Diapositiva 1

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Deriving energy out of Waste

Contents1. Introduction1.1 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)1.2 Refuse Derived Waste (RDF)2. RDF Production Process3. RDF Potential from MSW4. General Composition of RDF In India6. Advantages of RDF7. Potential Use of RDF In Industry8. Various Aspects of Processing & Treatment Of MSW for obtaining RDF8.1 Technical Aspects8.2 Financial Aspects8.3 Managerial Aspects8.4 Environmental Aspects9. Legal Framework For RDF Production & Utilization

1.1 Introduction: Municipal Solid WasteIt consists of everyday items that are discarded by the public.It can be everyday items that we use and then throw away, such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries.It does not include industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, medical waste, radioactive waste or sewage sludge.

1.1 Introduction: Municipal Solid Waste

1.1 Introduction: Municipal Solid WasteAccording to Central Pollution Control Board in India during 2011-12:Total MSW generated= 1, 27,486 TPD (Tons per day)Total MSW collected= 89,334 TPD (70.00%)Total MSW processed = 15,881 TPD (12.45%)Av. waste generation= 0.11 kg/capita/day

1.1 Introduction: Municipal Solid Waste

1.1 Introduction: Municipal Solid Waste

1.2 Introduction: Refuse Derived WasteIt refers to the high calorific non-recyclable fraction of processed municipal solid waste which is used as a fuel for either steam/ electricity generation or as alternate fuel in industrial furnaces/boilers.It is produced by shredding and dehydrating solid waste (MSW) with a Waste converter technology.

2. RDF Production Process

3. RDF Potential from MSWRDF quantity and composition is determined by the nature of the waste and extent of material recovery/recycling processes implemented by the city.The quantity of RDF that can be produced per tonne of MSW varies depending on the type of collection, preprocessing and composition of waste source.

4. General Composition of RDF In IndiaRDF typically consists of dry fraction of MSW including paper, textile, rags, leather, rubber, non-recyclable plastic, jute, multi-layer packaging, and other compound packaging, cellophane, thermocol, melamine, coconut shells and other high calorific fractions of MSW.The composition and resultant energy content of RDF varies according to the origin of waste material and the sorting/separation/processing processes being adopted in the processing facility.

4. General Composition Of RDF In IndiaThe suitability of RDF for use as a fuel is dependent on certain critical parameters of the constituent waste.calorific value,water content,ash content,sulphur, andchlorine content.

5. Utilization of RDFRDF may be utilized in the following manner:co-processing in cement kilns;co-combustion in coal fired power plants;on-site/off site in an appropriately designed waste incinerator for thermal recovery or power generation

5. Utilization of RDF

6. Advantages of RDFIt has higher calorific value than mixed solid waste.It has low ash content.It has uniform size and more homogenous nature as waste is shredded.It requires the smaller size of combustion system.

7. Potential Use of RDF In IndustryThe relative uniformity of properties and higher quality of RDF as compared to mixed MSW has led in the past to a preference for RDF in some applications.RDF can serve as a feedstock for different thermal systems, e.g. MSW incineration, pyrolysis and gasification. In keeping with the present state of technology, RDF can also be fired in the moving grate furnace or in an appropriate boiler equipped with a grate system.

8. Various Aspects of Processing & Treatment Of MSW for obtaining RDF8.1 Technical Aspects8.2 Financial Aspects8.3 Managerial Aspects8.4 Environmental Aspects

8.1 Technical Aspects: Processing & Treatment Of MSW for obtaining RDFCriteriaRDFIntegrated System (Composting + RDF)Facility LocationPlant should be located at least 500 m away from residential areas.Plant should be located at least 500 m away from residential areas.Land RequirementLow to Moderate (For 300 TPD of MSW: 2 ha of land is required)Low (For 300 TPD of MSW: 6 ha of land is required)Waste Quantity which canbe managed by a singlefacility100 TPD and above500 TPD and above (economically sustainable at 500TPD plant size) TechnologyMaturityQuality of RDF should be based on end use, no clear consensus on qualityrequirements. Burning of RDF below850C for less than 2 seconds residence time can pose serious problems of health and environment. Rules regulating characteristics of RDFand guidelines for appropriate use notprescribed by concerned authority.Technology is proven and widely used world over but not suitable under Indian conditions where waste has very low calorific value. Can be used selectively after raising calorific value of segregated waste.

8.2 Financial Aspects: Processing & Treatment Of MSW for obtaining RDFCriteriaRDFIntegrated System (Composting + RDF)IndicativeCapital Investment(Typically 18- 20 Cr for 500 TPD plant)(Typically 80-90 Cr for 500 TPD plant)Market for Byproduct/EndProductGood market potential for RDF. In small cities, RDF plants only become feeders of RDF to large RDF based power plants and cement plants.Quality compost compliant with FCO2009 has a good market. Good market potential for RDF. In small cities, RDFplants only become feeders of RDF tolarge RDF based power plants andcement plants.

8.3 Managerial Aspects: Processing & Treatment Of MSW for obtaining RDFCriteriaRDFIntegrated System (Composting + RDF)Labour RequirementLabour intensive (based on current practice)Not labour intensive but requires considerable technical capacity,Predominant skills for Operation and ManagementSkilled & Semiskilled labourHighly skilled labour

8.4 Environmental Aspects: Processing & Treatment Of MSW for obtaining RDFCriteriaRDFIntegrated System (Composting + RDF)AtmosphericpollutionLow to Moderate (Dust, aerosols). Veryhigh if RDF is not burnt at required temperature. Odour issues Moderate, require appropriate emission control systems (Air emissioninclude acid gases, dioxins and furans)OtherPresence of inappropriate material in the RDF (chlorinated plastics). Fire and safety issues to be taken care of.Presence of inappropriate material in the RDF (chlorinated plastics). Fire and safety issues to be taken care of.

9. Legal Framework For RDF Production & UtilizationCurrently, the MSW Management & Handling Rules 2000 is the only available legal guidance for MSW incineration. There are no binding legal definitions which specify the composition of RDF, conditions of use or environmental monitoring requirements for RDF incineration.

My Open Day Presentation on RDF

Sterling Engine running on Bio-Briquettes made Leaves, Paper, Saw-dust and Organic waste.

ReferencesMunicipal Solid Waste Management Manual, may 2014.Diaz, L.F. and G.M. Savage, Pretreatment Options for Waste-to-Energy Facilities, Solid Waste Management: Thermal Treatment & Waste-to-Energy Technologies, VIP-53, proceedings of International Technologies Conference, Washington, DC, USA, April 1995, Air & Waste Management Association, 1996.Refuse-derived fuel, Wikipedia.Municipal solid waste, Wikipedia.