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TERM PAPER

ELEMENTS OF ITINT 102

SUB-NEWSGROUP

Asato maa sadgamaya

Submitted to: submitted

by:

MR. Dinesh kumar Ashish

dhyani

Mca(H)

RollNo: R282B42

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AKNOWLEDGMENT

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

TYPES OF NEWSGROUP

WORKING OF NEWSGROUP

FUNCTIONALITY OF NEWSGROUP

FEATURES OF NEWSGROUP:

DIVERSITY

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PERIODIC POSTING

SUBSCRIPTION OF NEWSGROUP

NEWSGROUP CREATION

Future of newsgroup

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Acknowledgement

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I, Ashish dhyani thanks my teacher MR DINESH KUMAR

sir for provide me

with all necessary material for completing my project and

also the help is appreciated without which completion

could not have been possible.

-- Ashish dhyani

"Newsgroup"

INTRODUCTION:

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NEWSGROUP are electronic discussion groups in which you can share

information and opinions with people all over the world. In NEWSGROUP

NEWSGROUP, you can reply to articles you have read and publish ("post") your

own articles for others to read. NEWSGROUP differ widely in subject and style,

ranging from casual chat to serious discourse

These are the bulletin boards of the Internet. There are around 20,000 groups

covering every subject under the sun. Most IAPs have a newsgroup server which

periodically takes all new messages from a newsgroup feed and adds the messages

which have been posted by its own users. To access the NEWSGROUP stored on

your IAPs newsgroup server you need a newsreader program

NEWSGROUP are public bulletin boards on the internet where you can post

comments and reply to other peoples' comments.

They are a useful place to find answers to questions or to talk to people who are

interested in the same things as you.

For example, if you were interested in talking about diets you could exchange

messages with people in alt.support.diet.low-fat.

One of the reasons that people find NEWSGROUP confusing are their name.

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You may think that NEWSGROUP have something to do with the type of news

you see on television but NEWSGROUP can be about anything.

In fact it would be better if they had been called comment groups as there are

groups on lots of different topics ranging from juggling to music, from history to

cookery and there are a few groups about politics and news too.

People also often confuse NEWSGROUP with message boards. NEWSGROUP are

different from message boards as they don't belong to a website - they are the

internet's discussion area.

There are thousands of computers around the world called news servers.

YourISP probably has a news server and to keep all the discussions up to date itsnews server is always talking to other news servers which are talking to other news

servers which are talking to - well, you get it.

Just ask your ISP for the details of how to access their news server or have a look

at their help pages.

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TYPES OF NEWSGROUPS

Typically, a newsgroup is focused on a particular topic. Some newsgroups allow

the posting of messages on a wide variety of themes, regarding anything amember chooses to discuss as on-topic, while others keep more strictly to

their particular subject, frowning on off-topic postings. The news admin

(the administrator of a news server) decides how long articles are kept

before being expired (deleted from the server). Usually they will be kept

for one or two weeks, but some admins keep articles in local or technical

newsgroups around longer than articles in other newsgroups.

Newsgroups generally come in either of two types, binary or text. There is no

technical difference between the two, but the naming differentiation allows

users and servers with limited facilities the ability to minimize network

bandwidth usage. Generally, Usenet conventions and rules are enacted

with the primary intention of minimizing the overall amount of network

traffic and resource usage.

Newsgroups are much like the public message boards on old bulletin board

systems. For those readers not familiar with this concept, envision an

electronic version of the corkboard in the entrance of your local grocery

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NEWSGROUP NEWSGROUP are Internet discussion groups on just about any

topic you can imagine. There are more than 50,000 NEWSGROUP, and more are

added all the time. The first way students and scientists using ARPANet (early

version of the Internet) started sharing their interests and hobbies was to create

NEWSGROUP. In NEWSGROUP students and scientists placed information about

their interets and as the number of NEWSGROUP began to expand, the Internet

administrators grouped all NEWSGROUP together to form a category known as

NEWSGROUP. To start with Usnet and the NEWSGROUP within were just text

based communities and it took the creation of HTTP (hypertext transport protocol -

changed the way computers transmit and recieve information) to change this.

NEWSGROUP.com state that there are currently over 80,000 discussion categories

(known as NEWSGROUP) available on NEWSGROUP. NEWSGROUP is, by

nature, a text-based system, however binary files such as movies, pictures, music

files, and programs can also be shared among NEWSGROUP surfers, making it an

excellent file exchange medium.

