Regger Reference Manual Ncco

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RIGGER REFERENCEMANUAL

RGR RM 03/13

NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THECERTIFICATION OF CRANE OPERATORS (NCCCO)


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Copyright 20092013 National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators. All rights reserved. RGR RM REV 03/13ii

Te reading and/or using person or entities using thispublication for and in consideration of the assistance,cooperation, and information given by the NationalCommission for the Certification of Crane Operators(NCCCO) in this publication, Rigger Reference Manual,

the receipt of which is acknowledged, does herebyand for all future time have released, hold harmlessfrom any liability, and forever discharged for itself, itsadministrators and assigns the said NCCCO from alland any manner of action or demands whatsoever inlaw, in admiralty, or in equity, which against the saidNCCCO anyone ever had, now have, or which shallbe later claimed. Tis agreement relates specificallyto any cause of action arising out of the publication,information provided, subsequent conduct, and anyuse of the information provided in this publication

and related uses or demonstrations of skills, methods,and techniques cite in the publication. Tis mutuallybeneficial release and hold harmless agreement maynot be changed orally, and exists in perpetuity. NCCCOgenerally and specifically disclaims any warranty, mer-

chantability of intended or unintended use or liabilitylifting industry and promote public safety.

Copyright 2013 by National Commission for the Cer-tification of Crane Operators. All rights reserved. Nopart of this book may be reproduced or transmitted inany form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, without prior written permis-sion from the publisher. For information, contact thepublisher, National Commission for the Certification ofCrane Operators, Inc.

HOLD HARMLESS/RELEASE/DISCLAIMER AGREEMENT


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iiiCopyright 20092013 National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators. All rights reserved. RGR RM REV 03/13

Preface

Tis manual has been provided as a reference source for candidates preparing to take theNCCCO Rigger certification exams. NCCCO subject matter experts compiled from a num-ber of sources and selected sections of relevant material for inclusion in the NCCCO RiggerReference Manual.ASME and OSHA granted NCCCO permission for posting and printingselected sections from the following ASME and OSHA standards:

ASME B30.5 - Mobile and Locomotive Cranes

ASME B30.10 - Hooks

ASME B30.20 - Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices

OSHA 1910.184 - Slings

OSHA 1926.251 - Rigging Equipment for Material Handling

OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart CC - Cranes and Derricks in ConstructionPortions reprinted from ASME B30.5, B30.10, ASME B30.20 and ASME B30.23 by permissionof e American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.

Te following reference materials, in addition to the references cited above, are used byNCCCOs Examination Committee to verify the accuracy of NCCCO test questions.

ASME B30.9 - Slings

ASME B30.26 - Rigging Hardware

IPTs Crane and Rigging Training Manual

Rigging for Ironworkers Reference Manual

NCCCO Rigger Reference BookletTe material contained herein is not to be used for any other purpose than referencematerial in association with preparing for the NCCCO exam. No part of this manual is tobe copied or used in any manner other than by individual candidates preparing for theNCCCO Rigger examination.


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vCopyright 20092013 National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators. All rights reserved. RGR RM REV 03/13

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: ASME B30.5-2011 Mobile and Locomotive Cranes ................................. 1Section 5-3.1.3.2: Responsibilities of Site Supervisor and Lift Director .............................................3

5-3.1.3.2.1 The site supervisors responsibilities shall include the following: ..............................3

5-3.1.3.2.2 The lift directors responsibilities shall include the following: ...................................3

Chapter 2: ASME B30.10-2009 Hooks ....................................................................... 5

Section 10-1: Selection, Use, and Maintenance ................................................................................7

10-1.8: Identification ...................................................................................................................7

10-1.10.6 Repairs and Modifications ..........................................................................................7

Chapter 3: ASME B30.20-2010 Below the Hook Lifting Devices .............................. 9

Section 20-1: Structural and Mechanical Lifting Devices ................................................................11

Section 20-1.2: Marking, Construction, and Installation ...........................................................11

Section 20-1.3: Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance ...............................................................11

Section 20-1.4: Operation .........................................................................................................11

Chapter 4: OSHA 1910.184 Slings ........................................................................... 13

Regulations 1910.184 ....................................................................................................................15

Chapter 5: OSHA 1926.251 Rigging Equipment for Material Handling .................. 25

Regulations 1926.251 ....................................................................................................................27

1926.251 Rigging Equipment for Material Handling .............................................................27

Chapter 6: OSHA 29 CFR 1926, Subpart CC Cranes and Derricks in Construction .. 31

Regulations 1926 Subpart CC ........................................................................................................33

1926.1401 Definitions ...........................................................................................................33

1926.1402 Ground conditions ..............................................................................................37

1926.1403 Assembly/Disassemblyselection of manufacturer or employer procedures ......38

1926.1404 Assembly/Disassemblygeneral requirements (applies to all assemblyand disassembly operations) ..........................................................................................38

1926.1405 Disassemblyadditional requirements for dismantling of booms and jibs(applies to both the use of manufacturer procedures and employer procedures) ..........40

1926.1406 Assembly/Disassemblyemployer proceduresgeneral requirements ..............40

1926.1407 Power line safety (up to 350 kV)assembly and disassembly. ...........................40

1926.1408 Power line safety (up to 350 kV)equipment operations ..................................41

1926.1409 Power line safety (over 350 kV) ..........................................................................44

1926.1410 Power line safety (all voltages)equipment operations closer than theTable A zone ...................................................................................................................44

1926.1411 Power line safetywhile traveling under or near power lines with no load .......46

1926.1412 Inspections. ..........................................................................................................46

1926.1413 Wire ropeinspection. .......................................................................................49

1926.1414 Wire ropeselection and installation criteria. ....................................................51

1926.1415 Safety devices. .....................................................................................................53

1926.1416 Operational aids. .................................................................................................53


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Copyright 20092013 National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators. All rights reserved. RGR RM REV 03/13vi

1926.1417 Operation. ...........................................................................................................55

1926.1418 Authority to stop operation. ................................................................................57

1926.1419 Signalsgeneral requirements. ..........................................................................57

1926.1420 Signalsradio, telephone or other electronic transmission of signals. ...............58

1926.1421 Signalsvoice signals additional requirements. .............................................58

1926.1422 Signalshand signal chart. ................................................................................58 1926.1423 Fall protection. ....................................................................................................59

1926.1424 Work area control ...............................................................................................60

1926.1425 Keeping clear of the load ....................................................................................61

1926.1425 Keeping clear of the load. ...................................................................................61

1926.1426 Free fall and controlled load lowering. ................................................................62

1926.1427 Operator qualification and certification. .............................................................62

1926.1428 Signal person qualifications. ...............................................................................66

1926.1429 Qualifications of maintenance & repair employees. ............................................66

1926.1430 Training. ..............................................................................................................67

1926.1431 Hoisting personnel ..............................................................................................67 1926.1432 Multiple-crane/derrick lifts supplemental requirements ..................................73

1926.1433 Design, construction and testing. ........................................................................73

1926.1434 Equipment modifications. ....................................................................................76

1926.1435 Tower cranes. ......................................................................................................77

1926.1436 Derricks. ..............................................................................................................80

1926.1437 Floating cranes/derricks and land cranes/derricks on barges. ..............................84

1926.1438 Overhead & gantry cranes. ..................................................................................88

1926.1439 Dedicated pile drivers. .........................................................................................88

1926.1440 Sideboom cranes. ................................................................................................88

1926.1441 Equipment with a rated hoisting/lifting capacity of 2,000 pounds or less. ..........89

1926.1442 Severability. .........................................................................................................90

Appendix A to Subpart CC of Part 1926Standard Hand Signals .................................................91

Chapter 7: Rigger Reference Booklet ........................................................................ 93


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1Copyright 20092013 National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators. All rights reserved. RGR RM REV 03/13

CHAPTER 1:

ASME B30.5-2011 Mobile andLocomotive Cranes

Section 5-3.1.3.2: Responsibilitiesof Site Supervisor and Lift Director

Reprinted from ASME B30.5, by permission of the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.


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5-3.1.3.2 Responsibilities of SiteSupervisor and Lift Director

5-3.1.3.2.1 The site supervisors

responsibilities shall include the following:

(a) ensuring that the crane meets the requirements ofChapter 5-2 prior to initial site usage.

(b) determining if additional regulations are applicableto crane operations.

(c) ensuring that a qualified person is designated as thelift director.

