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1
Reflection
&
Refraction
2
Reflection
A laser pointer is aimed at the surface of a flat mirror. Draw the laser beam after it hits the surface
of the mirror.
Conclusions
Ray Diagrams
Ray – ________________________________________________________________________
Normal – _____________________________________________________________________
Incident Ray – _________________________________________________________________
Reflected Ray – ________________________________________________________________
Label the following components of the ray diagram below; incident ray, reflected ray, normal, angle of incidence, angle of reflection.
Law of Reflection
Law of Reflection – ______________________________________________________
Diffuse Reflection - ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3
Using a protractor, draw and label the normal line and the reflected ray for each diagram below.
Measure and label the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.
NOTE: Remember to measure all angles from the _________________________________________.
1. A tall person stands in front of a vertical plane mirror 2.0 meters high, as shown in the
following diagram. A ray of light reflects off the mirror, allowing him to see his foot.
Approximately how far up the mirror from the floor does this ray strike the mirror?
2. How much of a mirror is required to see your whole body?
A
B
C
D
4
Images in a Plane Mirror
Image – ____________________________________________________________________________
Image point – _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Characteristics of Plane Mirror Images
1. Virtual Image - ____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Left – Right Reversal - ______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Upright - _________________________________________________________________________
4. do = di - _________________________________________________________________________
5. Magnification of 1 - ________________________________________________________________
5
Drawing Images
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6
Curved Mirrors Compare the two types of curved mirrors.
Parts of a Curved Mirror
Spherical Mirror – specifically _____________________________
which have the ________________ of ______________________
Principal Axis – a straight line _______________________ to the
_____________________ of the mirror at its ________________
Vertex ( ) - the _______________ on the mirror's surface where
the __________________________________________ the mirror
Center of Curvature ( ) - the point in the ________________ of
the ________________ from which the mirror was ____________
Radius of Curvature ( ) – the ____________________ from the
__________________ to the ______________________________
Focal point
Draw the reflected ray for each of the incident rays in the diagram below.
Focal point ( ) - _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7
Sketch the path of the parallel light rays as they reflect off of each mirror pictures below.
Real vs. Virtual Images
Real Image Virtual Image
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Procedure for Locating Images Formed by Curved Mirrors
Ray Draw a line from object to mirror… After reflection the ray will travel…
1
2
3
8
Ray Diagrams for Concave Mirrors Locate the image for each diagram.
C F
Image Properties
C F
Image Properties
C F
Image Properties
C F
Image Properties
9
Trends in Image Properties
Summarize any trends you notice about the properties of the image formed by a concave mirror as the object gets closer to the mirror.
Object Distance Image Distance Size of Image Relative
to Object Image Properties
do > C
do = C
F < do > C
do = F
do < F
C F
Image Properties
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com:8100/legacy/college/halliday/0471320005/simulations6e/index.htm
Image Properties
10
Spherical Aberration
Meaning:
Result:
Solution:
Convex Mirrors
Convex mirror – ______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
o _________________________________________________________
Properties of Images Formed by Convex Mirrors
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
Ray Diagrams for Convex Mirrors
Image Properties
11
Calculating the Position and Size of an Image
Mirror Equation – ____________________________________________________________________
Magnification Equation – ______________________________________________________________
Sign Conventions for Image
di +
-
hi
+
-
m +
-
di < do hi < ho
di > do hi > ho
m < 1 m > 1
* Not on Reference Table
* Not on Reference Table
12
Example Problem
1. A convex security mirror in a warehouse has a radius of curvature of 1.00 m. A 2.0 m high
forklift is 5.0 m from the mirror. Calculate the location and size of the image. Describe the
image properties.
2. A 2.0-cm-high object is placed 7.10 cm from a concave mirror whose radius of curvature is
10.20 cm. Calculate the location of the image and its size. Describe the image properties
13
Refraction
Demonstration
Refraction – _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Speed of Light in Different Mediums
1. How fast does light travel in a vacuum?
2. As light passes into a denser medium, how would its speed be effected?
3. How would its speed change as it traveled into a less dense medium?
Ray Diagrams
In the diagram below, a ray of light travels through a glass block. Label the components of the
diagram.
