CENSUS OF INDIA 1991

REGIONAL •

DIVISIONS OF INDIA -A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

SERIES-l VOLUME-XIX PUNJAB

Planning & Supervision Dr. R.P. SINGH Assistant Registrar General (Map)

General Direction & Editing J.K. BANTHIA of the Indian Administrative Service Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 2-A, Mansingh Road, New Delhi.

Maps included in this Volume are based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India

The boundary of Meghalaya shown on the map of India is as interpreted from North-eastern areas (Reorganisation Act, 1971), but has yet to be verified (applicable to India map only).

The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line (applicable to India map only). I

© Government of India Copyright 2000

FOREWORD

"Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis", of each State and Union Territory Volume, 1991 is undertaken by the Map Division of this office. The project is in continuation of a similar 'Occasional Paper' published during the 1981 Census. In this study, regions are delineate~ at macro, meso; micro and sub­micro level in each StatelUnion Territory. While delineating such regions, the physio-geographic factors are taken into account. These physio-geographic factors consist of (i) Physiography; (ii) Geological structure; (iii) Forest coverage; (iv) Climatic conditions and (v) Soils. The sub-micro regions are delineated within the district keeping in view the above physio-geographic factors. The regional boundaries delineated earlier at different levels are retained as such. However, the jurisdictional changes at the district level during 1981-91 were added in the respective regions. A few more tables and maps on educational level of primary and secondary schools and availability of medical facilities at the villages, have been appended in this volume.

This publication consists of three parts. Part I contains the brief introductory note on Regional Divisions of India along with a map of India showing the regional boundaries at micro level. This part is common for all the States and Union Territories volume. Part II deals with the description of Regional Divisions of each State and Union Territory. In this section, there are nearly 21 maps related to different themes e.g. density, sex ratio, growth of population, workers, literacy and the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. These maps are prepared at the sub-micro level. Part III is mainly devoted to presentation of data and maps of the districts. The districts are divided into sub-micro regions of the fourth order and brief analysis of each of these sub-micro regions is written and supported by tables relating to the main demographic theme of the districts.

This project is executed under the technical supervision of Dr. RP. Singh, Assistant Registrar General (Map) and other officers and staff of the Map division of this office and Directorates of Census Operations of StateslUnion Territories. The officers and the staff associated with this project are acknowledged separately. An effort is made to publish this volume on Compact Discs also for the convenience of the users. I hope this publication will be useful for administrators, geographers, demographers and others interested in different fields of population study.

New Delhi Dated: 30.01.2001

Ul

lK. Banthia Registrar General &

Census Commissioner, India

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA: PUNJAB (Officersl Staff associated witb tbe project)

Office of the Registrar General, India

General Direction & Editing

Planning and Supervision

Progress and Monitoring

Computer mapping of India and other computerized work

Cover Design

Secretarial work

1.K. Banthia, lAS, Registrar General & Census Commissioner of India

Dr. R.P. Singh Assistant Registrar General, India (Map)

R.N. Chhipa Research Officer ( Map) R.K. Chaurajil Singh (upto 31.8.2001) Research Officer (Map)

Pooran Singh, Sr. Geographer Dinesh, Draftsman (photo) Anil B. Dhengle, Sr. DlMan

Mohd. Ishaque, Sr. Drawing Assistant

AK. Jain, P.A P.K. Ajbani, P.A.

Directorate of Census Operations, Punjab

General Supervision & Monitoring

Drafting, Supervision, Evaluation and Checking of Draft

Mapping and Compilation of Data.

Tabulation & Printing Assistance

Secretarial Assistance

Inder Jit Singh. lAS Director Census Operations, Punjab

Madhav Shyam Deputy Director

Surinder lit Singh, ~search Officer (Map)

Tej Pal Singh, Sr. Geographer Jiwan Singh, Sr. Drawing Assistant Mrs. Usha Kalra, Sr. D/man Kulbir Singh, Sr.DlMan Mrs. Sangeeta Rahi, DIMan

Malkit Singh. S.l.Grnde- I Parkash Sharma, S.T.A( Printing) Mrs. Hardeep Kam, S.LGrade-III Rajpal Pathak, Compiler

P.K. Bajaj, C.A D.K. Sharma, UDC Zitender Kumar, LDC Rajeev Kumar Verma, LDC Bali Ram, GO Ajit Singh, JGO Bhag Singh, Daftari

iv

Foreword Acknowledgement Contents List of Maps

CONTENTS

PART-I

Page 11

IV

V-lX

X

REGIONAL DIVISIONS Of INDIA- A CARTOGRAPIDC ANALYSIS

General Note Brief Characteristics of Regional Divisions Regional Divisions of India

PART-II

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF PUNJAB

3-6 7-16 19-27

General Maps 47-83 Position of Punjab in India 47 Administrative Divisions of Punjab, 1991 49 Relief and Drainage 51 Normal Monthly and Annual RainfalJ 53 Normal Monthly and Annual Temperature 55 Geology 57 Soils 59 Distribution of Population, 1991 61 Growth of Population, 1981-91 (by sub-micro region) 63 Density of Population, 1991 (by sub-micro region) 65 Variation in Density of Population, 1981-91 (by sub-micro region) 67 Rural Density of Population, 1991 (by sub-micro region) 69 Variation in Rural Density of Population, 1981-91 (by sub-micro region) 71 Urban Density of Population, 1991 (by sub-micro region) 73 Variation in Urban Density of Population, 1981-91 (by sub-micro region) 75 Sex-Ratio, 1991 (by sub-micro region) 77

Main Workers, 1991 (by sub-micro region) 79 Percentage of Literates to Total Population, 1991 (by sub-micro region) 81 Scheduled Castes, 1991 (by sub-micro region) 83

v

PART-ID

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF DISTRICTS

District Gurdaspur (01)

(i) District Gurdaspur Regional Divisions- A Brief Note 87-91 (ii) Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions, 1991 95 (iii) Table 2 - Region-wise village codes, 1991 96-98 (iv) Table 3- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers, 1991 99 (v) Table 4- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Rural Areas, 1991 100 (vi) Table- 5 - Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Urban Areas, 1991 101 (vii) Table 6 - Literates and Scheduled Castes, 1991 102

District Amritsar (02)

(i) District Amritsar Regional Divisions- A Brief Note (ii) Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions, 1991 (iii) Table 2 - Region-wise village codes, 1991 (iv) Table 3- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers, 1991 (v) Table 4- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Rural Areas, 1991 (vi) Table- 5 - Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Urban Areas, 1991 (vii) Table 6 - Literates an~ Scheduled Castes, 1991

District Hoshiarpur (07)

(i) District Hoshiarpur Regional Divisions- A Brief Note (ii) Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions, 1991 (iii) Table 2 - Region-wise village codes, 1991 (iv) Table 3- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers, 1991 (v) Table 4- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Rural Areas, 1991 (vi) Table- 5 - Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Urban Areas, 199.1 (vii) Table 6 - Literates and Scheduled Castes, 1991

District Rupnagar(08)

(i) District Rupnagar Regional Divisions- A Brief Note (ii) Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions, 1991 (iii) Table 2 - Region-wise village codes, 1991 (iv) Table 3- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers, 1991

vi

103-107 III 112-113 114

115

116 117

118-122 125 126-127

129

130 131

128

132-135 139 140-141 142

(v) Table 4- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers in Rural Areas, 1991

(vi) Table- 5 - Main Workers, Marginal Workers 'and Non-Workers in Urban Areas, 1991

(vii) Table 6 - Literates and Scheduled Castes, 1991

District Jalandbar(05)

(i) District Jalandhar Regional Divisions- A Brief Note (ii) Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions, 1991 (ii) Table 2 - Region-wise village codes, 1991 (iii) Table 3- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers, 1991 (iv) Table 4- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Rural Areas, 1991 (v) Table- 5 - Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Urban Areas, 1991 (vii) Table 6 - Literates and Scheduled Castes, 1991

District Kapurtbala(06)

(i) District Kapurthala Regional Divisions- A Brief Note (ii) Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions, 1991 (iii) Table 2 - Region-wise village codes, 1991 (iv) Table 3- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers, 1991 (v) Table 4- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Rural Areas, 1991 (vi) Table- 5 - Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Urban Areas, 1991 (vii) Table 6 - Literates and Scheduled Castes, 1991

District Firozpur (03)

(i) District Firozpur Regional Divisions- A Brief Note (ii) Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions, 1991 (iii) Table 2 - Region-wise village codes, 1991 (iv) Table 3- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers, 1991 (v) Table 4- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Rural Areas, 1991 . (vi) Table- 5 - Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Urban Areas, 1991 , (vii) Table 6 - Literates and Scheduled Castes, 1991

District Ludhiana (04)

(i) (ii)

District Ludhiana Regional Divisions- A Brief Note Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions, 1991

vii

143

144 145

146-149 153 154-155 156

157

158 159

160-162 165 166 167

168

169 170

171-175 179 180-181 182

183

184 1'85

186-190 193

(iii) Table 2 - Region-wise village codes, 1991 (iv) Table 3- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers, 1 991 (v) Table 4- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Rural Areas, 1991 (vi) Table- 5 - Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Urban Areas, 1991 (vii) Table 6 - Literates and Scheduled Castes, 1991

District Patiala (09)

(i) District Patiala Regional Divisions- A Brief Note (ii) Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions, 1991 (iii) Table 2 - Region-wise village codes, 1991 (iv) Table 3- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers, 1991 (v) Table 4- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Rural Areas, 1991 (vi) Table- 5 - Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Urban Areas, 1991 (vii) Table 6 - Literates and Scheduled Castes, 1991

District Sangrur (10)

(i) District Sangrur Regional Divisions- A Brief Note (ii) Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions, 199] (iii) Table 2 - Region-wise village codes, 1991 (iv) Table 3- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers, 1991 (v) Table 4- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Rural Areas, 1991 (vi) Table- 5 - Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Urban Areas, 1991 (vii) Table 6 - Literates and Scheduled Castes, 1991

District Bathinda (11)

(i) District Bathinda Regional Divisions- A Brief Note (ii) Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions, 1991 (iii) Table 2 - Region-wise village codes, 1991 (iv) Table 3- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workeys,1991 (v) Table 4- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Rural Areas, 1991 (vi) Table- 5 - Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Urban Areas, 1991 (vii) Table 6 - Literates and Scheduled Castes, 1991

viii

194-195 196

197

198 199

200-203 207 208 209

210

211 212

213-218 221 222-223 224

225

226 227

228-232 235 236 237

238

239 240

District Faridkot (12)

(i) District Faridkot Regional Divisions- A Brief Note (ii) Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions, 1991 (iii) Table 2 - Region-wise village codes, 1991 (iv) Table 3- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers, 1991 (v) Table 4- Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Rural Areas, 1991 (vi) Table- 5 - Main Workers, Marginal Workers and

Non-Workers in Urban Areas, 1991 (vii) Table 6 - Literates and Scheduled Castes, 1991

*****

ix

241-244 247 248 249

250

251 252

LIST OF MAPS Page No.

Regional Divisions of India 17 2 Regional Divisions of Punjab 41 3 Position of Punjab in India 47 4 Administrative Divisions of Punjab, 1991 49 5 Relief and Drainage 51 6 Normal Monthly and Annual Rainfall 53 7 Normal Monthly and Annual Temperature 55 8 Geology 57 9 Soils 59 10 Distribution of Population, 199] 61 11 Growth of Population, 19St-91 (by sub-micro regions) 63 12 Density ofPopuiation, 1991 (by sub-micro regions) 65 13 Variation in Density of Population, 1981-91 (by sub-micro regions) 67 14 Rural Density of Population, 1991 (by sub-micro regions) 69 15 Variation in Rural Density of Population, 1981-91 71

(by sub-micro regions) 16 Urban Density of Population, 1991 (by sub-micro regions) 73 17 Variation in Urban Density of Population, 1981-91 75

(by sub-micro regions) IS Sex Ratio, 1991 (by sub-micro regions) 77 19 Main Workers, 1991 (by sub-micro regions) 79 20 Percentage of Literates to Total Population, 1991 81

(by sub-micro regions) 21 Scheduled Castes, 1991 (by sub-micro regions) 83 22 District Gurdaspur - Regional Divisions 93 23 District Amritsar- Regional Divisions 109 24 District Hoshiarpur- Regional Divisions 123 25 District Rupnagar- Regional Divisions 137 26 District Ialandhar- Regional Divisions 151 27 District Kapurthala- Regional Divisions 163 28 District Firozpur- Regional Divisions 177 29 District Ludhiana- Regional Divisions 191 30 Distri~t Patiala- Regional Divisions 205 31 District Sangrur- Regional Divisions 219 32 District Bathinda- Regional Divisions 233 33 District Faridkot- Regional Divisions 245

x

PART-I

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA-A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

GENERAL NOTE

Region is a complex phenomenon which varies according to purposes but must have

homogeneous characteristics. To delineate a region in a country like India with an area of

3287,263 Km2, extending between latitudes of 80 4' 28" and 370 17' 53" North and longitudes

of 68° 7' 53" and 970 24' 47" East and having a great range of geographic variations is a

gigantic task. In the changed scenario of planning where emphasis is being laid on grassroot

level planning, the delineation of sub-micro region having village as unit, is significant. For

carving out such natural regions, the following considerations, inter-alia, are to be kept in

view;

(i) Contiguous geographical area;

(ii)· Homogeneous administrative machinery capable of formulating and

implementing integrated area plans;

(iii) Reliable statistical data base;

(iv) Existence of nodal regions; and

(v) Amenability of the natural boundaries to marginal adjustments so that the

former, by and large, conform to administrative boundaries at given points

of time.

In India, district is a defined administrative unit which is planning unit also. The

district boundaries do coincide with regional boundaries and have reliable statistical data base.

Hence, district has been taken as a basic unit of delineation.

A number of scholars have delineated the natural regions of the country which was

mainly based on physical factors. Accordingly they divided the country into t~aditional regions

of mountains, plateaus and plains. In Census of India, A. Mitra and late P. Sengupta attempted

the regionalisation of the country taking into consideration district as basic unit of data

presentation but they have not taken into consideration the intra-district variations. Hence this

study was undertaken during 1981 to delineate suo-micro region in each district based on

physio-geographical characteristics. While delineating the sub-micro region, village was taken

as a basic unit of demarcation. Since each sub-micro region has been clearly delin.eated in

rural and urban con~tituents, the demographic characteristics and other statistical data can be

generated for the post-census period also to the extent to whic'h village-wise / town-wise data

are available. The scheme was the first of its kind in the history of the Census in India and

would .serve as a useful framework for administrators, planners, researchers and other data

users for area specific planning.

The basic work of delineation of sub-micro region at district level was undertaken

during 1981 Census as a plan project and separate volumes for each State / Union Territory

was published during 1981 Census. Present study is in continuation of the 1981 project in

which sub-micro regions delineated during 1981 Census and published in the respective

volume were adopted in the same pattern without any change. The code structures of the sub-micro

regions are also the same used in 1981 Census. A detailed

3

description of code structure is given in :tlte, Mac~o and Meso regional divisions of

India. However, the new administrative changes during 1981-91 were added in the respective

sub-micro regions as per lisl given herewith:

Region

No.

Micro region Newly Created Districts

(1981-91)

(1~) ______________ ~(2~) ________________________ __ _____0_

1.4.3. 1.4.4. 1.5.2.

1.5.3.

1.5.7.

2.2.1.

2.2.3.

2.4.1.

2.4.2.

2.5.1.

2.5.2.

2.6.1.

2.6.2.

Western Arunachal Pradesh-Himalaya Eastern Arunachal Pradesh-Himalaya Manipur Hills

Imphal Valley

Cachar Plain

Eastern Haryana Plain

Southern Haryana Plain

Northern Upper Ganga Plain

Southern Upper Ganga Plain

Middle Ganga Plain-West

Middle Ganga Plain-East

North Bihar Plain

South Bihar Plain

4

(i) Tawang (i) Changlang (i) Ukhrul

(ii) Senapati (iii) Tamenglong (iv) Ch urachandpur (v) Pocket of Imphal

(vi) Chan del

(i) Imphal (ii) Bishnupur

(iii) Thoubal

(i) Haila Kandi (ii) Karimganj

(i) Yamuna Nagar (ii) Kaithal

(iii) Panipat

(i) Rewari

(i) Hardwar

(i) Firozabad

(i) Kanpur Dehat (ii) Kanpur Nagar

(i) Mau (ii) Siddharth Nagar

(iii) Maharajganj

(i) Madhepura (ii) Araria

(iii) Kishanganj

(i) Khagaria (ii) lehanabad

-(1) 0___ (3)

2.6.5. Proper Delta (i) North 24 Parganas

(ii) South 24 Parganas

2.7.1. Western Brahmaputra Valley (i) Kokrajhar

(ii) Bongaigaon

(iii) Barpeta

(iv) Nalbari

(v) Dhubri

2.7.2. Central Brahmaputra Valley (i) Sonitpur (ii) Marigaon

2.7.3. Eastern Brahmaputra Valley (i) Dhemaji

(ii) Tinsukia (iii) Jorhat

(iv) Golaghat

3.1.3. Banas Chambal Basin (i) Dhaulpur

3.2.2. Mirzapur Uplands (i) Sonbhadra

3.3.1. Ranchi Plateau (i) Gumla

(ii) Lohardaga

3.3.2. Hazaribag Plateau (i) Dumka

(ii) Deoghar

(iii) Godda

(iv) Sahibganj

3.3.4. Singhbhum Plateau (i) Pashchimi Singhbhum (ii) Purbi Singhbhum

3.7.2. Wardha-Penganga-Wainganga Plain (i) Gadchiroli

3.8.I. Eastern Plateau (i) Jalna

(U) Latur

3.9.3. Southern Karnataka Plateau (i) Bangalore Rural

(ii) Bangalore Urban

3.10.1. Eastern Flanks of Sahyadri (i) Dindigul-Anna

3.10.2. Tamil Nadu Uplands (i) North Areot-Ambedkar

( ii) Tiruvan namalai-

Sambuva"rayar

5

(1) (2) (3)

4.2.1. Maharashtra Littoral (i) Sindhudurg

4.2.2. Goa Coast (i) North Goa (ii) South Goa

4.2.4. North Kerala Coast (i) Kasaragod ( ii) KannuT

4.2.5. Central Kerala Coast (i) Palakkad (ii) Thrissur

4.2.6. South Kerala Coast (i) Alappuzba (ii) Pathanamthitta

(iii) Kollam (iv) Thiruvananthapuram

4.3.2. Sandy Littoral (i) Pasumpon Muthu Ramalinga Thevar

(ii) Kamarajar (iii) Chidambaranar

4.3.3. Coromandel Coast ---- (i) Chengalpattu M.G.R.

6

BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF REGIONAL DIVISIONS

1. THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS:

The Northern Mountains corresponding with the Himalayan zone facing the northern

frontier of the sub-continent comprise Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Northern Uttar

Pradesh, Sikkim, Northern West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram,

Tripura, Meghalaya and part of Assam. The Northern Mountains have been divided primarily

according to the geology and forest cover. The relief and drainage however, have also played a

dominant role in establishing various sub-divisions within the Himalayan zone. This macro

region has been divided into 5 sub-regions (meso) and 24 divisions (micro) on the basis of

above mentioned factors.

These sub-regions are:

1.1 Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya:

This sub-region covers the entire Jammu and Kashmir and is further divided into

following three divisions (micro regions)

1.1.1 Ladakh

1.1.2 Kashmir Valley

1.1.3 Jammu

In these divisions the relief presents remarkable variations. The grouping of the

districts has been made in conformity with the geological structure, elevation and forest cover.

Other factors do not play significant role in delineating these divisions. However, sub-montane

soil (Podsolic) is dominant in the Kashmir Valley and brown hill soil is seen in the southern

part of Jammu and Kashmir. Ladakh region is fully predominated by mountain meadow soils as

well as glaciers and eternal snow. Forest is mostly alpine type in the northern regions and sub­

alpine in the southern regions.

1.2. Himachal Pradesh Himalaya:

The en tire state of Himachal 1;lradesh falls under this sub-region. It has been further

divided into the following 4 divisions:

1.2.1 Northern Himachal Pradesh

1.2.2 Trans-Himalayan Zone

1.2.3 Central Himachal Pradesh

1.2.4 Southern Himachal Pradesh

Geologically, it is almost similar to that of Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya. However,

this sub-region is characterised by marked variations in the relief features, mainly on the

consideration of micro-relief and little variations in soils.

7

1.3. Uttar Pradesh Himalaya:

This sub-region has been divided into three divisions, viz.,

1.3.1 Kumaon Himalaya-North

1.3.2 Western Kumaon Himalaya, Siwalik and Doons

1.3.3 Kumaon Himalaya-East

In these areas, the elevation has been taken as the main basis for classification.

Geology and forest have also been taken into account. The sdils are mostly of brown hill type

in the sub-region with marked differences in the southern Siwalik zone, locally known as

'Tarai I and 'Bhur' soils. The Kumaon Himalaya-North has important peaks like Nanda Devi,

Kamel and Badrinath. The Ganga and the Yamuna have their sources in this region. The

Western Kumaon Himalaya, Siwalik and Doons cover Dehradun, Garhwal and Tehri Garhwal

districts and have an elevation of 900 to 1000 m. The Kumaon Himalaya-East which comprises

Almora and Nainital districts is marked with some narrow valleys on high altitudes.

1.4 North Eastern Himalaya:

This region includes four sub-regions extending over Sikkim, Darjiling and 'Duar'

areas of West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. The Darjiling section of the Himalayan zone

rises abruptly from 'Duar' plains of West Bengal. Three high p-eaks namely, Siwalik Phu (3630

m), Sabargam (3546 m) and Phalut (3596 m) are located in this section of Himalayan

zone. Similarly, the lofty range of about 5000 m. with intermittent summits are the chief

_ characteristics of Arunachal Pradesh. Weather is damp and cold and the forests are

dense. Annual rainfall ranges between 250 and 350 cm. The drainage is in evolutionary stage

and immature. This region has been divided into 4 divisions as below:

1.4.1 Sikkim Himalaya

1.4.2 Darjiling Himalaya including 'Duars'

1.4.3 Western Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya

1.4.4 Eastern Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya

I.S Eastern Hill Zone:

This region represents the eastern section of Himalayan zone extending over Nagaland,

Manipur Mizoram, Tripura, part of Assam and Meghalaya. This region is interspersed with

plains especially in Silchar, North Cachar Hills and adjoining areas. Topographically it is

rugged. The slopes are quite steep. Over the Tripura region the topography has interspersed

ranges and valleys. Consequently communication is difficult.

The Khasi and laintia Hills region in Meghalaya is like a table land. Geologically it is

an eastward extension of the massive block of the peninsular region broken by the alluvium of

Bengal basin. In its long geological history this region is said to have been submerged during

Mesozoic and early Tertiary times due to marine transgression which was further uplifted at

the time of Himalayan orogenesis.

8

The region has been divided into 10 divisions as below:

1.5.1 Nagaland Hills

1.5.2 ManipuT Hills

1.5.3 Imphal Valley

1.5.4 Mizo Hill Zone

1.5.5 Tripura Plain

1.5.6 Tripura Hills

1.5.7 Cachar Plain

1.5.8 Katbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills

1.5.9 Easiern Meghalaya

1.5.10 Western Meghalaya

2. THE GREAT PLAINS:

This is the most important zone in view of human concentration and it stretches from

Rajasthan via Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal to the eastern section of

Brahmaputra Valley. It is an enclosed vast basin of various small and large rivers separated

by 'alluvial divides'.