(d) ensuring that crane operations are coordinated withother jobsite activities that will be affected by or willaffect lift operations.

(e) ensuring that the area for the crane is adequatelyprepared. Te preparation includes, but is notlimited to, the following:

(1) access roads for the crane and associatedequipment

(2) sufficient room to assemble and disassemble thecrane

(3) an operating area that is suitable for the crane

with respect to levelness, surface conditions,support capability, proximity to power lines,excavations, slopes, underground utilities,subsurface construction, and obstructions tocrane operation

(4) traffic control as necessary to restrictunauthorized access to the cranes working area

(f) ensuring that work involving the assembly anddisassembly of a crane is supervised by a qualifiedperson.

(g) ensuring that crane operators meet the

requirements of para. 5-3.1.2.(h) ensuring that conditions that may adversely affect

crane operations are addressed. Such conditionsinclude, but are not limited to, the following:

(1) poor soil conditions

(2) wind velocity or gusting winds

(3) heavy rain

(4) fog

(5) extreme cold

(6) artificial lighting

(i) allowing crane operation near electric power linesonly when the requirements of para. 5-3.4.5 havebeen met.

(j) permitting special lifting operations only whenequipment and procedures required by this Volume,the crane manufacturer, or a qualified person areemployed. Such operations include, but are notlimited to, the following:

(1) multiple crane lifts

(2) lifting personnel

(3) pick and carry operations

(k) ensuring that work performed by the rigging crew issupervised by a qualified person.

(l) ensuring that crane maintenance is performed by adesignated person.

5-3.1.3.2.2 The lift directors responsibilities

shall include the following:

(a) being present at the jobsite during lifting operations.

(b) stopping crane operations if alerted to an unsafecondition affecting those operations.

(c) ensuring that the preparation of the area needed

to support crane operations has been completedbefore crane operations commence.

(d) ensuring necessary traffic controls are in place torestrict unauthorized access to the cranes work area

(e) ensuring that personnel involved in craneoperations understand their responsibilities,assigned duties, and the associated hazards.

(f) addressing safety concerns raised by the operatoror other personnel and being responsible if hedecides to overrule those concerns and directscrane operations to continue. (In all cases, the

manufacturers criteria for safe operation and therequirements of this Volume shall be adhered to.)

(g) appointing the signalperson(s) and conveying thatinformation to the crane operator.

(h) ensuring that signalperson(s) appointed meet therequirements of Section 5-3.3.

(i) allowing crane operation near electric power linesonly when the requirements of para. 5-3.4.5 andany additional requirements determined by the sitesupervisor have been met.

Section 5-3.1.3.2: Responsibilities of SiteSupervisor and Lift Director


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Copyright 20092013 National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators. All rights reserved. RGR RM REV 03/134

(j) ensuring precautions are implemented whenhazards associated with special lifting operationsare present. Such operations include, but are notlimited to, the following:

(1) multiple crane lifts

(2) lifting personnel

(3) pick and carry operations

(4) mobile cranes operating on barges(k) ensuring that the applicable requirements of ASME

B30.23 are met when lifting personnel.

(l) informing the crane operator of the weight ofloads to be lifted, as well as the lifting, moving, andplacing locations for these loads.

(m) obtaining the crane operators verification that thisweight does not exceed the cranes rated capacity.

(n) ensuring that a cranes load rigging is performed bydesignated personnel as defined in para. 5-0.2.2.

(o) ensuring that the load is properly rigged andbalanced before it is lifted more than a few inches.


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CHAPTER 2:

ASME B30.10-2009 Hooks

Section 10-1: Selection, Use, andMaintenance

Reprinted from ASME B30.10, by permission of the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.


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10-1.8: IdentificationManufacturers identification and rated load identifica-tion shall be forged, cast, or die stamped on a low-stressand non-wearing area of the hook. Alternately, if thehook is used in conjunction with equipment describedin other volumes of the B30 Standard, the equipmentmanufacturers identification and rated load identifica-tion shall be forged, cast, or die stamped on a low-stressand non-wearing area of the hook.

10-1.10.6 Repairs and Modifications

(a) Any conditions disclosed by the inspections

performed in accordance with the requirementsof para. 10-1.10.3 or 10-1.10.4 shall be correctedby repair or replacement before continuing to usethe hook. All repairs and modifications shall beapproved by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

(b) Hooks having damage or wear described as followsshall be repaired or replaced:

(1) cracks, nicks, and gouges. Repair of cracks, nicks,and gouges shall be carried out by a designatedperson by grinding longitudinally, following thecontour of the hook, provided no dimension isreduced more than 10% (or as recommended by

the manufacturer) of its original value.(2) wear exceeding 10% (or as recommended by

the manufacturer) of the original sectionaldimension

(3) any visibly apparent bend or twist from theplane of the unbent hook

(4) any distortion causing an increase in throatopening of 5%, not to exceed 14 in. (or asrecommended by the manufacturer)

(5) inability of self-locking hooks to lock

(c) A hook latch that is inoperative shall be repaired,

replaced, or removed if not required.(d) If a required latch is inoperable and cannot be

immediately repaired or replaced, the hook shallbe sufficiently moused to retain loose items asdefined in para. 10-1.3(c) until the latch is repairedor replaced.

(e) When reassembling shank hooks, original securingmethods or manufacturers recommendations shallbe followed.

(f) All replacement parts shall be at least equal to theoriginal manufacturers specifications.

(g) Hooks without provision for latches may be mousedto retain loose items as defined in para. 10-1.3(c).

(h) For special lifting applications where the throatopening is required to be closed, mousing maybe used in place of the latch to retain loose itemsas defined in para. 10-1.3(c), when approved by aqualified person.

Section 10-1: Selection, Use, andMaintenance


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CHAPTER 3:

ASME B30.20-2010 Below the HookLifting Devices

Section 20-1: Structural andMechanical Lifting Devices

Reprinted from ASME B30.20, by permission of the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.


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Section 20-1: Structural and MechanicalLifting Devices

Section 20-1.2: Marking, Construction, andInstallation

20-1.2.1 Marking

(a) Rated Load. Te rated load of the lifting device shallbe legibly marked on the main structure or on a tagattached to it where it is visible. If the lifting deviceis made up of several lifters, each detachable fromthe group, these lifters shall also be marked withtheir individual rated loads.

(b) Identification.All new structural and mechanicallifting devices shall be marked with, but not limited

to, the following information:(1) manufacturers name and address

(2) serial number

(3) lifter weight, if over 100 lb (45 kg)

(4) cold current (amps) (when applicable)

(5) rated voltage (when applicable)

(6) rated load [as described in para. 20-1.2.1(a)]

(7) ASME BH-1 Design Category

(8) ASME BH-1 Service Class

Section 20-1.3: Inspection, Testing, and

Maintenance

20-1.3.2 Every Lift Inspection

Items such as the following shall be inspected by theoperator before and/or during every lift for any indica-tion of damage as specifically indicated, includingobservations during operation for any damage thatmight occur during the lift:

(a) surface of the load for debris

(b) condition and operation of the controls

(c) condition and operation of the indicators andmeters when installed

20-1.3.3 Frequent Inspection

Items such as the following shall be inspected fordamage at intervals as defined in para. 20-1.3.1(b)(2),including observations during operation for anyindications of damage that might appear betweeninspections. A qualified person shall determinewhether any indications of damage constitute a hazard

or will require more frequent inspection. For all lifters,inspect:

(a) structural members for deformation, cracks, orexcessive wear on any part of the lifter

(b) loose or missing guards, fasteners, covers, stops, ornameplates

(c) all functional operating mechanisms and automatichold-and-release mechanisms for misadjustmentsinterfering with operation

Section 20-1.4: Operation

20-1.4.1 Operators

Below-the-hook lifting devices shall be operated onlyby trained, designated persons.

20-1.4.2 Qualifications

Qualifications for operators of below-the-hook liftingdevices are as follows:

(a) Te operator shall be instructed in the use of thedevice by a designated person. Instructions shouldinclude, but not be limited to, the following:

(1) application of the lifter to the load and

adjustments, if any, that adapt the lifter tovarious sizes or kinds of loads

(2) instructions in any special operations orprecautions

(3) the manufacturers suggested operatingprocedures

(4) condition of the load itself required foroperation of the lifter, such as, but not limited to,balance, surface cleanliness, flatness, bending,and load thickness

(5) storage of the lifter to protect it from damage

(6) not exceeding the rated load of the lifting devicenor the capacity of the hoisting equipment bythe combined weight of the load, the liftingdevice, and rigging

(7) the proper attachment of adapters to liftingdevice for special load handling

(b) Te operator shall demonstrate the ability tooperate the lifter as instructed before assumingresponsibility for using the lifter.