14
Reason for Refraction
Draw the path of the people as they pass from one medium to another.
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Why does the path of the two people only change when they hit the boundary obliquely (at an angle)?
As the people pass into a more optically dense medium, how do they bend with respect to the
normal?
As the people pass into a less optically dense medium, how do they bend with respect to the
normal?
Path of Refracted Ray
F A S T
15
Determining the Speed of Light in Various Media
Absolute Index of Refraction ( ) - _______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Use the Absolute Index of Refraction on page 2 in your Reference Table to help answer the following questions.
1. Calculate the speed of light in water to the correct number of significant digits.
2. Light travels at a speed of 2.04 x 108 m/s in an unknown medium. What could this material
be?
3. Why does the chart of Absolute Indices of Refraction indicate (f = 5.09 x 1014 Hz)?
Monochromatic: _______________________________________________________________
Polychromatic: ________________________________________________________________
4. What is the speed of light in air? Is this exact?
.
5. Which material will cause light to slow down the most? ____________________
6. Which material will cause light to refract the most? ____________________
7. Will light bend if it travels from corn oil to glycerol? Explain.
16
Determining the Wavelength of Light in Various Media
We know that the speed (v) of the wave changes as it passes into a different medium. HOWEVER,
when a wave passes into a medium, whether more dense or less dense, the
Using the formula v = ƒλ, determine the relationship between the change in density of a medium,
and the wavelength of the refracted wave. Fill in the table below.
Wave travels into… Change in Wave Speed
Direction of Bending
with Respect to the
Normal
Change in Wavelength
More Dense Medium
Less Dense Medium
Equally Dense Medium
Relative Index of Refraction
A beam of monochromatic orange light having a wavelength of 6.09 x 10-7 m enters a denser
medium from air.
a. What is the frequency of the orange light in the block?
b. As the light passes from air into the denser medium, the wavelength will decrease to
4.06 x10-7 m. Determine the absolute index of refraction of this medium.
c. What is this material?
17
Determining the Angle of Refraction
Snell’s Law – _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
1. What is the angle of incidence? Angle of refraction?
2. Complete the path of the light ray.
3. Determine the values for the angle of incidence and refraction.
4. Complete the path of the light ray. Label the angles of
incidence and refraction.
5. Which way does light bend when it travels from a fast medium
into a slow one? Which angle is bigger, θ1 or θ2?
18
6. Determine the values for the angle of incidence and refraction.
7. Complete the path of the light ray. Label the angles of
incidence and refraction.
8. Which way does light bend when it travels from a slow medium
into a fast one? Which angle is bigger, θ1 or θ2?
9. Measure the angle of incidence as a ray of light
enters flint glass from air.
10. Calculate the angle of refraction.
11. Draw the refracted ray. Label both rays and the
angles of incidence and refraction.
12. Draw the reflected ray. Label the ray and the
angle of reflection.
13. A wave traveling in air strikes an interface of material A at an angle of 35.0 degrees, bending to
23.1 degrees. Determine what material A is made of.
19
14. Use a protractor and Snell’s law to construct the path of the light ray with frequency of 5.09 x
1014 Hz as it passes from air through a triangular prism made of crown glass and back into air.
Dispersion – _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Dispersion Rule:
Explanation:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
o
o
20
Critical Angle
1. A ray of light passing from water to air at an angle of 48.75346°,
determine the angle of refraction.
2. Draw the refracted ray.
3. Describe what occurs when the light ray hits the boundary.
Critical Angle ( ) – _______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
*Not in Reference Tables
Total Internal Reflection – __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
o
o
4. A beam of light is propagating through
diamond and strikes a diamond - air
interface at an angle of incidence of 28°.
Will part of the beam enter the air or will the
beam be totally reflected at the interface?
Applications of Total Internal Reflection
21
Thin Lenses
Lens – _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Sketch the path of parallel light rays as they pass through each lens pictured below.
Locate and describe the focus of each lens.
How can you determine whether a lens is converging or diverging?