You can find NEWSGROUP that interest you by searching for them on the

Google.com Web site. Google.com is a good place to learn more about

NEWSGROUP in general.

FUNCTIONALITY OF NEWSGROUPHow to post and read on NEWSGROUP

o To post and read on NEWSGROUP you need a news reader program.

A news reader program allows you to collect articles from

NEWSGROUP, display them, in subject and date order for you to

read. It will also allow you to send posts to a newsgroup as well.

Below is a list of news reader programs you could use,

Netscape Communicator- easy to use news reader program

where you select COMMUNICATOR from the tool bar, and

choose the option NEWSGROUP from the submenu.

Outlook Express - email program that also allows you to access

NEWSGROUP. Select TOOLS from the tool bar, and choose

the Option ACCOUNTS from the submenu. Also check this address for some of the best news reader

programs available - news reader programs.

The help file that comes with your news reader program should

explain how to download posts from a newsgroup to read, how

to subscribe / unsubscribe to a particular newsgroup and how to

read and post on a newsgroup with that particular news reader

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http://www.netscape.com/computing/download/http://support.microsoft.com/oexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providershttp://www.forteinc.com/main/homepage.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_serverhttp://www.forteinc.com/main/homepage.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosspostinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosspostinghttp://www.netscape.com/computing/download/http://support.microsoft.com/oexhttp://www.forteinc.com/main/homepage.php

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program.

o

Types of NEWSGROUP

o NEWSGROUP are listed in a hierarchy that goes back to the early

1980's. The different types of NEWSGROUP are shown by a

extension, an example of some of the different types of extensions and

meanings are below (for Google NEWSGROUP)

alt. - Any conceivable topic.

biz. - Business products, services, reviews

comp. - Hardware, software, consumer info

humanities. - Fine art, literature, philosophy

misc. - Employment, health, and much more news. - Info about NEWSGROUP News

rec. - Games, hobbies, sports

sci. - Applied science, social science

soc. - Social issues, culture

talk. - Current issues and debates

Newsgroup Netiquette

o When posting on NEWSGROUP you should try to follow a few basic

guidelines, often referred to as "Newsgroup Netiquette", below is a list

of some of these guidelines,

Signatures - provide information about how to get in touch with

the person posting the article, including their email address,

phone number, address, or where they're located.

Posting Emails - posting private email messages on

NEWSGROUP is seen as bad taste.

Test Messages - if you are new to posting, its a good idea to

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post a "test" message.

Hoaxes - you should take posts with a pinch of salt if they are

meant to be about or from a celebrity or famous person.

Summaries - if somebody posts a summery you should respond

by email rather than post a reply because this defeats the

intention of the author.

Responding to posts - avoid trying to tedious when pick apart an

article, address it in parts or as a whole not word by word.

Spelling and Grammar - if your spelling and grammar is poor

you should check your post with a dictionary or spell checker

first.

Subject Lines - makes sure it describes your post.

Racism - avoid any posts that are abusive.

Newsgroup Spam

o Spam is when someone sends the same message to a large amount of

NEWSGROUP. Spam can be reported by going to web sites such as,

FEATURES OF NEWSGROUP:-

NEWSGROUP is a world-wide distributed discussion system. It consists of a

set of "NEWSGROUP" with names that are classified hierarchically by

subject. "Articles" or "messages" are "posted" to these NEWSGROUP by

people on computers with the appropriate software -- these articles arethen broadcast to other interconnected computer systems via a wide

variety of networks. Some NEWSGROUP are "moderated"; in these

NEWSGROUP, the articles are first sent to a moderator for approval

before appearing in the newsgroup. NEWSGROUP is available on a wide variety

of computer systems and networks, but the bulk of modern NEWSGROUP traffic

is transported over either the Internet or UUCP.

WHY IS NEWSGROUP SO HARD TO DEFINE?

The first thing to understand about NEWSGROUP is that it is widely

misunderstood. Every day on NEWSGROUP, the "blind men and the elephant"

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phenomenon is evident, in spades. In my opinion, more flame wars

arise because of a lack of understanding of the nature of NEWSGROUP than

from any other source. And consider that such flame wars arise, of

necessity, among people who are on NEWSGROUP. Imagine, then, how poorly

understood NEWSGROUP must be by those outside!

Any essay on the nature of NEWSGROUP cannot ignore the erroneous

impressions held by many NEWSGROUP users. Therefore, this article will

treat falsehoods first. Keep reading for truth. (Beauty, alas, is

outside the scope of this article.)

