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Reflections of WWI

Ch.23

High Casualty Rates• British Empire (Britain, Canada, Australia, India, etc…) 1 million

dead• France: 1.7 Million Dead• Germany: 2 Million• Austro-Hungarian Empire: 2 Million Dead• Italy: 460,000 Dead• Russia: 1.7 Million Dead• United States 112,000 Dead

War and American Society • $32 Billion spent on the war for the USHow did they finance it?1) “Liberty Bonds”2) Taxes (Graduated Income Tax, Inheritance Tax.

How did they organize the economy?3) Council of National Defense 4) Civil Advisory Commission*Split duties up within different departments*

War Industries Board (1917)- Oversee military supplies.

Labor and the War

National War Labor Board (1918)• 8 Hour Work Day• Minimal living standards• Equal pay for women• Right of unions to organize and bargain together. (But in achieving these successes, gave up the right to

strike!!!)

• Ludlow Massacre- Ludlow, ColoradoMiners held strikesState militia attackedKilled 39 people and ended the strike.

Economic and Social Results of War• Huge boom in the economy.• More work for Minorities

• Great Migration- African Americans from the South flood into the cities.

• Causes issues with residing blacks and whites

• Race Riots- White and black neighborhoods often became violent (East St. Louis)

Peace Movement and Suppressing Dissent Fight for Peace• German Americans, Irish Americans, Religious pacifists,

intellectuals, Women’s Peace Party, Socialists = worked for peace and end to war.

Selling the War• Support for the war was pretty high. • Examples: Volunteer enlistments, Women joining the

Red Cross, War bonds, Churches, etc…• Propaganda- Committee of Public Information- Supplied 75 million pro-war propaganda.

Suppressing the Dissent• Crude Propaganda• Espionage Act- Punishment for spying, sabotage, obstruction

of the war effort. • Sabotage Act & Sedition Act- Make any public dissent to the

war illegal. (Socialist Party and Industrial Workers of the World.)

• 100% Americanism- Opposition to immigrants and anything “Un-American”

*Defines America for a VERY LONG TIME!!!***

New World Order Why was America fighting?Wilson argued these points….The Fourteen Points:• Recognition of freedom of the seas• An end to the practice of making secret treaties• Reduction of national armaments• Self-determination for various nationalities within the

Austro-Hungarian empire• Free trade • League of NationsIssues: No solution for self-determinationFailed to acknowledge international relation issues Idealistic

Obstacles for the 14 Points

• Few liked Wilson• Allied Powers were uncompromising• Poor judgment appealing to Americans to

support it.

“In the name of the people of the United States, I have uttered as the objects of this great war ideals and nothing but ideals, and the war has been won by that inspiration… There is a great wave of moral force moving through the world, and every man who opposes that wind will go down in disgrace.”

Paris Peace Conference • Great Britain: Lloyd George• France: Clemenceau• US: Wilson• Italy: Vittorio Orlando

Victories for Wilson: Freedom of the seasFree tradeOpen covenants

Defeats:Impartial mediationNational self-determinationReparations ($56 billion) (Germany only paid $9 billion)

Other Wilson Victories• “Trusteeship”• Blocked the splitting of Germany• Created Yugoslavia & Czechoslovakia• Jan 25, 1919: Allies voted for the League of NationsMembers: Britain, US, France, Italy, & Japan

Ratification Issues:-Republicans disagreed with much of the 14 Points-Wilson attempted to get changes in Europe-Republicans unimpressed.-Henry Cabot Lodge(Foreign Relations Committee) Did

everything he could to keep the bill from being passed.

Wilson’s Pride and Health• Wilson didn’t budge• Went on a cross-country trip to promote

the 14 Points• Health deteriorates and suffers a major

stroke.

• Congress called for amendments, Wilson refused, did not pass.

Society in Turmoil• Postwar recession-Gov. hadn’t prepared for the end of the war.-Inflation-Hurt gains unions had achieved • Fear of change

Worker StrikesBoston Police Strike: -Police off the job-Boston became chaos-National Guard sent to calm things

Steel Workers Strike: -Greatest strike in US history-Very Violent-January the strike fell apart-Even the unions stopped backing the strike

Demands of African Americans• New attitude: Demand respect• Tension grows between whites and blacks. • 1919, Chicago Race Riots: Black teen swimming in

Lake Michigan drifted to a white beach. Whites stoned him to death.

• Massive riot broke out in Chicago.

• Marcus Garvey’s Black Nationalism: Instilled pride in blacks and their culture.

• UNIA- United Negro Improvement Association- Start• black businesses.

Red Scare

• Identify:- Red Scare- Sacco and Vanzetti