Name __________ # ____                    Class ____ Date _________

Regents Review: Genetics/DNA

A) Drosophila B) bacteriaC) four-o'clock plants D) pea plants

1. Gregor Mendel formulated some basic principles of heredity fromthe results of his experiments with

A) humans have shorter life cycles and more offspring thanfruit flies

B) most humans have offspring with hidden dominant traitsC) humans have longer life cycles and fewer offspring than

fruit fliesD) most mating in humans is carefully controlled by genetic

engineering

2. Information about patterns of human heredity is more difficult toobtain than information about patterns of heredity in fruit fliesbecause

A) nuclear membranes B) cell membranesC) vacuoles D) genes

3. Which structures code information for the inheritance of traits?

A) homozygous for that traitB) heterozygous for that traitC) recessive for that traitD) pure for that trait

4. For a given trait, the two genes of an allelic pair are not alike. Anindividual possessing this gene combination is said to be

A) 15 B) 45 C) 30 D) 60

5. Two pea plants, hybrid for a single trait, produce 60 pea plants.Approximately how many of the pea plants are expected toexhibit the recessive trait?

A) TT and tt B) TT and TtC) Tt and Tt D) TT and TT

6. A cross between two tall garden pea plants produced 314 tallplants and 98 short plants. The genotypes of the tall parent plantswere most likely

A) short plantB) tall plantC) medium-sized plantD) different species of plant

7. In a certain species of plant, the allele for tallness is dominantover the allele for shortness. To determine whether a tall plant isheterozygous or homozygous, it should be crossed with a

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

8. When round squash are crossed with long squash, all offspringare oval in shape. How many different genotypes are expectedwhen round squash are crossed with oval squash?

A) A homozygous gray squirrel is the same color as aheterozygous gray squirrel.

B) Pink-flowering four-o'clocks that were allowed toself-pollinate produced offspring with red, pink, and whiteflowers.

C) Seedlings germinated in darkness are white, but most ofthese seedlings turn green when placed in light.

D) A person heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia has ahigher-than-normal resistance to malaria.

9. Which example illustrates the modification of a phenotype by anenvironmental factor?

A) genotype, onlyB) environment, onlyC) interaction between the environment and heredityD) number of gene mutations occurring in the small tank

10. Goldfish kept in a small, crowded aquarium grew to a relativelysmall size. When these same goldfish were released into a largenatural body of water, many of them greatly increased in size.One possible explanation for this observation is that the size ofthese goldfish is dependent on the

A) all cells have a common ancestorB) different cells have different genetic materialC) environment and past history have no influence on cell

functionD) different parts of genetic instructions are used in different

types of cells

11. The cells that make up the skin of an individual have somefunctions different from the cells that make up the liver because

A) Chromosomes are found on genes. Genes are found innuclei.

B) Chromosomes are found in nuclei. Nuclei are found ingenes.

C) Genes are found on chromosomes. Chromosomes arefound in nuclei.

D) Genes are found in nuclei. Nuclei are found inchromosomes.

12. Which statements best describe the relationship between theterms chromosomes, genes, and nuclei?

A) It takes place between homologous chromosomes andresults in new gene combinations.

B) It takes place between nonhomologous chromosomes andresults in an increased gene mutation rate.

C) It takes place between homologous chromosomes andresults in an increased gene mutation rate.

D) It takes place between nonhomologous chromosomes andresults in new gene combinations.

13. Which statement best describes the process of crossing-over?

A)

B)

C)

D)

14. Which illustration of a chromosomal change best represents achromosome mutation known as a deletion?

A) increase the rate of gene mutationsB) decrease the rate of gene mutationsC) have no effect upon the rate of gene mutationsD) cause gene mutations but not other chromosomal changes

15. Mutagenic agents are substances that

A) determine the rate of mutation in embryosB) examine the phenotypes of fruit fliesC) detect many genetic disorders in humans before birthD) search for polyploid fruit seeds

16. Amniocentesis is a process that is used to

A) cleavage B) plasmolysisC) chemosynthesis D) karyotyping

17. The diagram below represents a photographic enlargement ofreplicated chromosomes from a fetal cell.

For which technique would this photograph be used todetermine if the chromosomes of the fetus exhibit any geneticabnormalities?