WHAT NEWSGROUP IS NOT

1. NEWSGROUP is not an organization.

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No person or group has authority over NEWSGROUP as a whole. No one

controls who gets a news feed, which articles are propagated

where, who can post articles, or anything else. There is no

"NEWSGROUP Incorporated," nor is there a "NEWSGROUP User's Group."

You're on your own.

Granted, there are various activities organized by means of NEWSGROUP

NEWSGROUP. The newsgroup creation process is one such

activity. But it would be a mistake to equate NEWSGROUP with the

organized activities it makes possible. If they were to stop

tomorrow, NEWSGROUP would go on without them.

2. NEWSGROUP is not a democracy.

Since there is no person or group in charge of NEWSGROUP as a whole

-- i.e. there is no NEWSGROUP "government" -- it follows that NEWSGROUP

cannot be a democracy, autocracy, or any other kind of "-acy."

(But see "The Camel's Nose?" below.)

3. NEWSGROUP is not fair.

After all, who shall decide what's fair? For that matter, if

someone is behaving unfairly, who's going to stop him? Neither

you nor I, that's certain.

4. NEWSGROUP is not a right.

Some people misunderstand their local right of "freedom of speech"

to mean that they have a legal right to use others' computers to

say what they wish in whatever way they wish, and the owners of

said computers have no right to stop them.

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Those people are wrong. Freedom of speech also means freedom not

to speak. If I choose not to use my computer to aid your speech,

that is my right. Freedom of the press belongs to those who own

one.

5. NEWSGROUP is not a public utility.

Some NEWSGROUP sites are publicly funded or subsidized. Most of

them, by plain count, are not. There is no government monopoly

on NEWSGROUP, and little or no government control.

6. NEWSGROUP is not an academic network.

It is no surprise that many NEWSGROUP sites are universities,

research labs or other academic institutions. NEWSGROUP originated

with a link between two universities, and the exchange of ideas

and information is what such institutions are all about. But the

passage of years has changed NEWSGROUP's character. Today, by plain

count, most NEWSGROUP sites are commercial entities.

7. NEWSGROUP is not an advertising medium.

Because of NEWSGROUP's roots in academia, and because NEWSGROUP

depends

so heavily on cooperation (sometimes among competitors), custom

dictates that advertising be kept to a minimum. It is tolerated

if it is infrequent, informative, and low-hype.

The "comp.newprod" newsgroup is NOT an exception to this rule:

product announcements are screened by a moderator in an attempt to

keep the hype-to-information ratio in check.

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If you must engage in flackery for your company, use the "biz"

hierarchy, which is explicitly "advertising-allowed", and which

(like all of NEWSGROUP) is carried only by those sites that want it.

8. NEWSGROUP is not the Internet.

The Internet is a wide-ranging network, parts of which are

subsidized by various governments. It carries many kinds of

traffic, of which NEWSGROUP is only one. And the Internet is only

one of the various networks carrying NEWSGROUP traffic.

9. NEWSGROUP is not a UUCP network.

UUCP is a protocol (actually a "protocol suite," but that's a

technical quibble) for sending data over point-to-point

connections, typically using dialup modems. Sites use UUCP to

carry many kinds of traffic, of which NEWSGROUP is only one. And

UUCP is only one of the various transports carrying NEWSGROUP

traffic.

10. NEWSGROUP is not a United States network.

It is true that NEWSGROUP originated in the United States, and the

fastest growth in NEWSGROUP sites has been there. Nowadays, however,

NEWSGROUP extends worldwide.

The heaviest concentrations of NEWSGROUP sites outside the U.S. seem

to be in Canada, Europe, Australia and Japan.

Keep NEWSGROUP's worldwide nature in mind when you post articles.

Even those who can read your language may have a culture wildly

different from yours. When your words are read, they might not

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mean what you think they mean.

11. NEWSGROUP is not a UNIX network.

Don't assume that everyone is using "rn" on a UNIX machine. Among

the systems used to read and post to NEWSGROUP are Vaxen running VMS,

IBM mainframes, Amigos, Macintoshes and MS-DOS PCs.

12. NEWSGROUP is not an ASCII network.

The A in ASCII stands for "American". Sites in other countries

often use character sets better suited to their language(s) ofchoice; such are typically, though not always, supersets of ASCII.

Even in the United States, ASCII is not universally used: IBM

mainframes use (shudder) EBCDIC. Ignore non-ASCII sites if you

like, but they exist.