The western section COmpriSIng arid Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi

and Western Uttar Pradesh is slightly higher in elevation (over 150 rn) than the eastern section

of the plain. However, according to elevation, this plain shows three levels of relief

configuration, between 0 to 75 m. in the eastern section, 75 to 150 m ,in the Central Uttar

Pradesh and 150 to 300 rn. in the western zone with the exception of small zone in eastern

laisalrner district where the elevation is below 75 rn. Geologically the whole region is made

of alluvium brought by rivers from the Himalayas and this is a gradational plain formed during

Pleistocene and Recent geological times. On the basis of drainage, soils and rainfall, the

region has been divided into 7 (meso) sub-regions and 24 (micro) divisions: -

2.1 Punjab Plain:

In this plain 4 divisions as listed below have been delineated on the basis of soils and

rainfall. Soils are alluvial with variations of 'banger' and 'Khadar'. Agriculturally, this is the

most important region.

2.1.1 Ravi-Beas Inter-Fluvial Plain

2.1.2 Hoshiarpur-Chandigarh sub-montane Plain

2.1.3 Beas-Satluj Doab

2.1.4 Punjab Malwa Plain

2.2 Haryana Plain:

In this region which also includes Delhi, three divisions have been delineated on the

basis of topography and distribution of soils which are sandy and calcareous.

2.2.1 Eastern Haryana Plain

2.2.2 Western Haryana Plain

2.2.3 Southern Haryana Plain

9

2.3 Arid Rajasthan Plain:

This meso region receives an average rainfall of less than 40 cm. It has been divided

into four micro regions mainly on the basis of distribution of rainfall which are:

2.3.1 Ghaggar Plain

2.3.2 Rajasthan Bagar

2.3.3 Extremely Arid Tract

2.3.4 Luni Valley

2.4 Upper Ganga Plain:

This is the vast stretch of the Ganga Plain where the rivers are playing an important

role in carrying out definite influence of their own. In general, the soil is alluvial but

variations have developed on the upland and the low land areas. The Upper Ganga Plain has

been divided into 2 divisions, viz.,

2.4.1 Northern Upper Ganga Plain

2.4.2 Southern Upper Ganga Plain

2.5 Middle Ganga Plain:

This is the transitional zone between the Upper Ganga Plain and the Lower Ganga

Plain and has been divided into two divisions, viz.,

2.5.1 Middle Ganga Plain-West

2.5.2 Middle Ganga Plain-East

2.6 Lower Ganga Plain:

The chara'cteristics of the landscape in the Ganga PLain change abruptly in Lower

Ganga Plain extending over Bihar and West Bengal due to high rainfall. It has an elevation of

beLow 75 m. and has been further divided into following six micro regions: -

2.6.1 North Bihar Plain

2.6.2 South Bihar Plain

2.6.3 Barind Tract

2.6.4 Moriband Delta

2.6.5 Proper Del ta

2.6.6 Rarh Plain

2.7 Brahmaputra Valley:

The Brahmaputra Valley presents typical geographical features. In general, the valley

has an elevation of below 75 m. The eastern section is more undulating. Rainfall is very high

and river pattern is braided in various sections of the Brahmaputra. The tributaries joining the

main river Brahmaputra

10

discharge large amount of water during the monsoon period and hence cause floods in the

valley region. It is also covered with luxuriant vegetations throughout. Hence, on these basis

this valley has been divided into three divisions with definite characteristics.

2.7.1 Western Brahmaputra Valley

2.7.2 Central Brahmaputra Valley

2.7.3 Eastern Brahmaputra Valley

3. THE DECCAN PLATEAU:

The Deccan Plateau represents the whole of South Indian tableland. From the point of

view of geology, the whole region is composed of metamorphic rocks of pre Cambrian age.

Considering drainage, elevation, forest cover, soils and rainfall, sub-divisions were delineated.

In general, the elevation rises to over 1000 m. in the south while it hardly exceeds 500 m. in

the north. The rivers of this region have mostly reached their base level of erosion which have

carved wide valleys in various regions of considerable importance. This region has been

divided into 12 (meso) sub-regions and 33 micro divisions.

3.1 Semi-Arid Rajasthan:

This portion of Rajasthan is marked with intervening valleys where the soils are red,

yellow and mixed red-black in character. The regional characteristics of this region are

different from those of the arid zone of the Rajasthan (2.3). The annual rain fall here varies

from 35 to 45 cm. Besides; the vegetation is partly developed over the hills and slopes which

mostly belong to semi-arid type; while the arid plains are infested with thorny scrub and bushy

vegetation. This region has further been divided into three divisions:

3.1.1 Aravalli Range and the Associated Uplands

3.1.2 Semi-Arid Uplands of Eastern Rajasthan

3.1.3 Banas-Chambal Basin

3.2 (Ittar Pradesh Uplands:

Uttar Pradesh Uplands represent well defined zone of Vindhyan System in the

south. The average elevation is 500-600 m. and slope towards the plain in the north. The

divisions made in this meso region are:

3.2.1 Jhansi Uplands

3.2.2 Mirzapur Uplands

Jhansi Uplands are comparatively dry while the Mirzapur Uplands are wet.

3.3 Bibar-West Bengal Uplands:

Bihar-West Bengal Uplands region is one of the most interesting regions for the studies

in geomorphology and cultural geography. The whole region belongs to the unclassified

crystalline rocks. The elevation of the Bihar Highlands known as Chotanagpur Plateau, is in

the range of 300-900 m. which is often high above 900 m. at places in the form of rounded

hills. Soils in this region are mainly red

11

and yellow, and red sandy. Red and black soils are predominant in Singhbhum region. The

drainage is radial. Forests are dense in Palamu, Ranchi and Hazaribag areas, while it becomes

sparse in Puruliya on account of degenerated soils on the uplands. On the basis of elevation

and nature of topography the region has been divided into 4 divisions:

3.3.1 Ranchi Plateau

3.3.2 Hazaribag Plateau

3.3.3 Puruliya Uplands

3.3.4 Singhbhum Plateau

3.4 Nortbern Madbya Pradesh Uplands:

The Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands region has been sub-divided into three

divisions. In general, the elevation is between 300-600 m. with numerous hills which are

thickly forested. The Northern Madhya Pradesh is typically a ravine and derelict land zone on

account of erosion by the tributaries of Chambal system. The Northern Madhya Pradesh

Uplands-East region represents the Vindhyas with well developed scraps. Three divisions

made in this meso region are:

3.4.1 Northern Madhya Pradesh Ravine Uplands-West

3.4.2 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands-Central

3.4.3 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands-East

3.5 Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau:

The Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau inherits a complex geology. In general, Gneisses,

Vindhyans and Gondwanas are fairly represented here. Forest is deciduous and presents large

varieties of Sal. Soils are primarily medium black to deep black types. The region has been

sub-divided into three divisions:

3.5.1 Sagar Plateau

3.5.2 Bhopal Plateau

3.5.3 RatIam Plateau

3.6 Southern Madhya Pradesh Uplands:

The region in general represents black soil. Annual rainfall varies between 200-300

cm. The whole region is densely forested in general. According to the elevation, drainage and

micro-orographic characteristics the region has been divided into three divisions.

3.6.1 Narmada Region including Flanks of Vindhya and Satpura

3.6.2 Mahanadi Basin

3.6.3 Madhya Pradesh Dandakaranya

12

3.7 Northern Maharashtra:

The Northern Maharashtra represents the major soil regions developed over 'Deccan

Flows'. In this region average annual rainfall ranges between 40 and 80 cm. The altitudinal

characteristics are quite pronounced and hence the delineation of above regions is based on the

'Valleys and divides' concept of orography of the region. It has been further divided into

following two divisions:,

3.7.1 Tapti-Puma Valley

3.7.2 Wardha-Penganga-Wainganga Plain

3.8 Maharashtra Plateau:

This meso region in general, has an altitude ranging between 300 and 900 m. and

extends over basalts. Some high ranges like Ajanta range, Harischandra range, Mahadeo range

and Balaghat range break the monotony and thus form a mosaic of plateau with protruded hills.

Annual rainfall in general, varies between 80 and 100 cm. except in the central region of

Maharashtra Plateau which generally gets less than 80 cm. rainfall. Forest cover, in general, is

sparse and at places dense which is of dry deciduous type. Consequently two divisions have

been made in this region, viz.,

3.8.1 Eastern Plateau

3.8.2 Western Plateau with Protruded Hills

3.9 Karnataka Plateau:

The Karnataka Plateau is a well defined plateau region of the Deccan over the

unclassified crystalline rocks in general, the northern portion is having an elevation of about

300 m. with a westward slope, while the southern portion is high (over 900m.) and slopes

towards the southeast. Tungabhadra river cuts it into two regions. Average annual rainfall is

around 80 cm. in major parts of this region. Soils in the northern Karnataka are black, while in

the sou th these are mostly laterite, red sandy and red loamy. Forests are dense only in Malnad

bordering Sahyadri where the main elevation reaches 1000 m. with heavy rainfall of 150 cm.

per annum. Three divisions made on the above considerations in the region are:

3.9.1 Northern Karnataka Plateau

3.9.2 Central Karnataka Plateau

3.9.3 Southern Karnataka Plateau

3.10 Tamil Nadu Uplands:

This region is the southem extension of unclassified crystalline rocks of Cambrian

period and is marked with fairly wide valley of Cauvery and its tributaries. In general, the

elevation is over 900 m. in the west due to southern Sahyadri and Nilgiri Hills. The western

and the eastern flanks get an annual rainfall of about 80-200 cm. but the central part of the

uplands is almost dry. Due to comparatively high rainfall the hilly areas are forested. On the

basis of elevation two divisions have been carved out which are:

3.10.1 Eastern Flanks of Sahyadri

3.10.2 Tamil Nadu Uplands

13

3.11 Andbra Plateau:

Andhra Plateau is another well-defined plateau region over the Archaean gneissic rock

of Southern India which is drained mostly by Godavari, Krishna and Penner river systems.

Over the western margins, the soils are mostly medium black with intrusion of deep black soils

in Krishna valley. The rest of the region is characterised by red sandy soils. The average

annual rainfall is below 80 cm. in this region. The region is covered with deciduous forests.

On the basis of elevation and other considerations, the region has been divided into four

divisions and identified as:

3.11.1 Godavari Depressions

3.11.2 Telangana Plateau

3.11.3 Krishna Piedmont Plain

3.11.4 Rayalaseema

3.12 Orissa Highlands:

The Orissa HighlandS region is comprised of the north-eastern extension of

unclassified crystalline rocks of the Deccan Plateau. Here the topography is rugged and

elevation is about 1,200 m. in Koraput Plateau. The Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers have

carved out well defined valleys. Soils of the region are mostly red and sandy interspersed

with red and yellow soils in some areas. The western portion of the region consists of deep

valleys with spurs. In general, the southern portion is much more dissected and higher than the

northern, where the range of elevation is between 300 and 900 m. Average annual rainfall of

(he region is between 200 and 300 cm. The region has been divided into two well marked

divisions according to elevation, viz.

3.12.1 Northern Orissa Highlands

3.12.2 Southern Orissa Highlands (Orissa Dandakaranya)

4. THE COASTAL PLAINS AND ISLANDS:

Geologically the Coastal Plains adjacent to the Peninsular region are mere 'Shore

Facies' of the Deccan Trap. The region has attained a definite regional approach for

classification on account of coastal alluvium characteristics hemmed in between the Sahyadri

and Arabian sea in the west and the Eastern Ghats and Bay of Bengal in the east. The rainfall

varies in the sections which is high (above 300 cm.) in the Western Coastal Region and low

(100. cm.) in the Eastern Coastal Region. The Coastal Plain has been sub-divided into 4 (meso)

sub-regions and 20 micro divisions.

4.1 Gujarat Coastal Plain:

This region represents almost the whole of Gujarat state. This region is composed of

'Deccan Flows' and coastal Tertiary deposits. Gujarat Plain is drained by Sabarmati and Mahi

rivers. Eastern Hilly Region is comprised of Panch Mahals and the Dangs districts. Kathiawar

Peninsula is partly rocky having an elevation of above 75 m. Radial drainage is the chief

characteristic feature of this zone.

14

Kachchh Peninsula solely corresponds with Kachchh district. The chief characteristic

feature of the region is the sandy plain with isolated rocky hills. All these regions may

typically be said as semi-arid while the Kachchh Peninsula is arid. The above mentioned four

regions are as follows:

4.1.1 Gujarat Plain

4.1.2 Eastern Hilly Region

4.1.3 Kathiawar Peninsula

4.1.4 Kachchh Peninsula

4.2 Western Coastal Region:

The Western Coastal Region lies just bordering the Sahyadd (the Western Ghats). The

width of the region is often very narrow in Karnataka Coastal Region which broadens further

south in Kerala. Rainfall is quite heavy over 300 cm. per annum. Six divisions have been

demarcated in this region which COver portions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, KeraJa, Mahe

district of Pondicherry and South Goa and North Goa districts of Goa. The six divisions are:

4.2.1 Maharashlra Littoral

4.2.2 Goa Coast

4.2.3 Karnataka Coast

4.2.4 North Kerala Coast

4.2.5 Central Kerala Coast

4.2.6 South Kerala Coast

4.3 Eastern Coastal Region:

The Eastern Coastal Region can be distinguished from the Western Coast because the

basic geographical factors of these two regions vary to a great extent. The 100 em. isohyetal

line separates the eastern and western coastal areas at the district level at Kanniyakumari. The

Eastern Coastal Region is wide ~nd the soils differ appreciably within this region. The big

rivers carve out broader valleys or deltas which give further help in establishing the division

in the Eastern Coastal Region. The Eastern Ghats are broken as they do not run as continuous

geographical barrier. The region has been divided into 8 divisions viz.

4.3.1 Kanniyakumari Coast

4.3.2 Sandy Littoral

4.3.3 Coromandel Coast

4.3.4 Southern Andhra Coastal Plain

4.3.5 Krishna Delta

4.3.6 Godavari Delta

4.3.7 Northern Andhra Coastal Plain

4.3.8 Mahanadi Delta

15

4.4 The Islands:

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the

Arabian Sea vary between themselves in geographical location as well as in human geography

and form two micro regions.

4.4.1 The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are composed of more than 300 named and

unnamed Islands. Out of them 33 major islands are inhabited, while the remaining islands are

uninhabited. Geologically, sandstone and shales of Eocene period predominate. Due to hot and

humid climate, soils are lateritic and degenerated with luxuriant growth of vegetation cover.

Coral formation is the chief characteristics of the islands and so the group of islands forms a

definite entity of a region on these considerations.

4.4.2 The Lakshadweep islands have developed very near to the continental shelf of

the Indian coast. The total number of islands is 27 of which 10 are inhabited and the remaining

17 uninhabited.

These two present a peculiar geographical environment, ecology and cultural zone of

India.

16

68° 72°

36°

~

't"

i'-.. 32°

Go)

.....

~

28°

ARABIAN

S E 'A

12 °

' 4.4.2

B ° Figures in Red colour in the map indicate the sequence 01

".J.

Regional Divisions with reference to the all India map codes upto 3 lier

Where the boundaries of Region!;l Divisions are co-terminus wi t h lhose of t he slalesjUTs and dislricls,lhe former are only shol'm.

N D A N

72° EAsr OF CREE~WICII

Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India.

The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.

The interstate boundaries between Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the North·Eastem Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 but have yet to be verified .

80°

I INDIA

MAP 1

J30

PHYSIO-GEOG~PHIC ZONES

Boundary, In lernalional Boundary, SlatejU.T Boundary, Dislrlct.

KILOMETRES 10050 0 100 200 300 400 500

BA Y

o F

BENGAL

Name of Dist r icts

'" Khogeria

" Kishanganj W. lolah.,ndniarh .. lItoil:okchung Nm liuZIlU!l.rpnr P",C Puhchim Champa",n P.N,T Pasum pon Wulhuramalinga

Thave r

~.c P"thanamthitta Pul"ba Champaran

" SIIhib,a"j

"m s..ml'Ostipur TS Tiruvanmlmlllaj Sambl:"artlYllf fu, TuenSo'lng W.K.H W~t Kh8"; HIlls .. Wokhll

'" Zunhel.>oto , K8purtheJa

RI:GIONS{NACRO) ___ .,. __ SUB- RECIONS(NESOj. __ ..... ,_ DIVISIONS (NJCRO). __ ._",. __

(BIHAR) (BIHAR) (HARYAH") fNAGALANDl BI~.AR)

(TA WILNADU)

\KERALA) BIHAR)

(B!HAH)