A) circulatory system B) nervous systemC) excretory system D) endocrine system

18. Tay-Sachs is a genetic disorder characterized by a deteriorationof the

A) phenylketonuria B) sickle-cell anemiaC) leukemia D) Down's syndrome

19. Which is a genetic disorder in which abnormal hemoglobinleads to fragile red blood cells and obstructed blood vessels?

20. Base your answer to the following question on your knowledgeof biology and on the charts below which show humanchromosomes arranged in pairs.

A) phenylketonuria (PKU) B) Tay-SacksC) sickle-cell anemia D) Down's syndrome

Which genetic disorder in individual A is indicated by thenumber of chromosomes labeled 21?

A) A B) B C) AB D) O

21. Which blood type would not appear in the offspring of parentswho had genotypes IAIB and IAi?

A) Males have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sexchromosomes known as XX.

B) Females have 23 pairs of autosomes.C) Males have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex

chromosomes known as XY.D) Males have 23 pairs of autosomes.

22. Which statement correctly describes the normal number andtype of chromosomes present in human body cells of aparticular sex?

A) B)

C) D)

23. Which diagram represents a sperm that can unite with a normalegg to produce a zygote that will develop into a normal humanmale embryo?

A) the mother B) the fatherC) segregation D) mutation

24. If a defective gene occurs on the X-chromosome, it willnormally be transmitted to male offspring only by

25. Base your answer to the following question on the diagrambelow and on your knowledge of biology.

A) plasma membrane B) ribosomeC) vacuole D) nucleus

Strand A would normally be found in the

A) Mendel and DarwinB) Watson and CrickC) Lamarck and WeismannD) Miller and Fox

26. Which scientists developed the molecular model representedbelow?

A) sequence of amino acidsB) number of ribose unitsC) sequence of the nitrogenous basesD) sequence of the sugar-phosphate units

27. The coded information of a DNA molecule is determined by the

A) C-A-A-G-G-U B) G-T-T-C-C-AC) G-U-U-C-C-A D) C-A-A-G-G-T

28. What is the complementary messenger-RNA sequence for theDNA sequence shown below?

Base your answers to questions 29 and 30 on the diagram below,which represents some components involved in cellular proteinsynthesis, and on your knowledge of Biology.

A) 1 B) 6 C) 3 D) 9

29. How many codons are located on the messenger RNA moleculein the diagram?

A) a polypeptide B) a polysaccharideC) DNA D) RNA

30. Molecules C, D, and E will combine to form part of

A) cloning of selected body cellsB) selective breedingC) mitotic cell divisionD) environmental influences on inherited traits

31. When humans first domesticated dogs, there was relatively littlediversity in the species. Today, there are many variations suchas the German shepherd and the dalmatian. This increase indiversity is most closely associated with

A) cloningB) genetic engineeringC) cutting DNA and removing segmentsD) selective breeding for desirable traits

32. Which process is a common practice that has been used byfarmers for hundreds of years to develop new plant and animalvarieties?

A) The bacterium is able to produce a human hormone.B) It allows the bacterium to grow in humans, since it contains a human gene.C) It allows humans to become immune to an infection from this type of bacteria.D) The bacterium can now produce human cells identical to cells of the DNA donor.

33. The diagram below represents a technique currently used by scientists in the field of biotechnology.

Which statement describes a possible outcome of this technique?

A) sheep A, only B) sheep B, onlyC) both sheep A and B D) both sheep A and C

34. Steps in a reproductive process used to produce a sheep withcertain traits are listed below.

Step 1 —The nucleus was removed from an unfertilized egg taken fromsheep A.Step 2 —The nucleus of a body cell taken from sheep B was then insertedinto this unfertilized egg from sheep A.Step 3 —The resulting cell was then implanted into the uterus of sheep C.Step 4 — Sheep C gave birth to sheep D.

