Regents Review Day 5 Unit 9: Biotechnology Unit 10:
Evolution
Slide 2
73.Selective breeding is when organisms are picked to mate with
other organisms because of certain desirable traits (farmers pick
cows because of their ability to produce milk) a.May lead to good
traits from both organisms combining to create a more desirable
trait
Slide 3
74.Selective breeding only works within the same species a.If
organisms of similar but not the same species are able to breed,
the offspring usually are sterile (cant reproduce), Ex. Mule (Horse
x Donkey) Donkeys have 62 chromosomes (31 pairs) Horses have 64
chromosomes (32 pairs) Mules have 63 chromosomes!
Slide 4
75.DNA is cut using Restriction enzymes (specific to specific
sections of DNA ex. AATTA) a.Short single stranded leftover pieces
of DNA remain at the cut ends, sticky ends
Slide 5
76.Genetic engineering use of tools to modify the DNA sequences
(genetic code) of an organism a.Removal of a gene or genes from one
organism and adds them to the genes of another organism (ex.
GloFish or Insulin producing Bacteria)
Slide 6
77.Insertion of recombinant DNA into bacterial cells will allow
them to produce new proteins a.Recombinant plasmids are small
circles of bacterial DNA that have been cut open and had a segment
of DNA containing a gene from another organism b.Organism can now
create the protein the is coded by the inserted gene
Slide 7
78.Plants that have been genetically engineered have
recombinant plasmids inserted into their cells that alter the genes
of the organisms a.Transgenic organism term used to refer to an
organism that contains genes from other organisms
Slide 8
79.Clone genetically identical cells produced from a single
cell
Slide 9
80.Gel Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate
fragments of cut DNA according to size a.The bands at the bottom
contain the smallest portions of DNA because the smaller fragments
move more easily b.The banding pattern is the position of the
different sized strands of DNA in the gel c.This can be used to
locate similarities in DNA between two organisms
Slide 10
81.DNA Fingerprinting Analyzes a collection of DNA fragments
and is used to determine whether two samples of genetic material
are from the same or similar people a.The more bands of DNA in
common the closer in relation they are to each other b.If two lanes
show the same pattern of DNA bands, the two samples are
identical
Slide 11
82.Evolution is the process of change over time
Slide 12
83.Organisms have different structural adaptations to carry out
essential life functions a.Adaptations are inherited traits that
can increase an organisms ability to survive and reproduce (ex.
Camouflage, mimicry (coloring that mimics another dangerous
organism), or poison)
Slide 13
84.Homologous Structures animals that have similar structures
(bones) but have different functions a.Arm of a human and the
flipper of a whale are homologous structures b.Indicates a Common
Ancestor
Slide 14
85.Analogous Structure structure have the same function but are
not the same structure a.Wings of birds and insects are different,
yet do the same things
Slide 15
86.Vestigial Structure structures are smaller size or reduced
in function in current organisms, but may have been functional in
distant ancestors a.Ex. Wings on Penguins, Femur in whale, appendix
in humans
Slide 16
87.Comparative Embryology comparing the development of
structures occur in the same order and in similar patterns of
related groups
Slide 17
88.Comparative Biochemistry comparing the chemicals in living
organisms a.The more similarities between chemicals = the more
closely related
Slide 18
89.Natural selection is the process that may lead to the
evolution of a new species a.is the process by which organisms with
variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave
more offspring
Slide 19
b.Ecosystems allow the most fit organisms to survive and
reproduce, their genes are passed on to their offspring, which may
lead to a new species (over much time) i.Ex. Antibiotic resistant
bacteria, insecticide resistant insects, and the peppered moth in
England c.Survival of the Fittest organisms best adapt for their
environment are more likely to survive, therefore reproduce, and
pass on beneficial genes to their offspring
Slide 20
90.The fossil record provides evidence that evolution has
occurred a.Fossils show patterns of structural change that indicate
extinct species are related to currently living species
Slide 21
91.The first living organisms were single celled prokaryotic
organisms a.The fossil record shows that simple prokaryotic cells
evolved into more complex prokaryotic cells over time
Slide 22
92.The rate at which evolution occurs varies from organism to
organism a.Some organisms are more affected by certain fluctuating
environmental changes than others
Slide 23
93.The allele frequency (gene frequency) in a population is the
percentage of alleles for a specific characteristic a.If a
characteristic benefits the survival of individuals in a
population, its frequency in the population will increase
Slide 24
94.Reproductive Isolation separation of a species or population
so that they no longer interbreed a.When a small group of
individuals is separated from a main population, they may evolve
into a new species that is specialized for a different environment,
or become extinct b.Changes in genes result in variations that lead
to the formation of a new species c.Genetic change is the mechanism
that drives evolution
Slide 25
95.Genetic variation within a population is important because
it allows the a population to adapt to changing environmental
conditions a.Mutation, gene recombination (sexual reproduction),
and lateral gene transfer are sources of genetic variation for
evolution
Slide 26
96.Changes in genes make evolution possible a.New genes can
arise from DNA mutations
Slide 27
97.If a population has a high degree of genetic diversity, it
gives the population an increased ability to adapt if the
environment ever changes dramatically 98.As long as genes that
result in favorable characteristics exist in a population, the
species will not become extinct in an environment