(TAlofILNADIJ)

~~~~~t~~A) (NACAlUlDj (NAGALIND) (PUNJAB'

MACRO R!l:IONS

D THENORTIIERNMOUNTA1NS

D THE GREAT PLAINS

DTHEOECC.INPL!TEAU

DTHECOASTALPLAINSAN01SLANIli

N.A. - Dala not available.

o c E A N

84°

STATE: I [}1STRICT

J.lANIPUR 1. Senapati 2.Ukhrul

4T'hoube.1 5.lmphel 6,Ta;ntnglong ?,Bishnnpnr 6.Churachllndpur

I. North Dislrict 2. 'lest District :lSouttlDistrict 4. E5,\ Distrb\

MYANMAR

(BURMA)

~ Coco I.

, (BURMA)

.Q' (INDIA)

~ U,""m.", ., J/~: " .(~~~~~)

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S E A

© Government of India, copyrighl2001.

'PHYSIO-GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF INDIA (REGIONAL DIVISIONS)'

Regions with Sub-Regions Divisions with State/Union Code No. with Code No. Code No. Districts Territory (Macro) (Meso) (Micro)

(1) (2) '(3) (4) (5)

The Northern Jammu & Ladakh Ladakh & Kargil Jammu & Kashmir Mountains Kashmir [1.1.1 ] [1] Himalaya Kashmir Valley Anantnag (K.S.), Jammu & Kashmir

(Ll] (1.l.2] Baramula (K.N.),

Pulwama, Badgam,

Kupwara and Srinagar.

Jammu Doda, Jammu, Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir

[1.1.3] Punch, Rajauri and

Udhampur

Himachal Northern Himachal Chamba Himachal Pradesh

Pradesh Pradesh

Himalaya [1.2.1J

[1.2J

Trans Himalayan Kinnaur and Himachal Pradesh Zone Lahul & Spiti

[1.2.2]

Central Himachal Kangra, Kullu, Una, Himachal Pradesh Pradesh Hamirpur and Mandi

[1.2.3]

Southern Himachal Bilaspur, Solan, Shimla Himachal Pradesh

Pradesh and Sirmaur

[1.2.4]

Uttar Pradesh Kumaon Chamoli, Pithoragarh Uttar Pradesh

Himalaya Himalaya-North and Uttarkashi

[1.3J f1.3.1 J

Western Kumaon Dehra Dun, GarhwaI Uttar Pradesh

Himalaya, Siwalik and Tehri Garhwal

& Doons

[1.3.2]

Kumaon Almora and Nainital Uttar Pradesh

Himalaya-East

[1.3.3]

19

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

North-Eastern Sikkim Himalaya North District, Sikkim Himalaya [1.4.1 ] West District, South [1.4] District and East District

Darjiling Himalaya Darjiling and Jalpaiguri West Bengal including Duars [1.4.2]

Western Tawang, West Kameng, AIunachalPradesh Arunachal Pradesh East Kameng, Lower Himalaya Subansiri, Upper Subansiri, [1.4.3] West Siang and

East Siang

Eastern Arunachal Dibang Valley, Lohit, Arunachal Pradesh Pradesh Himalaya Changlang and Tirap [1.4.4]

Eastern Hill Nagaland Hills Kohima, Mokokchung, Nagaland Zone [1.5.1 ] Mon, Wokha, Zunheboto, [1.5] Phek and Tuensang

Manipur Hills Ukhrul, Senapati, Manipur [1.5.2] Tamengiong, Pocket of

Imphal, Churachandpur and Chandel

lmphal Valley lmphal, Bishnupur, Manipur [1.5.3] and Thoubal

Mizo Hill Zone Aizawl, Lunglei and Mizoram [1.5.4] Chhimtuipui

Tripura Plain ~outh Tripura and Tripura [1.5.5] West Tripura

Tripura Hills North Tripura Tripura [1.5.6J

Caehar Plain Caehar, Hailakandi and Assam [1.5.7] Karimganj

Karbi Anglong & Karbi Anglong and Assam North Cachar Hills North Cachar Hills [1.5.81

Eastern Meghalaya West Khasi Hills, East Meghalaya [1.5.9] Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills

Western Meghalaya West Garo Hills and Meghalaya [1.5.10] East Garo Hills

The Great Punjab Plain Ravi-Beas Amritsar and Gurdaspur Punjab Plains [2.1] Interfluvial Plain [2] [2.1.1 ]

20

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Hoshiarpur- Chandigarh, Hoshiarpur Chandigarh U. T. Chandigarh Sub- and Rupnagar and Punjab Montane Plain [2.1.2]

Beas-Satluj Doab lalandhar and Punjab [2.1.3] Kapurthala

Punjab-Malwa Bathinda, Firozpur, Punjab Plain Ludhiana, Patiala, [2.1.4] Sangrur and Faridkot

Haryana Plain Eastern Haryana Ambala, Yamunanagar, Haryana [2.2] Plain Kurukshetra, Kaithal,

[2.2.1 ] Jind, Kamal, Rohtak, Panipat and Sonipat

Western Haryana Hisar, Sirsa and Haryana Plain Bhiwani [2.2.2]

Southern Haryana Delhi, Gurgaon, Delhi U.T. and Plain Mahendragarh, Rewari Haryana [2.2.3] and Faridabad

Arid Rajasthan Ghaggar Plain Ganganagar Rajasthan Plain [2.3.1] . [2.3]

Rajasthan Bagar ChufU, Jhunjhunun, Rajasthan [2.3.2] Nagaur and Sikar

Extremely Arid Bikaner and Jaisalmer Rajasthan Tract [2.3.3]

Luni Valley Harmer, Jalor, Jodhpur Rajasthan [2.3.4] and Pali

Upper Ganga Northern Upper Bijnor, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh Plain Ganga Plain Meerut, Moradabad, [2.4] [2.4.1 ] Muzaffarnagar, Rampur,

Saharanpur and Hardwar

Southern Upper Aligarh, Agra, Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh Ganga Plain Bareilly, Budaun, [2.4.2] Bulandshahr, Etah, Etawah,

Farrukhabad, Kheri, Mainpuri, Mathura, Pilibhit and Shahjahanpur

21

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Middle Ganga Middle Ganga Allahabad, Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh Plain Plain-West Bara Banki, Faizabad, (2.51 [2.5.1] Fatehpur, Gonda, Hardoi,

Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar, Lucknow, Pratapgarh, Rae Bareli, Sitapur, Sultanpur and Unnao

Middle Ganga Azamgarh, Ballia, Mau, Uttar Pradesh Plain-East Siddharthnagar. Basti. fZ.5.Z] Deoria, Gorakhpur,

Maharajganj, Varanasi, Jaunpur and Ghazipur

Lower Ganga North Bihar Plain Pashchim Champaran, Bihar Plain [2.6.1] Purba Champaran. [2.6J Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur,

Purnia, Madhepura, Saharsa, Araria, Kishanganj, Saran, Sitamarhi, Begusarai, Madhubani, Katihar, Samastipur, Vaishali, Siwan and Gopalganj

South Bihar Plain Bhagalpur, Gaya, Munger, Bihar [2.6.2] Khagaria, Patna, Bhojpur,

Nalanda, Jehanabad, Nawada, Rohtas and Aurangabad

Barind Tract Koch Bihar, Maldah and West Bengal [2.6.3] West Dinajpur

Moriband Delta Murshidabad and Nadia West Bengal [2.6.4J

Proper Delta Barddhamat:\, Calcutta, West Bengal [2.6.5J Hugli, Haora, North

Twenty Four Parganas and South Twenty Four Parganas

Rarh Plain Bankura, Birbhum and West Bengal [2.6.6] Medinipur

Brahmaputra Westem Kokrajhar, Barpela, Assam Valley Brahmaputra Kamrup, Bongaigaon, [2.7] Valley Nalbari, Goalpara and

[2.7.1] Dhubri

22

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Central Darrang, Sonitpur, Assam Brahmaputra Nagaon and Marigaon Valley [2.7.2]

Eastern Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Assam Brahmaputra Tinsukia, Sibsagar, Valley Dibrugarh, Jorhat and [2.7.3] Golaghat

The Deccan Semi-Arid AravaIli Range and Ajmer, Alwar, Banswara, Rajasthan Plateau Rajasthan The Associated Chittaurgarh (part), [3] [3.1] Uplands Dungarpur,

[3.1.1 ] Jaipur, Sirohi and Udaipur

Semi-Arid Uplands Bhilwara, Bundi, Kota, Rajasthan of Eastern Jhalawar, Tonk and Rajasthan pocket of Chittaurgarh [3.1.2]

Banas-Chambal Bharatpur, Dhaulpur and Rajasthan Basin Sawai Madhopur [3.1.3]

Uttar Pradesh Jhansi Uplands Banda, Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Uplands [3.2.1] Jalaun, Lalitpur [3.2] and Jhansi

Mirzapur Uplands Mirzapur and Sonbhadra Uttar Pradesh [3.2.2]

Bihar-West Ranchi Plateau Palamu, Ranchi, Gumla Bihar Bengal Uplands [3.3.1] and Lohardaga [3.3]

Hazaribag Plateau Dhanbad, Hazaribag, Bihar [3.3.2J Giridih. Dumka, Deoghar.

Godda and Sahibganj

Puruliya Uplands Puruliya West Bengal [3.3.3]

Singhbhum Plateau Pashchimi Singhbhum Bihar [3.3.4] and Purbi Singhbhum

Northern Northern Madhya Bhind, Datia, Guna, Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Ravine Gwalior, Morena and Pradesh Uplands-West Shivpuri Uplands [3.4.1 ] [3.4J

23

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Northern Madhya Chhatarpur, Panna and Madhya Pradesh

Pradesh Uplands- Tikamgarh Central [3.4.2]

Northern Madhya Rewa, Satna, Shah dol, Madhya Pradesh Pradesh Uplands- Sidhi and Surguja East [3.4.3]

Central Sagar Plateau Damoh, Sagar Madhya Pradesh Madhya [3.5.1] and Vidisha Pradesh Plateau [3.5]

Bhopal Plateau Dewas, Indore, Raisen, Madhya Pradesh [3.5.2] Bhopal and Sehore

Ratlam Plateau Dhar, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh [3.5.3] Ratlam, Rajgarh, Shajapur

and Ujjain

Southern Narmada Region Balaghat, Betul, Madhya Pradesh Madhya including Flanks of Chhindwara, Hoshangabad, Pradesh Vindhya and Jabalpur, West Nimar, UpJands Satpura East Nimar, Mandla, [3.6] [3.6.1 ] Narsimhapur and Seoni

Mahanadi Basin Bilaspur, Durg, Raigarh, Madhya Pradesh [3.6.2] Raj Nandgaon and Raipur

Madhya Pradesh Bastar Madhya Pradesh Dandakaranya [3.6.3]

Northern Tapti-Puma Amravati, Akola, Buldana, Maharashlra Maharashtra Valley Dhule and Jalgaon [3.7] [3.7.1]

Wardha Penganga Bhandara, Chandrapur, Maharashtra Wain ganga Plain Gadchiroli, Nagpur, [3.7.2] Wardha and Yavalmal

Maharashtra Eastern Plateau Aurangabad, Jalna, Latur, Maharashtra Plateau [3.8.1] Bid, Kolhapur, Nanded,

[3.8] Osmanabad, Parbhani, Sangli and Solapur

24

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Western Plateau Ahmadnagar, Nashik, Maharashtra

with protruded Pune and Sa tara

Hills

[3.8.2J

Karnataka Northern Belgaum, Bidar, Bijapur Karnataka

Plateau Karnataka Plateau and Gulbarga

[3.9} (3.9.1J

Central Karnataka BeHary, Chikmagalur, Karnataka

Plateau Raichur, Chitradurga,

[3.9.2J Dharwad, Shimoga

and pocket of Tumkur

Southern Bangalore Rural, Karnataka

Karnataka 'Plateau Bangalore Urban, Kodagu,

[3.9.3J Hassan, Kolar, Mandya,

Mysore and Tumkur (part)

Tamil Nadu Eastern Flanks of Coimbatore, Madurai, Tamil Nadu , Uplands Sahyadri Nilgiri, Dindigul-Anna

[3.10J [3.10.1 J and Periyar

Tamil Nadu Tiruvannamalai Tamil Nadu

Uplands Sambuvarayar,

[3.10.2] North Arcot Ambedkar,

Dharmapuri and Salem

Andhra Godavari Karimnagar, Khammam Andhra Pradesh

Plateau Depression and Warangal

[3.11] [3.1Ll J

Telangana Plateau Adilabad, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

[3.11.2] Medak. Mahbubnagar,

Nizamabad and

Rangareddi

Krishna Piedmont Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh

Plain

[3.11.3]

Rayalaseema Anantapur, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh

[3.11.4J Cuddapah and Kumoo!

25

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Orissa Northern Orissa Dhenkanal, Kendujhar, Orissa

Highlands Highlands Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur

[3.12] [3.12.1] and Sundargarh

Southern Orissa Phulabani, Balangir, Orissa

Highlands (Orissa Ganjam, Kalahandi

Dandakaranya) and Koraput

[3.12.2]

The Coastal Gujarat Region Gujarat Plain Ahmadabad, Bharuch, Gujarat,

Plains and [4.1] [4.1.1] Banas Kantha, Dadra & Nagar

Islands Gandhinagar, Kheda, Haveli U.T. and

[4] Mahesana, Sabar Kantha, Daman &

Surat, Vadodara, Valsad, Diu U.T.

Daman and Dadra &

Nagar Haveli

Eastern Hilly Panch Mahals and Gujarat

Region The Dangs

(4.1.2]

Kathiawar Amreli, Bhavnagar, Gujarat and

Peninsula Jamnagar, Junagadh, Daman & Diu

[ 4.1.3] Surendranagar, Rajkot U.T.

and Diu

Kachchh Peninsula Kachchh Gujarat

[4.1.4]

Western Maharashtra Greater Bombay, Maharashtra

Coastal Region Littoral Raigarh, Ratnagiri,

[4.2] (4.2.1 ] Sindhudurg and Thane

Goa Coast North Goa and Goa

[4.2.2] South Goa

Karnataka Coast Uttara Kannada and Karnataka

[4.2.3] Dakshina Kannada

North Kerala Coast Kasaragod, Kannur, Kerala and

[4.2.4] Kozhikode, Wayanad Pondicherry

and Mahe U.T.

Central Kerala Ernakulam, Koltayam, Kerala

Coast ldukki, Malappuram,

[4.2.5J Palakkad and Thrissur

26

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

South Kerala Coast Alappuzha, Kerala

[4.2.6J Pathanamthitta,

Thiruvananthapuram

and Kollam

Eastern Kanniyakumari Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu

Coastal Region Coast

[4.3] [4.3.1 ]

Sandy Littoral Pasumpon Muthu Tamil Nadu

[4.3.2] Ramalinga Thevar,

Ramanathapuram,

Kamarajar, Chidambaranar

and Tirunelveli Kattabomman

Coromandel Coast Chengalpattu M.G.R., Tamil Nadu

[4.3.3] Madras, Thanjavur,

TiruchirappaUi,

South Arcot, Pudukkottai,

Karaikal and Pondicherry Pondicherry U.T.

Southern Andhra Nellore and Prakasam Andhra Pradesh

Coastal Plain

[4.3.4]

Krishna Delta Guntur and Krishna Andhra Pradesh

[4.3.5]

Godavari Delta East Godavari, West Andhra Pradesh and

[4.3.6] Godavari and Yanam Pondicherry U.T.

Northern Andhra Srikakulam. Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh

Coastal Plain and Visakhapatnam

[4.3.7]

Mahanadi Delta Baleshwar, Cuttack Orissa

[4.3.8] and Puri

The Islands Andaman and Andamans and Nicobars Andaman and

[4.4] Nicobar Islands Nicobar Islands

[4.4.1] U.T.

Lakshadweep Lakshadweep Lakshadweep [4.4.2] U.T.

27

PART-II

REGIONAL DIVISIONS 'OFPUNJAB

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF PUNJAB

Punjab is located in the northwestern part of the Indian Union. It covers an

area of 50,362.0 sq.km and has a population 20,281,969 as per 1991 Census.

Punjab State constitutes 1.53 per cent of the country's total area and 2.40 per cent

of population.

The word 'Punjab' has derived its name from two Persjan words, 'Punj'

meaning five and' Ab' means water, and is commonly referred to as the land of

five rivers possibly since the era when this region came in contact with Persia.

Punjab is roughly one-seventh of what it was during the pre-partition. At the time

of partition most of the western part went to the present Pakistan. It suffered

another loss at the time of re-organisation of the State on November 1,1966.

Three perennial rivers namely, Ravi, Beas and Satluj flow through this present

Punjab.

PUnjab State extends between 29° 33' and 32° 31' north latitudes and 73°

53' and 76° 56'east longitudes. There are no large scale diversifications in this

tract of otherwise broad physical homogeneity with the exception of scattered and

low ranges of the Siwaliks in the north and northeastern part of the State.

Geologically, Punjab Plain is of very recent age and was formed in the last phase

of geological history of the earth due to deposition by the rivers. The Siwaliks are

comprised of tertiary, rather upper tertiary (very recent deposits) sediments.

Punjab State is surrounded by Jammu & Kashmir in the north, Himachal

Pradesh in the east and northeast, Chandigarh and Haryana in the south and

southeast and Rajasthan in the southwest. The international boundary with

Pakistan makes its western boundary. On the basis of physio-geographical factors,

Punjab PJajn has been further divided into following micro-divisions~

1) 2.1.1 Ravi-Beas Inter-Fluvial Plain covering the districts ofGurdaspur

and Amritsar.

2) 2.1.2. Hoshiarpur-Chandigarh Sub-Montane Plain covering the districts

of Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar and the Union Territory ofChandigarh.

3) 2.1.3. Beas-Satluj Doab covering the districts of Jalandhar and Kapurthala.

4) 2.1.4. Punjab Malwa Plain covering the districts ofFirozpur, Ludhiana,

Patiala, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot.

2.1.1 Ravi-Beas Inter-Fluvial Plain

Ravi-Beas Inter Fluvial- Plain is surrounded by Jammu & Kashmir in the

north, Hoshiarpur and Kapurthala districts in the east, Himachal Pradesh in the

northeast and Firozpur district in the south. International boundary with Pakistan

makes its western boundary. This region has Siwalik hills in the extreme

northeastern part of Gurdaspur district. These hills slope towards south and

southwest. These Siwalik hills are the result of the Orogenesis (mountain

building) forces. With the passage of time these hills got badly eroded by the

swift and torrential streams coming down these hills. These streams are seasonal.

Rest of the area of this region is plain and soils are fertile. This region is situated

between river Ravi in the west and river Beas in the east. It includes the districts

of Gurdaspur and Amritsar districts and has a population of 4,261,292. It

constitutes over one-fifth (21.01%) of the total population of the State. The areas

which are flooded by these two rivers are locally known as 'khadar or Bet'. The

soils differ from place to place depending upon the local topography. In the

Siwalik hills the soil is Ochrepts-Orthents-Ustalfs which are shallow black,

brown, alluvial and recently formed soils. The soils in most parts of Gurdaspur

and Amritsar districts are Ochrepts-Orthents-Rockout -Crops-Orthids, whereas

the soils are mainly Psamments-Fluvents-Aquents in the southern parts of this

plain. The geological structure of this region is Siwalik in the extreme

northeastern part of Gurdaspur district and alluvium in the other parts of the

32

region. Water logging is the major problem of this region due to rise in sub-soil

water table.

2.1.1 Hoshiarpur-Chandigarh Sub-Montane Plain

Hoshiarpur-Chandigarh Sub-Montane plain includes Hoshiarpur and

Rupnag~r districts and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. This region is located

in the eastern and northeastern part of Punjab extending in northwest to southeast

d irectj on. It is surrounded by Himachal Pradesh in the north and northeast,

Haryana in the east, and the micro regions of Punjab Malwa Plain and Satluj­

Beas Inter-Fluvial Plain in the south and west respectively. The Siwalik hills are

located in the extreme northern part of Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar districts. The

Siwalik hills which are the result of Orogensis forces extend in northwest­

southeast direction. These hills have experienced heavy soil erosion due to the

swift and seasonal rivers/streams. The soils of this region are coarse and sandy in

the hiUy tracts. In the plains the soils are fertile. According to soil classification,

the soils are Ochrepts-Psamments in the hilly area and Fluvent-Ochrepts in the

plain area. The Beas river separates Hoshiarpur district from Gurdaspur district.

The Beas and Satluj rivers have their own flood plains covering an area of

1,042.07 Km2. In addition to these two rivers, there are numerous seasonal

streamslchoes in Hoshiarpur district which causes problem of soils erosion.

Hoshiarpur-Chandigarh Sub-Montane Plain has an area of 5,966.02 sq.km

and a population of 2,370,631 persons. Among them 1,916,176 are residing in

rural and 454,455 in urban areas. Hoshiarpur, Mukerian,Garhshankar, Rupnagar,

SAS Nagar (Mohali) and Anandpur Sahib are the main towns falling in this

region. The geology of this region is Siwalik in the hilly tracts and alluvium in

the other parts. Soils of this plain are Fluvents-Ochrepts, Ochrepts-Orthents and

Ochrepts-Psamments. The main economy of the region is based on agriculture

and the important crops grown are wheat, maize, rice and grams. The belt across

Mukerian is known for producing high quality rice. From the industrial point of

view, this region comparatively is less developed. However, Rupnagar and SAS

33

Nagar (Mohali) are emerging as important industrial centers in the State. Major

industries located in the region include; manufacture of fertilizers, medicines,

cotton textiles, resin, turpentine and varnish etc.

2.1.3. Beas-Satluj Doab

Beas-Satluj Doab region covers lalandhar and Kapurthala districts. This

region is bounded by the micro-region Ravi-Beas Inter- Fluvial Plain in the west;

Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar districts in the north and east, 'and by Firozpur and

Ludhiana districts in the south. Beas and Satluj are the main rivers traversing

through this area. The river Beas separates it from Amritsar and Gurdaspur

districts, while river Satluj separates this region from Malwa Plain in the south.

The soils of this region are Ochrepts-Orthents-Rock-Outcrops-Orthids in the

northern pari and Psamments-Fluvents--Aquents in the southern parts. The

geology is alluvium. Besides river Beas and Satluj, White Bein and Black Bein,

which are seasonal streams traverse through this region in east -west direction.

This region has an area of 5,034.0 sq.km and a population of 2,673,434.

Out of the total population 1,778,027 are rural and 895,407 urban by residence.

The region has a population density of 531 persons per sq.km. Ialandhar,

Kartarpur, Phagwara., Goraya, Phillaur and Kapurthala are the main towns in the

region. Ialandhar city is famous for sports goods, while Phagwara and Goraya are

famous for the manufacture of agricultural implements, machine tools, cycle

parts, sugar and textiles.

The economy of this region is based upon agriculture and industry. Wheat,

maize, grams and sugarcane are the main crops grown in this region.

2.1.4. Punjab Malwa Plain

Punjab Malwa Plain covering the districts of Firozpur, Bathinda, Faridkot,

Sangrur and Patiala. Satluj river flows in the northern and north-western part

34

from east to west. The Ghaggar river which is rainfed and seasonal in nature

traverses through the southern part of the region in east-west direction. This Plain

is bounded by Rupnagar district in the east, Haryana state in the south and

Rajasthan in the south-west. It makes its western boundary with Pakistan. This

region covers an area of 3,0735.76 sq.km and has a population of 10,974,592

which is nearly one-half of the state's total population. Out of the total population

7,571,472 is residing in rural and 3,403,120 in urban areas. In other words 31.00

per cent of the population is living in urban areas of the region. Ludhiana, Patiala,

Bathinda, Mansa, Firozpur, Sangrur, Abohar and Faridkot are the main towns

located in this region.

This region is, by and large a flat featureless plain. Beas and Satluj rivers

separate this region from the Majha and Doab area in the north. The Beas river

flowing in northeast-southwest direction joins Satluj river at Harike ( Amritsar

district). The occurrence of sand dunes is quite common ;n the southern parts of

this region. The soils are Ustalfs-Fluvents, Orthids-Fluvents, Usafalfs-Ochrepts in

the southern parts and Psamments-Fluvents-Aquents, Ochrepts-Orthents and

Ochrepts-Psamments in the rest of the region. The geology of this plain is

alluvium. Agriculture is the main stay of economy of this region. The main

industrial centres in the region are located in the towns falling in the districts of

Ludhiana, Bathinda, Patiala and Sangrur. The soils are mainly sandy. Wheat,

cotton, grams, bajra and rice are the main crops grown. Firozpur district has a

problem of water-logging especially in its western parts. Similarly, in some

pockets of Patiala and Sangrur districts the surface water dries up in dry weather

leaving a sheet of white powdery material on the earth surface. This alkaline

matter affects the fertility of the soil and makes the land unfit for cultivation. In

the extreme southern parts of Firozpur, Bathinda and Faridkot districts wind

erosion is quite common.

In brief, Punjab MaIwa Plain is the largest, both in area and population

size. It covers about 6l.03 per cent the state's area and 54.11 per cent of the

population.

35

Punjab has semi-arid monsoon climate. The climate is severe hot in

summers and extremely cold in the winters. The maximum temperatures are

recorded in the month of June which starts declining with the onset of the

monsoons in July. The rainy season lasts till middle of September. On an average

the State receives an annual rainfall of 1000 rom and it is mainly concentrated

during the monsoon months of July to September. The rainfall decreases from

northeast to southwest The State receives some winter rains from temperate

cyclones originating in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean sea and this rainfall

is very beneficial for rabi crops. The winter season starts from the middle of

October and continues till March. January is the coldest month. Generally the

mornings are relatively foggy during the months of December and January.

The soils in the State are alluvial and are extremely fertile. Sandy soils

with the presence of gravels are found in the Siwalik hills. Bathinda, Faridkot,

Sangrur districts have sandy soils. Soils in hilly areas suffer from soil erosion

particularly in the Hoshiarpur and Rupnangar districts. In areas of high water

table soils are water logged while in the southern parts of the State wind erosion is

quite common due to the presence of the sand dunes.

The geology of Punjab is alluvium except for the hilly tracts of Gurdaspur,

Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar districts where it is Siwalik.

The main economy of Punjab depends upon agriculture. Generally, the

soils are fertile and alluvial and suitable for agricultural production. Cropping

pattern changes with the change of soil contents. In the northern parts only those

crops are grown which require humid conditions, and in the southern parts those

crops are grown which require comparatively lesser quantity of water. Similarly,

in the northern and northeastern areas wheat, rice, maize and grams are the main

crops, while in the southern parts, grams, cotton, groundnuts, rapeseed and

mustard are the major crops.

36

Punjab State spreads over an area of 50,362.0 sq.km and has a population

of 20,281,969 persons. The density of population in 403 persons per sq.km which

is higher than that of the country as a whole where the density of population is

267. Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Gurdaspur and Amritsar districts in the state are

comparatively more densely populated, whereas the low density of population is

observed in the districts of Firozpur, Sangrur, Faridkot and Bathinda.

Punjab's popUlation has increased from 16,788,915 in 1981 to 20,281,969

persons in 1991 resulting in an absolute increase of 3,493,054. In other words the

state has registered a popUlation growth rate of

20.81 per cent during this decade . The growth rate is observed to be

comparatively higher in the districts of Ludhiana and Rupnagar, while it is

comparatively low in the districts of Gurdaspur and Amritsar. In consonance with

the earlier trends, the sex ratio in the state has improved from 879 in 1981 to 882

in 1991.

All those persons above six years of age, who can read and write with

understanding in any language are treated as literates in the Indian Census.

According to 1991 Census there are 9,932,116 are literates in Punjab among

which 5,919,225 are males and 4,012,891 females. As such 58,51 per cent of the

population of the State is literate and this is higher than the country as a whole

(52.19%). Among the districts in the state the literacy rate is the highest in

Hoshiarpur (70.74%), followed by Rupnangar (68.1~%), Ludhiana (67.35%) and

Ialandhar (66.45%) districts. By contrast the literacy rate is relatively low in

Bathinda (43.03%), Sangrur (46.16%), Firozpur (48.01%) and Faridkot (49.42%)

districts.

In the Punjab State there are 6,098,374 main workers, 163,615 marginal

workers and 14,019,980 are non-workers. In other words workers constitute 31.88

per cent of the total population; 30.07 per cent as main workers and 0.81 per cent

as marginal workers, and 69.12 per cent are non-workers. In the state, 4,302,750

(70.56%) are residing in rural and 1,795,624 (29.44%) in urban areas. Among the

37

main workers, 1,917,210 (31.44%) are cultivators, 1,452,828 (23.82%) are

agricultural labourers, 81,084 (1.33%) are engaged in household industry and

668,052 (43.41%) are other workers.

5,742,528 persons (28.31%) in the state belongs to Scheduled Castes.

Among them 3,065,671 are males and 2,676,857 are females. Percentage of

Scheduled Caste population in total population is the highest in Jalandhar (39.~8

%) and the lowest in Firozpur (21.80%).

Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Phagwara, Kapurthala, Patiala, Rajpura,

Bathinda, Gobindgarh and Batala are the major industrial centres in the State. The

well developed net work of roads and railways and also the availability of hydro­

electric power has greatly helped in growth of industries in the State. The major

industries are food processing, cotton ginning and processing, agricultural

implements, engineering goods, chemicals, transport equipments, sewing

machines, leather goods and ginning mills. Cotton ginning and processing is

important in the cotton growing areas located in the Malwa Plain. Similarly, Rice

shelling mills are located in the rice growing areas of Upper Bari and Bist Doabs.

The main objective of demarcating the State into sub-micro regions by

taking into consideration village as the lowest unit is to provide a tool to the

policy planners and other data user agencies in framing policies and programmes

based on socio economic conditions of the region at the grass root level. Regional

planning is the need of the State as well as Central Government. With this in view

an attempt has been made to delineate the sub-micro regions, district by district,

which are homogenous in physio-geographic conditions.

*****

38

2.1 PUNJAB PLAIN

Micro Regions District with Sub-Micro Regions with code code number with code number number (Fourth Tier Regions) 1 2 3 2.1.1 Ravi-Beas GURDASPUR 2.1.1. 1 Gurdaspur Siwalik

Inter-Fluvial 01 2.1.1.2 Gurdaspur Upland Plain 2.l.1.3 Ravi Flood Plain

2. I. 1.4 BataIa Plain 2.1.1.5 Beas Flood Plain

AMRITSAR 2.1.1.1 Satluj and Beas Flood Plain 02 2.1.1.2 Tarn Taran Plain

2.1.1.3 Amritsar Plain 2.1.1.4 Ravi Flood Plain

2.1.2 Hoshiarpur- HOSHIARPUR 2.1.2. ] Beas Flood Plain Chandigarh 07 2.1.2.2 Choes of Hoshiarpur Sub-montane Plain 2.1.2.3 Hoshiarpur Siwalik

2.1.2.4 Satluj Khadar Plain

RUPNAGAR 2.1.2. ] Upper Satluj Basin 08 2.1.2.2 Rupnagar Siwalik

2.1.2.3 Kharar Plain

2.1.3 Beas- Satluj JALANDHAR 2.1.3.1 Bhogpur-Adampur Plain Doab 05 2.1.3.2 Jalandhar- Nawanshahr Doab Plain

2.1.3.3 Satluj Khadar

KAPURTHALA 2.1.3.1 Beas Flood Plain 06 2.1.3.2 Kapurthala Plain

2.1.4 Pu~ab-Malwa FlROZPUR 2.1.4.1 Satluj Khadar Plain 03 2.1.4.2 Firozpur Plain

2.1.4.3 Abohar Sandy Plain

LUDIllANA 2.1.4.1 Satluj Khadar 04 2.1.4.2 Western Ludhiana Plain

2.1.4.3 Eastern Ludhiana Plain

PATIALA 2.1.4.1 Patiala Plain 09 2.1.4.2 Ghaggar Flood Plain

39

Micro Regions with code number 1

District with code number

2

SANGRUR 10

BATIDNDA 11

FARIDKOT 12

.40

Sub-Micro Regions with code number (Fourth Tier Regions)

3

2.1.4.1 Western Sangrur Plain 2.1.4.2 Eastern Sangrur Plain 2.1.4.3 Southern Sangrur Plain 2.1.4.4 Ghaggar Flood Plain

2.1.4.1 Bathinda Sandy Plain 2.1.4.2 Rampura-Mansa Plain 2.1.4.3 Ghaggar Flood Plain

2.1.4.1 Muktsar Plain 2.1.4.2 Faridkot Sandy Plain 2.1.4.3 MogaPlain

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUNJAB CENSUS CODE 20

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

10 5 0 10 20 30 AO

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GENERAL MAPS

:ENSUS OF INDIA II

I' _

"

I'

I'

I'

.'

I I'

SEA

«' ., .. .

( ., 1-III S

..-;. "'s ·1(,~1I1111 ,. .,.. ~() !,~

~ .,. ..

l'

lWIMAaHTFIA _,-..,..

-.~ ... J

A N

'II'

II

l

SRI~ I,ANKh

....

.'

III II I'

INDIA POSITION OF PUNJAB IN INDIA 1991

1MnNq.~ _ IouMII1.SllltIU.T. c.,.. ... _ C ... "IIaIaIUT

KlloOMrtm IOOSI 0 I()O I!OO 300.00 ~

BAY

o r

BtNGAL

The .dmlnl,lrIliv. heldqulltltl of Chandlgllh, Haryan. llId Punjab IItlocNd .. Chandlglm.

p POfOCHERIIY

o C E A N

.. ' I' .'

MAP 3

.' ;s.

- ;I

,e1f'l/ •. IIUIU4AI N.,,,, ... b ... I . • (lNlllill

12'

. '

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 4

aouNOARV,INTERNAnONAL •.•••••••.•... STATE/U.T ........... '" ..... _._._

• DlSTRICTo- ................... _._._ N

• TAMIL .. I 0- ...................... _ .... __ .. _____ ••

DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS............ . • TAHSL HEADQUARTERS.......... .. .. . @ POCICET FOR DISTRICT KAPURTHALA . . I

II .. .. PATW.A....... P

II II TAHSI. PATTI .. _...... Pt

• S~......... I

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUNJAB RELIEF AM> DRAINAGE

10 o 10 20 )0 40

KllOMETIlES

BOUNDARY. INTERNATIONAL . . . .. _._._

STATE I U.T. . . .. _ ._ ._

RIVER!CHOE .. ............... . ..... ~/~

JAM M U &

GENERALISED REUEF

600 (METRES)

450

300

MAP5 .

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUNJAB NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL RAINFALL

1050 10 20 '30 "10

KLOMETRES

BOUNDARY. INTERNATIONAl.. ... _._. _ I. STATE/U.T . ......... _._o_

JAMMU og & ~

MASHMI

., (

MAP 6

ANNUAL RAINFALL lIN MlLLIMETRES)

1100

900

100

500

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUNJAB NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

1991 10 5 0 10 20 '30 40

KLOMETRES

9OUNDARY.INTERNATIONAL. . . . . _._._ STATE/U.T .. ........ _ . _ . _

N o

., ()

~

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE IN DEGREE CELCIUS

2'3 . 0

22 . 0

21 . 0

MAP?

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUN.IA8

GEOLOGY o 10 20 30

KILOMETRES

60

JAMMU . & t

MAS H M I R~1?!?~

~':wVV~Y!.\~

{!_- YV!~v "J ~J.:-=- Vv

==-==y ..... ' -$­E - - -:L,., ... .N_3' =======-7 "J_ r ----~ ....