Which sheep would be most genetically similar to sheep D? A) mitotic cell division B) sex linkageC) crossing-over D) independent assortment

35. The diagram below represents four beakers, each containing anequal number of two colors of beads.

One bead was removed at random from each of the fourbeakers, and the colors were recorded. The beads were thenreturned to the original beakers. When the procedure wasrepeated several times, different combinations of colored beadswere obtained. This activity could best be used to illustrate

A) dominance B) sex-linked traitsC) multiple alleles D) mutation

36. When red-flowered snapdragons are crossed withwhite-flowered snapdragons, all the F1 plants will have pinkflowers. If Mendel had used snapdragons instead of pea plants,he would have had difficulty in formulating his principle of

A) Aa, Bb, AA, and bb B) AaBb and ABabC) AB and Ab, only D) AB, Ab, aB, and ab

37. The diagram below shows a diploid cell with two homologouspairs of chromosomes.

Due to independent assortment what possible normal alleliccombinations could be found in gametes produced from this cellby meiosis?

A) corn seeds are exposed to mutagenic agentsB) plants that are heterozygous for a trait are crossedC) plant genotypes are influenced by environmental factorsD) geraniums are produced by vegetative propagation

38. The genetic concepts of segregation and recombination are bestillustrated when

A) intermediate inheritanceB) segregation and recombinationC) sex linkage and codominanceD) independent assortment

39. The diagram below represents the inheritance of stem height ingarden peas.

The diagram best illustrates

A) 0% B) 50% C) 75% D) 100%

40. In poultry, feathered shank (F) is dominant over clean shank (f).If the hen's genotype is represented by ff and the rooster'sgenotype is Ff, what percentage of their offspring would beexpected to have feathered shanks?

A) a polyploid B) homozygousC) heterozygous D) a mutation

41. In rats, black coat color is dominant over white coat color. Ifsome of the offspring of a cross between a black rat and a whiterat are white, the black rat must have been

A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 60

42. When a brown mink and a silver-blue mink were crossed, all ofthe offspring produced were brown. When these offspring weremated, they produced 60 brown minks and 20 silver-blue minks.Of the 60 brown minks, the number that are heterozygousshould be closest to

A) 0 B) 2 C) 8 D) 4

43. In humans, the ability to roll the tongue is dominant over theinability to roll the tongue. If two parents who are homozygousdominant for this trait have 8 children, how many childrenwould be expected to be unable to roll their tongues?

A) Bb × bb and Bb × Bb B) Bb × bb and BB × BbC) BB × Bb and BB × bb D) BB × BB and Bb × Bb

44. B represents the dominant allele for a trait and b represents therecessive allele. In which pair of crosses must all of theoffspring produced have the same phenotype?

A) crossing it with plants that are homozygous for yellowseeds

B) crossing it with plants that are homozygous for green seedsC) crossing it with plants that are known to contain mutant

genesD) exposing it to high doses of radiation

45. In pea plants, the gene for yellow seeds is dominant over thegene for green seeds. Which procedure can be used to determineif a plant that produces yellow seeds is homozygous orheterozygous?

A) Cross I with II a second time.B) Cross III with a rabbit having genotype BB.C) Cross III with a rabbit having genotype bb.D) Cross III with II.

46. In rabbits, the gene for black coat color (B) is dominant over thegene for white coat color (b). In the cross illustrated below,rabbit member III may have genotype BB or Bb.

Which cross should be done to help determine if rabbit numberIII is heterozygous?

A) white and blue petuniasB) purple and purple petuniasC) blue and blue petuniasD) purple and blue petunias

47. A gardener found that when white petunias and purple petuniaswere crossed, only blue petunias were produced. From which ofthe following crosses would the gardener most probably obtainthe greatest percentage of white petunias?

A) 25% B) 50% C) 75% D) 100%

48. If two roan cattle are crossed, what percent of the offspring areexpected to show the parental phenotype for coat color?

A) multiple allele inheritanceB) crossing-overC) sex linkageD) codominance

49. Crosses between white-coated cattle (CWCW) and red-coatedcattle (CRCR) produce roan offspring (CRCW). This type ofinheritance pattern is known as

A) Mutagenic agents can alter genotypes.B) The environment influences gene action.C) Polyploidy produces 2n gametes.D) Chromosomal mutations produce color effects.