22
Tracing Rays to Locate Images
Ray Draw a line from object to lens… After passing through the ray will travel…
1
2
3
2F F F 2F
Image Properties
23
2F F F 2F
2F F F 2F
2F F F 2F
Image Properties
Image Properties
Image Properties
24
Images Created by Converging Lenses
Describe how the image changes as the object gets closer to the lens.
2F F F 2F Image Properties
25
Image Formation by Diverging Lenses
Converging vs. Diverging
Converging Diverging
Mirror
Lens
Properties
The Thin Lens Equation and the Magnification Equation
C F F C
* Not on Reference Table
* Not on Reference Table
Image Properties
26
Example Problem
1. An object is placed 32.0 cm from a convex lens that has a focal length of 8.0 cm.
a. Calculate the image location.
b. If the object is 3.0 cm high, calculate the height of the image.
c. Describe the image properties.
2. A 10. cm high object is placed 20. cm in front of a diverging lens whose focal length is 60. cm.
Calculate the location of the image, the magnification of the lens, and describe the properties of
the image.
27
Lens Aberrations
Spherical Aberration
Problem
Solution
Chromatic Aberration (Dispersion)
Problem
Solution
28
Name: ________________________________ Date: ____________________________
Honors Physics Test #13 Review
Reflection and Refraction
1. Read Chapters 14, 15, & 16.
2. Terms to know: electromagnetic spectrum, diffuse reflection, regular reflection, refraction,
index of refraction, Snell’s Law, total internal reflection, critical angle, dispersion,
monochromatic, interference, diffraction, diffraction grating, Young’s Double-Slit Diffraction
Experiment, focal length, ray diagrams, concave, convex.
3. Which color of light has the highest frequency? Highest wavelength? Highest speed?
4. Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the highest frequency? Highest wavelength?
Highest speed?
5. How do fiber optic cables work?
6. What is dispersion? What causes it? Give an example.
7. Which color of light slows down the most when white light shines through a glass prism? Which
color bends the most from its straight-line path?
8. When a ray of light passes from a high index to a low index substance, which way will the ray
bend? From a low index to a high index?
9. Why do light rays bend when they enter a substance? Under what two conditions will a light ray
not bend?
10. What is the Law of Reflection? Snell’s Law?
11. What is total internal reflection? When will it occur? Can it occur if the ray is traveling from a
low index to a high index substance? From a high index to a low index substance?
12. What is the critical angle? What is the angle of refraction when the angle of incidence is the
critical angle?
13. What are some applications of refraction?
14. Be able to calculate the angle of reflection, angle of refraction, critical angle, index of refraction,
speed of light in a substance, and draw all these angles.
15. As a light ray travels from a low index to a high index substance, what happens to its
wavelength, speed, frequency, and period?
16. What are some examples of the diffraction and interference of light?
17. Be able to use the mirror and lens equations for both mirrors and lenses. Know the differences
between concave and convex mirrors and lenses.
18. Be able to draw ray diagrams for both mirrors and lenses.
29
19. An arrow is placed in front of the lens as shown below. Locate the image of the arrow by means
of a well-drawn ray diagram. Use a straightedge for all rays and clearly indicate the image.
20. What would happen to the image if the lens above were replaced by one with a lower index of
refraction?
21. An arrow is placed in front of the concave mirror as shown below. Locate the image of the arrow
by means of a well- drawn ray diagram. Use a straight edge for all rays and clearly indicate the
image.
22. A pencil is placed 5.0 cm in front of the mirror from the previous question, whose focal length is
8.0 cm. Calculate where the image will be located and the magnification of the pencil.
2F F F 2F
C f
30
23. A ray of light traveling in air is incident on an air-diamond
boundary as shown in the diagram. Draw the path of the light ray
in the diamond.
24. Using a protractor, draw and label the normal line and the reflected ray for each diagram below.
Measure and label the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.