13. NEWSGROUP is not software.

There are dozens of software packages used at various sites totransport and read NEWSGROUP articles. So no one program or package

can be called "the NEWSGROUP software."

Software designed to support NEWSGROUP traffic can be (and is) used

for other kinds of communication, usually without risk of mixing

the two. Such private communication networks are typically kept

distinct from NEWSGROUP by the invention of newsgroup names different

from the universally-recognized ones.

Well, enough negativity.

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WHAT NEWSGROUP IS

NEWSGROUP is the set of people who exchange articles tagged with one or more

universally-recognized labels, called "NEWSGROUP" (or "groups" for short).

There is often confusion about the precise set of NEWSGROUP that constitute

NEWSGROUP; one commonly accepted definition is that it consists of

NEWSGROUP

listed in the periodic "List of Active NEWSGROUP" postings which appear

regularly in news.lists.misc and other NEWSGROUP. A broader definition of

NEWSGROUP would include the NEWSGROUP listed in the article "Alternative

Newsgroup Hierarchies" (frequently posted to news.lists.misc). An even

broader definition includes even NEWSGROUP that are restricted to specificgeographic regions or organizations. Each NEWSGROUP site makes its own

decisions about the set of groups available to its users; this set differs

From site to site.

(Note that the correct term is "NEWSGROUP"; they are not called areas,

bases, boards, bboards, conferences, round tables, SIGs, echoes, rooms or

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usergroups! Nor, as noted above, are they part of the Internet, though

they may reach your site over it. Furthermore, the people who run the

news systems are called news administrators, not sysops. If you want to

be understood, be accurate.)

DIVERSITY

If the above definition of NEWSGROUP sounds vague, that's because it is.

It is almost impossible to generalize over all NEWSGROUP sites in any

non-trivial way. NEWSGROUP encompasses government agencies, large

universities, high schools, businesses of all sizes, home computers ofall descriptions, etc, etc.

(In response to the above paragraphs, it has been written that there

is nothing vague about a network that carries megabytes of traffic per

day. I agree. But at the fringes of NEWSGROUP, traffic is not so heavy.

In the shadowy world of news-mail gateways and mailing lists, the line

between NEWSGROUP and not-NEWSGROUP becomes very hard to draw.)

CONTROL

Every administrator controls his own site. No one has any real

control over any site but his own.

The administrator gets her power from the owner of the system she

administers. As long as her job performance pleases the owner, she

can do whatever she pleases, up to and including cutting off NEWSGROUP

entirely. Them's the breaks.

Sites are not entirely without influence on their neighbors, however.

There is a vague notion of "upstream" and "downstream" related to the

direction of high-volume news flow. To the extent that "upstream"

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sites decide what traffic they will carry for their "downstream"

neighbors, those "upstream" sites have some influence on their

neighbors' participation in NEWSGROUP. But such influence is usually

easy to circumvent; and heavy-handed manipulation typically results in

a backlash of resentment.

PERIODIC POSTINGS

To help hold NEWSGROUP together, various articles (including this one)

are periodically posted in NEWSGROUP in the "news" hierarchy. Thesearticles are provided as a public service by various volunteers.

They are few but valuable. Learn them well.

Among the periodic postings are lists of active NEWSGROUP, both "standard"

(for lack of a better term) and "alternative." These lists are maintained

by David Lawrence and periodically posted to the news.lists.misc newsgroup.

They reflect his personal view of NEWSGROUP, and as such are not "official" in

any sense of the word. However, if you're looking for a description ofsubjects discussed on NEWSGROUP, or if you're starting up a new NEWSGROUP

site,

David's lists are an eminently reasonable place to start.

PROPAGATION

In the old days, when UUCP over long-distance dialup lines was the

dominant means of article transmission, a few well-connected sites had

real influence in determining which NEWSGROUP would be carried where.

Those sites called themselves "the backbone."

But things have changed. Nowadays, even the smallest Internet site

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has connectivity the likes of which the backbone admin of yesteryear

could only dream. In addition, in the U.S., the advent of cheaper

long-distance calls and high-speed modems has made long-distance

NEWSGROUP feeds thinkable for smaller companies.

There is only one pre-eminent site for UUCP transport of NEWSGROUP in the

U.S., namely UUNET. But UUNET isn't a player in the propagation wars,

because it never refuses any traffic. UUNET charges by the minute,

after all; and besides, to refuse based on content might jeopardize

its legal status as an enhanced service provider.