50. A certain species of plant produces blue flowers when the soilpH is above 7.0. However, when the soil pH is below 7.0, theflowers are pink. Which statement best explains this colorchange?

A) gene expression is not influenced by biochemical factorsB) identical twins do not always have the same genotypeC) gene expression is influenced by the environmentD) the genetic disorder is inherited by identical twins, only

51. Identical twins were born with genes for a genetic disorder thatcan be controlled by diet. Both twins were placed on this diet,which excludes a certain amino acid. However, one twin chosenot to follow the diet and developed the genetic disorder. Theother twin followed the diet and did not develop the disorder.This difference between the twins illustrates that

A) the genes of a fox are made of unstable DNAB) mutations can be caused by temperature extremesC) random alteration of DNA can occur on certain

chromosomesD) the expression of certain genes is affected by temperature

52. During the warm temperatures of summer, the arctic foxproduces enzymes that cause its fur to become reddish brown.During the cold temperatures of winter, these enzymes do notfunction. As a result, the fox has a white coat that blends intothe snowy background. This change in fur color shows that

A) dominant over wing shapeB) linked to wing shapeC) recessive to wing shapeD) independent of wing shape

53. The diagrams below show two pairs of homologouschromosomes present in the diploid cells of a fruit fly. Thelocations of the alleles for eye color and wing shape areindicated. According to this information, eye color is

A) inherited separately B) codominantC) recombined D) inherited together

54. Genes for two different traits that are located next to each otheron the same chromosome would most likely be

A) chromosomal mutation during mitosisB) nondisjunction during meiosisC) independent assortment during mitosisD) crossing-over during meiosis

55. The results of a genetic process are represented in the diagrambelow.

Which process most likely produced these results?

A) deletion B) additionC) base substitution D) gene mutation

56. Which change involves the loss of part of a chromosome?

A) replication B) diploidyC) polyploidy D) disjunction

57. In certain plants, each cell contains double the normalchromosome number. These 4n cells are an example of thecondition known as

A) unusually thick cell wallsB) no organelles in the cytoplasmC) abnormally large chloroplastsD) changes in chromosome number or structure

58. Overexposure of animals to x-rays is dangerous because x-raysare known to damage DNA. A direct result of this damage iscells with

A) animal preservativesB) used to treat diseasesC) used to diagnose diseasesD) mutagenic agents

59. X-rays, formaldehyde, and asbestos fibers are all similar in thatthey are

A) a gene change in a liver cellB) cancer caused by excessive exposure of skin cells to the

SunC) a chromosomal alteration during gametogenesisD) random breakage of a chromatid in a leaf cell of a maple

tree

60. Which mutation could be passed on to future generations?

A) nervous system B) reproductive cellsC) eye D) uterus

61. A woman has a gene that causes a visual disorder. To preventthe disorder from appearing in future generations, the defectivegene would have to be repaired in the mother's

A) some of the children would be expected to have type Oblood

B) the allele for type A blood is dominant, and the allele fortype B blood is recessive

C) the allele for type B blood is dominant, and the allele fortype A blood is recessive

D) the allele for type A blood and the allele for type B bloodare both expressed in the children

62. A woman who is homozygous for type A blood marries a manwho is homozygous for type B blood. All of their children havetype AB blood. This type of inheritance is known ascodominance because

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 0

63. Based on the pattern of inheritance known as sex linkage, if amale is a hemophiliac, how many genes for this trait are presenton the sex chromosomes in each of his diploid cells?

A) multiple alleles B) codominanceC) sex linkage D) autosomal dominance

64. When a colorblind woman marries a male with normal vision,all their daughters have normal vision and all their sons arecolorblind. This is an example of which type of inheritance?

A) diffusion through cell membranesB) fertilization of a sex cellC) sequencing of amino acids in cellsD) increasing the number of cells in an organism

65. Part of a molecule found in cells is represented below.

Which process is most directly affected by the arrangement ofcomponents 1 through 4?