25. The diagram below represents an interface between glycerol and zircon. A ray of light is shone
through the glycerol, which strikes the zircon and then passes through zircon. It strikes the
surface at the angle shown.
a. Measure and record the angle of incidence
Angle of incidence = ___________________
b. Calculate the angle of refraction as the light
enters the zircon.
c. Draw the path of the light ray into the zircon, using a protractor.
d. Compare the speed of light in glycerol to the speed of light in zircon.
e. If the wavelength of the light ray in the glycerol is 5.95 x 10-7 m, what is the
wavelength of the light in the zircon?
Air
Diamond
Glycerol
Zircon
31
26. A beam of light crosses between two different media. Refraction can occur if
(A) all of the light is reflected
(B) the media have different indices of refraction
(C) the angle of incidence is 00
(D) there is no change in the speed of the wave
27. In the diagram below, monochromatic light (λ = 5.9 x 10-7 m) in air is about to travel through
crown glass, water and diamond.
In which substance does light travel the slowest?
(A) water (B) diamond (C) air (D) crown glass
28. As a teacher showed slides by projecting them on a fixed screen, a student complained that the
image was too small. The teacher enlarged the image by moving the projector away from the
screen, but the image blurred. The image should then have been brought in focus by
(A) moving the lens closer to the slide
(B) increasing the power of the projector lamp
(C) decreasing the amount of light in the room
(D) moving the lens away from the slide
29. The speed of light in glycerol is approximately
(A) 3.0 x 108 m/s (B) 2.0 x 108 m/s (C) 1.0 x 107 m/s (D) 4.4 x 108 m/s
30. The diagram below represents wave fronts traveling from medium X into medium Y.
All points on any one wave front shown must be
(A) traveling in the same medium (C) in phase
(B) traveling with the same speed (D) superimposed
31. The convex spherical mirror found on the passenger side of many cars contains the warning:
“Objects are closer than they appear.” Which phrase best describes the image of an object
viewed in this mirror?
(A) virtual and larger than the object
(B) real and larger than the object
(C) virtual and smaller than the object
(D) real and smaller than the object
32
32. The diagram below shows a ray of monochromatic light incident on an alcohol-flint glass
interface.
What occurs as the light travels from alcohol into flint glass?
(A) The speed of the light decreases and the ray bends away from the normal.
(B) The speed of the light increases and the ray bends towards the normal.
(C) The speed of the light increases and the ray bends away from the normal.
(D) The speed of the light decreases and the ray bends towards the normal.
33. An object is placed in front of a plane mirror as shown in the diagram below.
Which diagram below best represents the image that is formed?
34. A monochromatic ray of light (f = 5.09 x 1014 Hz) traveling in air is incident upon medium A at
an angle of 450. If the angle of refraction is 290, medium A could be
(A) fused quartz (B) Lucite (C) flint glass (D) water
35. The diagram below represents two light rays emerging from a candle flame and being reflected
from a plane mirror.
What does point P represent?
(A) the focal point of the mirror (C) the virtual image point of the candle flame
(B) the center of curvature of the mirror (D) the real image point of the candle flame
33
36. The diagram below shows a convex (converging) lens with focal length f.
Where should an object be placed to produce a virtual image?
(A) between f and the lens (C) at 2f
(B) between f and 2f (D) at f
37. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is R. The focal length of this mirror is equal to
(A) 2
R (B)
4
R (C) 4R (D) 2R
38. A candle is located beyond the center of curvature, C, of a concave spherical mirror having
principal focus F, as shown in the diagram below.
Where is the candle’s image located?
(A) behind the mirror (C) between F and the mirror
(B) beyond C (D) between C and F
39. In a vacuum, a monochromatic beam of light has a frequency of 6.3 x 1014 hertz. What color is
the light?
(A) green (B) red (C) yellow (D) blue
40. A student placed an object at various distances (do) from a converging lens. The corresponding
image distance (di) was measured and recorded in the data table below.
What is the focal length of the lens?
