EQUIPMENT

Add α second effect · . .

SECOND EFFECT

GENERATOR

HEATING GENERATOR

WATER VAPORw 1 i.

COOLING WATER

SEPARATOR

REFRIGERAMT

EVAPORATOR

D

FIRST EFFECT GENERATOR

GAS BURNERS LITHIUM BROMIDE SOLUTION

• get α ton of refrigeration for 2.4 cents periir· compared wH?i:

compression, air cooled 3.5 cents pmr hr.

compression, cooling tower, mechanical draft

absorption, cooling tower, mechanical draft

3.2 cents fxerhr.

3.1 cents perhr· Based « n g a t o t 7 cent· per therm (100,000 B.t.u.), electricity a t 2 cent» per kw.-nr. , and water at 3 1 cents ptr 1QO0 gjal.

Refrigeration Adds One Effect Mult ip le effect e v a p o r a t i o n improves per formance , requires less fuel a n d w a t e r

S O U T H W E S T Research Institute has given the familiar absorption refrigera­tion cycle a new look. Under a two-year research program sponsored by the American Gas Association, the in­stitute has developed a modified sys­

tem featuring multiple effect evapora­tion. The system, says Eugene P . Whitlow, chairman of SWRI's depart­ment of chemical engineering, shows a SOr,f improvement in coefficient of performance ( C O P ) , reduces fuel

consumption by 30% and cooling water needs by 2 5 % , compared to similar systems.

Of the several basic absorption re­frigeration systems, SWRI chose the lithium bromide—water combination; water is time refrigerant, and an aqueous lithium bromide solution is the absorb­ent. The water-ammonia system would work also, says Whitlow, but not as well. It has a lower COP (0.3) and requires higher operating pressures

(Continued on page 69)

6 4 C & E N O C T . 2 0, 1 9 5 8

what every detergent compounder knows.. but sometimes forgets

**- C O R * ' *

Sodium Tripolyphosphate · Teîrasodium Pyrophosphate · Tmodtum Phosphate (Cfystatltne-IYioRohydrate) · Tnsodium Phosphate Chlorinated · Disodium Phosphate (Crystalline-Anhydrous) · Monosodium Phosphate (Anhydrous-Monohy­drate) · Sodium Polyphos <Sodium Hexametapnosphate-Sodium Tetraphosphate) · Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate · Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate · Sodium Fluoride · Sodium Sihcofluoride · C-29 Sequestering Agent · Teox 120 (Nonionic Surfactant) · Hydrofluoric Acid · Sulfuric Acid

B L O C K S O N

Compounders tell us that in the continuing

search for new cleansing products, the tried

and true performers are occasionally over­

looked. One such performer is Tnsodium

Phosphate. Chlorinated which is sold under

private label or as an adjunct in compounded

cleansers. This popular and versatile chemi­

cal does just about everything any end user

may require of a cleanser.

As a bactericide and disinfectant, it^s tops.

Ditto as a sanitizing cleanser. Ditto, once

more, as a deodorizing agent.

Trisodium Phosphate, Chlorinated is a

double salt of Crystalline Trisodium Phos­

phate and Sodium Hypochlorite with an

available chlorine content of over 3.25%. It

combines the cleansing effectiveness of

Trisodium Phosphate with the bleaching and

sanitizing properties of Sodium Hypochlorite

. . . a request on your letterhead will bring a

sample and technical data.

C H E M I C A L C O M P A N Y Jol iet, I l l inois/ Division of Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation

Now for the first time!

a complete line of lower alkyl amines. . New METHYLAMINES unit makes Pennsalt first supplier of alkyl amines of one through five carbon atoms, and their derivatives

Want to cut amines cost? Take advantage of the extensive line of 'Sharpies* brand amines and derivatives made by Pennsalt. This line is now even broader than ever through the addition of methylamines —the most economical source of amino nitrogen.

You can get all these amines economically, by ordering in combination shipments in tank car, tank wagon and carload lots —to give you quantity savings on all your requirements.

With all Pennsalt 'Sharpies' brand amines, you get a quarter century's experience and reputation for high quality and fast, dependable service. Our high production capacity assures you of getting all these amines in the quantities you w a n t . . . better reason than ever to make Pennsalt your one-stop headquarters for amines.

Whatever your amine needs, try Pemisalt first. One-stop buying can pay off for you . Call your Pennsalt representative today.