A) sugar molecules B) molecular basesC) enzymes D) proteins

66. The diagram below represents a portion DNA molecule.

The letters represent different types of

A) segment 1, only B) segment 3, onlyC) segments 2 and 3 D) segments 2 and 4

67. Four different segments of a DNA molecule are representedbelow.

There is an error in the DNA molecule in

A) 15% B) 30% C) 35% D) 85%

68. In a DNA sample, 15% of the bases are thymine (T).Whatpercentage of the bases in this sample are adenine (A)?

A) ribose and adenineB) ribose and thymineC) deoxyribose and guanineD) deoxyribose and uracil

69. Which pair of molecules, when bonded together, would mostlikely be found in a nucleotide of DNA?

Base your answers to questions 70 through 72 on the diagrambelow of a DNA molecule and on your knowledge of biology.

A) C-A-T-G B) A-C-G-TC) A-C-T-G D) G-C-T-A

70. The base sequence of strand X is

A) Structure 1 is hydrolyzed.B) A chemical bond is broken in region 2.C) Structure 3 is synthesized.D) Proteins are formed in region 2.

71. Which activity occurs in the process of replication?

A) phosphate B) deoxyribose sugarC) ribose sugar D) base

72. Structure 3 represents a

A) A single-stranded RNA molecule is formed.B) Transfer RNA links to an amino acid.C) Free nucleotides are bonded together in the correct

sequence.D) The DNA molecule "unzips" along weak hydrogen bonds.

73. Which event takes place first during DNA replication?

A) variation within an organismB) rapid evolution of an organismC) synthesis of antigens to protect the cellD) recombination of genes within the cell

74. A change in the base subunit sequence during DNA replicationcan result in

A) The squirrel stops using its claws for digging.B) The squirrel is exposed to radiation for several days.C) Oak trees gradually become less common.D) The weather becomes wetter for a short period of time.

75. Which situation would most likely produce a gene mutation in asquirrel?

A) A-A-U B) G-G-T C) T-T-C D) U-U-A

76. If a portion of a messenger RNA molecule contains the basesequence A-A-U, the corresponding transfer RNA basesequence is

A) adenine B) uracilC) cytosine D) guanine

77. Which base is normally used in the synthesis of RNA but not inthe synthesis of DNA?

A) codon B) geneC) polypeptide D) nucleotide

78. A sequence of three nitrogenous bases in a messenger-RNAmolecule is known as a

A) the region in the cell where enzymes are producedB) DNA in the chromosomes in a cellC) the type of cell in which starch is foundD) kinds of materials in the cell membrane

79. What is the sequence of subunits in a protein most directlydependent on?

A) Cells contain DNA that controls the production ofproteins.

B) DNA is composed of proteins that carry coded informationfor how cells function.

C) Proteins are used to produce cells that link amino acidstogether into DNA.

D) Cells are linked together by proteins to make differentkinds of DNA molecules.

80. Which statement best describes the relationship between cells,DNA, and proteins?

A) carbohydrates B) mineralsC) fats D) proteins

81. The diagram below represents a portion of an organic molecule.

This molecule controls cellular activity by directing thesynthesis of

A) it increases crop productionB) it produces insect-resistant plantsC) its long-term effects on humans are still being investigatedD) it always results in crops that do not taste good

82. Some farmers currently grow genetically engineered crops.What would be an argument against the use of this technology?

A) differentiation B) cloningC) gene insertion D) selective breeding

83. In order to produce the first white marigold flower, growersbegan with the lightest yellow-flowered marigold plants. Aftercrossing them, these plants produced seeds, which were planted,and only the offspring with very light-yellow flowers were usedto produce the next generation. Repeating this process overmany years, growers finally produced a marigold flower that isconsidered the first white variety of its species. This procedureis known as

A) identical to that in the original body cellB) identical to that in the original egg cellC) 50% the same as the original egg cell and 50% the same as the original body cellD) 25% the same as the original egg cell and 7.5% the same as the original body cell

84. A technique used to alter cells is represented in the diagram below.

The genetic material contained in the nucleus of each of the new cells is most likely

A) can be used to overcome the effects of a harmful mutationB) can provide people with a new kind of nutrient-rich milkC) will result in healthier goats with more nutritious milk for

their offspringD) will reduce blood clots in other farm animals that are

modified in this way

85. Goats have been genetically modified to produce an anticlottingprotein in their milk The protein is extracted from the milk andgiven to people who have inherited a disorder that causes theirbodies to produce blood clots, which can be fatal. A benefit ofthe technology used to produce this protein is that it

A) meiotic cell division B) selective breedingC) cloning D) fertilization

86. Which process produces only identical offspring?

A) Humans have DNA that is structurally very different fromother mammals.