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20-1.4.3 Conduct of Lifting Device Operators

(a) Te operator shall give attention to the operation ofthe lifts during a lifting sequence.

(b) When physically or otherwise unfit, an operatorshall not engage in the operation of the equipment.

(c) Operators shall be responsible for those operationsunder their direct control. Whenever there is any

doubt as to safety, the operator shall consult adesignated person before handling the load.

(d) Te operator shall respond only to instructions fromdesignated persons. However, the operator shallobey a stop order at all times, no matter who gives it.

(e) Te operation of the lifter shall be observed beforeuse and during a shift. Any deficiency observedshall be carefully examined by a designatedperson. If the deficiency constitutes a hazard, thelifter shall be removed from service and taggedOut of Service. Any indication of a hazardouscondition shall be reported to a qualified person forevaluation.

(f) Te operator shall be familiar with standard handsignals when applicable.

(g) Te operator shall land any attached load and storethe lifter before leaving the lifting device.

(h) All controls shall be tested by the operator beforeuse during a shift. If any controls do not operateproperly, they should be adjusted or repaired beforeoperations are begun.

(i) Te operator shall not ride, or allow others to ride,

loads or the lifting device.(j) Te operator and other personnel shall stay clear of

the load.

20-1.4.4 Lifting Device Operating Practices

(a) Lifting devices shall be operated only by thefollowing qualified personnel:

(1) designated persons

(2) trainees under the direct supervision of adesignated person

(3) maintenance and test personnel, when it is

necessary in the performance of their duties(4) inspectors (lifting devices)

(b) Te lifting device shall not be loaded in excess ofits rated load or handle any load for which it is notdesigned.

(c) Te lifter shall be applied to the load in accordancewith the instruction manual.

(d) Before lifting, the operator shall make sure that lifterropes or chains are not kinked, and that multiplepart lines are not twisted around each other.

(e) Care should be taken to make certain the load iscorrectly distributed for the lifter being used.

(f) Te temperature of the load should not exceed themaximum allowable limits of the lifter.

(g) Te lifter shall be brought over the load in such amanner as to minimize swinging.

(h) Care shall be taken that there is not sudden

acceleration or deceleration of the load.

(i) Do not allow load or lifter to come into contact withany obstruction.

(j) Te operator shall avoid carrying the load overpeople.

(k) Te lifter shall not be used for side pulls or slidingthe load unless specifically authorized by a qualifiedperson.

(l) Te operator shall not leave suspended loadsunattended.

20-1.4.5 Miscellaneous Operating Practices

(a) An operator shall not use a lifting device that istagged Out of Service or otherwise designated asnon-functioning.

(b) Out of Service tags on lifting devices shall not beremoved without the approval of the person placingthem or an authorized person.

(c) Te lifter, when not in use, should be stored at anassigned location.

(d) Caution should be taken that operating markings

or tags shall not be removed or defaced. Missing orillegible markings or tags shall be replaced.

20-1.5 Instruction Manuals

Operating instructions and maintenance and partsinformation shall be furnished by the manufacturer.


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CHAPTER 4:

OSHA 1910.184 Slings

OSHA 1910.184 SlingsReprinted from Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA) standard. All rights reserved.


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Regulations 1910.184 Part Number: 1910

Part itle: Occupational Safety andHealth Standards

Subpart: N

Subpart itle: Materials Handling andStorage

Standard Number: 1910.184

itle: Slings

1910.184 Slings(a) Scope. Tis section applies to slings used in

conjunction with other material handling equip-ment for the movement of material by hoisting,in employments covered by this part. Te typesof slings covered are those made from alloy steelchain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or syntheticfiber rope (conventional three strand construc-tion), and synthetic web (nylon, polyester, andpolypropylene).

(b) Definitions.

Angle of loadingis the inclination of a leg or branch

of a sling measured from the horizontal or verti-cal plane as shown in Fig. N-184-5; provided thatan angle of loading of five degrees or less fromthe vertical may be considered a vertical angle ofloading.

Basket hitchis a sling configuration whereby thesling is passed under the load and has bothends, end attachments, eyes or handles on thehook or a single master link.

Braided wire ropeis a wire rope formed by plaitingcomponent wire ropes.

Bridle wire rope slingis a sling composed of multiplewire rope legs with the top ends gathered in afitting that goes over the lifting hook.

Cable laid endless slingmechanical jointis a wirerope sling made endless by joining the ends of asingle length of cable laid rope with one or moremetallic fittings.

Cable laid grommethand tuckedis an endlesswire rope sling made from one length of ropewrapped six times around a core formed by

hand tucking the ends of the rope inside the sixwraps.

Cable laid ropeis a wire rope composed of six wireropes wrapped around a fiber or wire rope core.

Cable laid rope slingmechanical jointis a wirerope sling made from a cable laid rope with eyesfabricated by pressing or swaging one or moremetal sleeves over the rope junction.

Choker hitchis a sling configuration with one end ofthe sling passing under the load and through anend attachment, handle or eye on the other endof the sling.

Coatingis an elastomer or other suitable materialapplied to a sling or to a sling component toimpart desirable properties.

Cross rodis a wire used to join spirals of metal meshto form a complete fabric. (See Fig. N-184-2.)

Designatedmeans selected or assigned by theemployer or the employers representative asbeing qualified to perform specific duties.

Equivalent entityis a person or organization(including an employer) which, by possessionof equipment, technical knowledge and skills,can perform with equal competence the samerepairs and tests as the person or organizationwith which it is equated.

Fabric (metal mesh)is the flexible portion of a metalmesh sling consisting of a series of transversecoils and cross rods.

Female handle (choker)is a handle with a handleeye and a slot of such dimension as to permitpassage of a male handle thereby allowing theuse of a metal mesh sling in a choker hitch. (SeeFig. N-184-1.)

Handleis a terminal fitting to which metal mesh

fabric is attached.(See Fig. N-184-1.)Handle eyeis an opening in a handle of a metal

mesh sling shaped to accept a hook, shackle orother lifting device. (See Fig. N-184-1.)

Hitchis a sling configuration whereby the sling isfastened to an object or load, either directly to itor around it.

Linkis a single ring of a chain.

Male handle (triangle)is a handle with a handle eye.

OSHA 1910.184 Slings


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Master coupling linkis an alloy steel weldedcoupling link used as an intermediate link tojoin alloy steel chain to master links. (See Fig.N-184-3.)

Master linkorgathering ringis a forged or weldedsteel link used to support all members (legs) ofan alloy steel chain sling or wire rope sling. (SeeFig. N-184-3.)

Mechanical coupling linkis a non-welded, mechani-cally closed steel link used to attach master links,hooks, etc., to alloy steel chain.

Proof loadis the load applied in performance of aproof test.

Proof testis a nondestructive tension test performedby the sling manufacturer or an equivalent entityto verify construction and workmanship of asling.

Rated capacityor working load limitis the maxi-mum working load permitted by the provisionsof this section.

Reachis the effective length of an alloy steel chainsling measured from the top bearing surfaceof the upper terminal component to the bot-tom bearing surface of the lower terminalcomponent.

Selvage edgeis the finished edge of synthetic web-bing designed to prevent unraveling.

Slingis an assembly which connects the load to thematerial handling equipment.

Sling manufactureris a person or organization thatassembles sling components into their final

form for sale to users.

Spiralis a single transverse coil that is the basicelement from which metal mesh is fabricated.(See Fig. N-184-2.)

Strand laid endless slingmechanical jointis a wirerope sling made endless from one length of ropewith the ends joined by one or more metallicfittings.

Strand laid grommethand tuckedis an endlesswire rope sling made from one length of strandwrapped six times around a core formed byhand tucking the ends of the strand inside thesix wraps.

Strand laid ropeis a wire rope made with strands(usually six or eight) wrapped around a fibercore, wire strand core, or independent wire ropecore (IWRC).

Vertical hitchis a method of supporting a load by asingle, vertical part or leg of the sling. (See Fig.

N-184-4.)

(c) Safe operating practices.Whenever any sling isused, the following practices shall be observed:

(1) Slings that are damaged or defective shall not beused.