~~~:_--=======~--:... ., ~ ~_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=...:~ C'

~~--=-=-=-=.,..=-=-=-=-=-=-====~ + F=-===-::::'========-:::::'============ .,

(

IOUNOARY. INT£~NATIONAL ..... _._._ .. STATE I U.T .......... _._._ ALLUV&J1oI

MAPS

RIECENT

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUNMII SOILS

CI)

BOUNDARY. INTERNATIONAL .... . • STATE/U.T . ........ . " sou .............. .

"",un ..... __ ~ ... ....,.I'IIII_,IMI_ .... _ DeIl.II''' __ .... ___ ........... _"'at ....... ,I.UVINJI _101 Mia. C _ _._,

'I ........ ts - ..... _ C .. _I

"'NI" .... ,_' ......... _ ......... . _7. ......., _ ....,_... -.... ... .. ........ , . .. ,,, ..... __ 111,--., ...... - .....

.. .,.

NO. "'1-0lI0111 ".IOC .... TION.

{ '1i!JItlI!] UITAU'I - OCHIIUTI

I~ IIITALI" - rLilVINT.

nmOlPHlllI - ~NTI

{:l71U1m I'5AMMIN'II- PLYllltm - OItTHIIl. J.ItttI:II ....... .....,.I_ PUIVUIT' - AQUl:NTS ~mIl PLUVlNTI- OCHIIIII'TI

74 oc::HIIII'n - OIITIIUITI-UITALII

MAP 9

It.;§;; ,. 0CtIIIIP1a - OII1KI:NTS-.:ICIC OUKIIOIII-OIIntIDI

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUNJAB DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

1991 10 o 10 20 30 40

KLOMETRES

BOUNDARY. INTERNATIONA L ..... _._._

STATE I U.T . . ....... _._._

RIVER . .. ........ . ... . . ~

EACH DOT REPRESENTS 4000 RURAL POPULA TlON

J A tot tot u &

i

MAP 10

U.T.OF

SIZE OF POPU...A TION OF CITES I TOWNS

CLASS I • 100 000 AND ABOVE

ClASS n • 50000 _ 99999

CLASS III e 20 000 _ 49 999

CLASS IV • 10 000 _ 19999

CLASS V • 5000 _ 9999

ClASS VI • BELOW 5000

CENSUS OF INDrA

PUII.IU . GROWTH OF POPULATION

1881-81 I BY SUB-MICRO REGIONS )

1010 to 10 1O.eo

~

IOUNDARY.IHTERNATIOHAL •••.• _._._ .. STIJ£/U.T ... , ...... ._.. ___ • ._.. " DISTRICT .......... _. _ . _ It SUI-MICRO REGION .................... .

II

.. (

PERCENTAGE IICIIEAIE IN 'OPULATlOtIlHt-ti

~ 30.01 AHD .IOVE

11m :11.01 - lO.OO

~ 20.01 - 20,00 I ITA lE "YEll ... zo,. I o:m lUll -10.00

1:- :- :- : 115.00 AND '[LOW

MAP 11

+

CENSUS OF INDIA

PL»WdI DENSITY OF POPULATION

1991 , BY SUB-MICRO REGIONS )

101010 lO 10 40

~

aouNOARY •• NTERNA1lotU.l ..... _._._ • srrJJE/U.T .....•.... _._._ .. D1STRlCt ............ _._._ It Sl8-M1CRO REWON •• _ ..................... ~

If ..

., C" +

MAP 12

+

P£RaCNI JI'ER KlfII

~ 101 AN) AlOVE - OCI - 100

~ .. 01 - DOO UTA Tl AVEllA. <4011

om 101 - 400

0 . 100 AJI) IE1.OW

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUNJAB VARIATION IN DENSITY OF POPUlATION

1881-91 ( BY SUB-MeRO REGIONS I

1010 10 10 II) 40

IIIUlMPIU

IIOUNDARY. 'ITERNAT1ONAI. •.•.. _. _. _ .. STIJE/U.T •...••.... _._._

DlSTRlCT. ••.••••••... _. _ ._ • ~ RE~ •.• _____ .......

MAP 13

VARIATION IN DENSITY OF ~OPULAT'ON , •• ,."

~.oo AN) AIOVI

111 80 I.

~&O n

rnIJ 40 II

ED SI AlII IELOW

'GENSUS OF INDIA

PUIMII RURAL DEIISITY OF POPULATION

1181 (BY SUB-MICRO REGIONS)

10101010 10 40

IIIUIIomIII

BOUNDARY, WTERNATlONAl ..•.. _._._ • STAT£/U.T .......... _._._ • .TRICT ............ ___ ._ • SUI-IotCRO REGION ................... ..

J A MM U &

KASHMIR

., (

P£RIONS PElt Knl2

~ 3151 AND MOVE

_ 501- 3150

~ I nAn AVIIlAIE 212 l' ~251.S00

[ill 201 - 2'0

I : .; . :-: I 200 ANI) I£LOW

MAP 14

CENSUS OF INDIA

PCaWI VARIATION IN RURAL DENSITY OF POPULATION 1881-81

, BY SUB-MICRO REGIONS )

101010 aD m 40

IILC*I'IIU

IiIOUNOARf.INTERNATIONAL ..... ___ ._ .. r;f/ll1E/U.T .......... _._._ • DISTRICT ........... _._._ • SU8-MJCRO REGION ...................... .

J A .... U &

K ASH ";'I~R(gI'~

,

.., <

VARIATION IN RURAL DENSITY OF POPtJLATIOH

"'1-8' GAllI LOSS

10 NIl) AllOW _ a 10 AN) 1EL0W

10 •• ~ G!12il JI AM) MOVE

10 ... om 1EL0WIO [8J

MAP 15

CENSUS OF INDIA

PU&IA8 ·URBAN DENSITY OF POPULATION

1881 I BY SUB-MJCRO REGIONS )

BOUNDAAV.INTEANAJlONAL ..... ___ ._ II iTIJE/U.T .......... _o_._

DtSTRlCT ............. _'_0_ II SUB-MICRO R£GlOH .......................... .

., <

PERSONS P&R 1C.2

~ 11501 fH) AllOY[

lIS 4Il0l - uoo

~ ~~11~~wr

OIIJ 25CII - 3000

c::2l 2IlOO NCI HLOW

@ EN'IRL Y IUtAL

MAP 16

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUNJAI

\lMIATION II URBAN DENSITY OF POPlLATION 1981-81

( BY SUB-MICRO REGIONS ) 1010 10 ao _, 40

IQLOICI'IU

BOUNOARY, INTERNATIONAL ..... _._0_ N SiTATE/U.T ...... ~ .... ___ ._. ___ .. DlSTRlCT ............ _._._ .. __ MICRO REGION. _ ...................... _

., (

+

'( VARIATION IN UfUJAN o£NSIT'Y " OF POPULATION 118*-81

aMI LOA

MAP 17

IOct Nt) ABOVE ~ 1=-=::3 500 MD IELOW

IOCII 1000 _ 0 IlOl AND AIOVI

5CII 1000 ~ ~ £NTNl.Y M.IIUI.

GOO »f:J mow []]]]

,> CENSUS OF INDIA

101010 ao 10 40

ICLOtCnU

BOUNDARY, INl'ERNA11ONAL ..... _._._ .. mTE/U.T .......... _._._ .. DlSTAIC!T ............. _._._ • "'-WCRO RE,GION,. ~ •• I ••• ~I ••••• "".'.II.

JA .... U , ICASHMIR

.. ... .,

()

~

+

FEMALE8 Pm 1000 MALES

~ 121 AHD MOVE

11:1 101- 120

~"-IOO ~ I lTATI AVEllAK Na I

om 111-810

I :. :-: -: I 110 AN) mow

MAP 18

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUNJAB MAIN WORKERS

1881 , BY SUB-MICRO REGIONS )

10.010.., 10.,

CI)

RAJAS'H"

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL ..... _._._ .. STATE/U.T .......... _._._ • DtSTRlCT ............. ~ _._._ • SlJB-MCRO REGIOtI .. ......... u ............... .

~

< .. ..

+

.. PERCENTAGE OF MAIiI WOIIICERS TO TOTAL ~TIOH

~ U.OIANOAIO~ ~ I lUTE. "vtJI,,~ .... OT I ~ 30.01 _ ;'':.00

~ 28.01 - 30.00

[ill ".01 - •• 00

~ t.:..:.:..:.:.: H. 00 All) J[LOW

MAP 19

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUtNAII PERCENTAGE OF LITERATES TO TOTAL POPULATION 1881

( BY SUB-MICRO REGIONS I 10.0 10 ao 1O.a

ICILOIoIITIU

BOUNDARY, UITERNAllONAL •..•• _._._ • srATE/U.T . ......... ....... _._ 01 USTRICT ••••..•••.• _._._ w IlUB-hlCRO REGION .................. ..

., (

MAP 20

...

PERCEHTAGE OF UTIRATES TO TOTAL POP\LATION IIElCa.UOM A&£-t;RO!JP O:-..!.)

~ 10.01"'" ABOV£

~ 10.01 - 70.00 .

~ 110.01 - .0.00 ~ I lTAn "VIR"" 11.151 J .

OIIJ 40.01 - 110.00

f; : : : : : :1 40.00 AN) IlELOW

CENSUS Or- INDiA

PUNJAIJ

SCHEDULED CASTES 1991

I BY SUB-MICRO REGIONS) 1050 10 ao 30 ~

BOUNDARY, INTERHATlONAl., . . __ .......... _ Of STAfE/U.T ... _ ...... _ . ..._ .. _ II DISTRICT .......... _._._ • W8-tM~O .. . . .. .. . .... _._.~ ............. ..

'f (

PERCENTAGE OF SCHEllULEO CASTE PIlPUI.ATION TO TOTAl POPUl.Al"ION

~ 15 , 01 ANi) AlOVIE

_ SO,QS - 315,00

~ Ftt21E-;,:v~\~~311

DID 20.01 - £9.00

o 20.Q() Am ua..Ow

MAP 21

PART-III

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF DISTRICTS

DISTRICT GURDASPUR

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Located in the north of Punjab State and covering an area of 3.562.00 sq.

km., Gurdaspur district lies between 31 ° 36' and 32° 34' north latitudes and 74°

56' and 75° 24'east longitudes. It is flanked by Jammu & Kashmir to the north,

Himachal Pradesh to the north-east, Hoshiarpur district to the east, Kapurthala

district to the southeast and Amritsar district to the south. The international

boundary with Pakistan makes its western boundary.

Gurdaspur district is comprised of three tahsils which among themselves

contain 1,626 villages (including 83 uninhabited) and 12 towns. The district has

not undergone any jurisdictional change after 198]. However, the ilUmber of

towns in the district has increased from 11 in 1981 to 12 in 1991. It has a

population of 1,756,732 among which 923,343 are males and 833,389 are

females. It has a density of 493 persons per sq. km. and a sex ratio of 908. This

signifies that Gurdaspur district is more densely populated and has a better sex

ratio compared with the state as such. Out of the total population in the district

1,370,320 is rural and 386,412 is urban by residence. Gurdaspur district has a

literacy rate of 61.84 per cent which is higher than that of the state as a whole.

Among males, 69.56 per cent and among females 5333 per cent are literate.

Nearly one-fourth (24.70%) of the total population in the district belongs to

scheduled castes. During 1981-91, the district population has recorded a decadal

growth rate of 16.08 per cent. Workers constitute 27.90 per cent of the total

population; 27.88 per cent as main workers and 0.02 per cent marginal workers.

Among the main workers, 29.68 per cent are cultivators, 25.85 per cent are

agricultural labourers, 0.67 per cent are engaged in household industry and 43.80

per cent are other workers.

Leaving aside some area covered under Siwalik hills in the northeast,

Gurdaspur district is a flat plain. The soils are fertile and comprised of alluvium

87

brought by Beas and Ravi rivers. Canal is the main source of irrigation. Upper

Bari Doab canal is the main canal flowing through this district. Some irrigation is

met through tube wells also.

The district has a well developed network of roads and railways. National

Highways No.l(A) and No.15 cross through this district. In the field of industry,

Batala is known for the manufacture of engineering goods/machine tools, while

Dhariwal is famous for woolen textiles.

Gurd~spur district is a part of Ravi- Beas Inter-Fluvial Plain (sub-micro

region code 2.1.1) and on the basis Physio-geographic factors it is further sub­

divided into following five sub-micro regions.

2.1.1.1 Gurdaspur Sbivalik

This sub-micro region spreads over extreme northeastern part of the

district and covers 328.90 sq. km area which makes 9.21 per cent of the total area

of the district. It is comprised of 56 villages all of which belong to Pathankot

tahsil. It has a population of 92,527 among which 48,529 are males and 43,998

are females. This region is entirely rural. It has a density of 281 persons per sq.

km. Out of the total population of the region, 51,343 are literates. Nearly one-fifth

(20.79%) of the region's population belongs to scheduled castes. Workers

constitute 27.65 per cent of the total popUlation; 27.62 per cent as main workers

and 0.03 per cent as marginal workers.

Geologically, the region is comprised of Siwaliks and soils are Ochrepts,

Orthents- Rock- Outcrops and Orthids with hilly topography The maximum

height of about 2,800 feet is seen near village Loharan and the minimum (1,301

feet) near Phadial village in Pathankot tahsil. The region is intercepted by small

rivulets, viz., Chaki Khad and Jabbar Khad. It is thickly covered under forest

which are mainly pine wood, deodar, kail, teak and bamboo trees. The soils are

88

sandy loam to silt loam and are highly permeable and thus cannot hold water for a

longer period.

Agriculture is the main occupation of the peopl~ and cultivation is mainly

confined to hill slopes and is dependent upon rainfall. Maize, wheat and rice are

the important crops grown in the region. Owing to its hil1y topography, the region

is comparatively less developed.

2.1.1.2 Gurdaspur Upland

This region extends over parts of Pathankot and Gurdaspur tahsils. It

covers an area of 790.10 sq. krn which makes 22.18 per cent of the total area of

the district. It is an alluvial fan. This region includes 425 villages (178 villages of

Pathankot tahsil and 247 villages of Batala tahsil) and 4 towns namely Sujanpur,

Pathankot, Dinanagar and Gurdaspur. The region has a population of 596,520

which makes nearly one-third (33.96%) of the total population of the district. Out

of the total population 62.99 per cent is residing in rural areas and 37.01 per cent

in urban areas of the region. Out of the total population, 28.69 per cent belong to

scheduled castes. Almost 7 out of every 10 persons (69.63%) are literate. 27.50

per cent of the total population is recorded as workers; 27.32 per cent as main

workers and 0.18 per cent as marginal workers.

The region has a well developed network of roads and railways. National

Highway No.15 connecting Amritsar and Pathankot and further to Jammu passes

through this region. The district is well connected with broad gauge railway line

connecting important towns in the district. In addition, there is a narrow gauge

railway line connecting Pathankot with Nurpur Bedi in Himachal Pradesh.

The soils are shallow black alluvium classified as Ochrepts, Orthepts­

Orthents-Rock-Outcrops-Orthids. The region is virtually devoid of vegetation

except for the occurrence of trees like shisham, ber, kikar, phulahi, neem, jamun

and pipal. As true in the case of State as a whole, the climate of the region is

89

extreme hot in summer and extreme cold in the winter. The rainfall is mainly

confined to monsoon months of June to September. This region receives some

rains during winters which are very beneficial for rabi crops. The main source of

irrigation is through canal and tubewell. Wheat, maize and rice are the main crops

grown in this region.

2.1.1.3 Ravi Flood Plain

Tms region covenng 278 villages ( Pathankot tahsil- 143 villages,

Gurdaspur tahsil- 88 villages and Batala tahsil - 47 villages) stretches in a narrow

belt along the river Ravi flowing in northeast to southwest direction. River Ravi

wmch flows through this region makes its flood plain wmch is wider in northern

part and tapers towards the south. As such, the villages in tms region are subjected

to floods during rainy season. The region is essentially a plain area with gradient

varying between 236 metres and 322 metres. It covers an area of 464.58 sq. km

which makes 13.04 per cent of the total area of the district. The region has a

population of 144,281 including 75,218 males and 69,063 females. Out of the

total population in this region 136,901 is rural and 7,380 urban. It has a literacy

rate of 49.10 per cent. One-third (34.11 %) of the population in this region belongs

to Scheduled Castes. In this region 29.49 per cent of the population is recorded

as worker; 28.62 per cent as main workers and 0.87 per cent as marginal workers.

Geologically the region is comprised of alluvium. The soils are Ochrepts

and Ochrepts-Orthents-Rock-Outcrops-Orthids. The natural vegetation includes

mango trees, kikar and jamun. Shrubs and reeds are also found along the river

belts. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people and wheat, maize and the

rice are the main crops grown. The region is relatively less developed.

2.1.1.4 Batala Plain

This region spreads over parts of Gurdaspur and Batala tahsils and is

relatively a lowland plain. It includes 217 villages of Gurdaspur tahsil and 419

90

villages of Batala tahsil, besides 5 towns namely, Batala Qadian, Fatehgarh

Churian, Fateh NangaI and Dhariwal. It covers an area of 1,522.42 sq.km which

makes 42.74 per cent of the total area of the district. The region is inhabited by

770,765 persons; 407,991 males and 362,774 females. The region has a density of

506 persons per sq. km. and thus, is more densely populated than the district and

also the state as a whole. 56.88 per cent of popUlation in the region is literate

which is less than that of the c.listrict. A little over one-fifth (21.70%) of the

population in the region pertains to scheduled castes. Out of the total popUlation

29.15 per cent of the population is recorded as workers; 29.02 per cent are main

workers and 0.13 per cent as marginal workers.

Geologically the region is having alluvium and the soils are Ochrepts and

Ochrepts-Orthents-Rock-Outcrops-Orthids. Agriculture is the main occupation of

the people and the region has a well developed system of canal and tubewell

irrigation. Wheat, maize, rice and sugarcane are the principal crops grown in this

region. The region has a well developed system of roads and railways.