B) Cloning can only he performed on animals that normallyreproduce asexually.

C) Human genes are made of too many different types ofsimple sugars.

D) Some people consider human genetic experimentsunethical.

87. Scientists have successfully cloned animals, including largemammals such as sheep. Which statement provides the mostlikely reason that a human has not yet been cloned?

A) Her offspring would be genetically identical.B) Dolly and her DNA donor are genetically identical.C) Two different gametes were manipulated to produce Dolly.D) Dolly was produced by the recombination of genetic

material.

88. In 1996, scientists cloned the first mammal, a sheep. Thistechnique involved the removal of the nucleus from an egg cell.The nucleus from a cell of another adult sheep was then insertedinto this egg cell. Once this cell began to develop into anembryo, it was implanted into a third female sheep that latergave birth to a healthy lamb, Dolly. Which statementconcerning Dolly is correct?

Base your answers to questions 89 and 90 on the passage below.

The number in the parenthesis ( ) at the end of a sentence is used to identify that sentence.

They Sure Do Look Like Dinosaurs

  When making movies about dinosaurs, film producers often use ordinary lizards and enlarge their imagesthousands of times (1). We all know, however, that while they look like dinosaurs and are related to dinosaurs, lizardsare not actually dinosaurs (2). Recently, some scientists have developed a hypothesis that challenges this view (3). These scientists believe thatsome dinosaurs were actually the same species as some modern lizards that had grown to unbelievable sizes (4). Theythink that such growth might be due to a special type of DNA called repetitive DNA, often referred to as “junk” DNAbecause scientists do not understand its functions (5). These scientists studied pumpkins that can reach sizes of nearly1,000 pounds and found them to contain large amounts of repetitive DNA (6). Other pumpkins that grow to only a fewounces in weight have very little of this kind of DNA (7). In addition, cells that reproduce uncontrollably have almostalways been found to contain large amounts of this type of DNA (8).

89. Write the number of a sentence that provides evidence that supports the hypothesis that increasing amounts of repetitiveDNA are responsible for increased sizes of organisms.

A) red blood cells B) cancer cellsC) nerve cells D) cells that are unable to reproduce

90. Which kind of cells would most likely contain large amounts of repetitive DNA?

Base your answers to questions 91 through 94 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.

DNA samples were collected from four children. The diagram below represents the results of a procedure thatseparated the DNA in each sample.

91. State one way information obtained from this procedure can be used.

92. The DNA is most similar in which two children? Support your answer.

A) largest fragment of DNA that traveled the fastestB) smallest fragment of DNA that traveled the fastestC) largest fragment of DNA that traveled the slowestD) smallest fragment of DNA that traveled the slowest

93. Band X represents the

94. Identify the procedure used to obtain these results.

Base your answers to questions 95 through 97 on Universal Genetic Code Chart below and on your knowledge of biology.

95. Based on the information provided in the completed table, which plant species is most closely related to the endangeredspecies? Support your answer.

Species:_______________________

96. Complete the missing mRNA base sequences for plant species B in the table above.

97. Complete the missing amino acid sequences for plant species A in the table above.

Base your answers to questions 98 through 100 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

The sequences below represent the same portions of a DNA molecule from the same gene used by a student tostudy the relationship between two plant species. A biological catalyst that recognizes the CCGG site is used to cutthe DNA molecules into pieces. The catalyst cuts the DNA between the C and G of the site.

98. Complete the data table below to show the results of the action of the catalyst.

99. Draw lines in the sequences below for species 1 and species 2 to show where the catalyst would cut the DNA.

100. Are the two species of plants closely related? Support your answer.