(2) Slings shall not be shortened with knots or boltsor other makeshift devices.

(3) Sling legs shall not be kinked.

(4) Slings shall not be loaded in excess of their ratedcapacities.

(5) Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the loadsbalanced to prevent slippage.

(6) Slings shall be securely attached to their loads.

(7) Slings shall be padded or protected from thesharp edges of their loads.

(8) Suspended loads shall be kept clear of allobstructions.

(9) All employees shall be kept clear of loads aboutto be lifted and of suspended loads.

(10) Hands or fingers shall not be placed betweenthe sling and its load while the sling is beingtightened around the load.

(11) Shock loading is prohibited.

(12) A sling shall not be pulled from under a loadwhen the load is resting on the sling.

(13) Employers must not load a sling in excess of itsrecommended safe working load as prescribedby the sling manufacturer on the identificationmarkings permanently affixed to the sling.

(14) Employers must not use slings without affixed

and legible identification markings.(d) Inspections.Each day before being used, the

sling and all fastenings and attachments shall beinspected for damage or defects by a competentperson designated by the employer. Additionalinspections shall be performed during sling use,where service conditions warrant. Damaged ordefective slings shall be immediately removed fromservice.

(e) Alloy steel chain slings.

(1) Sling identification.Alloy steel chain slings shallhave permanently affixed durable identification

stating size, grade, rated capacity, and reach.(2) Attachments.

(i) Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear shaped links,welded or mechanical coupling links or otherattachments shall have a rated capacity atleast equal to that of the alloy steel chain withwhich they are used or the sling shall not beused in excess of the rated capacity of theweakest component.


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(ii) Makeshift links or fasteners formed frombolts or rods, or other such attachments, shallnot be used.

(3) Inspections.

(i) In addition to the inspection required byparagraph (d) of this section, a thoroughperiodic inspection of alloy steel chain slingsin use shall be made on a regular basis, to be

determined on the basis of (A) frequency ofsling use; (B) severity of service conditions;(C) nature of lifts being made; and (D) experi-ence gained on the service life of slings usedin similar circumstances. Such inspectionsshall in no event be at intervals greater thanonce every 12 months.

(ii) Te employer shall make and maintain arecord of the most recent month in whicheach alloy steel chain sling was thoroughlyinspected, and shall make such record avail-able for examination.

(iii) Te thorough inspection of alloy steel chainslings shall be performed by a competentperson designated by the employer, andshall include a thorough inspection for wear,defective welds, deformation and increase inlength. Where such defects or deteriorationare present, the sling shall be immediatelyremoved from service.

(4) Proof testing. Te employer shall ensure thatbefore use, each new, repaired, or reconditionedalloy steel chain sling, including all weldedcomponents in the sling assembly, shall be prooftested by the sling manufacturer or equivalent

entity, in accordance with paragraph 5.2 ofthe American Society of esting and MaterialsSpecification A391-65, which is incorporatedby reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6 (ANSIG61.1-1968). Te employer shall retain a certifi-cate of the proof test and shall make it availablefor examination.

(5) [Reserved]

(6) Safe operating temperatures. Employers mustpermanently remove an alloy steel-chain slingsfrom service if it is heated above 1000 degreesF. When exposed to service temperatures in

excess of 600 degrees F, employers must reducethe maximum working-load limits permitted bythe chain manufacturer in accordance with thechain or sling manufacturers recommendations.

(7) Repairing and reconditioning alloy steel chainslings.

(i) Worn or damaged alloy steel chain slings orattachments shall not be used until repaired.When welding or heat testing is performed,slings shall not be used unless repaired,

reconditioned and proof tested by the slingmanufacturer or an equivalent entity.

(ii) Mechanical coupling links or low carbon steelrepair links shall not be used to repair brokenlengths of chain.

(8) Effects of wear. If the chain size at any point ofany link is less than that stated in able N-184-1,the sling shall be removed from service.

TABLE N-184-1.

MINIMUM ALLOWABLE CHAIN SIZE

AT ANY POINT OF LINK

Chain size, inchesMinimum allowable

chain size, inches

1/4 13/64

3/8 19/64

1/2 25/64

5/8 31/64

3/4 19/32

7/8 45/64

1 13/16

1 1/8 29/32

1 1/4 1

1 3/8 1 3/32

1 1/2 1 3/16

1 3/4 1 13/32

(9) Deformed attachments.

(i) Alloy steel chain slings with cracked ordeformed master links, coupling links or

other components shall be removed fromservice.

(ii) Slings shall be removed from service if hooksare cracked, have been opened more than 15percent of the normal throat opening mea-sured at the narrowest point or twisted morethan 10 degrees from the plane of the unbenthook.

(f) Wire rope slings.

(1) Sling use.Employers must use only wire-ropeslings that have permanently affixed and legibleidentification markings as prescribed by the

manufacturer, and that indicate the recom-mended safe working load for the type(s) ofhitch(es) used, the angle upon which it is based,and the number of legs if more than one.

(2) Minimum sling lengths.

(i) Cable laid and 6x19 and 6x37 slings shallhave a minimum clear length of wire rope 10times the component rope diameter betweensplices, sleeves or end fittings.

(ii) Braided slings shall have a minimum clearlength of wire rope 40 times the component


24/110


rope diameter between the loops or endfittings.

(iii) Cable laid grommets, strand laid grommetsand endless slings shall have a minimumcircumferential length of 96 times their bodydiameter.

(3) Safe operating temperatures.Fiber core wirerope slings of all grades shall be permanently

removed from service if they are exposed totemperatures in excess of 200 deg. F. Whennonfiber core wire rope slings of any grade areused at temperatures above 400 deg. F or belowminus 60 deg. F, recommendations of the slingmanufacturer regarding use at that temperatureshall be followed.

(4) End attachments.

(i) Welding of end attachments, except coversto thimbles, shall be performed prior to theassembly of the sling.

(ii) All welded end attachments shall not be used

unless proof tested by the manufacturer orequivalent entity at twice their rated capacityprior to initial use. Te employer shall retaina certificate of the proof test, and make itavailable for examination.

(5) Removal from service.Wire rope slings shall beimmediately removed from service if any of thefollowing conditions are present:

(i) en randomly distributed broken wires in onerope lay, or five broken wires in one strand inone rope lay.

(ii) Wear or scraping of one-third the original

diameter of outside individual wires.(iii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging or any otherdamage resulting in distortion of the wirerope structure.

(iv) Evidence of heat damage.

(v) End attachments that are cracked, deformedor worn.

(vi) Hooks that have been opened more than 15percent of the normal throat opening mea-sured at the narrowest point or twisted morethan 10 degrees from the plane of the unbenthook.

(vii) Corrosion of the rope or end attachments.

(g) Metal mesh slings.

(1) Sling marking. Each metal mesh sling shall havepermanently affixed to it a durable marking thatstates the rated capacity for vertical basket hitchand choker hitch loadings.

(2) Handles. Handles shall have a rated capacity atleast equal to the metal fabric and exhibit nodeformation after proof testing.

(3) Attachments of handles to fabric.Te fabric andhandles shall be joined so that:

(i) Te rated capacity of the sling is not reduced.

(ii) Te load is evenly distributed across thewidth of the fabric.

(iii) Sharp edges will not damage the fabric.

(4) Sling coatings.Coatings which diminish therated capacity of a sling shall not be applied.

(5) Sling testing.All new and repaired metal meshslings, including handles, shall not be usedunless proof tested by the manufacturer orequivalent entity at a minimum of 1 1/2 timestheir rated capacity. Elastomer impregnatedslings shall be proof tested before coating.

(6) [Reserved]

(7) Safe operating temperatures.Metal mesh slingswhich are not impregnated with elastomers maybe used in a temperature range from minus 20deg. F to plus 550 deg. F without decreasing theworking load limit. Metal mesh slings impreg-nated with polyvinyl chloride or neoprene maybe used only in a temperature range from zerodegrees to plus 200 deg. F. For operations out-side these temperature ranges or for metal meshslings impregnated with other materials, thesling manufacturers recommendations shall befollowed.

(8) Repairs.

(i) Metal mesh slings which are repaired shallnot be used unless repaired by a metal meshsling manufacturer or an equivalent entity.

(ii) Once repaired, each sling shall be perma-nently marked or tagged, or a written recordmaintained, to indicate the date and nature

of the repairs and the person or organizationthat performed the repairs. Records of repairsshall be made available for examination.