2.1.1.5 Beas Flood Plain

Covering an area of 456.00 sq. km., the region spreads extends along the

Beas river covering parts of Pathankot, Gurdaspur and Batala tahsils. It includes

231 villages (38 of Patbankot tahsil, 167 of Gurdaspur tahsil and 26 of Batala

tahsil) besides Sri Hargobindpur town. It has a population of 152,632 comprised

of 78,166 males and.74,466 females. The region has a literacy rate of 58.61 per

cent and 17.55 per cent of the population belongs to Scheduled Castes.

From the point of view of geology, it is comprised of fine alluvium. The

soils are Ochrepts and Ochrepts-Orthents-Rock Outcrops-Orthids. These soils are

shallow black and brown. The natural vegetation includes, neem, kikar, shisham,

sarkanda and reeds. Agriculture is the main stay of the people, and wheat, maize

and rice are the main crops grown.

*****

91

CENSUS OF INDIA

\

~ I

GlIlOASPOR SlWAU<. __ •• 2 . I • I. I GURDASPUR· IJPLAHI)_.....:. •• 2. I • I • 2 RAVI FLOOO PLAlH. ••• _____ ! . I • I • ~ BATALA PLAIL. ____ ! . I . L. " SEAS FLOOD PLAIN •• _ •• _ ! . I • I • 5

Q TO """,,,,"

MAP 22

PUIWA8

DISTRICT GURDASPUR CElllUa:CODI! 01

REQlONAL DI~ISION8

KMT ! t r T T TKIIa

, o

~ARY ... TEFatATK>NAl. •••• •• •• • 0 ••• 0 . 0 _ •• _ ' •• _

ST4TE .•• . .... •. .• .. •• .• .. •. _ •• _ •• __ • DISTRICT •• .. •• ..•••• •. •• •• .• _. _ • _ • TAHSL . • •. .. •... •• •. .•.•.. .. _ . _ . _

VLLAGE HAVlNO '000 , ABOVE POPU..ATlON. • i lIlBAH AREA . . .. .. . . ...• ...••. •. .• . •.. ~ NATIONAL HIGHWAY. . .. . . •• .. •• •. •. •• • . .. II! "

STATE ttGHWAY .. . . ..... , . . .. .. . . ... 0 •• at " IMPORTANT METALLED ROAD •.. •. , .. , •. .. _~ __ RALWAY UHE WITH STATION, BROAD GAUGE . . ~..,dllih .... _

RAl.WAY LINE WITH STATION, HARROW ~UGE. • • ••• • RlVER .... .... ... ••..••••.•• ••...• •• .. ~

REGIONAL D1V1SIOHS . . . . .. . . .. . • .. . . .. .. ..2 . I . I . I MACRO . • .• •• •• •• .. • • •. •• •••• •• •• •. • ' •• It

MESO •.• . •••••. •.••.• ••••• . •. •• MICRO . , •••. . , . . •• •• •• •. •• . • ••

SU8-MlCRO WITH BotNlARY . • •.

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DISTRICT AMRITSAR

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Located in the north-western part of the State and covering. an area of

5,087.00 sq.km, Amritsar district is bounded by Gurdaspur district in the north,

Kapurthala district in the east, Firozpur district in the south and Pakistan to its

west. River Beas separates Amritsar district from Kapurthala district in the east,

and river Satluj separates it from Firozpur district in the south.

Amritsar district includes 1,242 villages (including 39 uninhabited) and 10

towns spreading over 5 tahsils in the district. According to 1991 Census, Amritsar

district has a population of 2,504,560 comprised of 1,337,503 males and

1,167,057 females. This makes 12.35 per cent of the State's total population.

During this decade, the state has witnessed a population growth rate of 14.44 per

cent. Almost three-fifths (58.09%) of the population in the district is literate; the

corresponding figures for males and females are 65.07 and 50.10 per cent. In the

district, 30.67 per cent of the population is recoded as main workers.

Industrially, Amritsar town is famous for the manufacture of woolen

textile, artificial textiles, carpets, pashmina wools, chemical and engineering

goods. The district has a well developed network of roads and railways. National

Highway No.1 and National Highway No.IS pass through this district. The towns

of Jandiala, Rayya and Amritsar are located along NH 1, while Tam Taran town

is located on NH 15.

The district is devoid of any significant vegetal cover except for shisham,

mango, neem and kikar trees. Wheat, maize, rice and sugarcane are the main

crops grown in the district.

103

Amritsar district is a part of Ravi-Beas Inter-Fluvial Plain (2.1.1) and is

sub- divided into foHowing four sub- micro regions on the basis of soils, climate,

topography, vegetation~

2.1.1.1 Satluj and Beas Flood Plain

This region spreads over the parts of Baba Bakala, Tarn Taran and Patti

tahsils . In fact it is an extended part of Beas Flood Plain (2.1.15) of Gurdaspur

district. It lies in the eastern portion of Arnritsar district and Beas river flows in

northeast to southwest direction. This river separates Amritsar district from

Kapurthala district. Satluj river also flows in the extreme southern part of this

region and it merges with Beas river at Harike (Arnritsar district). Both these

rivers are perennial. This region covers an area of 775.13 sq.krn and includes 150

villages (20 villages of Baba Bakala tahsil, 66 villages of Tam Taran tahsil and 64

villages of Patti tahsil). The total population of this region is 193,583 out of which

103,120 are males and 90,463 are females. The density of population is 250

persons per sq.krn in 1991 as against 218 as per 1981. This region is entirely rural.

It has a sex ratio of 877 females per 1000 males and 52.88 percent of the

population is literate as per 1991 census. Three out of every ten persons (30.64%)

in this region belong to Scheduled Castes. 31.32 percent of the total population in

the region is recorded as main workers and 68.68 percent are non-workers.

The geology of the region is alluvium. The soils are Psamments- F1uvents­

Aquents and Ochrepts- Rock-Out crops - Orthids.

The region has a well developed net work of roads and railways.

Agriculture is the major activty of the people and wheat, maize, rice and

sugarcane are their main crops grown in the regIOn. The vegetation includes

shisham, neem, grass, reeds and sarkanda.

2.1.1.2 Tarn Taran Plain

104

This region spreads over the parts of Tarn Taran and Patti tahsils and is a

fertile alluvial Plain. It covers 361 villages (132 villages of Tarn taran tahsil and

229 villages of Patti tahsil) and three towns namely Tarn Taran, Bhikhiwind and

Patti. The region has a population of 649,706 persons out of which 562,443 are

residing in rural and 87,263 in urban areas. The total area of this plain is 1,751.48

sq.km out of which 1,701.18 sq.km is rural and 50.30 sq.km is urban. This region

has a density of371 persons per sq.km as against 346 in 1981. During this decade

the population of this region has increased from 594,793 in 198] to 649,706 in

1991 at the decadal growth rate of9.23 per cent. Out of 649,706 persons, 349,054

are males and 300,652 females giving an over all sex ratio of 861 As per 1991

Census, this region has a literacy rate of 53.50 per cent. The Scheduled Castes

comprise 30.66 per cent of the total population of this region. The workers

constitute 31.37 per cent of the total population; 31.36 percent are main workers,

0.01 per cent marginal workers, and 68.63 per cent are non- workers.

The region is almost a plain area. Few pockets of reserved forests are

found in this region. Pocket of Rakh Sarai Amanat Khan is found near the village

Sariai Amanat Khan. The natural vegetation includes shisham, jarnun, neem, kikar

and mango trees.

This region has a well developed system of canals/distributaries and main

among them namely are, Upper Bari Doab canal, Basarke distributaries, Kasur

branch lower, Patti distributary, Chabal distributary and Sirhali distributary.

The road net work in the region is also well developed. National Highway

No.1 connecting Amritsar city with Makhu passes through this region. The soils

are Psarnments-Fluvents-Aquents and Ochrepts-Orthents-Rock-Outcrops-Orthids.

Wheat, maize, rice and sugarcane are the main crops grown in this area.

2.1.1.3 Amritsar Plain

105

This region covers almost the upper half of Amritsar district. It spreads

over the parts of Ajnala, Amritsar and Baba Bakala tahsils of Amritsar district. It

includes 581 vilages (247 of Amritsar,196 of Ajnala and 138 of Baba Bakala

tahsils) and seven urban centres. The important towns falling in this region are,

Amritsar, Amritsar Cantt, Majitha, Jandiala and Rayya. This region extends over

an area of 2,181.86 sq.krn and has a population of 1,584,252 persons including

844,424 males and 739,828 females giving an over all sex ratio of 876 females

per 1000 males. Out of the total population 8] 7,684 are residing in rural and

766,568 in urban areas. It has a density of 726 persons per sq. km. The population

of the region has increased from 1,358,246 in 198] to 1,584,252 in 1991. Thus,

there is a net increase of 226,006 persons resulting in an over all growth rate of

16.64 percent during 1981-91. The region has a literacy rate of 6l. 68 percent. A

total of 432,621 persons in the region belong to Scheduled Castes and they make

27.32 percent of the total population of the region. Out of the total populaton,

30.35 per cent are main workers, 0.01 per cent are margi .... ) 'vorkers and 69.64

are non- workers .

This region has a well developed net work of canals/distributaries; the

important among them are Upper Bari Doab Canal, Majita distibutary, Doburji

distributary, Lower Kasur Branch, Tangra distriutary, Dhar Deo distributary,

Ajnala distributary and Mamanwala distributary. There are some pockets of

reserved forest in this zone. The main vegetation includes shisham, neem, jamun,

kiker and mango. The soils are alluvial. But due to large content of salt, large part

of land becomes Kallar which is unfit for cultivation to some extent.

National Highway No.IS and No. 16 and State Highway No.2 I, 22 and 25

pass through this region. Soils are comparatively less fertile. Agriculture is the

main occupation and wheat, maize, rice, mustard and sugarcane are the important

crops grown in this region

2.1.1.4 Ravi Flood Plain

106

Ravi Flood Plain is located in the northwestern part of Amritsar district. It

is surrounded by Gurdaspur district in the north, Amritsar Plain in the east and

southeast and by Pakistan in the west. This region being a flood plain, most of the

villages are subjected to floods during rainy season. Some of the villages are

located along the course of Ravi river and most of them are uninhabited. Sub-soil

water table is very high. The natural vegetation includes taWi, sarkanda, kikar,

phulahi, mango and neem. Tall grass (three metres high) is also found along the

river bed. State Highway No.25 connecting Ajnala with Ramdas passes through

this region.

Soils in this region are Ochrepts-Orthents-Rock-Out crops-Orthids.

Agriculture is the main activity of the people. Rice, wheat and maize are the

principal crops grown in this region.

This is an extension of Ravi Flood Plain(2.1.1. 3) in Gurdaspur district. It covers

an area of 382.11sq.km and has a population of 77,019 as per 1991 Census. It

includes 150 villages of Ajnala tahsil and is entirely rural. Out of 77,019 persons

40,905 are males and 36,114 are females. It has a density of 202 persons per

sq.km as against 173 in 1981. The population of this region has increased from

65,740 in 1981 to 77,019 in 1991 resulting in an over all growth rate of ·17.16

percent during 1981-91. The region has a sex ratio of 883 females per 1000 males,

and 31.35 percent of the population is literate. 13.28 per cent of the region's

population belongs to Scheduled Castes. Out of the total population 31.29 per cent

are main workers and 68.71 per cent are non- workers; the share of marginal

workers being negligible.

*****

107

CENSUS OF INDIA •

-

SATlUJ AND SEAS FlOOD PLAIN .............. 2 • I . I. I TARN TARAN PlAIN .......... _ ...... _ ................ 2 . I . , • 2 AMRITSAR PlAIN ....... _ ...... _ ... _ ...................... 2 . , . I . 3 RAVI FLOOD PLAIN ..................... _ .................. 2 • , . , . 4

1IIm38 ~-n.INDfT.-.QtQTI

Dn~~~-1tOCK

PUNJAB

.DlSTRICT AMRITSAR CENSUS CODE 02

REGIONAL DIVISIONS KmS 0 10 ~ 20Km

~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;l;;;;;;;;o;;;~

SoutI>ARY, INTERNATIONAL ...••• . ....•••.• _._._ • DISTRICT ... . •.••.•• . . • ... _ ._ ._ • TAt-tSl.. . . .. ... . . - - ... ... ... _ ._.-

VILLAGE HAVING 11000 , ABOVE PPPULATION . • • • • . • URBAN AREA . .. .. .. .. ... ........... _ .. -NATIONAL IfGHWAY • • • • • • . • • • • . . • . . . • • . NH' STAn: ttGHWAY . • • • . • . • • • • • • . . . . . . • . . SH 21 IMPORTANT METALLED ROAD . • . .•... .• . . • . • _~_

MAP 23

RALWAY LINE WITH STATION, BROAD GAUGE . • • . • • • RIVER AND STREAM, RESERVED FOREST .. . .. ..... ~ ;~~~~:7 REGIONAL Df\IlIIOHS • • • . . . . . • • • . . . . • • • • • 2 . ' . '. 2

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DISRICT HOSHIARPUR

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Hoshiarpur district is a sub-montane region located in the northeast of

Punjab State. It stretches from river Beas in the northwest to river Satluj in the

southeast. It is bounded by Gurdaspur district in the north, Himachal Pradesh and

Rupnagar districts in the east and lalandhar and Kapurthala districts in the south.

Administratively, the district is comprised of 4 tahsils which among themselves

include 1,623 villages (including 32 uninhabited) and 9 towns. These four tahsils

namely are; Dasua, Hoshiarpur, Garhshankar and Balachaur. It has a population

of 1,455,028 (including 758,125 males and 696,903 females). The district has a

sex ratio of919 females per thousand males and a density of375 persons per sq.

km. Out of the total population 1,232,890 is rural and 222,138 urban by residence.

It is the most. literate district in the State as 70.74 per cent of the population has

the ability to read and write. Among males, 79.31 per cent and among females,

61.48 per cent are literate. During this decade the popUlation in the district has

increased from 1,245,374 in 1981 to 1,455,028 in 1991 exhibiting a decennial

growth rate of 16.83 per cent. It is the least urbanized district in the state as only

15.27 per cent of its popUlation is urban. Almost one-third (33.32 %) of the

population in the district is Scheduled Castes. In the district 28.86 per cent of the

population is recorded as workers; 27.84 per cent as main workers, 1.02 per cent

as marginal workers and 71.14 per cent are non-workers. Among the main

workers, 53.99 per cent are engaged in agricultural workers (cultivators- 30.44 %

and agricultural labourers 23.55 %). 2.39 per cent in household industry and

43.62 per cent are other workers'.

River Beas flows along the northern bOlUldary and river Satluj flows along

the southern boundary of the district. Both these rivers are perennial in nature. The

district is dissected by numerous choes which are seasonal in nature. The geological

structure of the district is comprised of siwalik and alluvium. The soils are Ochrepts­

Orthents-Rock-Out crops- Orthids.

118

Hoshiarpur district was known for Jacquerware ivory goods and ornamental

furniture. The district has a fairly well developed network of roads and the railways.

It was an important centre for resin and turpentine industries in the State. In addition,

important industries in the district include, spinning mills, manufacture of pressure

cooker, paper mills and engineering products.

Agriculturally, the district is relatively less productive due to its difficult

terrain. Wheat, maize, rice and sugarcane are the main crops grown in this area

Hoshiarpur district is a part of Hoshiarpur-Chandigarh Sub-Montane Plain

(2.1.2) micro-region. Based on the physio-geographic factors, the district is divided

into following four sub-micro regions~

2.1.2.1 Beas Flood Plain

Locally termed as 'Bet' area, this region lies in the extreme northern part of

the district. It has an area of 329.80 sq.km. and covers 1 S4 villages of Dasua tahsil.

The region is entirely rural As the name reflects, it is the flood plain of river Beas

which flows along the northern boundary of this district and suddenly takes a tum to

its left and then flows towards the south. Being flood plain, the region is frequently

under the threats of floods during monsoon period and as such quite a number of

villages located along the river bed have either no population or have very little

population. This region has a gradient varying between 304 metres near village

F atehpur in the north and 232 meters near village Gandowal in the extreme west. The

Black Bein also flows through this region and due to occurrence of frequent floods

pucca embankment has also been constructed along the Beas river. The water table is

very high. especially during the rainy season.

Population of the region is 104,655 comprised of 52,945 males and 51,710

females. This region has a density of 317 persons per sq. km and a sex ratio of 971

females per 1000 males. It has experienced population growth rate of 15.30 per cent

during this decade. Out of the total population, 18,017 persons are Scheduled Castes.

119

The region has a literacy rate of 55.78 per cent. 26.06 per cent of the population is

recoded as workers; 25.39 as main workers, 0.67 per cent marginal workers, and

73.94 per cent are non~workers.

Wheat, rice, maize and sugarcane are the main crops grown. The natural

vegetation includes shisham, mango, phulahi, kikar, reeds and sarkanda. Region is

not well developed with regard to road network.

2.1.2.2 Choes of Hosbiarpur

The region IS surrounded by Beas flood plain in the north and west,

Hoshiarpur Siwalik and Himachal Pradesh in the east, and districts of Kapurthala and

Jalandhar in the south and west. The river Satluj flows along the southern boundary

of the district. It is highly dissected by numerous rain-fed seasonal choes. These

choes rise from the Hoshiarpur Siwalik and tenninate in this region. The gradient

varies between 343 metres near village Chakladian of Hoshiarpur tahsil and 231

metres near village Talwandi Salhan of Dasua tahsil.

This region includes 1,212 villages (Dasua tahsil-375, Hoshiarpur tahsil- 465,

Garhshankar tahsil-255 and Balachaur tahsil-II7) and 8 towns. It has an area of

2,269.35 sq. lan. and a population of 1,132,335. The density of population in the

region is 499 persons per sq. km which is significantly higher than that of 1981

(411). The population of the region has witnessed an increase of 17.59 per cent

during this decade. As regards literacy, it ranks quite high as 69.20 per cent of the

population in this region is literate. 36.26 per cent of population in this region

belongs t<;> Scheduled Castes. Workers constitute 29. 19 per cent of the total

population; 27.98 per cent as main workers and 1.21 per cent as marginal workers.

The soils of the region are Ochrepts-Orthents-Rockout crops- Orthids

and Fluvents-Ochrepts, Ochrepts- Psamments . These loamy sand to silt loam in the

eastern part and are fertile. The natural vegetation includes pi pal, shisham, mango,

neem and jamun trees. Agriculture is the main occupation and wheat, maize, rice and

sugarcane are the main crops grown in this area.

120

Jiational HighwaY-1 (A), State Highway-22, 23 and 24 pass through this

district. Besides, railway lines, connecting Nawanshahr with Jaijo and Hosbiapur

with Adampur pass through this region.

2.1.2.3 Hoshiarpur Siwalik

This regIon runs along the eastern bOlmdary of the district in

northwest- southeast direction in a narrow belt covering parts of all the four tahsi1s in

the district. It includes 217 villages besides Talwara census town. The region is

bounded by Himachal Pradesh and Rupnagar districts to the east, Satluj Khadar to

the south and choes of Hoshiarpur in the west. The rock structure is of unconsolidated

material and subject to soil erosion during rains. The choes originate from these hills

and move towards western parts of the district. They are seasonal in nature. The soils

are sandy loam to silt loam and are classified as Ochrepts-Psamments and Fluvents­

Ochrepts and Ochrepts- Orthents. There are several choeslkhuds in the region and the

main among them is Kamahi Devi khud. This flows towards northwest direction and

joins the Beas river. The other streamslkhuds flowing through this region are Chak

Natha-di-Khad, Khabe-di-Khad, Kajman-di-Khud, Halowar-di-choe and Bash khad.

The region has relatively the thick vegetal coveT. There are few reserved forests such

as Karanpur RF, Bindra Ban RF and Nand Bir RF. Deodar and mango are the main

trees.grown in this area.

The region has a population density of 168 persons per sq. krn and thus is

comparatively less densely populated. It has a population of 201,371 comprised of

105,270 males and 96,101 females resulting in an overall sex ratio of 913 females per

1000 males. Out of the total population, 183,992 is residing in rural areas and 17,379

in urban areas. This region has experienced a growth rate of Ii. 97 per cent during

1981-91.0ne-fourth of the total population (25.38%) in the region belongs to

Scheduled Castes. Workers constitute 29.23 per cent of the population; 27.81 per cent

as main workers, 1.42 per cent marginal workers and 70.77 per cent are non-workers.

121

The road and rail transport system in region is relatively less developed

owing to its hilly topography. Agriculture is the main activity and grazing of cattle is

also important in this region.

2.1.2.4 Satluj Khadar

It occupies the extreme southern part of the district and covers 40 villages of

Balachaur t~it The region is entirely rural and covers an area of 84.95 sq. km. It is

inhabited by 16,667 persons comprised of 9,412 males and 7,255 females. It has a

density >of 196 persons per sq. km as against 13 6 in 1981. The population of the

region has increased from 10,284 in 1981 to 16.667 in 1991 exhibiting a decadal

increase of 62.07 per cent. The region has a literacy rate of 46.76 per cent and 30.78

per cent of the population belongs to Scheduled Castes. In this region workers

constitute 36.70 per cent of the population; 33.80 per cent main workers and 2.90 per

cent marginal workers.

The river Satluj flows ~ong the southern boundary of the region and causes

floods during rainy season. The water table is quite high. The geology is alluvium. It

is a flat land with gradient varying between 859 feet in near village Mandher and 881

feet near village Dugri.

The soils of Ochrepts-Psamments which are sandy loam to s;lt loam in

texture. Wheat, rice, maize and sugarcane are the important crops grown. The natural

vegetation includes, neem, tahli and sarkanda.

*****

122

S OF INDIA

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PUNJAB

DISTRICT HOSHIARPUR CENSUS CODE 07

REGIONAL DIVISIONS I0Il e 0 8 10 JI5 20 KIlt

MAP 24

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DISRICT RUPNAGAR

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Located in the eastern part of the state, Rupnagar district is sub-montane

in character. The Siwalik range stretches in northwest - southeast direction. It is

surrounded by Himachal Pradesh in the northeast, Haryana state and union

territory of Chandigarh in the east, Patiala district in the south and the districts of

Hoshiarpur and Ludhiana districts in the west.

Covering an area of 2,085.00 sq. km. and a population of 915,603 this

district spreads over all the three tahsils of the district. It includes 917 villages

(including 22 uninhabited) and 8 towns of the district. The district has a density of

439 persons per sq. km. Out of the total population 489,671 are males and

425,932 females resulting in an over all sex ratio of 870 females per 1000 males.

Scheduled Castes constitute almost one-fourth (24.57%) of the total population of

the district. It has a literacy rate of 68.14 per cent and is more literate than the

State as a whole; the literacy rate for males and females being 76.45 per cent and

58.54 per cent respectively. In the district workers constitute 30.07 per cent of the

population; 29.40 per cent as main workers and 0.67 per cent as marginal

workers.

Climatically, the region experiences extremes in climate. Summers are

hot with temperature often rising beyond 43° centigrade. In winter, the

temperature gets as low as 3° centigrade.

River Satluj passes through this district. It is the source for Bhakra Dam

located in Himachal Pradesh where Gobind Sagar Lake has been artificially built

for storing the waters of river Satluj. The electricity generated at Bhakra Dam is a

boom to the entire region for supply of power and irrigation water.

132

The district has made significant progress in the development of

industries. Many new industries have come up. The major among them are

National Fertilizers at Nangal, Electronics unit at S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali). In

addition, industrial centres are set up along the Kharar-Rupnagar highway. The

main industries located along this road include milk plant, manufacture of tractor

and tractor parts, medicines, spun pipes, TV sets, surgical instruments, textiles

and sugar mills.