" O N E - S T O P SHOPPING L I S T " o f Pennsalt a lky l amines

Methylamine Dimethylamine Trimethylamine Monoefhylamine Diethylamsne Triethylamine

JMono-n-propyiamine Di-n-propylamine Tri-n-propylamine Isopropylamine Diisopropylamine Monobutylamine

Dibutylamine Tributylamine Monoisobufylamine Diisobutylamine Monoamylamine Diamylamine Triamylamine

flu another entire family of ethylene oxide deriva­

tives of the above alkyl amines, and special amines

made in the quantities you need.

I N D U S T R I A L C H E M I C A L S D I V I S I O N

P E N N S A L T C H E M I C A L S C O R P O R A T I O N 3 P e n n C e n t e r , P h i l a d e l p h i a . 22, P a .

Chicago · Detroit <· New York · Philadelphia · Pittsburgh · St. Louis · Appleton · Atlanta Martin, Hoyt & Milne, San Francisco end Los Angeles · Airco Company International, New York

Pennsalt Chemicals o f Canada Ltd., Oakville, Ontario

See our catalog in CMC

ETHYL AMINES

from ON Ε SOU RCE Pennsalt Chemicals

ESTABLISHED 1 8 5 0

PROPYL AMINES

C , ,_-, „_ ^ 5 ^ · · V, ̂ Λ 3? 8? X * *ï '/··%&* \J Î » V ^ ^

armf n o w

METHYL AMINES

BUTYL AMINES

Cowles Pilot-Plant Sodium Dispersion

Dissolve r

MOTOR DRIVE

Metallic dispersions finished in 30 minutes or less9 particle size as small as two microns, with Cawles Dissolvers.

Largest Manufacturers have selected Cowles equipment

Highest quality metallic dispersions can now be easily controlled and produced in big volume, making many reactions commercially practical for the first time.

Key to the new method is the unique action of the patented Cowles impeller. With rim speeds of up to 6150 fpm, the impeller vanes create a zone of intense turbulence and hydraulic shear. The liquid i s moved rapidly through itself until maximum dispersion i s obtained. The Cowles thus gives several many very important advantages:

Versati l i ty — prepares material for many reactions under conditions not heretofore possible.

Finer particle sire — gives maximum reaction surface to dispersed elements.

M o r e complete dispersion — assures complete homogeneity of material.

Greater speed — cuts finished dispersion time substantially.

Cleanliness — self-cleaning impeller will not clog with metal.

Safety — gives the close control necessary with highly active materials.

Predictable results — laboratory and pilot-plant models provide results easily duplicated in larger models.

New Cowi^s pissolvers with properly sealed and specially designed drives for metallic dispersions are available for all purposes. In­cluded are "package'* models in both laboratory and pilot plant types, and models for commercial production. All are thoroughly proven in actual plant operations and represent the broad experi­ence and know-how of our organization — the established leader in its field. Specialized engineering assistance can be supplied if desired.

For complete information write today for Technical Bulletin No. 21-1957, "Metallic EHspersions with the Cowles Dissolver."

Additional Cowles Dissolver models are available for efficient processing of all solid-liquid, liquid-liquid and gas-liquid products.

Take advantage of the unusual Morehouse-Cowles Processing Equipment Application Service at no obligation — for a compre­hensive survey of your plant requirements and end products, with laboratory assistance and in-plant tests at our risk.

5702-R

-IMPELLER SHAFT

Cowles Laboratory Sodium Dispersion

Dissolver

DISPERSION

Schemat ic P lan t D iagram

For complete information write, wire or phone —

MOREHOUSE-COWLES, INC. 1150 S a » Fernando Rd. H e n r y Grady Bldg. Los Angeles 65, Calif. Atlanta, Ga.

Telephone CApital 5-1571 Telephone LE> 554 Convenient lease and time-pavment plans · Distributors in principal cities

FOR EXOTIC FUELS...

IQ1JIP/AENT

than ILiBr-water. Using the latter, SWRI started with u COP of 0.5O and raised it to ©.75, Whfltlow told the 13th Annual Meeting of the South Texas Section, American Institute of Gliemi-cal Engineers, a t Galveston» Tex.