(9) Removal from service.Metal mesh slings shall beimmediately removed from service if any of thefollowing conditions are present:

(i) A broken weld or broken brazed joint alongthe sling edge.

(ii) Reduction in wire diameter of 25 percent dueto abrasion or 15 percent due to corrosion.

(iii) Lack of flexibility due to distortion of thefabric.

(iv) Distortion of the female handle so that thedepth of the slot is increased more than 10percent.

(v) Distortion of either handle so that the widthof the eye is decreased more than 10 percent.

(vi) A 15 percent reduction of the original crosssectional area of metal at any point aroundthe handle eye.

(vii) Distortion of either handle out of its plane.


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(h)Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings.

(1) Sling use. Employers must use natural and syn-thetic fiber-rope slings that have permanentlyaffixed and legible identification markings stat-ing the rated capacity for the type(s) of hitch(es)used and the angle upon which it is based, typeof fiber material, and the number of legs if morethan one. (See Fig. N-184-4 and Fig. N-184-5.)

(2) Safe operating temperatures.Natural and syn-thetic fiber rope slings, except for wet frozenslings, may be used in a temperature rangefrom minus 20 deg. F to plus 180 deg. F withoutdecreasing the working load limit. For opera-tions outside this temperature range and for wetfrozen slings, the sling manufacturers recom-mendations shall be followed.

(3) Splicing.Spliced fiber rope slings shall notbe used unless they have been spliced inaccordance with the following minimumrequirements and in accordance with any addi-

tional recommendations of the manufacturer:(i) In manila rope, eye splices shall consist of at

least three full tucks, and short splices shallconsist of at least six full tucks, three on eachside of the splice center line.

(ii) In synthetic fiber rope, eye splices shall con-sist of at least four full tucks, and short splicesshall consist of at least eight full tucks, four oneach side of the center line.

(iii) Strand end tails shall not be trimmed flushwith the surface of the rope immediatelyadjacent to the full tucks. Tis applies to alltypes of fiber rope and both eye and short

splices. For fiber rope under one inch indiameter, the tail shall project at least six ropediameters beyond the last full tuck. For fiberrope one inch in diameter and larger, the tailshall project at least six inches beyond the lastfull tuck. Where a projecting tail interfereswith the use of the sling, the tail shall betapered and spliced into the body of the ropeusing at least two additional tucks (which willrequire a tail length of approximately six ropediameters beyond the last full tuck).

(iv) Fiber rope slings shall have a minimum clear

length of rope between eye splices equal to 10times the rope diameter.

(v) Knots shall not be used in lieu of splices.

(vi) Clamps not designed specifically for fiberropes shall not be used for splicing.

(vii) For all eye splices, the eye shall be of such sizeto provide an included angle of not greaterthan 60 degrees at the splice when the eye isplaced over the load or support.

(4) End attachments.Fiber rope slings shall not beused if end attachments in contact with the ropehave sharp edges or projections.

(5) Removal from service. Natural and syntheticfiber rope slings shall be immediately removedfrom service if any of the following conditionsare present:

(i) Abnormal wear.

(ii) Powdered fiber between strands.(iii) Broken or cut fibers.

(iv) Variations in the size or roundness of strands.

(v) Discoloration or rotting.

(vi) Distortion of hardware in the sling.

(6) Repairs.Only fiber rope slings made from newrope shall be used. Use of repaired or recondi-tioned fiber rope slings is prohibited.

(i) Synthetic web slings --

(1) Sling identification. Each sling shall be markedor coded to show the rated capacities for each

type of hitch and type of synthetic web material.(2) Webbing.Synthetic webbing shall be of uniform

thickness and width and selvage edges shall notbe split from the webbings width.

(3) Fittings.Fittings shall be:

(i) Of a minimum breaking strength equal to thatof the sling; and

(ii) Free of all sharp edges that could in any waydamage the webbing.

(4) Attachment of end fittings to webbing andformation of eyes. Stitching shall be the onlymethod used to attach end fittings to webbing

and to form eyes. Te thread shall be in an evenpattern and contain a sufficient number ofstitches to develop the full breaking strength ofthe sling.

(5) [Reserved]

(6) Environmental conditions.When synthetic webslings are used, the following precautions shallbe taken:

(i) Nylon web slings shall not be used wherefumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of acidsor phenolics are present.

(ii) Polyester and polypropylene web slings shall

not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays,mists or liquids of caustics are present.

(iii) Web slings with aluminum fittings shall notbe used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mistsor liquids of caustics are present. (See Fig.N-184-6.)

(7) Safe operating temperatures. Synthetic webslings of polyester and nylon shall not be used attemperatures in excess of 180 deg. F. Polypropyl-ene web slings shall not be used at temperaturesin excess of 200 deg. F.


26/110


(8) Repairs.

(i) Synthetic web slings which are repaired shallnot be used unless repaired by a sling manu-facturer or an equivalent entity.

(ii) Each repaired sling shall be proof tested bythe manufacturer or equivalent entity totwice the rated capacity prior to its return toservice. Te employer shall retain a certificate

of the proof test and make it available forexamination.

(iii) Slings, including webbing and fittings, whichhave been repaired in a temporary mannershall not be used.

(9) Removal from service.Synthetic web slings shallbe immediately removed from service if any ofthe following conditions are present:

(i) Acid or caustic burns;

(ii) Melting or charring of any part of the slingsurface;

(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;

(iv) Broken or worn stitches; or(v) Distortion of fittings.

FIGURE N-184-1 METAL MESH SLING (TYPICAL)

FIGURE N-184-2 METAL MESH CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE N-184-3 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A

QUADRUPLE SLING


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FIGURE N-184-4 BASIC SLING CONFIGURATIONS WITH VERTICAL LEGS


28/110


FIGURE N-184-5 SLING CONFIGURATIONS WITH ANGLED LEGS


29/110


FIGURE N-184-6 BASIC SYNTHETIC WEB SLING CONSTRUCTIONS


30/110



31/110


CHAPTER 5:

OSHA 1926.251 Rigging Equipment forMaterial Handling

OSHA 1926.251 RiggingEquipment for Material Handling

Reprinted from Occupational Safety and Health Administration



32/110



33/110


Regulations 1926.251 Part Number: 1926


Subpart: H

Subpart itle: Materials Handling, Storage,Use, and Disposal

Standard Number: 1926.251

itle: Rigging equipment formaterial handling

Applicable Standards:1910.184(a); 1910.184(c)(2); 1910.184(c)(3);1910.184(c)(5); 1910.184(c)(7); 1910.184(c)(10);1910.184(c)(11); 1910.184(c)(12); 1910.184(f)(2);1910.184(f)(3); 1910.184(f)(4); 1910.184(d)

1926.251 Rigging Equipment for Material

Handling

(a) General.

(1) Rigging equipment for material handling shallbe inspected prior to use on each shift and asnecessary during its use to ensure that it is safe.Defective rigging equipment shall be removedfrom service.

(2) Employers must ensure that rigging equipment:

(i) Has permanently affixed and legible iden-tification markings as prescribed by themanufacturer that indicate the recommendedsafe working load;

(ii) Not be loaded in excess of its recommendedsafe working load as prescribed on the identi-fication markings by the manufacturer; and

(iii) Not be used without affixed, legible identifi-cation markings, required by paragraph (a)(2)

(i) of this section.

(3) Rigging equipment, when not in use, shall beremoved from the immediate work area so asnot to present a hazard to employees.

(4) Special custom design grabs, hooks, clamps, orother lifting accessories, for such units as modu-lar panels, prefabricated structures and similarmaterials, shall be marked to indicate the safeworking loads and shall be proof-tested prior touse to 125 percent of their rated load.

(5) Scope. Tis section applies to slings used inconjunction with other material handling equip-ment for the movement of material by hoisting,in employments covered by this part. Te typesof slings covered are those made from alloysteel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural orsynthetic fiber rope (conventional three strandconstruction), and synthetic web (nylon, polyes-ter, and polypropylene).

(6) Inspections. Each day before being used, thesling and all fastenings and attachments shall beinspected for damage or defects by a competentperson designated by the employer. Additional

inspections shall be performed during sling use,where service conditions warrant. Damaged ordefective slings shall be immediately removedfrom service.

(b) Alloy steel chains.

(1) Welded alloy steel chain slings shall have perma-nently affixed durable identification stating size,grade, rated capacity, and sling manufacturer.

