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REFINING OF CRUDE OIL
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CONTENTCharacteristic of crude oilRefining process of crude
oilTechnologies for achieving clean fuelsHow fuel is
distributed?
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WHAT IS CRUDE OIL?Crude oil, also known as black gold, is a
thick, dark brown or greenish flammable liquid, which is found in
the upper strata of some regions of the Earth's crust.It is a
complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, (mainly, alkanes), along
with traces of other chemicals and compounds.Crude oil can be
categorized as either "sweet crude" ( sulphur content less than
0.5%) or "sour crude," ( sulphur content is at least 2.5%)
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HYDROCARBONS IN CRUDE OILAlkane (Paraffins) methane, ethane,
propane, butane, etc.Aromatics benzene, naphthaleneNaphthenic or
Cycloalkanes cyclohexane, methyl cyclopentaneAlkenes ethylene,
butene, isobuteneDynes and Alkynes acetylene, butadiene's
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COMPOSITION OFCRUDE OIL
Carbon 84%Hydrogen 14%Sulfur 1 to 3%Nitrogen -
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What is Oil Refining ? In oil refining process crude oil is
converted in to more useful petroleum products, such as
gasoline(petrol), diesel oil, asphalt base, fuel oil, kerosene, and
liquefied petroleum gas by fractional distillation.
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REFINING PROCESSDistillation separates crude oil into various
components (fractions) using the difference in boiling
temperaturesChemical processing breaks longer chain hydrocarbons
into shorter ones makes diesel into gasoline, for example.
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DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OILSeparate the components of crude oil by
the differences in their boiling points. This is done by simply
heating up crude oil, allowing it to vaporize, and then letting the
vapor to condense at different levels of the distillation tower.
This process is called fractional distillation and the products of
the fractional distillation of crude oil is called fractions.A
fraction from crude oil can be categorized into two
categories:Refined Product: A crude oil fraction which contains a
lot of individual hydrocarbons (e.g. gasoline, asphalt, waxes, and
lubricants)
Petrochemical Product: A crude oil fraction which contain one or
two specific hydrocarbons of high purity (e.g. benzene, toluene,
and ethylene).
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PRODUCTS FROM REFININGPetroleum Gas used for heating, cooking,
making plasticsNaphtha an intermediate product used to make
gasolineGasoline motor fuelKerosene fuel for jet engines and
tractors and a starting material for making other products
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PRODUCTS FROM REFINING Gas Oil or Diesel used for diesel fuel
and heating oil and a starting material for making other
productsLubricating Oil used for motor oil, grease, other
lubricantsHeavy Gas or Fuel Oil used for industrial fuel and a
starting material for making other productsResiduals coke, asphalt,
tar, waxes, and a starting material for making other products
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Chemical processThere are two types-(1) The thermal conversion
processes(2) Catalytic conversion process
(1)The thermal conversion processes -The larger hydrocarbons are
decomposed at elevated temp. to form material of lower molecular
weight.
Thermal cracking heat large hydrocarbons at high temperature
until they break apart.
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THERMAL CRACKING
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(2) Catalytic conversion processesIt is a catalytic conversion
processes for converting heavy gas oil, into more valuable products
such as LPG, gasoline, cycle oil etc.
- Fluid catalytic cracking Hydro cracking
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Fluid catalytic cracking
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REFINING CAPACITIES
- >10 7-10 4-7 2-4 1-2
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WHY UPGRADE AN OIL REFINARY ?Oil refining releases carbon
dioxide into the atmosphereResponse to changing market demands for
certain productsGovernment regulationsClean Air Act Amendments of
1990 (CAAA90) Changing consumer demand for better and different
productsDecrease the number of non-hydrocarbons, impurities, and
other constituentsPotential physical, mechanical, chemical, and
health hazards are recognized in air
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