The district has a well developed system of roads and railways. National

Highway No.21 passes through this district. Morinda-Naya Nangal railway line

passes through-this district.

Soils of the district are Ochrepts-Psamments and Ochrepts-Orthents. The

geological structure of the district is consisted of siwalik and alluvium. The

natural vegetation includes kikar, shisham, pipal, neem, jamun. reed and sarkanda.

Wheat, maize, rice, sugarcane, mustard oil, potatoes are the main crops grown in

this district.

District Rupnagar is part o~ the Hoshiapur-Chandigarh Sub-Montane Plain

(2.1.2) micro region. On the basis of physiographic factors, the district is sub­

divided into the following three sub-micro regions.

2.1.2.1 Upper Satluj Basin

This region covers 289 villages (146 of Anandpur tahsil and 143 of

Rupnagar tahsil) and four urban centres namely, Naya Nangal, Nangal Township,

Anandpur Sahib and Rupnagar. The region has a popUlation of 298,689 and an

area of627.32 sq. km.

This region stretches in a narrow strip of land between the Siwaliks in its

upper northern part of Rupnagar district, and Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur districts in

133

the west. To its north and northeast lies:Himachal Pradesh and Rupnagar Siwalik.

In the south and southeast, it is bounded by Kharar plain. River Satluj flows

through this region in northeast to southwest direction and then turns towards

right side to make its boundary between Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar district. The

region is also drained by small seasonal tributaries which originate from

Rupnagar Siwaliks. Being sub- montane in nature, the gradient varies between

355 metres near village Manakpur (Anandpur Sahib tahsil) and 257 metres near

village Dala (Rupnagar tahsil). The villages located along the Satluj river are

often subjected to floods during rainy season. There are few khads/choes and nadis

and the main among them. are Budki nadi, Siswan nadi, Chelanwali khad,

Sitlabari -di- khad, Donala- dj- khad and Charanganga nadi.

The National Highway No.21 Jeading to Bilaspur in Himachal Pradesh

crosses through this region. All other towns in the region are well connected with

roads. The railway line connecting Nanga1 Township and Morinda passes

through this region.

Out of the total population, 157,391 are males and 141,298 are females

giving an overall sex ratio of 998 females per 1000 males. More than two-thirds

(68.96%) of the population in the region is rural and about one-third (31. 04%) is

urban. It has a population of 298,689 as against 243,594 in 1981 exhibiting a

decadal growth rate of 22.62 per cent during this decade. It has a density of 476

persons per sq.km and thus, is relatively more densely populated than the district

as such. 21.34 per cent of the population belongs to Scheduled Castes. This

region has a literacy rate of 58.47 per cent. 28.07 per cent of the total popUlation

is reported as main workers, 0.92 per cent marginal workers and 71.01 per cent

are non-workers.

From the point of view of agriculture, wheat, maize, rice and sugarcane

are the main crops grown. The natural vegetation includes shisham, neem, jamun,

134

mango, reeds and sarkanda. The soils are Ochrepts-Psamments and Ochrepts­

Orthents and the geological structure is comprised of al1uvium.

2.1.2.2 Rupnagar Siwalik

Fairly scattered all over the district, this regton covers 92 villages of

Anandpur Sahib tahsil, 17 villages of Rupnagar tahsil and 10 villages of Kharar

tahsil. It has an area of 435.94 sq. kms. and a population of 90,800 which is

entirely rural. This region has a density of 208 persons per sq. km. and a sex ratio

of 838. The region has recorded a literacy rate of 56.41 per cent and the work

participation rate of 31.47 per cent as per 1991 Census; 29.54 per cent as main

workers and 1.93 per cent as marginal workers. The scheduled caste population

constitutes 22.16 per cent of the total population of the region.

The region being hilly has an elevation of up to 1,574 metres near village

Rajgiri of Anandpur Sahib tahsil and 458 metres near village Kansal in Kharar

tahsil. The region is dissected by seasonal choes and khads, namely, Hum khad,

Dabatwali khad and Jayanti Devi-Rao. The soils are Ochrepts-Psamments and

Ochrepts-Orthents which are coarse grain and sandy loam in character. Due to the

hilly topography, this region has comparatively less developed system of roads

and rails. Kutcha tracks link different places at many places. Besides agriculture,

wood cutting is an important activity. The slopes of hill provide platform for

agriculture. Rice, wheat and maize are the main crops grown in the area.

2.1.2.3 Kbarar Plain

This region covers 225 villages of Rupnagar tahsil and 284 villages of

Kharar tahsil besides four towns, namely Morinda, Kurali, Kharar and SAS Nagar

(Mohali). This region has a population of 526,114, among which 386,516 are

residing in rural areas and 139,598 in urban areas.

135

Kharar Plain is bounded by upper Satluj Basin in the north and Rupnagar

Siwalik in the northeast. The Union territory of Chandigarh and Patiala district

lies to its south and Ludhiana district lies to its west. The region has a dissected

topography caused due to numerous choeslstreams. The important choes/streams

traversing through this region include Sugh Rao, Haripur Nala, Budki Khad. In

addition, Sirhind canal, Bhakra canal. Samrala major and Bhamian minor also

traverse through this region.

The soils are Ochrepts-Psamments and Ochrepts-Orthents and are very

fertile. The geological structure of the region is alluvium. Wheat, maize, rice,

groundnuts and sugarcane are the chief crops grown in the area.

This is the well developed part of the district. All the four towns located in

this region are connected by roads. The region is important for the manufacture of

meqicines, woolen and cotton textiles, tractor and tractor parts, electronic items,

milk anq sugar.

*****

136

CENSUS OF INDIA

c . ,. 8OUhDARY, STATE/U.T . .... .... .. ..... . .. _ .. _ .. _

• DlS1RtCT ...... .. ............ _._. _ • TAta .. ...... .. .... .. ...... . _._._

VLLAGE HAVM 1S000 'ABOVE POPLU.TION . • Ifi8AN AREA . : .. .. .. .. .. .. •. .• .. .. .. .. NA TICHAL tIGHW AY .... ...... .. •. .. .. .. _-,tttll:UlO21,--_ STATE ttGHWAY .. .. .. ' .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. _ ... SHILI..Iio2;:r,.4_

t.tPORT ANT METALLED ROAD .. .. .. .. .. .. .. a RALWAY l.t£ WITH STATION, BROAD GAUGE .. _ .... _~_ RIVER AN) STREAM, RESERVED FOREST .. .. .. ~:ii; REGIONAl DNJSDNS .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Z. I . ~. 2

MACRO ...... .. .. ...... .. .... .. .... I i I J. MESO ......... . .. ...... ........ ..

MICRO .... ....... .. .. .. .... .. .. sue- MICRO WITH BOUNDARY " . . ..

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DISTRICT RUPNAGAR

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CENSUS CODE 08 REGIONAL DIVISIONS

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AREA LOIT TO T AHSl. BAUCHAIII or DISTRICT HOSHlARPII!" ........... " .•

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JALANDHAR DISTRICT

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

lalandhar district is bounded by Hoshiarpur in the east, Kapurthala in the

west, and Firozpur and Ludhiana districts in the south. For the purposes of

regional divisions, it includes four tahsils (including 14 towns) of lalandhar

district and Phagwara tahsil (including phagwara town) of Kapurthala district.

The river Satluj flowing in the south separates it from Ludhiana and Firozpur

districts.

Climatically, the. district is marked with severe hot summer and severe

cold winter. The temperature in summers touches 45° centigrade. The district

receives rains during the monsoon months of July to September. During winters,

some rainfall is received due to western disturbances, which is very beneficial for

growing of rabi crops.

Satluj is the mam flver flowing along the southern boundary of this

district. The district is marked with a number of choes or seasonal streams which

get flooded during rainy season. The White Bein and the Black Bein which are

seasonal streams also pass through this district. Geologically, the district is

comprised of fine alluvium and is highly beneficial for agriculture. The main

crops grown include wheat, maize, groundnuts, sugarcane, pulses and vegetables.

Canals and tube wells provide the main source of irrigation. Shisham, pipal,

kikar, neam, jamun, reed and sarkanda are the main trees grown.

The district has a population of 2,026,787 comprised of 1,067,093 males

and 959,694 females. Out of the total population, 1,297,985 are residing in rural

areas and 727,802 in urban areas.

146

lalandhar district is part of micro region Beas Satluj Doab (2.1.3) and is

further divided into three sub- micro regions on the basis of physio- geographic

factors. Phagwara tahsil of Kapurthala district is also considered as a part of

Jalandhar district while demarcating these sub- micro regions.

2.1.3.1 Bhogpur-Adampur Plain

Extending over parts of lalandhar, Phagwara and Nawanshahr tahsils, this

sub-micr region includes 168 villages of lalandhar tahsil, 45 villages of

Nawanshahr tahsil and 69 villages of Phagwara tahsil, besides three towns

namely, Bhogpur, Alawalpur and Adampur. It covers an area of 772.14 sq.km and

has a population of 324,630 (168,043 males and 156,587 females). The region has

a sex ratio of 931 and a density of 420 persons per sq.km. Out of the total

population, 297,985 is rural and 26,695 urban. During 1981-91 the region has

experienced a population growth of 18.61 per cent. 67.71 per cent of the

popUlation is literate which is somewhat higher than the literacy rate of the district

as such. 43.40 per cent of its population pertains to Scheduled Castes. In the total

popUlation 28.99 per cent are workers; 27.71 per cent are main workers, 1.28

marginal workers, and 71.01 per cent are non-workers.

The entire region IS, by and large, a flat plain with gradient varying

between 255 metres and 249 metres. Raunala choe, Kinganwala choe, White

Bein, Kail Nata and Choe Nala flow through this region which are seasonal.

Among the major canals/distributaries, Kartarpur minor, landusingha distributary,

Adampur distributory and Bist Doab canal find mention.

'" The soils are Ochrepts-Orthents-Rock-Out crops-Orthids and Fluvents-

Ochrepts which are fine sandy loam to silt clay loam in texture. Geologically, it

comprised of alluvium. The vegetal cover includes, kikar, mango, neern, jamun,

reed, sarkanda.

147

The region has well a developed system of roads and railways. The main

railway line connecting Ambala-Amritsar and National Highway-l pass through

this area. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people and among the main

crops grown, wheat, maize, rice and sugarcane are mentioned.

2.1.3.2 Jalandhar-Nawanshahr Doab Plain

This reglOn covers 650 villages spreading over Nakodar tahsil,

Nawanshahr tahsil and Ialandhar tahsil of Ialandhar district and Phagwara tahsil

of Kapurthala district. It covers an area of 1719.92 sq. km. and has a population

of 1,474,061, among which, 773,130 are males and 700,931 are females giving

an overall sex ratio of 907. In this region 725,611 persons are rural and 748,450

urban by residence. The region has experienced a population growth rate of 41.80

per cent during this decade. The region is highly densely populated; it has a

density 1,046 persons per sq. km. 30.46 per cent of the population is Scheduled

Castes. The literacy level (55.58%) is comparatively lower than the district as

such. Out of the total population, 29.30 per cent are main workers, 0.80 per cent

marginal workers and 69.90 per cent are non-workers .

. Banga distributary, Phagwara minor, Mukandpur distributary, Apra

distributary, Goraya distributary, Jalandhar distributary and Jandusingha

distributary flow through this region.

It has a well developed network of roads and railways. Industrially, the

region is known for the manufacture of surgical goods, rubber goods, sports

goods, plastic pipes, steel casting products and auto mobiles parts, hydraulic

presses, leather tanning and cable and conductors.

The soils in this region are Fluvents- Ocbrepts and Ochrepts-Orthents­

Rock-Out crops which are very fertile. Wheat, maize, rice, mustard and sugarcane

148

are the main crops grown. The natural vegetation includes, pipal, shisham, neern.

jamun.

2.1.3.3 Satluj-Khadar

Covering 438 villages and 3 towns, this region extends over parts of

Nakodar, Phillaur and Nawanshahr tahsils. It covers an area of 1,213.40 sq.km

and has a population of 425,497, including 223,804 males and 201,693 females. It

has a density of 350 persons per sq. Ian. and a sex ratio of 901 females per

thousand males. Out of the total population, 383,524 reside in rural and 41,973 in

urban areas of the region. It has a literacy rate of 54.59 per cent and 41. 61 per

cent of the population belongs to Scheduled Castes. Workers constitute 31.87 per

cent of the total population; 31.15 per cent as main workers and 0.72 per cent as

marginal workers. The non-workers number 295,668 and they make 68.13 per

cent of the total population.

The region is a flat plain gradually sloping towards southwest. The

gradient varies between 250 and 215 metres. The Satluj river flowing along the

boundary of the region causes floods during peak monsoon period.

This reglOn has a fairly well developed network of roads and rails.

Industrially, it is not much developed. Agriculture is the main occupation. Wheat,

maize, rice and sugarcane are the main crops grown. The natural vegetation

includes shisham, neem, mango, kikar, reeds and sarkanda.

****

149

~g_ENSUS OF ~INDIA

PUNJAB

DISTRICT JALANDHAR CENSUS CODE 06

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

BOUNDARY, DISTRICT •• • ....... . . • ••..• . _._._ TAHSL ••. . .• • • •..•.. . • . • • _._ . _

VLLAGE HA VM3 11.000 , ABOVE POPULATION . • • • • URBAN AREA . . ...• . ... .•.... .... . . . N.nIONAL HIGHWAY . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • N H I

STATE HIGHWAY. • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . -"" IMPORTANT METALLED ROAD . . . . . . . . • • • . . • : RALWAY LN: WITH STATION, BROAD GAUGE . • . . . • RIVER , STREAM •••.• • . • • . • . • ... • . • • . ~ REGIONAL DIVISIONS. . . . . • • . . . . . • . • . . . . . 2 . I • :5 . I

MACRO • •..• . .•••. • . • . . . .•.. .. . • I , I t MESO .• ' ~ " " """ " " "" '" ~

MICRO . ... . . ....• • . • .• ••• . .. ....'~=-SUB- MICRO WITH BOUNDARY . . . • . . . . '----

I Read the sequence of "vlonal division. wllh reference 10 the oW india map cod" up fa 3 lIer I

NOTE- Phagwon TahaR of Kapurfholo DI. trlct considered .s a pari of Jalandhar District tor Micro Revlon.

c T

MAP 26

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KAPURTHALA DISTRICT

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Kapurthala district is the smallest district in the state. It is physically

separated into two parts, viz., Kapurthala and Sultanpur Lodhi tahsils on the one

side and Phagwara tahsil on the other side. Both are separated from each other by

about 30 kms. For the purposes of regional divisions, Phagwara tahsil is covered

under Ialandhar district.

The area covering Kapurthala and Sultanpur Lodhi tahsils is bounded by

districts of Amritsar and Gurdaspur in the west, Hoshiarpur in the north, Jalandhar

in the east and Firozpur in the south. River Beas flowing in northeast to southwest'

direction separates it from Gurdaspur and Amritsar districts in the north and west,

and river Satluj flowing in east- west direction separates it from Firozpur district

in the south.

These two tahsiIs of Kapurthala district cover an area of 1,328.54 sq.km

which makes 81.36 per cent of district area. It has a population of 449,246

including 235,678 males and 213,568 females. In the district 370,957 persons live

in rural areas and 78,289 in urban areas. The rural population is spread over 585

villages and the urban is distributed in Kapurthala and Sultanpur Lodhi towns

falling in this area. It has a density of338 persons per sq. km . One- half (50.5 1%)

of the popUlation is literate. Scheduled Castes constitute 25.96 per cent of the total

popUlation. Out of the total popUlation, 31. 3 7 per cent are workers (main workers

29.77% and marginal workers 1.600/0) and 68.63 per cent are non-workers.

Climatically, this region is hot in summer and cold in winter. Rainfall is

received mainly during the monsoon months of July to September. The region

also gets some winter rains which are very beneficial for the rabi crops.

160

Sugar, cotton textile, beverages, starch, edible oils stand out as the

important commodities manufactured in the area. In addition, the Rail Coach

factory (ReF) at Hussainpur is famous for manufacture of rail coaches. Wheat,

maize, rice and sugarcane are the principal crops grown in the area. The natural

vegetation includes pipal trees, jamun, shisham, sarkanda, reeds. Soils are

Ochrepts-Orthents-Rock-Outcrops and Psamments-Fluvents-Aquents.

Geologically, the region is comprised offine alluvium.

This part of the district is a constituent ofBeas-Satluj Doab (2.1.3) and is

further divided into following two sub- micro regions.

2.1.3.1 Beas Flood Plain

It spreads over parts of Kapurthala and Sultanpur Lodhi tahsils of

Kapurthala district and includes 434 villages (252 of Kapurthala tahsil and 182 of

Sultanpur Lodhi tahsil) and Sultanpur Lodhi town. It has an area of 898.09 sq.

km. This floodplain is inhabited by 277,548 persons, 144,162 males and 133,386

females. It has a density of 309 persons per sq. km and a sex ratio of 925 females

per thousand males. In the total popUlation, 263,826 is rural and 13,722 urban by

residence. In other words, 95.06 per cent of the region's popUlation is rural and

4.94 per cent urban. During 198] -91, the population of the region has increased

by 17.50 per cent; in absolute terms it has increased from 236,211 in 1981 to

277,548 in 1991. Three out of every five persons (60.57 per cent) in the region are

literate, and one out of every four (24.72%) belongs to Scheduled Castes. Out of

the total population 30.74 per cent are workers; 28.47 per cent as main workers

and 2.27 per cent as marginal workers.

The number of towns in the region has declined from six in 1981 to only

one in 1991 due to the de-classification of five urban centers, namely Begowal,

Bhulath, Nadala, Dhilwan and Talwandi Chaudrian

161

2.1.3.2 Kapurthala Plain

This region spreads over an area of 430.45 sq. km and includes 151

villages (118 villages of Kapurthala tahsil and 33 villages of Sultanpur Lodhi

tahsil) besides Kapurthala town. It has a population of 171,698 including 91,516

males and 80,182 females resulting into an overall sex ratio of 876 females per

thousand males. It has a density of 399 persons per sq. lan. Out of the total

population, 107.131 reside in the rural and 64,567 in urban areas of the region.

During this decade, the region has recoded an increase of 23.33 per cent in its

population. Almost two-thirds (67.71%) of the population in the region is literate.

In this region 27.95 per cent of the total population belongs to Scheduled Castes.

The region has 32.38 per cent of its population as economically active~ 31.87 per

cent as main workers and 0.51 per cent as marginal workers.

The region is well connected by roads. The railway line joining Amritsar­

Jalandhar and Firozpur- Jalandhar pass through this area.

The soils are Ochrepts-Orthents-Rock-Outcrops and Psamments-Fluvents­

Aquents. These are alluvial soils which are very beneficial for agriculture.

Wheat, maize, rice and sugarcane are the principal crops grown in this area.

****

162

CENSUS OF INDIA .

PUNJAB

DISTRICT· KApURTHALA CEN8UI CODE os

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

I<n\f ° , , , '0 ,~ 2,Otclfl' , ' I I

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MAP 27

IIEAS FLOOD PtAIN. •• _ .... H.H ... _.2 . I • 3 • I SOUPI)ARY, plSTRlCT .. .• .• " •• .• •. " .. . _._ . .-KAPURTHALA PLAtL ................ 2 • I , 3 • 2

GEOLOGY -tJ.!'-

SOLS K""l,..i.!IKM

II TAHSL .................... _ ._._

VLlAGE HAVM e 000 , ABOVE POPlLATION • URBAN AREA .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . --'! NA TIONAL IfGHWAY .. .. .. .. .. ., .. .. .. .. _--JIiJ--_...jm..lo_-STATE HIGHWAY ........ " .. " .... .. SH.,Z3

=~~~~~~;oT=~. BR~AD' GAUGE'. I RIVER I STREAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ;$5· .,.~,=~ ..• ;;;S!l;6:.i. REGIONAL DIVISIONS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 .1.3.2

MACRO .. ........ .......... .. .... .. , I I

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NOTE:-I'tIa9wCll'G Tahal of KapurttKllo OII~t CDnIIdered al a part 0' JaIanChIr District for htcro R.CJIon.

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DISTRICT FIROZPUR

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Firozpur district is located in the west and southwestern part of the State

along the Indo-Pak border. It is bounded by Amritsar, Kapurthala and Jalandhar

districts in the north, Ludhiana and Faridkot districts in the east and Rajasthan

state in the south. International boundary with Pakistan makes its western

boundary. This district has been separated from la1andhar and Kapurthala districts

by Satluj river in the north which is a perennial river and flows in northeast -

southwest direction.

Climatically Firozpur district is dry and characterized by very hot summer

and severe cold winter and short rainy season. The temperature increases rapidly

from the end of March and continues till June which is generally the hottest

month. With the on set of monsoonal rains the temperature starts declining some

what from July. The rainfall is mainly received during monsoon months of July to

September and decreases from northeast to southwestern part of this district.

Physiographically, Firozpur district constitutes part of the Punjab Malwa

Plain(2.1.4) micro region which is largely a flat and featureless plain and forms

part of the main the Indo-Gangetic plain. Wind action is also active and it has

played a rol~ in shaping the relief of the district and occurrence of sand dunes due

to the swift winds is noticeable.

Firozpur district covers four tabsits which among themselves include 1, 162

villages (including 44 uninhabited) and 10 urban centers. As per 1991 Census this

district is inhabited by 1,607,817 persons among which 848,764 are males and

759,053 are females. The district has an area of 5,874.0 sq. Ian out of which

5,779.75 sq.k.rn is rural and 94.25 sq.km is urban. It has a density of 274 persons

per sq. km as against 222 in 1981. The sex ratio in the region has increased from

171

884 females per 1000 males in 1981 to 894 in 1991. Among 1,607,817 persons

in the district. 1,223,417 are residing in rural and 384,400 are in urban areas.

During 1981-91, the population of Firozpur district has increased from 1,304,713

in 198] to 1607,8]7 in 1991 exhibiting a decadal growth rate of23.23 per cent

during this decade. The district has a literacy rate of 48.00 per cent; 56.88 per cent

among males and 38.11 per cent among females. Between the rural and urban

areas the literacy rate is 41.59 per cent and 68.16 per cent respectively. In the

district 350,461 are recorded as Scheduled Castes among which 186,964 are

males and 163,497 are females. Among the Scheduled Castes 22.70 per cent are

living in rural and 18.91 per cent in urban areas of the district. Out of the total

population of the district 487,246 are reported as main workers, 29,278 marginal

workers and 1,091,293 are non-workers. In other words 30.31 per cent are main

workers, 1.82 per cent marginal workers and 67.87 per cent are non-workers.

Firozpur district is comparatively less developed. It has medium size

industrial units. Cotton ginning, processing and spinning of cotton, manufacture

of wires, dhoop making, hand loom weaving • manufacture of agricultural

implements and flour mills are the activities carried out in the important towns of

the district.

The main sources of irrigation are canals and tubewells. Wheat, maize,

cotton, sugarcane, pulses, barley, gram, and rice are the main crops grown.

Natural vegetation includes neem, kikar, pipal, jamun, mango, sarkanda and

reeds.

The geology of this district is alluvium and the soils are Psamments­

Fluvents- Aquents in the northwest and western parts, Orthids- Fluvents in the

southern part and Ochrepts - Psamments in the northeastern parts of the

district.The main economy of the people is agriculture based.