(2) Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear-shaped links,welded or mechanical coupling links, or otherattachments, when used with alloy steel chains,shall have a rated capacity at least equal to thatof the chain.

(3) Job or shop hooks and links, or makeshift fasten-ers, formed from bolts, rods, etc., or other suchattachments, shall not be used.

(4) Employers must not use alloy steel-chain slingswith loads in excess of the rated capacities (i.e.,working load limits) indicated on the sling bypermanently affixed and legible identificationmarkings prescribed by the manufacturer.

(5) Whenever wear at any point of any chain linkexceeds that shown in able H1, the assembly

shall be removed from service.(6) Inspections.

(i) In addition to the inspection required byother paragraphs of this section, a thoroughperiodic inspection of alloy steel chain slingsin use shall be made on a regular basis, to bedetermined on the basis of (A) frequency ofsling use; (B) severity of service conditions;(C) nature of lifts being made; and (D) experi-ence gained on the service life of slings usedin similar circumstances. Such inspections

OSHA 1926.251 Rigging Equipment forMaterial Handling


34/110


shall in no event be at intervals greater thanonce every 12 months.

(ii) Te employer shall make and maintain arecord of the most recent month in whicheach alloy steel chain sling was thoroughlyinspected, and shall make such record avail-able for examination.

(c) Wire rope.

(1) Employers must not use improved plow-steelwire rope and wire-rope slings with loads inexcess of the rated capacities (i.e., working loadlimits) indicated on the sling by permanentlyaffixed and legible identification markingsprescribed by the manufacturer.

(2) Protruding ends of strands in splices on slingsand bridles shall be covered or blunted.

(3) Wire rope shall not be secured by knots, excepton haul back lines on scrapers.

(4) Te following limitations shall apply to the useof wire rope:

(i) An eye splice made in any wire rope shallhave not less than three full tucks. However,this requirement shall not operate to precludethe use of another form of splice or connec-tion which can be shown to be as efficientand which is not otherwise prohibited.

(ii) Except for eye splices in the ends of wires andfor endless rope slings, each wire rope used inhoisting or lowering, or in pulling loads, shallconsist of one continuous piece without knotor splice.

(iii) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings, or bull wires

shall not be formed by wire rope clips orknots.

(iv) Wire rope shall not be used if, in any lengthof eight diameters, the total number of visiblebroken wires exceeds 10 percent of the totalnumber of wires, or if the rope shows othersigns of excessive wear, corrosion, or defect.

(5) When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to formeyes, able H2 shall be used to determine thenumber and spacing of clips.

(i) When used for eye splices, the U-bolt shall beapplied so that the U section is in contact

with the dead end of the rope.(ii) [Reserved]

(6) Slings shall not be shortened with knots or boltsor other makeshift devices.

(7) Sling legs shall not be kinked.

(8) Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the loadsbalanced to prevent slippage.

(9) Slings shall be padded or protected from thesharp edges of their loads.

(10) Hands or fingers shall not be placed betweenthe sling and its load while the sling is beingtightened around the load.

(11) Shock loading is prohibited.

(12) A sling shall not be pulled from under a loadwhen the load is resting on the sling.

(13) Minimum sling lengths.

(i) Cable laid and 6 X 19 and 6 X 37 slings shallhave minimum clear length of wire rope 10times the component rope diameter betweensplices, sleeves or end fittings.

(ii) Braided slings shall have a minimum clearlength of wire rope 40 times the componentrope diameter between the loops or endfittings.

(iii) Cable laid grommets, strand laid grommetsand endless slings shall have a minimumcircumferential length of 96 times their bodydiameter.

(14) Safe operating temperatures. Fiber core wirerope slings of all grades shall be permanentlyremoved from service if they are exposed totemperatures in excess of 200 deg. F (93.33 deg.C). When nonfiber core wire rope slings of anygrade are used at temperatures above 400 deg. F(204.44 deg. C) or below minus 60 deg. F (15.55deg. C), recommendations of the sling manufac-turer regarding use at that temperature shall befollowed.

(15) End attachments.

(i) Welding of end attachments, except coversto thimbles, shall be performed prior to the

assembly of the sling.(ii) All welded end attachments shall not be used

unless proof tested by the manufacturer orequivalent entity at twice their rated capacityprior to initial use. Te employer shall retain acertificate of proof test, and make it availablefor examination.

(16) Wire rope slings shall have permanently affixed,legible identification markings stating size, ratedcapacity for the type(s) of hitch(es) used and theangle upon which it is based, and the number oflegs if more than one.

(d) Natural rope, and synthetic fiber.

(1) Employers must not use natural- and synthetic-fiber rope slings with loads in excess of the ratedcapacities (i.e., working load limits) indicatedon the sling by permanently affixed and leg-ible identification markings prescribed by themanufacturer.

(2) All splices in rope slings provided by theemployer shall be made in accordance with fiberrope manufacturers recommendations.


35/110


(i) In manila rope, eye splices shall contain atleast three full tucks, and short splices shallcontain at least six full tucks (three on eachside of the center line of the splice).

(ii) In layed synthetic fiber rope, eye splices shallcontain at least four full tucks, and shortsplices shall contain at least eight full tucks(four on each side of the center line of the

splice).(iii) Strand end tails shall not be trimmedshort (flush with the surface of the rope)immediately adjacent to the full tucks. Tisprecaution applies to both eye and shortsplices and all types of fiber rope. For fiberropes under 1-inch diameter, the tails shallproject at least six rope diameters beyondthe last full tuck. For fiber ropes 1-inchdiameter and larger, the tails shall projectat least 6 inches beyond the last full tuck. Inapplications where the projecting tails may beobjectionable, the tails shall be tapered and

spliced into the body of the rope using at leasttwo additional tucks (which will require a taillength of approximately six rope diametersbeyond the last full tuck).

(iv) For all eye splices, the eye shall be sufficientlylarge to provide an included angle of notgreater than 60 deg. at the splice when the eyeis placed over the load or support.


(3) Safe operating temperatures. Natural andsynthetic fiber rope slings, except for wet frozenslings, may be used in a temperature range

from minus 20 deg. F (-28.88 deg. C) to plus180 deg. F (82.2 deg. C) without decreasing theworking load limit. For operations outside thistemperature range and for wet frozen slings, thesling manufacturers recommendations shall befollowed.

(4) Splicing. Spliced fiber rope slings shallnot be used unless they have been splicedin accordance with the following minimumrequirements and in accordance with any addi-tional recommendations of the manufacturer:

(i) In manila rope, eye splices shall consist of atleast three full tucks, and short splices shallconsist of at least six full tucks, three on eachside of the splice center line.

(ii) In synthetic fiber rope, eye splices shall con-sist of at least four full tucks, and short splicesshall consist of at least eight full tucks, four oneach side of the center line.

(iii) Strand end tails shall not be trimmed flushwith the surface of the rope immediatelyadjacent to the full tucks. Tis applies to alltypes of fiber rope and both eye and shortsplices. For fiber rope under 1 inch (2.54 cm)

in diameter, the tail shall project at least sixrope diameters beyond the last full tuck. Forfiber rope 1 inch (2.54 cm) in diameter andlarger, the tail shall project at least 6 inches(15.24 cm) beyond the last full tuck. Where aprojecting tail interferes with the use of thesling, the tail shall be tapered and spliced intothe body of the rope using at lest two addi-

tional tucks (which will require a tail length ofapproximately six rope diameters beyond thelast full tuck).

(iv) Fiber rope slings shall have a minimum clearlength of rope between eye splices equal to 10times the rope diameter.


(vi) Clamps not designed specifically for fiberropes shall not be used for splicing.

(vii) For all eye splices, the eye shall be of such sizeto provide an included angle of not greaterthan 60 degrees at the splice when the eye isplaced over the load or support.

(5) End attachments. Fiber rope slings shall not beused if end attachments in contact with the ropehave sharp edges or projections.

(6) Removal from service. Natural and syntheticfiber rope slings shall be immediately removedfrom service if any of the following conditionsare present:

(i) Abnormal wear.

(ii) Powdered fiber between strands.

(iii) Broken or cut fibers.

(iv) Variations in the size or roundness of strands.

(v) Discoloration or rotting.(vi) Distortion of hardware in the sling.

(7) Employers must use natural- and synthetic-fiberrope slings that have permanently affixed andlegible identification markings that state therated capacity for the type(s) of hitch(es) usedand the angle upon which it is based, type offiber material, and the number of legs if morethan one.

