a review. South African


Wylie, A. 1982. An analogy by any other name is just as analogical: a

commentary on the Gould–Watson dialogue. Journal of Anthropological

Archaeology 1:382–401.

Wylie, A. 1985. The reaction against analogy. Advances in Archaeological

Method and Theory 8:63–111.

Wylie, A. 1989. Archaeological cables and tacking: the implications of practice

for Bernstein's 'options beyond objectivism and relativism'. Philosophy of

the Social Sciences 19:1–18.

Wylie, A. 1993. A proliferation of new archaeologies: "beyond objectivism and

relativism". In Yoffee, N. and Sherratt, A. (eds) Archaeological Theory:

Who Sets the Agenda?:20–26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

335

Wylie, A. 1999. Rethinking unity as a "working hypothesis" for philosophy of

science: how archaeologists exploit the disunity of science. Perspectives

on Science 7(3):293–317.

Wylie, A. 2000. Questions of evidence, legitimacy, and the (dis)unity of science.

American Antiquity 65(2):227–237.

Yates, R., Golson, J. and Hall, M. 1985. Trance performance: the rock art of

Boontjieskloof and Sevilla. South African Archaeological Bulletin 40:70–

80.

Yates, R. and Manhire, A. 1991. Shamanism and rock paintings: aspects of the

use of rock art in the south-western Cape, South Africa. South African


Yates, R., Manhire, A. and Parkington, J. E. 1993. Colonial era paintings in the

rock art of the south-western Cape: some preliminary observations. South


Yellen, J. E. 1976. Settlement patterns of the !Kung: an archaeological

perspective. In Lee, R. B. and De Vore, I. (eds) Kalahari Hunter-

gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and their Neighbors:47–72.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Yellen, J. E. 1977. Archaeological Approaches to the Present: Models for

Reconstructing the Past. New York: Academic Press.

Zimmerman, L. J. 1992. Archaeology, reburial, and the tactics of a discipline's

self-delusion. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 16(2):37–

56.

Documents

References V1 final