172

Firozpur district is part of Punjab Malwa Plain (2.1.4.) and based on

physio- geographic factors it is divided in fonowing 3 sub-micro regions.

2.1.4.1 Satluj Khadar

This region spreads over parts of Zira., Firozpur and Fazilka tahsils. It

covers 645 villages (293 Villages of Zira, 267 villages of Firozpur and 8S villages

of Fazilka tahsils) and urban centres of Kot Ise Khan, Dharamkot and Fazilka.

The Western boundary of the region is surrounded with the International border

with Pakistan. Amritsar, Kapurthala and lalandhar districts lie to its north and

Ludhiana district to the east. It is surrounded by Firozpur Plain and Abohar

Sandy Plain in the South. Satluj river flows along its western boundary in

northeast - southwest direction. Most of the villages are located along the river

course are subject to floods during rainy season. The soils of this region are

Psamments-Fluvents-Aaquents and Orthids- Fluvents which are sandy to silty­

clay-loam alluvial and low humic clay soil soils offlood plain (Bet areas).

Satluj Khadar region IS inhabited by 517,801 persons among which

272,386 are males and 245,415 females. It has a density of population of 270

persons per sq. km and a sex ratio of 901 females per 1000. Out of the total

population 440,188 are residing in rural and 77,613 in urban areas. The

population of this region has increased from 409,920 persons in 1981 to 517,781

persons in 199] showing a decadal growth rate of 26.31 per cent during 1981-9l.

The region has a literacy rate of 40.61 per cent. In this region 17.77 per cent of the

population is Scheduled Castes and this percentage is significantly lower than that

of Punjab. In the total population, workers constitute 31.97 per cent of the total

population; 30.40 per cent as main workers, and 1.57 per cent are marginal

workers.

The development of roads and railway is fairly good. National Highway

No.IO connecting Fazilka with Abohar, N.H. No.IS connecting Tam Taran with

173

Faridkot and State Highway No.20 and No.16 pass through this region. The

region is connected with rail too. Agriculture is the main activity of the people of

this region. Wheat, maize, rice and sugarcane are the main crops grown. The

natural vegetation includes shisham, pipal, neern, phulahi, jamun, mango,

sarkanda and reeds. Tall grass (munD, generally 3 metres high grows along the

nver course.

2.1.4.2 Firozpur Plain

This region spreads over part of Zira, Firozpur, Fazilka and Abohar tahsils

and covers an area of2,838.84 sq.km. This makes 48.33 per cent of the total area

of the Firozpur district. -It covers 434 villages (82 villages of Zira, 207 villages of

Firozpur,121 villages of Fazilka and 24 villages of Abohar tahsils) besides six

towns namely Zira, Talwandi Bhai, Firozpur, Firozpur Cantt., Guru Harshai and

Jalalabad. It is inhabited by 794,770 persons including 419,724 males and

375,046_females. This region has a density of 281 persons per sq.km as against

231 persons per sq.km in 1981. It has a sex ratio of 894 females per 1000 males.

Out of the total population, 597,146 are residing in rural and 197,624 in urban

areas of the region. During this decade, the population of. Firozpur Plain has

increased from 657,338 in 1981 to 794,77U in 1991 at the decadaJ rate of 20.91

per cent during this decade. 54.15 per cent population in this region is literate.

About one- fourth (24.36%) of the population belongs to Scheduled Castes. In this

region 32.02 per cent of the total population is working; 30.32 per cent as main

workers and 1.70 per cent as marginal workers. The non-workers constitute 67.98

per cent of the total population.

The region has a welJ developed system of roads. National Highway

N.HIO, State Highway No16 and SH 20 pass through this region. It has rail

connection too. All the main towns of the region are well connected with roads

and railway lines. Cotton ginning and baling is the main industry. Soils are

Orthids-Fluvents and Ochrepts-Psamments. The geology of the region is alluvium.

174

Wheat, gram and cotton are the main crops grown. The natural vegetation includes

kikar, neem, mango and thorny bushes.

2.1.4.3. Abohar Sandy Plain

The region is located in the extreme southern part of Firozpur district. It

spreads over 83 villages (33 villages of Fazilka and 50 villages of Abohar tahsils)

besides Abohar town. This region has a population of 293,246 inc1uding 156,654

males and 136,592 females and an area of 1,115.82 sq.km. Out of the total

population, 186,083 is residing in rural and 107,163 in urban areas of the region.

The density of population in the region is 266 persons per sq.km as against 220 in

1981. The population of Abohar Sandy Plain has increased from 250,546 in 1981

to 293,246 in 1991 exhibiting a growth rate of 2l.91 per cent during 1981-91.

This region has a literacy rate of 39.50 per cent and 22.09 per cent of the

population belongs to Scheduled Castes 30.30 per cent of the population is

recorded as main workers, 2.59 per cent as marginal workers and 67.11 per cent

non-workers.

Numerous sand dunes can be seen in this region. The main problem of

this region is wind erosion especially in the southern parts. The development of

roads and railways is good. National Highways No. 10 and 15 and State Highway

No.14 pass through this region and connect Abohar town with Hanumangarh

(Rajasthan).

The soils of the region are Orthids-Fluvents and the geology is alluvium.

Agriculture is the main occupation and wheat, gram and cotton are the chief crops

grown.

*****

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DISTRICT LUDHIANA

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Located in the central part of the State, Ludhiana district forms part of Punjab

Malwa Plain (2.1.4) micro-region. It is bounded by lalandhar district in the north,

Rupnagar district in the east, Patiala and Sangrur districts in the south, and Firozpur

and Faridkot districts in the west. Satluj river flowing in the north in east-west

direction separates it from lalandhar district.

Ludhiana district is comprised of 4 tahsils namely Jagraon, Ludhiana, Samrala 1

and Khanna. These tahsils among themselves include 979 villages (including 18

uninhabited villages) and 10 urban centres. The district covers an area of 3,857.00

sq. km and is inhabited by 2,471,594 persons among which 1,340,039 are males and

1,131,555 females. Out of the total population in the district 1,228,813 is rural and

1,242,781 urban by residence. This is the only district in the state where the

proportion of urban population (50.28%) is higher than the rural (49.72%). The

district has a density of 641 persons per sq. km as per 1991 Census which is

significantly higher than that of 472 recorded at the 1981Census. During this decade

the population in the district has increased from 1,817,651 in 1981 to 2,471,594 in

1991 showing an absolute increase of 653,943 persons. In percentage terms the

district has recorded a growth rate of 35.98 per cent which is significantly higher

than that of the state (20.81 %). In the district 67.35 per cent of the popUlation is

literate; the male and female literacy rates are 72.47 and 61.23 per cent respectively.

Among the districts in the state, Ludhiana ranks 4th in literacy rate. Almost one­

fourth (27.74%) of the district's population belongs to Scheduled Castes. Workers

constitute 31.26 per cent of the total population and the remaining 68.74 per cent of

the population in the district is non-working. The share of the marginal workers in

total popUlation of the district is negligible.

186

The climate of Ludhiana district is extremely hot in summer and severely cold in

winter season. The maximum temperature is recorded during the month of June and

the minimum temperature during January. The district receives rains during the

months of July to September. The winter rains are also received in the months of

December to February and these are very beneficial for the rabi crops. The soils are

Psamments-Fluvents-Aquents, Orhrepts-Psamments and Ochrepts- Orthents. These

are alluvial soils and are very fertile. The geological structure of this district is

comprised of alluvium.

The district has a wel1 developed net work of roads and railways. National

Highway No.1 and State Highways No.ll and 18 pass through this district. The

railway line connecting lalandhar town with Rajpura and Ludhiana city with Moga

via Jagraon and Malerkotla pass through this district. All the important towns viz.

Ludhiana, Doraha, Khanna and Jagraon are linked through major roads.

Ludhiana district is famous for the hosiery. both within and outside the country.

Ludhiana district has occupied the top position in industries in the Punjab State. The

most important industries are cotton ginning and pressing, oil-seed crushing, flour­

milling, leather tanning, motor parts, agricultural implements, surgical instruments

and electric fans. It is also famous for manufacturing of engineering goods, cycle

and sewing machine industry Wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, groundnuts and cotton

are the main grown crops. The natural vegetation includes shisham, pipal, neem,

kikar and tahU.

Ludhiana district is a part of the Punjab Malwa Plain (2.1.4) tpicro-region and is

sub-divided into following three sub-micro regions on the basis of soils, climate,

natural vegetation and topography.

2.1.4.1. Satluj Khadar

187

This region extends over the part of Jagraon, Ludhiana and Samrala tahsils of

Ludhiana district. It is bounded by Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur districts in the north,

Rupnagar district in the east, Firozpur district in the west and Western Ludhiana

Plain and Eastern Ludhiana Plain lie to its south. Satluj Khadar region includes 296

villages (59 villages of Jagraon, 158 villages of Ludhiana and 79 villages of

Samrala tahsils). It covers an area of 826.32 sq.km. The region is inhabited by

186,300 persons among which 98,369 are males and 87,931 are females. This

region is entirely rural. It has a density of 225 persons per sq.km. Most of the area

of the region is prone to floods during rainy season. The climate is very hot in

summer and cold in winter season. The maximum height of 248 metres above mean

sea level is found near village Kariana Khurd and the minimum height of 242.5

metres above mean sea level is observed near village Manewal of Ludhiana tahsil.

There is a pocket of Mattiwara reserved forests near village Mattiwara. Natural

vegetation includes kikkar, neem, phulahi, jamun, mango, shishsarn, reeds and

sarkanda. Besides, tall grass ( about 3 metres high) is also found along the river bed.

The National highway (N.Hl) connecting Ludhiana-Phillaur crosses through this

region. Besides, this region has a network of roads connecting Ludhiana-Rahon,

Jagraon - Nakodar. Arnbala-Amritsar railway line passes through this region. The

soils are Ochrepts-Psamments and Psamments.:Fluvents-Aquents. Industrially the

region is not well developed.

The population of the region is 186,300 ( 98,369 males and 87,931 females) and

has a sex ratio of 894 females per 1000 males. It has recorded a decadal growth rate

of23.14 per cent during 1981-91. It has a literacy rate of55.80 per cent. The region

has 69,044 persons belonging to Scheduled Castes and this makes 37.06 per cent of

the total population of the region. In this region 29.42 per cent of the population is

recorded as workers and 71.58 per cent as non- workers'. Agriculture is the main

occupation of the people and wheat, maize, rice and sugarcane are the main crops

grown.

188

2.1.4.2 Western Ludhiaoa Plain

This sub-micro region extends over parts of Jagraon and Ludhiana tahsils. It is

surrounded by Satluj Khadar in the north, Eastern Ludhiana Plain in the east,

Sangrur district in the south, and Firozpur and Faridkot districts in west. It covers

259 villages (132 villages of Jagraon and 127 villages of Ludhiana tahsiIs) besides 5

towns namely Jagraon, Raikot, MuUanpur Dakha, Ludhiana and Akalgarh. The

population of the region is t660,155 among which 908,471 males and 751,684

females. Out of total population 533,280 lives in rural and 1,]26,875 urban. This

signifies that the region is more urban (67.88%). This region is highly densely

populated as being the industrial hub of the State which attracts migratory

population~ it has a density of 1,019 persons per sq. km. The sex ratio is 827

females per 1000 males. The region has experienced a growth rate of 45.90 per cent

during 1981-91, and 20.15 per cent of the population belongs to Scheduled Castes.

31.90 per cent of the population is recorded as workers and 68.10 per cent are non­

workers.

Ludhiana city and other towns are well connected with roads and railways.

National Highway No.1, and State Highway No.ll and 18 are the main routes

passing through this region. The region is weU connected with railway also. The

climate of the region is similar to other parts of regions of Ludhiana district. Soils

are Ochrepts-Psamments which are very fertile. Wheat, maize, rice, sugarcane and

grams are the principal crops. Natural vegetation includes neem, kikar, pipal, jamun

and mango.

Educationally, the region is well equipped. This region is having numerous

educational institutions. Punjab Agriculture University is located at Ludhiana.

Besides, this region has engineering and medical coJJeges located at Ludhiana city.

Manufacturing of hosiery goods, woolen mills, cotton ginning and baling, light

engineering goods inclusive of agricultural implements, machine tools, sewmg

machines. cycles, auto-cycles and silk textiles are important in the district.

189

2.1.4.3. Eastern Ludhiana Plain

The region extends over the parts of Ludhiana, Samrala and Khanna tahsils.

Eastern Ludhiana Plain is surrounded by, Satluj Khadar in the north, Rupnagar and

Patiala districts in the east, Sangrur and Patiala districts in the south and Western

Ludhiana Plain in the west. It covers 424 villages (92 villages of Ludhiana, 180

villages of Sarnrala and 152 villages of Khanna tahsils) and 5 urban centers viz.

Samrala, Machhiwara, Doraha, Payal and Khanna. The region covers an area of

1,401.52 sq.km out of which 1,371.18 sq.km is rural and 30.34 sq.km is urban. The

region is inhabited by 625,139 persons including 333,199 are males and 291,940 are

females. The density of population is 446 per sq.km compared with 403 in the State.

The population of the region has increased from 529,788 persons in 1981 to

625,139 persons in 1991 showing a decadal increase of 18.00 per cent during this

decade. Out of the total population 509,233 is rural and 11 5,906 is urban by

residence.

The climate of this region is similar to that of Western Ludhiana Plain. The soils

are Ochrepts-Orthents and Ochrepts-Psamments and are very fertile. Sarnrala,

Doraha and Khanna are the important towns in the region. The region has a well

developed net work of roads and railways. National Highway No.1 connecting

Ambala-Amritsar passes through this region. Other roads connecting Ludhiana with

Chandigarh, Rahon with Malerkotla via Khanna pass through this region. Ambala

- Amritsar railway line also crosses through this region. Khanna and Doraha are the

important centres of foodgrain mandies and numerous agro-based industries have

been set up in this region.

Natural vegetation includes pipal, neern, jamun, shisham, mango and dry bushes.

Agriculture is the occupation of the people in the region and wheat, maize, rice,

groundnuts, mustard oil seeds and sugarcane are the chief crops grown. Canals and

tubewells provide the main source of irrigation.

*****

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DISRICT PA TIALA

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Patiala district, located in the southeastern part of the State was earlier a

princely state. It is mainly constituted of the territories of erstwhile princely states

of Patiala and Nabha which were commonly known as Phulkian states. It is

surrounded by Rupnagar district and Chandigarh union territory in the north,

Ludhiana district in the northwest, Sangrur district in the west and Haryana state

to the south and southeast.

Patiala district is comprised of five tahsils which among themselves

contain 1,462 villages (including 21 uninhabited) and 12 towns. It covers an area

of 4,584~0 sq. km out of which 4,448.89 sq.km. is rural and 135.11 sq. km. is

urban. It has a population of 1,896,242 including 1,008,576 males and 887,666

females . In other words it makes 9.10 per cent of the total area and 9.35 per cent

of the total population of the state.

Climatically, summers are quite hot and winters are extremely good. Hot

winds accompanied by dust storms occasionally blow during summers. At times,

the temperatures touches 46°C in summers, while in winters it reaches as low as

2°C.

Ghaggar is the main river traversing through this region. This however, is

seasonal. Satluj-Yamuna link canal passes through the southern most part of the

district.

The district has a well developed road and rail transport system. NH-I

and NH-22, and SH-8, SH-9, SH-10, SH-ll and SH-12 pass through this district.

The railway line connecting Ambala Cantt. and Ludhiana passes through Dhuri

and Sirhind towns located in this district.

200

The district has a sex ratio of 880 which is marginally less than that of the

State as such. It has a density of 414 persons per sq. km. Out of the total

population of the district, 1,329,269 (70.10%) is rural and 566,973 (29.900/0) is

urban. During 1981-91 the population of the district has registered a growth rate

of20.86 per cent.

In the district, 58.62 per .cent of the population is literate which is higher

than the state as a whole. Scheduled caste population constitutes 23.60 per cent of

the total population of the district. 29.70 per cent of the population is recorded as

main workers, 0.45 per cent as marginal workers and 69.85 per cent are non­

workers.

Rajpura and Gobindgarh are the important industrial centres located in the

district. Rajpura is famous for the manufacture of biscuits, vanaspati ghee, cycles,

cables, etc., while Gobindgarh, the steel town of India, is known for steel re­

rolling. Patiala and Nabha towns are known for their household industries

engaged in the manufacturing of nalas and parandas (waist cords and hair tying

cords) and Punjabi juti (leather footwear). Sirhind town is famous for the

manufacture of bus/truck bodies. All this apart, the district has a number of sugar

mills, soap and detergent mills, steal re-rolling mills, etc.

As true in other parts of the state, agriculture is the main activity. Wheat,

maize, rice and sugarcane are the principal crops grown. The soils are Ochrepts­

Orthents, Ochrepts-Psamments, Ustalfs- Fluvents and Aquepts-Ochrepts. These

are fertile soils comprised of fine alluvium. The natural vegetation includes

shi sham , kikar, neem, pipal, mango, sarkanda and reed.

Patiala district is a part of Punjab Malwa Plain (2.1.4) micro-region and is

further sub-divided into following two sub- micro regions on the basis of soils,

topography, climate and natural vegetation.

201

2.4.1.1 Patiala Plain

This spreads over Nabha tahsil, Fatehgarh Sahib tahsil and parts of

Rajpura, Patiala and Samana tahsils of Patiala district. It includes 934 villages

and 9 towns. This is a flat and featureless plain covering an area of 2,934.39 sq.

km. It is inhabited by 1,340,885 persons among which 834,398 are rural and

506,487 urban by residence. The region has a density of 456 persons per sq.km.

During 198]-91, it has experienced a growth rate of 20.18 per cent. The region

has a literacy rate of 51.65 per cent. Out of the total population, 23.07 per cent

belong to Scheduled Castes. In this region 30.08 per cent of the population is

economically active; 29.71 as main workers and 0.37 per cent as marginal

workers, and 69.92 per cent of the population is non-working.

Climatically, summers are very hot and winters are severe cold. The soils

are Ochrepts-Orthents, Ochrepts-Psamments which are alluvial and fertile soils.

There are few pockets in the western part of Samana and Patiala tahsil where the

surface water dries up in dry weather leaving a sheet of powdery material at the

earth surface. This alkalinity affects the soil fertility adversely and makes the land

unfit for agriculture. This patch of land is said to be water logged and is known as

kallar or reh in Punjab.

The railway line connecting Ludhiana and Ambala Cantt. crosses through

Sirhind and Rajpura towns which are located in this region. Another Railway line

connecting Kalka and Dhuri also passes through this region. The region has a

good network of road transport and State Highways No.8, 10, 11 and 12 pass

through this region.

Wheat, maize, nee, chillies, potatoes and sugarcane are the main crops

grown in this area.

202

2.1.4.2 Ghaggar Flood Plain

Ghaggar Flood Plain spreads over eastern, southeastern and southern part

of Patiala district. It includes 528 villages (255 villages of Rajpura tahsil, 186 of

PatiaIa tahsil and 87 of Samana tahsil) and 3 towns namely Dera Bassi, Samana

and Patran. It has an area of 1,690.61 sq. km and a population of 555,357 out of

which 295,022 are males and 260,335 females giving an over all sex ratio of 882

females per 1000 males. The region has a density of 328 persons per sq. km.

During 1981-91, Ghaggar Flood Plain has recorded a growth rate of 22.53 per

cent. One-haJf(50.27%) of the total population is literate and one-fourth (24.89%)

of the total population belongs to Scheduled Castes. 30.22 per cent of the total

population is reported as workers; 29.58 per cent as main workers and 0.64 per

cent as marginal workers.

The geological structure of the region comprises of alluvium. The region

is fairly well connected with roads and railways. Wheat, maize, rice and

sugarcane are the main crops grown in this area.

*****

203

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUNJAB DISTRICT PATIALA

CENSUS CODE 01 REGIONAL DIVISIONS

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DISTRICT SANGRUR

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Sangrur district is one of the six districts forming part of the micro-region- Punjab

Malwa Plain (2.1.4). It is surrounded by Ludhiana district in the north, Patiala

district in the east, Bathinda district in the west and Faridkot district in the

northwest. Haryana state lies to its south. This district has four tahsils (Barnala,

Malerkotla, Sangrur and Sunam) having 718 viJlages (including 9 uninhabited) and

12 towns. It covers an area of 5,107.0 sq. km and is inhabited by 1,710,120 persons

including 914,361 males and 795,759 females. Sangrur district constitutes 8.43 per

cent Punjab's population and its ranks 6th among the districts in the state in

population size. Out of the total population, 1 ,292,126 are residing in niral and

417,994 in urban areas of the district.

The climate of the district is generally dry and hot in summer and cold in winter

season. The summer season extends over the months of March to June and cold

season starts from November and continues till March. The district is an alluvial

plain having occurrence of sand dunes. Essentially a flat plain, the district gently

slopes from northeast to southwest. Ghaggar river flows from east to west in the

extreme southern parts of Sunam tahsil. The population of this district has increased

from 1,410,250 in 1981 to 1,710,120 in 1991 exhibiting a net addition of 299,870

persons (21.26%) during this decade. The district has a density of 335 persons per

sq.km and a sex ratio of 870 females per 1000 males.

46.16 per cent of the population of the district is literate, and 26.83 per cent of the

population belongs to Scheduled Castes. In absolute number 458,856 persons

belong to Scheduled Castes among which 380,281 reside in rural and 78,575 in

urban areas of the district. The workers constitute 32.23 per cent of the total

population; 30.91 as main workers and 1.32 per cent as marginal workers. Almost

two-thirds (67.77%) of the district's population is recorded as non-workers.

213

The geological structure is comprised of alluvium and the soils of the district are

Ochrepts, Orthents-Psaments, Psamments-Fluevents-U stafls-Ochrepts.

Agriculture is the main activity of the people in this district and 67.41 per cent of

the total main workers are engaged in agriculture as against the 55.26 per cent for

the state as such. \\Theat, maize, gram, cotton, bajra, sugarcane and rice are the main

crops grown.

The region has a well developed net work of roads and railways. State Highway

No.10, No.l1, No.12 and No.13 pass through this district. Among the important

railway links Bathinda-Dhuri and Ludhiana-Mansa are mentioned. Most of the

towns are located along the main roads and rail routes.

Malerkotla, Dhuri, Barnala and Tapa are the important industrial centres in the

district. The important corrunodities manufactured include agricultural implements,

cycle parts, sewing machine parts. District is also famous for steel re-rolling mills,

rice shellers, paper mills, fire bricks and hosiery. Although Sangrur district is not

well developed yet, with the help of Government. financial corporation, large and

small scale industries are-being set up in the district.

Natural vegetation includes, shisham, neern, kikar, jamun, thorny bushes, reeds

and sarkanda.

Sangrur district is a part of Punjab Malwa Plain (2.1.4) and is sub-divided into

four sub-micro regions on the basis of soils, climate, topography and natural

vegetation.

2.1.4.1 Western Sangrur Plain

The region extends over the parts of Bamala, Malerkotla and Sangrur tahsils and

covers an area of 1,705.91 sq. km out of which 1,676.44 sq. km is rural and 29.47

214

sq.km is urban. This regton comprises about one-third of the total area of the

district. It is bounded by Faridkot and Ludhiana districts in the north, Eastern

Sangrur Plain in the east, Bathinda district in the west and Southern Sangrur Plain

in the south.