(e) Synthetic webbing (nylon, polyester, andpolypropylene).

(1) Te employer shall have each synthetic web

sling marked or coded to show:(i) Name or trademark of manufacturer.

(ii) Rated capacities for the type of hitch.

(iii) ype of material.

(2) Rated capacity shall not be exceeded.

(3) Webbing. Synthetic webbing shall be of uni-form thickness and width and selvage edgesshall not be split from the webbings width.

(4) Fittings. Fittings shall be:


36/110


(i) Of a minimum breaking strength equal to thatof the sling; and

(ii) Free of all sharp edges that could in any waydamage the webbing.

(5) Attachment of end fittings to webbing andformation of eyes. Stitching shall be the onlymethod used to attach end fittings to webbingand to form eyes. Te thread shall be in an even

pattern and contain a sufficient number ofstitches to develop the full breaking strength ofthe sling.

(6) Environmental conditions. When syntheticweb slings are used, the following precautionsshall be taken:

(i) Nylon web slings shall not be used wherefumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of acidsor phenolics are present.

(ii) Polyester and polypropylene web slings shallnot be used where fumes, vapors, sprays,mists or liquids of caustics are present.

(iii) Web slings with aluminum fittings shall notbe used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists orliquids of caustics are present.

(7) Safe operating temperatures. Synthetic webslings of polyester and nylon shall not be used attemperatures in excess of 180 deg. F (82.2 deg.C). Polypropylene web slings shall not be used attemperatures in excess of 200 deg. F (93.33 deg.C).

(8) Removal from service. Synthetic web slingsshall be immediately removed from service ifany of the following conditions are present:

(i) Acid or caustic burns;(ii) Melting or charring of any part of the sling

surface;

(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;

(iv) Broken or worn stitches; or

(v) Distortion of fittings.

(f) Shackles and hooks.

(1) Employers must not use shackles with loads inexcess of the rated capacities (i.e., working loadlimits) indicated on the shackle by permanentlyaffixed and legible identification markingsprescribed by the manufacturer.

(2) Te manufacturers recommendations shall befollowed in determining the safe working loadsof the various sizes and types of specific andidentifiable hooks. All hooks for which no appli-cable manufacturers recommendations areavailable shall be tested to twice the intendedsafe working load before they are initially putinto use. Te employer shall maintain a record ofthe dates and results of such tests.

TABLE H1

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WEAR AT ANY POINT

OF LINE

Chain size(inches)

Minimum allowable wear(inch)

1/4" .........................

3/8" .........................

1/2" .........................

5/8" .........................

3/4" .........................

7/8" .........................

1" ............................

1 1/8" ......................

1 1/4" ......................

1 3/8" ......................

1 1/2 ......................

1 3/4 ......................

3/64"

5/64

7/64

9/64

5/32

11/64

3/16

7/32

1/4

9/32

5/16

11/32

TABLE H2

NUMBER AND SPACING OF U-BOLT

WIRE ROPE CLIPS

Improved plowsteel ropediameter(inches)

Number of clips Minimumspacing

(inches)Drop

forgedOther

material

1/2" ...................

5/8" ...................

3/4" ...................

7/8" ...................1" ......................

1 1/8" ................

1 1/4" ................

1 3/8" ................

1 1/2 ................

3

3

4

45

6

6

7

7

4

4

5

56

6

7

7

8

3

3

4

56

6

7

8

9


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CHAPTER 6:

OSHA 29 CFR 1926, Subpart CC Cranesand Derricks in Construction

OSHA 1926 Subpart CC Cranes andDerricks in Construction

Reprinted from Occupational Safety and Health Administration



38/110



39/110


Regulations 1926 Subpart CC Part Number: 1926


Subpart: CC

Subpart itle: Cranes and Derricks inConstruction

Applicable Standards:1926.1401; 1926.14041411; 1926.14191422;1926.14241925; 1926.14311432; Appendix A

1926.1401 Definitions

A/D director (Assembly/Disassembly director)means anindividual who meets this subparts requirementsfor an A/D director, irrespective of the personsformal job title or whether the person is non-man-agement or management personnel.

Articulating cranemeans a crane whose boom consistsof a series of folding, pin connected structuralmembers, typically manipulated to extend or retractby power from hydraulic cylinders.

Assembly/Disassembly means the assembly and/or disassembly of equipment covered under thisstandard. With regard to tower cranes, erectingand climbing replaces the term assembly, anddismantling replaces the term disassembly.Regardless of whether the crane is initially erectedto its full height or is climbed in stages, the processof increasing the height of the crane is an erectionprocess.

Assist cranemeans a crane used to assist in assemblingor disassembling a crane.

Attachmentsmeans any device that expands the rangeof tasks that can be done by the equipment. Exam-ples include, but are not limited to: An auger, drill,

magnet, pile-driver, and boom-attached personnelplatform.

Audible signalmeans a signal made by a distinct soundor series of sounds. Examples include, but are notlimited to, sounds made by a bell, horn, or whistle.

Blocking(also referred to as cribbing) is wood orother material used to support equipment or acomponent and distribute loads to the ground. Itis typically used to support lattice boom sectionsduring assembly/ disassembly and under outriggerand stabilizer floats.

Boatswains chairmeans a single-point adjustablesuspension scaffold consisting of a seat or sling(which may be incorporated into a full body har-ness) designed to support one employee in a sittingposition.

Bogiemeans travel bogie, which is defined below.

Boom (equipment other than tower crane)means aninclined spar, strut, or other long structural memberwhich supports the upper hoisting tackle on a craneor derrick. ypically, the length and vertical angle ofthe boom can be varied to achieve increased heightor height and reach when lifting loads. Boomscan usually be grouped into general categories ofhydraulically extendible, cantilevered type, latticedsection, cable supported type or articulating type.

Boom (tower cranes):On tower cranes, if the boom(i.e., principal horizontal structure) is fixed, it isreferred to as a jib; if it is moveable up and down, itis referred to as a boom.

Boom angle indicatormeans a device which measuresthe angle of the boom relative to horizontal.

Boom hoist limiting deviceincludes boom hoist dis-engaging device, boom hoist shut-off, boom hoistdisconnect, boom hoist hydraulic relief, boom hoistkick-outs, automatic boom stop device, or derrick-ing limiter. Tis type of device disengages boomhoist power when the boom reaches a predeter-mined operating angle. It also sets brakes or closesvalves to prevent the boom from lowering afterpower is disengaged.

Boom length indicatorindicates the length of thepermanent part of the boom (such as ruled mark-ings on the boom) or, as in some computerizedsystems, the length of the boom with extensions/attachments.

Boom stopincludes boom stops, (belly straps withstruts/standoff), telescoping boom stops, attach-

ment boom stops, and backstops. Tese devicesrestrict the boom from moving above a certainmaximum angle and toppling over backward.

Boom suspension systemmeans a system of pendants,running ropes, sheaves, and other hardware whichsupports the boom tip and controls the boom angle.

Buildermeans the builder/constructor of equipment.

Center of gravity:Te center of gravity of any object isthe point in the object around which its weight isevenly distributed. If you could put a support under

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that point, you could balance the object on thesupport.

Certified weldermeans a welder who meets nationallyrecognized certification requirements applicable tothe task being performed.

Climbingmeans the process in which a tower crane israised to a new working height, either by addingadditional tower sections to the top of the crane (top

climbing), or by a system in which the entire craneis raised inside the structure (inside climbing).

Come-a-longmeans a mechanical device typicallyconsisting of a chain or cable attached at each endthat is used to facilitate movement of materialsthrough leverage.

Competent personmeans one who is capable ofidentifying existing and predictable hazards in thesurroundings or working conditions which areunsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees,and who has authorization to take prompt correc-tive measures to eliminate them.

Controlled load loweringmeans lowering a load bymeans of a mechanical hoist drum device thatallows a hoisted load to be lowered with maximumcontrol using the gear train or hydraulic compo-nents of the hoist mechanism. Controlled loadlowering requires the use of the hoist drive motor,rather than the load hoist brake, to lower the load.

Controlling entitymeans an employer that is a primecontractor, general contractor, construction man-ager or any other legal entity which has the overallresponsibility for the construction of the projectitsplanning, quality and completion.

Counterweightmeans a weight used to supplement theweight of equipment in providing stability for liftingloads by counterbalancing those loads.