• Two Effects. Key to the efficiency of S\\HRI*s system is I t s second genera­tor. In the usual absorption refrig­eration cycle, the ircfrigerant-absorh-ent solution is heatesd in a generator and part of the refrigerant is vaporized. This vapor is then condensed and, in the process, loses sonne of its heat to the cooling water. This is wasted energy.

SWRI, however, mises this heat to evaporate more refrigerant in its "sec­ond effect" generator*. A gas burner supplies heat to the ""first effect" gen­erator and some refrigerant (water) bolls out of the dikfèe solution return­ing from the absoriber. The liquid-vapor mixture is separated, and par­tially concentrated absorbent (LiBr solution) flows through a heat ex­changer and into a c^oil in the second effect generator. Water vapor from the first effect passes around the out­side of the coil and condenses. Heat from this condensing: vapor boils solu­tion inside the coilL, and refrigerant vapor from this secomd boiling goes to a condenser where i t ' s joined by con­densate from the second effect genera­tor. As a result, about twice as much refrigerant is available <ts there would be from the usual single generator.

• Increases Turbulence» SWRI in­stalled a mechanical -pump to promote circulation and increase pressure on the solution returning from the ab­sorber. This pump increases the sys­tem's cost but the «advantages gained are worth it, explains Whitlow. The extra available pressure is used in the heat exchangers to imcrease turbulence. The result: higher heat transfer co­efficients and smaller sizes. The pump also permits higher solution concentra­tions which decrease the size of the absorber.

Since there is a pressure area in the system higher than atmospheric, it's possible to eliminate noncondeiisable gases automatically. A thermally ac­tuated valve and ;a check valve H series accomplish tin is. These gases, such as air leaking in to the system or hydrogen formed b»y steam reacting with water, blanket the absorber sur­faces and interfere? with operation. Lower pressure systems have to b e

For: APPLIED

RESEARCH

Heavy Rare Earths in: NUCLEAR CONTROL

METALLURGY

ELECTRONICS

Mefo/s and Oxides

of

NEODYMtUM

SAMARIUM

EUROPIUM

GADOLINIUM

TERBIUM

DYSPROSIUM

HOLMIUM

ERBIUM

THULIUM

YTTERBIUM

LUTETIUM

YTTRIUM

inves t iga te these a d v a n t a g e s : Gadolinium hits the highest therszîâi **>**»»̂ ******_ -*r**ross-ss£'""/"*>* (46,000 Barns) of a n y known element. Other advantages include a melting point of 1350° C* and oxide dispersion of nearly 40 % in t i tan­ium and stainless steel. T h i s suggests use in metallic, cermet, and. ceramic control rods.

Yt t r ium metal is equally interesting with a high melting point of 1552° C. and a low density of 4.49. Its crystal structure, cph, is similar to t i tanium. This suggests use in alloy systems, cermets, arid ceramics. T h e y t t r ium iron garnet, with i t s narrow, ferromagnetic, line-width-resonance, also warrants consider­at ion in micro-wave isolators, circulators, and modulators.

Michigan Chemical can supply experimental or commercial quantit ies of rare earth oxides (99.9%) and rare ear th metals (99%) from inventory. As process developments are making price changes possible, inquire by phone or letter for up-to-date quotations and latest technical data..

M I C H I G A N CHEMICAL C OR PORAT I ON 614 North Bankson Street

Saint Louis, Michigan © RE-55-3

O C T . 2 0, 1 9 5 8 C & E N 6 9

I l

snawimgan can serve you wen Shawinigan Resins has established an enviable repu­tation, based upon long experience, a s a source of top quality adhesives raw materials. From Shawinigan you get the

"Full Service Treatment" Experience—Shawinigan has a 20-year record of leader­ship in the manufacture of vinyl acetate derivatives for use as adhesives raw materials. Quality—Shawinigan production is quality controlled from start to finish for uniform excellence in adhesives raw materials. Delivery—Shawinigan warehouses from coast t o coast make prompt delivery in drums, tank trucks and tank cars of adhesives raw materials. Service—Shawinigan products are backed by intensive applications research, and technical service experts are always on call to assist you in your use of Shawinigan adhesives raw materials.

Savings—Shawinigan offers combined shipments. You can order GELVA Emulsion, GELVATOL, or any mixture of Shawinigan resins. The total weight determines the price bracket for each product . . . real savings in the purchase of adhesives raw materials.