This region covers 176 villages; 131 villages of Barnala tahsil, 34 villages of

Malerekotla tahsil and 11 villages of Sangrur tahsil, besides four urban centres

namely, Bhadaur, Barnala, Tapa and Dhanaula. It is inhabited by 477,041 persons

comprised of 255,304 males and 221,737 females. Out of the total population of

356,675 is residing in rural and 120,366 in urban areas. The region has a density of

280 persons per sq. Ian and a sex ratio of 868 females per 1000 males. The

population has increased from 435,958 in 1981 to 477,041 in 1991 and registered a

decadal growtn rate of 9.42 per cent during this decade. The region has a literacy

rate of 46.61 per cent. Scheduled caste population constitutes 28.73 per cent of the

total population in 'the region. Workers make 32.59 per cent of the population

(31.27 per cent main workers and 1.32 per cent marginal workers) and 67.41 per

cent are non-workers.

The climate of the region is cold in winter and very hot in summer. Soils are

Ochrepts- Psamrnents. Sand dunes are widespread in the entire region and these are

formed due to shifting of sand dunes from the Bathinda Sandy Plain which is very

close to this region. Tubewells and canals provide the main source of irrigation.

Among them the prominent are Sirhind canal, Sahna distributary, Hadiya branch,

Kotla branch, Dhanaula distributary and Kurar branch.

This region is well developed with regard to roads and railways. The important

roads passing through this region include SH 12 connecting Rampura Phu} with

Sangrur via Baranala. SH 13 connects Mansa with Raikot via Bamala. Besides,

there are other important roads passing through this region. The main railway line

connecting Bathinda with Dhuri via Bamala, passes through this region.

215

The geological structure of this regIon IS comprised of alluvium. Natural

vegetation includes kikkar, thorny bushes, neem and sarkanda. Agriculture is the

main activity of the people, and wheat, rice, bajra, grams, groundnuts and cotton are

the principal crops grown.

2.1.4.2 Eastern Sangrur Plain

The region covers the eastern upper half part of Sangrur district. It extends over

parts of Barnala, Sangrur, Malerkotla and Sunam tahsils of this district. It covers

nearly 41 per cent area of Sangrur district and includes 395 villages (Baranala

tahsil-5, Malerkotla tahsil-253, Sangrur tahsil-II8 and Sunam tahsil-I9) and 6

towns namely, Abmedgarh, Malerkotla, Dhuri, Sangrur, Bhawanigarh and

Longowal. The entire region spreads over an area of 2,108.34 sq. km and has a

population of 856,623 (456,691 males and 399,932 females). This region has a

density of 406 persons per sq.km and a sex ratio of 876 females per 1000 males.

Out of the total population of the region, 72.38 per cent is residing in rural and

27.62 per cent in urban areas. During 1981-1991 the region has experienced a

growth rate of29.68 per cent. One- half (50.24%) of the population is literate. One­

fourth of the population (25.27%) belongs to scheduled castes. 31.87 per cent of the

popUlation of the region is recorded as workers~ 30.56 as main workers and 1.31 per

cent as marginal workers. The non- workers comprise 68.13 per cent of the total

population of the region.

The climate of the region is similar to other parts of the district. The soils are

Ochrepts-Orthents and Ochrepts-Psamments. The geological structure of the region

is comprised of alluvium. The region has a well developed system of roads and

railways. The main towns viz. Ahmedgarh, Malerkotla, Dhuri and Sangrur are well

connected with roads and railway lines. The main railway line connecting Ludhiana

with Sunam passes through this region. State Highway No.II and No.12 also pass

through this region.

216

The main commodities manufactured in region are agricultural implements, cycle

parts, sewing machine parts. Besides, the region is famous for steel re-rolling mills,

paper mills and fire bricks and they are mainly located at Malerkotla, Dhuri and

Sangrur towns.

Agriculture is the main occupation of the people. Wheat, rice, maize, bajra, cotton

and sugarcane are the major crops grown. Natural vegetation includes neem,

shish am, pipal, kikar and thorny bushes.

2.1.4.3 Southern Sangrur Plain

This region spreads over the parts of Sangrur and Sunam tahsils and includes 84

villages (3 villages of Sangrur tahsil and 81 villages of Sunam tahsil) and 2 towns

namely, Sunam and Lehragaga. This region is inhabited by 247,042 out of which

132,706 are males and 114,336 females. It has a density of 3 19 persons per sq. km

and a sex ratio of 862 females per 1000 males. 187,578 are residing in rural and

59,464 in urban by residence. The population of the region has increased from

206,972 in 1981 to 247,042 in 1991 exhibiting a decadal growth rate 19.36 per cent

during this decade. Almost two- fifths (39.50%) of the population is literate. This

region has 27.49 per cent scheduled castes as per 1991 census. The percentage of

main and marginal workers is 31.42 per cent and 1.45 per cent respectively.

The soils are Psamments-Fluvents-Orthids and Ochrepts--Psamments. These

soils are sandy loam to silt loam. Major sources of irrigation are canals and

tubewells. Ghaggar branch (Sirhind canal) is the main canal which passes through

this region. The other distributries are Sunam distributary, Kotra distributary and

Ladbanjara distributary. The development of roads and railways is fairly good. The

major roads connect Sunam with Mansa, Sunam with lakhal (Haryana) via

Lehragaga, and Sunam with Patiala via Bhawanigarh. The main railway line

connecting Malerkotla with Jalchal (Haryana) passes through this region_ Towns of

Sunam and Lehragaga are linked with main road and railways.

217

Agriculture is the main occupation of the people and wheat, maize, cotton, rice,

bajra and groundnuts are the main crops grown.

2.1.4.4. Gbaggar FJood PJain

The region is located in the extreme southern part of Sangrur district and it spreads

over 63 villages of Sunam Tahsil. This region is entirely rural. It covers an area of

519.19 sq.km and has a population of 129,324 of which 69,660 are males and

59,664 females. The Ghaggar river is the main river which flows through this

region in east to south-west direction and is seasonal. Being flood plain, sand

deposits are found along the Ghaggar river in the southwestern part of the sub­

micro region. The soils of this region are Ustalfs-Ochrets, Ustalfs- Fluvents and

Aquents-Ochrepts.

This sub-micro region has a density of249 persons per sq.km, and the sex ratio is

856 females per 1000 males. This region has 26.88 per cent of its population as

Scheduled Castes. The percentage of main workers and marginal workers is 30.85

and 1.21 per cent respectively.

From industrial point of view this region is not much developed. Agriculture is

the main occupation of the people. The major crops grown include wheat, maize,

rice and sugarcane. Natural vegetation includes shisham., kikar, neem, reeds and

sarkanda.

****

218

CENSUS OF INDIA

.1

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POCKET'Of! PATIAlA oarmc:r . " .P POCKET FOf! IItIU.M r~" .. .. .. 8

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PUNJAB DISTRICT SANGRUR

CENSUS CODE 10 RECiONAL DIVISIONS

o 10 III 20Km

WESTERN SANGRIJR PLAtt.. 2· 1+1 EASTERN SANGRUR PLAtL .. 2 .. 1+2 SOVTt£RH SANGRUR PlAIl . . ~ 1 :4 3 GHACiGAR flOOD PLAII . .. ... 2+4·4

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DISTRICT BA THINDA

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Bathinda district is located in the south- central part of the State. It is

bounded by Sangrur district in the east, Faridkot district in the north and west and

Hary-ana State in the south.

Covering an area of 5551.0 sq.km. Bathinda district is comprised of 4

tahsils namely, Rampura Phul, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda and Mansa which

among themselves include 527 villages (including 4 uninhabited villages) and II

towns. Bathinda district is inhabited by 1,559,963 persons (829,849 males and

730,114 females). Out of the total population 1,208,830 is residing in rural and

35,133 in urban areas of the district. The district has an average density of 281

persons per sq.km and a sex ratio of 880 females per 1000 males. During this

decade the population of the district has increased from 1,304,606 in 1981 to

1,559,963 in 1991 at a decadal growth rate of 19.57 per cent. The district has a

literacy rate of 43.03 per cent, and 29.27 per cent of district population belongs to

Scheduled Castes. Out of the total population of the district 485,986 are main

workers, 33,849 are marginal workers and 1,040,128 are non-workers.

The climate of the district is hot in summer season and very- cold in

winters, and the rainy season is also mild. The temperature begins to rise from

early March and often touches 460 Centigrade in June. Hot winds blow over the

land and dust storms are frequent especially in the south-western part of the

district.

Bathinda district has a number of industrial units scattered all over the

district. District is famous for cotton ginning and pressing, agricultural

implements, sewing machine and parts, steel re-rolling, wood and machine

screws, electric goods, conduit pipes, textiles, chemicals and plastic goods.

228

Besides, there are other industrial units such as, flour miIIs, milk plant and sugar

mills.

This district is well served both by the roads and railways. Seven railway

lines connect this district with other parts of the State and also the adjoining States

of Haryana and Rajasthan. The soils are Ustalfs-Ochrepts in the Ghaggar Flood

Plain and Orthids-Fluvents in the western part of the district, Psamments -

Fluvents-Orthids in the central and eastern part of the district and Ochrepts­

Psamments in the northern parts. These soils are sandy in nature. The geology of

the district is alluvium.

Bathinda district is mainly an agricultural district as 69.13 per cent of its

mam workers are engaged in agriculture (cultivators 43.34% and agricultural

labourers 25.79 %). The main crops grown are rice, maize, bajra, sugarcane,

cotton., oil seeds, pulses, wheat, grams, mustard and barley_ The natural vegetation

includes kikar, shisham, neem, ber, pipal and thorny bushes.

The Punjab Malwa Plain (2.1.4) and is sub-divided into following three

sub-micro regions on the basis of soils, topography, climate and natural

vegetation.

2.1.4.1 Bathinda Sandy Plain

The region extends over the parts of all the four tahsils of the district. It

includes 267 villages (119 villages of Bathinda, 85 villages of Talwandi Sabo, 15

villages of Rarnpura Phul and 48 villages of Mansa tahsils) and also the

headquaqrters town of Bathinda district. It coveres an area of3,097.34 sq.km and

has a population of 871,443 comprised of 462,631 males and 408,812 females.

Out of the total population 641,125 is residing in rural and 230,318 in urban areas

of this region. It has population density of 281 persons per sq.km. During this

decade the population of the region has increased from 713,064 in 1981 to

229

871,443 in 1991 exhibiting a growth rate of 22.20 per cent. The region has a

literacy rate of 37.92 per cent and 29.30 per cent of this region's population

belongs to Scheduled Castes. Workers constitute 33.28 per cent of the total

population; 30.80 per cent as main workers and 2.48 per cent as marginal

workers.

This region being a sandy plain, numerous sand dunes can be seen which

have a tendency to move towards east. The geological structure of the region is

formed of alluvium. The soils of this region are Orthids- Fluvents of Psamments

- Fluvents - Orthids and Ochrepts -Psamments. This region is well developed

with regards to roads and railways. National Highway No.IS, State Highway No.

12 and No.17 pass through this region. Industrially the region has made

significant progress. Major industries include flour mills, milk plant, chemical

fertilizers, textiles mills, rice shellers, oil refinery and cement plant.

Agriculture is the main activity of the people of this region. Wheat >

grams, barley, oil seeds, rice, maize, bajra, cotton and sugarcane are the principal

crops grown in this region. Natural vegetation includes shisham. pipal, ber, kikar,

neem and thorny bushes.

2.1.4.2 Rampura - Mansa Plain.

The regIon spreads over parts of Rampura PhuI, Bhatinda and Mansa

tahils of Bathinda district. It covers the northern and eastern parts of the district

and consists of 202 Villages and 139 villages of Mansa tahsils. 61 Villages of

Rampura Phul and 2 villages of Bathinda tahsil and 4 towns viz. Rampura Phul,

Budblada, Bareta and Mansa. It is bounded by Faridkot district in the north,

Sangrur district in the east, Ghaggar Flood Plain in the south and Bathinda Sandy

Plain in the west.

230

Rampura-Mansa Plain in inhabited by 580,572 persons including 309,893

males and 270,679 females. It has a density of 294 persons per sq.km and a sex

ratio of902. Out of total population 459,699 is rural and 120873 are in urban area

As per 1991 Census figures, this region has 29.29 per cent Scheduled Caste

popUlation and a literacy rate of34.35 per cent. Workers comprise 33.22 per cent

of the total population; 31.72 per cent as main workers and 1.50 per cent marginal

workers.

The region has a well developed net work of roads and railways. Main

roads connecting Bathinda with Moonak via Maur and Bareta, Bathinda

connecting BaranaIa via Rampura PhuI and BaranaJa connecting with Sirsa are

passing through this region. Two railway lines also pass through this region. All

the 4 towns of the region are well cOIUlected with roads and railways.

The soils of the region are course sandy-loam to silt. The geology of the

region is comprised of alluvium. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people.

The main crops are wheat, maize, barley, grams oil seeds, cotton, and surgarcane

of this region. The natural vegetation includes, shisham, neem, kikar, ber and

thorny bushes.

2.1.4.3 Ghaggar Flood Plain

This region extends over the extreme southern parts of Mansa tahsil.

River Ghaggar traverses through this region east-west direction. It includes 58

villages of Mansa tahsiJ and is entirely rural. The region has an area of 481.02

sq.km and a popUlation of 108,006 among which 57,383 are males and 50,623

females. The region has a density 224 persons per sq.km and a sex ratio of 882

females per 1000 males which is at par with that of State but marginally higher

than Bathinda district. During this decade the population of the region has

increased from 89,686 in 1981 to 108,006 in 1991 and witnessed a decadal

growth rate of 20.42 per cent. This region has a literacy rate of 28.35 per cent.

231

Scheduled Castes constitute 28.85 per cent of the total population in the region.

34.23 per cent of the population of the region is recorded as worker; 31.03 per

cent as main workers and 3.20 per cent as marginal workers.

The geological structure of the region is consisted of alluvium. The soils

of the region are Ustalf-Ochrepts and Psaments-Fluvents~rthinds. The road net

work is relatively less developed and no railway line passes through this region.

This region has a problem of wind erosion. Being flood plain, the natural

vegetation includes shisham, neem, reeds and sarkanda. Agriculture is the main

occupation of the people. Wheat, maize, bajra, rice and cotton are the principal

crops.

****

232

CENSUS OF INDIA

GEOLOGY SOLS

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PUNJAB DISTRICT BATHINDA

CENSUS CODE 11 REGIONAL DIVISIONS

BATHNDA SMIlY PLAIN....2.1.4.1 RAMPURA- MANSA PLAIN_.2J.4 .2

. GHAGGAR FLOOD f'LAtI_ •. 2.1.4 .3

BOUNlARY,STATE .. .. .. . . .. . ....••.•. DISTRICT .. ... . ...• . . • . , • ..

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MACRO ................... . .. MESO ........ ...... . , .... ..

MICRO .. .. .. .... .. .. SUB-MICRO WITH BOUNDARY

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DISTRICT FARIDKOT

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Faridkot district is located in the southwestern part of the State. It is

bo:unded by Firozpur district in the north and west, Ludhiana district in the

northeast, and Bathinda and Sangrur districts in the southeast. It shares its

southern boundary with states of Haryana and Rajasthan.

Faridkot district includes 584 villages (including 12 uninhabited)

distributed over three tahils namely, Moga, Faridkot and Muktsar and 9 towns.

The total area of the district is 5,740.00 sq.km and it is inhabited by 1,730,876

persons among which 919,680 are males and 811, 196 are females. It has a sex

ratio of 882 females per 1000 males which is at par with the state average sex

ratio. Out of the total population in the district 1,291,037 is rural and 439,839

urban. puring this decade the population of Faridkot district has increased from

1,439,319 in 1981 to 1,730,876 in 1991 registering a net increase of 291,557

persons (20.26%). The district has a density of 302 persons per sq. km. Almost

one-half (49.42%) of the district's population is literate which is comparatively

less than that of the state (58.51 %). Out of the total population, 539,924 (31. 19%)

are main workers, 24,494 (1.42%) marginal Workers and 1,166,458 (67.39%) are

non- workers. In the district 589,898 persons are Scheduled Castes among which

479,868 are residing in rural and 110,030 in urban areas of the district. In other

words, Scheduled Castes constitute 34.08 per cent total population as against

28.31 per cent in the state as a whole.

Faridkot district is an alluvial plain. The soils are Ochrepts-Psamments

and Orthids-Fluvents. Wheat, barley, grams, oil seeds are the main crops grown in

the district. Besides, rice and bajra are grown as kharif crops.

The district is situated in the dry region of the state. The climate is

extremely hot and dry in summer and severe cold in winter. Monsoon rains

commence in the first week of July and continue upto the middle of September.

The rainfall in the district decreases generally from northeast towards southwest.

241 ;

The district also receives some winter rains during the months of December and

February which are beneficial for rabi crops.

This district has well developed net work of roads and railways. Almost

all the villages are connected with each other through link roads. The industries

are generally agro-based such as, cotton ginning and processing, spinning and

weaving, rice husking, etc. Besides, surf manufacturing, manufacturing of

engineering goods industries is also important in the district.

Faridkot district is a part of the Punjab Malwa Plain (2.1.4) micro-region

and is sub-divided into following three sub-micro regions on the basis of soils,

topography, climate and natural vegetation.

2.1.4.1 Muktsar Plain

This region spreads over the southern part of the district. The geological

structure of this region is consisted of alluvium. The soils are Ochrepts­

Psamments and Orthides-Fluvents which are mainly coarse sandy loam to grey or

red desert soil. The region has a major problem of wind erosion and various

measures are taken by Soil Conservation department to check the wind erosion.

Muktsar Plain covers 71 villages of Muktsar tahsil and the Muktsar town.

It has an area of 766.94 sq.km and is inhabited by 213,949 persons including

113,350 males and 100,599 females. It has a density of 279 persons per sq.km

and a sex ratio of the region is 887 females per 1000 males. Out of the total

population 147,566 (68.97%) are rural and 66,383 (31.03 %) are urban dwellers.

The population. of the region has increased from 181,649 persons in 1981 to

213,949 in 1991 at the decadal growth rate of 17.78 per cent. There are 87,314

literates out of which 53,599 are males and 33,715 females. The Scheduled Caste

population constitutes 36.83 per cent of the total population of the region. 32.86

per cent of the population is recorded as worker; 30.80 per cent as main workers

and 2.06 per cent as marginal workers.

242

The road and rail network is fairly well developed in the region. N.H. IS

connecting Abohar with Bathinda and S.H.16 connecting Malout with Muktsar

pass through his region. The meter gauge railwayline connecting Fazilka with Kot

kapura and broad gauge railway line connecting Abohar with Malout also pass

through this area. Agriculture is the main stay of economy of the regia", and

wheat, maize, bajra and grams are the main crops grown. Natural vegetation

includes kikar, neem., ber and thorny bushes.

2.1.4.2 Faridkot Sandy Plain

The region extends over parts of Faridkot and Muktsar tahsils and also

includes 4 towns namely Faridkot, Jaitu, Giddarbaha and Malout. The region

covers an area of 2,715.99 sq. km of which 2,670.54 sq. km is rural and 45.45

sq.krn is urban. This region is inhabited by 700,034 persons out of which.

525,825 persons are residing in rural and 174,209 in urban areas. Out of total

population 700,034 in this region 371,967 are males and 328,067 females. This

region has a density of 362 persons per sq.km and a sex ratio of 882 female per

1000 males. Main Workers constitute 31. 66 per cent and marginal workers 1.81

per cent of the total population. The remaining 66.53 per cent of the popUlation in

the region is non-working. This region has a literacy rate of 39.37 per cent and

35.86 per cent of the population belongs to Scheduled Castes.

This region has large number of sand dunes. Wind erosion has its

own effect on the fertility of soils. The geological structure of this region is

alluvium and soils are Ochrepts-Psaments and Orthids-Fluvents. The main

industries in the region include cotton ginning and baling, engineering goods

which also includes manufacture of agricultural implements. This region has a

well developed net work of roads and railways. N.H. 15 connecting Abohar with

Giddarbaha, N.H.10 connecting Dabwali with Malout, and S.H.16 connecting

Malout with Kot kapura via Muktsar pass through this region. The railway line

connecting Muktsar with Kot kapura, Firozpur with Jaitu via Faridkot also cross

through this region.

Agriculture is the main activity 'of the people, and wheat, maIze, grams,

cotton and sugarcane are their principal crops grown in the region.

243

2.1.4.3 Moga Plain

The region extends over parts of Moga and Faridkot tahsils. It forms the

northeastern part of the district. It includes 231 Villages (180 villages of Moga

and 51 villages of Faridkot tahsil) and 4 towns. It has an area of 2,257.07 sq.km

and a population of 816,893 including 434,363 males and 382,530 females. This

region has a density of 362 persons per sq.km and a sex ratio 881 females per

1000 males. Out of the total population 617,646 are residing in rural and 199,247

in urban areas. The population has increased from 683,662 in 1981 to 816,893 in

1991 at the decadal growth of 19.49 per cent during this decade. The region has a

literacy rate of 51. 77 per cent. Scheduled caste population comprises 3 1. 83 per

cent of the total population in the region. Out of the total population in the region

30.90 per cent are main workers, 0.90 per cent marginal workers and 68.20 per

cent non-workers.

The soils of this region are Ochrepts - Psamments. These are alluvial and

sandy soils. Sand dunes are formed near southwestern part of Moga town, while

some sand dunes can be seen located near village Chand Nawan, Baghelawala

and Bhikha of Moga tahsil, and Behbal Khurd and Gurusar of Faridkot tahsil.

The geological structure of this region is comprised of alluvium. The main

activity of the people is cultivation and the major crops grown in the region are

wheat, grams, cotton and barley.

Moga, Kot kapura, Bagha Purana and Badhni Kalan are the four towns

located in this region. The region has a well developed net work of roads and

railways. All the towns(except Badhni Kalan) are located on State Highway

No.16. National Highway No.IS connecting Kot Kapura with Zira also passes

through this region. The region also enjoys the facility of rail.

The natural vegetation includes Pipal, shisham, Jamun, neem, ber and

mango.

****

244

CENSUS OF INDIA

PUNJAB

DISTRICT FARIDKOT CENSUS CODE 12

REGIONAL DIVISIONS KmS o

....

~ ALLWIUM

10 ~ 20 Km

SOILS

o 73 ~EPTS..pSAMMENT5 fiillill 32OR1fC)S- FlllVENTS

MUKTSAR PLAIN . • .•• 2 . I . 4 · I F ARIDI(OT SANDY PLAIN . . 2· r· 4 . 2 MOGAPLAIN • • • .• ••• 2.1·4 · 3

MAP 33

p

BOUNDARY, STATE ......... ............... _ .. _ .. _ DISTRICT ...... . . ..... . ... . ... . _ . _ . _ TAHSl. . . .• ••. .• • . • " •...•••••• _ ._. _

lILLAGE HAVING 5000 , ABOVE POPLt.ATION . •• • URBAN AREA •••• •••••• .. •. ..•••• . • ••..•. im!~~!lI NATIONAL HIGHWAY. .• . . .. . • •. •. •• • . •. •• .. NH 10

STATE HIGHWAY •....•..• .. , •. " •. .• .. .. • . 1Ii~

IMPORTANT METALLED ROAD .• . . • . . . ••..•. "3:: RAILWAY LINE WITH STATION, BROAD GAUGE •. • . RALWAY LINE WITH STATION, METRE GAUGE . • .• REGIONAL DIVISIONS . • . .• ..•• ' ••• .. ..•••• .• .. 2.1.4. 2 ·

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