All of the above applies to the U.S. In Europe, different coststructures favored the creation of strictly controlled hierarchical

organizations with central registries. This is all very unlike the

traditional mode of U.S. sites (pick a name, get the software, get a

feed, you're on). Europe's "benign monopolies," long uncontested, now

face competition from looser organizations patterned after the U.S.

model.

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NEWSGROUP CREATION

The document that describes the current procedure for creating a new

newsgroup is entitled "How To Create A New Newsgroup." Its common

name, however, is "the guidelines."

If you follow the guidelines, it is probable that your group will be

created and will be widely propagated.

HOWEVER: Because of the nature of NEWSGROUP, there is no way for any user

to enforce the results of a newsgroup vote (or any other decision, for

that matter). Therefore, for your new newsgroup to be propagatedwidely, you must not only follow the letter of the guidelines; you

must also follow its spirit. And you must not allow even a whiff of

shady dealings or dirty tricks to mar the vote. In other words, don't

tick off system administrators; they will get their revenge.

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So, you may ask: How is a new user supposed to know anything about the

"spirit" of the guidelines? Obviously, he can't. This fact leads

inexorably to the following recommendation:

>> If you are a new user, don't try to create a new newsgroup.

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1.

HOW TO SUBSCRIBE A NEWSGROUP

Firstly we require the newsgroup accessible software like windows outlook express

,Window mail, Netscape etc after we will follow the following procedures as for

windows mail.

1. Open Windows Mail by clicking the Start button , clicking All Programs, and

then clicking Windows Mail.

2.

Click the Tools menu, and then click Newsgroups.

3.

In the Account(s) box, click the news server that contains the newsgroup you'd like

to subscribe to.

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4.

Click the newsgroup you want to subscribe to, and then click Subscribe.

To subscribe to more than one newsgroup, press CTRL while clicking the

newsgroups you want to subscribe to.

5.

A folder icon will appear next to any newsgroups you have subscribed to. Click

OK to save your changes.

Select the newsgroups you want to subscribe to

To remove a newsgroup subscription, repeat the steps above, but

click Unsubscribe after clicking the newsgroup you'd like to remove from your

subscription list.

To preview a newsgroup's contents without subscribing to it, click the newsgroup

you want to preview, and then click Go to.

You can search for newsgroups that might interest you by typing an appropriate

topic (such as "games") in the Display newsgroups which contain box.

WORDS TO LIVE BY #1:

NEWSGROUP AS SOCIETY

Those who have never tried electronic communication may not be aware

of what a "social skill" really is. One social skill that must be

learned, is that other people have points of view that are not only

different, but *threatening*, to your own. In turn, your opinions may

be threatening to others. There is nothing wrong with this. Your

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beliefs need not be hidden behind a facade, as happens with

face-to-face conversation. Not everybody in the world is a bosom

buddy, but you can still have a meaningful conversation with them.

The person who cannot do this lacks in social skills.

NEWSGROUP newsgroup

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected fromNEWSGROUP)

Jump to: navigation, search

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve thisarticle by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be

challenged and removed. (March 2008)

A newsgroup is a repository usually within the NEWSGROUP system, for

messages posted from many users in different locations. The term may be

confusing to some, because it is usually a discussion group. NEWSGROUP are

technically distinct from, but functionally similar to, discussion forums on the

World Wide Web.Newsreadersoftware is used to read NEWSGROUP.

Future of newsgroup:-

NEWSGROUP are electronic discussion groups in which you can share

information and opinions with people all over the world. In NEWSGROUP

NEWSGROUP, you can reply to articles you have read and publish ("post") your

own articles for others to read.as we know that NEWSGROUP is a advance

technological way of communication and is still growing as a media to share and

communicate with each other. Peoples from all over the world are accepting this

technology and taking part in it with great excitement soon it will be a major wayto share the feeling from one community to each other.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newsgroups&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroups#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroups#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usenet_newsgroup&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usenet_newsgroup&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repositoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussion_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newsgroups&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroups#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroups#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usenet_newsgroup&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usenet_newsgroup&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repositoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussion_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_client

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

http://www.google.com

http://www.wikipedia.com

http://www.live.com

http://www.termpapergenie.com

http://www.termpaperx.com

http://www.windowshelpcentre.com

http://www.google.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.live.com/http://www.termpapergenie.com/http://www.termpaperx.com/http://www.windowshelpcentre.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.live.com/http://www.termpapergenie.com/http://www.termpaperx.com/http://www.windowshelpcentre.com/