(A) 0.20 m (B) 0.15 m (C) 0.30 m (D) 0.10 m
An
sw
ers
:
22
. di =
-- 13
cm
m =
2.6
x big
ge
r
23
. se
e s
he
et in
cla
ssro
om
24
. 50
.00, 5
5.0
0
25
. a. 3
4.0
0
b. 2
5.3
0
e. 4
.56
x 10
-7 m
26
. B
27
. B
28
. A
29
. B
30
. C
31
. C
32
. D
33
. A
34
. A
35
. C
36
. A
37
. A
38
. D
39
. D
40
. D
34
Name ______________________________ Date _________________________
Honors Physics SAT Review #13
SAT Review: Reflection & Refraction
PART A
Directions – For each group of questions below,
there is a set of five letter choices, followed by
numbered questions. For each question select the
one choice in the set that best answers the question.
You may use a lettered choice once, more than once,
or not at all in each set. Do not use a calculator or
table of reference.
Questions 1 – 4 relate to the converging lens
and principal axis shown and the choices that
follow. The focal length f and twice the focal
length 2f are marked on either side of the lens.
(A) position 1
(B) position 2
(C) position 3
(D) position 4
(E) position 5
1. At which position could a candle be placed
so that a virtual image could be formed?
2. At which position could a candle be placed
so that an image smaller than the candle
would be formed?
3. At which position could a candle be placed
so that neither a real nor virtual image could
be formed?
Questions 4 – 5 relate to the
(A) reflection
(B) refraction
(C) interference
(D) polarization
(E) dispersion
4. Which of the above causes a wave to change
its speed and wavelength?
5. Which of the above creates two angles that
are equal to each other?
6. Which of the above causes white light to
separate into distinctive frequencies?
PART B
Directions – Each of the questions or incomplete
statements below is followed by five answer choices.
Select the choice that best answers the question or
completes the statement. Do not use a calculator or
any tables of reference.
7. A candle may be placed on the principal axis
at the following distances from the center of
a convex lens.
I. at the focal length
II. at 3/2 the focal length
III. less than the focal length
IV. greater than double the focal length
Which of the above will produce an image
that is larger than the actual candle?
A) I only
B) I, II, and III only
C) II and III only
D) II, III, and IV only
E) I, II, III, and IV only
8. The image formed by a plane mirror alone is
always
A) real.
B) virtual.
C) larger than the object.
D) smaller than the object.
E) inverted.
9. A converging lens has a focal length of 20 cm.
A candle is placed at 30 cm from the lens,
and an image is formed 60 cm from the lens.
The magnification is
A) 0.5.
B) 0.67.
C) 1.5.
D) 2.0.
E) 3.0.
10. Total internal reflection occurs when
A) light passes from air into water.
B) light refracts as it exits glass into air.
C) light reflects off of a mirror.
D) light passing through glass is reflected
inside the glass.
E) the angle of incidence is less than the
critical angle.
F)
35
11. A ray of light is shined from beneath the
water to air above as shown above. Which of
the following rays is the refracted ray
A) AB
B) BC
C) BD
D) BE
E) BF
Questions 4 – 5 refer to the choices below.
I. Sound Waves
II. Visible Light Waves
III. X-rays
12. Which of the above waves can be refracted?
A) I only
B) II only
C) I and II only
D) I and III only
E) I, II, and III
13. Which of the above waves CANNOT be
polarized?
A) I only
B) II only
C) I and II only
D) I and III only
E) I, II, and III
14. In the figure shown, the angle of incidence is
θ. Which angle is the angle of reflection?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
15. A beam of light passes from the air through a
thick piece of glass as shown. Which of the
following angles is the angle of refraction?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
16. A beam of light passes from air into glass.
Which of the following statements is true?
A) The angle of incidence is greater than the
angle of refraction in the glass.
B) The angle of incidence is less than the
angle of refraction in the glass.
C) The angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of refraction in the glass.
D) The frequency of the light decreases.
E) The frequency of the light increases.
17. A light ray pass through a thin lens having a
focal point f as shown above. Which of the
above best describes the lens?
A) The lens is a converging lens.
B) The lens is thicker in the center than on
the edges.
C) The lens is thinner in the center than on
the edges.
D) The lens will always produce real images.
E) The lens will always produce virtual
images.
Answers: 1) E 2) A 3) D 4) B 5) A 6) E 7) C 8) B 9) D 10) D 11) B 12) E 13) A 14) C 15) D 16) A 17) C,E