No matter what type adhesive you produce you can make it bet ter with a Shawinigan resin, emulsion or solution—they are backed by the "full service treat­m e n t . " W r i t e S h a w i n i g a n R e s i n s C o r p o r a t i o n , Department 1243, Springfield 1, Massachuset ts , for complete details.

S A L E S OFFICES: ATLANTA CHICAGO LOS A N G E L E S

N E W YORK S \ N FRANCISCO

i® GELVA; GELVATOL? BUTVAITc ind FORMVAR® emulsions and resins for adhesives by

SHAWINIGAN RESINS

7 0 C & E N O C T . 2 0. 1 9 5 8

adhesives

if you are making

E Q U I P M E N T

shu f down and noncondensable gases removed with a \mcuum p u m p .

SVVRI tested! an experimental sys-tern, then built a three-ton (38 ,000 B . t « . pe r hr.) prototype unit. This unit measures about 38 by 2S by 7 2 in., somewhat smaller than commercially available three-ton units. It*s com­pletely self-contained, including filters» blower» and all controls except t h e thermostat . A three-ton unit wou ld normally b e used for h o m e cooling» bu t there is no reason» says Whit low, why a similar system could not b e buil t u p to 700-ton capacity*» equa l to com­mercially available refrigeration sys­tems of this type.

It is difficult to compare operat ing costs for gas and electric refrigeration systems, cautions Whit low, because of the variation in utility ra tes through­out the country» But, based on gas at 7 cents per therm (100,000 B. t .u . ) , electricity' a t 2 cents per kw.-hr., and water at 3 1 cents per 10O0 gal., SWRI figures its absorption sys­tem wiH supply three tons of refrigera­tion at 7.4 cents per hr.

• Eight n e w s t a n d a r d s a m p l e s of in­got-iron and low-alloy steel are now available from the National Bureau of Standards», They now come in disks as well as rods and are analyzed and certi­fied for 17 elements including carbon a n d phosphorus. Ε 1

• Dry b o x , designed by Controlled Atmosphere Enclosures Mfg., Jackson­ville, Fla. , is hemispherical, comes in transparent plastic or combination steel and plastic. Outside pressure plates allow t h e dry box to b e completely evacuated and allow quick change of torn gloves during operation wi thout losing hermetic seaL the company- says.

• Safe ty device from Instruments for Research & Industry, Chel tenham, Fa. , allows water-cooled chemical appara tus to b e left unat tended, the company says. Cooling water flows through the instrument, and a difference in hydro­static level between an overflow p ipe and a capillary actuates a d iaphragm level switch which turns off power to the appar i tus and turns on power to an alarm. Έ 3

clear Corp . of America, N e w York. measures the contents of sealed opaque containers. T h e device can gage up to 1000 containers a m i n u t e as they pass through it on a conveyor belt, tells whether they a r e ccirrectly filled, over-filled, or underfilled. 1 4 • N e w s ingle-s ta t ion s y s t e m for cas­cade control comes from Moore Prod­ucts , Philadelphia. T h e station per­forms all the operations of t h e two sta­tions formerly needed for such systems, t h e company says. Ε S

• T o r n a d o mill, a granula t ing and mix­ing machine with a 360° screening area is now available from F. J. Stokes, Philadelphia. Material is ground and mixed by a cluster of whir l ing blades which create an a i r flow tha t throws

the material against a cylindrical tuesh screen, Stokes explains. Ε 6

• P re -eng ïnee red d r y gr ind ing p l an t now comes from Allis-Chalmers, Mil­waukee, a s a package unie. I t consists of a vibrating mill and all auxiliary equipment , such as vibrating feeder, elevator, gyratory screen, weighing de­vice, and dust collector. T h e uni t is designed for capacities up to 1 ton per hr., can handle feeds ranging from 30 to 3000 lb . per eu. ft. Έ 7

Further useful information on keyed Equipment items men­tioned is readi ly avai lable . . .

Use handy coupon on page 72 ^

r October 2 0 , 1 9 5 8

Readers' Information Service Use this h a n d y self mailer to ob ta in further in format ion or l i terature .

Simply mark, clip coupon, fold, and mail

Every week C&EN's editors survey a large volume of valuable scien­tific, technical, and business information issued in the form of product announcements, booklets, catalogs, data sheets, etc. This material is digested and presented in several departments. For your conven­ience tfiïs coupon is provided to facilitate requests for further informa­tion on these items as well as on products and services mentioned In advertisements.

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