Crane/derrickincludes all equipment covered by thissubpart.

Crawler cranemeans equipment that has a type of basemounting which incorporates a continuous belt ofsprocket driven track.

Crossover pointsmeans locations on a wire rope whichis spooled on a drum where one layer of rope climbsup on and crosses over the previous layer. Tistakes place at each flange of the drum as the rope

is spooled onto the drum, reaches the flange, andbegins to wrap back in the opposite direction.

Dedicated channelmeans a line of communicationassigned by the employer who controls the com-munication system to only one signal person andcrane/derrick or to a coordinated group of cranes/derricks/ signal person(s).

Dedicated pile-driver is a machine that is designed tofunction exclusively as a pile-driver. Tese machinestypically have the ability to both hoist the mate-

rial that will be pile-driven and to pile-drive thatmaterial.

Dedicated spotter (power lines):o be considered adedicated spotter, the requirements of 1926.1428(Signal person qualifications) must be met and his/her sole responsibility is to watch the separationbetween the power line and the equipment, loadline and load (including rigging and lifting acces-

sories), and ensure through communication withthe operator that the applicable minimum approachdistance is not breached.

Directly under the loadmeans a part or all of anemployee is directly beneath the load.

Dismantlingincludes partial dismantling (such as dis-mantling to shorten a boom or substitute a differentcomponent).

Drum rotationindicator means a device on a crane orhoist which indicates in which direction and at whatrelative speed a particular hoist drum is turning.

Electrical contactoccurs when a person, object, or

equipment makes contact or comes in close prox-imity with an energized conductor or equipmentthat allows the passage of current.

Employer-made equipmentmeans floating cranes/derricks designed and built by an employer for theemployers own use.

Encroachmentis where any part of the crane, load lineor load (including rigging and lifting accessories)breaches a minimum clearance distance that thissubpart requires to be maintained from a powerline.

Equipment means equipment covered by this subpart.

Equipment criteriameans instructions, recommenda-tions, limitations and specifications.

Fall protection equipment means guardrail systems,safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems,positioning device systems or fall restraint systems.

Fall restraint systemmeans a fall protection system thatprevents the user from falling any distance. Tesystem is comprised of either a body belt or bodyharness, along with an anchorage, connectors andother necessary equipment. Te other componentstypically include a lanyard, and may also include alifeline and other devices.

Fall zonemeans the area (including but not limitedto the area directly beneath the load) in which it isreasonably foreseeable that partially or completelysuspended materials could fall in the event of anaccident.

Flange pointsare points of contact between rope anddrum flange where the rope changes layers.

Floating cranes/derricksmeans equipment designed bythe manufacturer (or employer) for marine use by


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permanent attachment to a barge, pontoons, vesselor other means of flotation.

For example means one example, although there areothers.

Free fall (of the load line)means that only the brake isused to regulate the descent of the load line (thedrive mechanism is not used to drive the load downfaster or retard its lowering).

Free surface effectis the uncontrolled transverse move-ment of liquids in compartments which reduce avessels transverse stability.

Hoistmeans a mechanical device for lifting and lower-ing loads by winding a line onto or off a drum.

Hoistingis the act of raising, lowering or otherwisemoving a load in the air with equipment covered bythis standard. As used in this standard, hoistingcan be done by means other than wire rope/hoistdrum equipment.

Include/includingmeans including, but not limited to.

Insulating link/devicemeans an insulating device listed,labeled, or accepted by a Nationally Recognizedesting Laboratory in accordance with 29 CFR1910.7.

Jib stop(also referred to as a jib backstop), is the sametype of device as a boom stop but is for a fixed orluffing jib.

Land crane/derrickis equipment not originallydesigned by the manufacturer for marine use bypermanent attachment to barges, pontoons, vessels,or other means of flotation.

Listmeans the angle of inclination about the longitudi-

nal axis of a barge, pontoons, vessel or other meansof flotation.

Loadrefers to the object(s) being hoisted and/orthe weight of the object(s); both uses refer to theobject(s) and the load-attaching equipment, suchas, the load block, ropes, slings, shackles, and anyother ancillary attachment.

Load moment (or rated capacity) indicator means asystem which aids the equipment operator by sens-ing (directly or indirectly) the overturning momenton the equipment, i.e., load multiplied by radius. Itcompares this lifting condition to the equipmentsrated capacity, and indicates to the operator thepercentage of capacity at which the equipment isworking. Lights, bells, or buzzers may be incor-porated as a warning of an approaching overloadcondition.

Load moment (or rated capacity) limitermeans a sys-tem which aids the equipment operator by sensing(directly or indirectly) the overturning momenton the equipment, i.e., load multiplied by radius.It compares this lifting condition to the equip-ments rated capacity, and when the rated capacityis reached, it shuts off power to those equipment

functions which can increase the severity of load-ing on the equipment, e.g., hoisting, telescopingout, or luffing out. ypically, those functions whichdecrease the severity of loading on the equipmentremain operational, e.g., lowering, telescoping in, orluffing in.

Locomotive cranemeans a crane mounted on a base orcar equipped for travel on a railroad track.

Luffing jib limiting deviceis similar to a boom hoistlimiting device, except that it limits the movementof the luffing jib.

Marine hoisted personnel transfer devicemeans adevice, such as a transfer net, that is designedto protect the employees being hoisted during amarine transfer and to facilitate rapid entry into andexit from the device. Such devices do not includeboatswains chairs when hoisted by equipmentcovered by this standard.

Marine worksitemeans a construction worksite locatedin, on or above the water.

Mobile cranemeans a lifting device incorporatinga cable suspended latticed boom or hydraulictelescopic boom designed to be moved betweenoperating locations by transport over the road.

Moving point-to-pointmeans the times during whichan employee is in the process of going to or from awork station.

Multi-purpose machine means a machine that isdesigned to be configured in various ways, at leastone of which allows it to hoist (by means of a winchor hook) and horizontally move a suspended load.For example, a machine that can rotate and can be

configured with removable forks/tongs (for use as aforklift) or with a winch pack, jib (with a hook at theend) or jib used in conjunction with a winch. Whenconfigured with the forks/tongs, it is not covered bythis subpart. When configured with a winch pack,jib (with a hook at the end) or jib used in conjunc-tion with a winch, it is covered by this subpart.

Nationally recognized accrediting agencyis an organiza-tion that, due to its independence and expertise, iswidely recognized as competent to accredit testingorganizations. Examples of such accrediting agen-cies include, but are not limited to, the NationalCommission for Certifying Agencies and the Ameri-can National Standards Institute.

Nonconductive means that, because of the nature andcondition of the materials used, and the conditionsof use (including environmental conditions andcondition of the material), the object in questionhas the property of not becoming energized (thatis, it has high dielectric properties offering a highresistance to the passage of current under theconditions of use).


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Operational aids are devices that assist the operator inthe safe operation of the crane by providing infor-mation or automatically taking control of a cranefunction. Tese include, but are not limited to, thedevices listed in 1926.1416 (listed operationalaids).

Operational controlsmeans levers, switches, pedals andother devices for controlling equipment operation.

Operatormeans a person who is operating theequipment.

Overhead and gantry cranesincludes overhead/bridgecranes, semigantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes,storage bridge cranes, launching gantry cranes, andsimilar equipment, irrespective of whether it travelson tracks, wheels, or other means.

Paragraphrefers to a paragraph in the same sectionof this subpart that the word paragraph is used,unless otherwise specified.

Pendantsincludes both wire and bar types. Wire type:A fixed length of wire rope with mechanical fit-

tings at both ends for pinning segments of wirerope together. Bar type: Instead of wire rope, a baris used. Pendants are typically used in a latticedboom crane system to easily change the length ofthe boom suspension system without completelychanging the rope on the drum when the boomlength is increased or decreased.

Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrestan employee in a fall from a working level. It con-sists of an anchorage, connectors, a body harnessand may include a lanyard, deceleration device,lifeline, or suitable combination of these.

Portal craneis a type of crane consisting of a rotat-ing upperstructure, hoist machinery, and boommounted on top of a structural gantry which may befixed in one location or have travel capability. Tegantry legs or columns usually have portal openingsin between to allow passage of traffic beneath thegantry.

Power linesmeans electric transmission and distribu-tion lines.

Proceduresinclude, but are not limited to: Instructions,diagrams, recommendations, warnings, specifica-tions, protocols and limitations.

Documents

Regger Reference Manual Ncco