Regional Ecology As Cultural Future

1Regional Ecology As Cultural FutureLucas Waltz

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3Lucas O. Waltz

Regional Ecology As Cultural Future

May 2015

LA 404 Comprehensive Studio Project

Ball State UniversityCollege of Architecture and Planning

Department of Landscape Architecture

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5Lucas WaltzBLA Bal l State Univers i ty, 2015

Cultural and ecological issues are dynamic, and influence one other on many levels. As a student contributing to the profession of landscape architecture, I believe interpreting the intersection of these relationships can reveal unique evidence to plan for effective solutions and an increasingly sustainable future.

Think big.

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7Acknowledgments

Executive Summary

13

9

Methodology/ Process

Solutions/ Recommendations

4.0 Appendix

Introduction/ Background

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37

95

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Project Statement Problem and Sub-ProblemsProject RequirementsGoals & ObjectivesProject ScopeClient Group

Regional Framework Case Study Ecological Analysis Cultural Analysis Regional Framework Plan Matrix Design Strategies

Site Design Analysis Design Concepts Master Plan Plan Enlargements Sections Perspectives

Detailed Design Conceptual Grading Plan Stormwater Calculations model/ diorama

Outcome & Future

A Question For The FutureHistory & TimelineLiterature ReviewProject Significance

CONTENTS

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9I would like to recognize the following individuals for their support throughout this project.

Miran Day: faculty advisor

Martha Hunt: studio instructorJohn Motloch: studio instructorMary Kramer: Art Spaces, Inc.Kevin Runion: WRDB, Inc. Terre Haute Planning Office

My wonderful wife Jordyn

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

For nearly a century the Wabash River was used as an artery for industry and commerce. Known as the Crossroads of America for its crisscrossed rail lines, roads, and highways, the citys global identity grew from a post-World War II era economy. The rise and fall of industrialized lands along the Wabash River has resulted in significant ecologic destruction, hydrologic degradation, and economic depression. Not knowing how to reinvest in the river beyond industry, cities turned their back on the most significant river in Indiana.

The objective of this project was to organize urban form based on theories that use landscape as infrastructure. Landscape Urbanism recently emerged as a theory and has since identified new parameters in which cities question and, in turn, redefine themselves. For this reason, this research was based on examining regional scale case studies of postindustrial cities across the United States and abroad, specifically analyzing similarities between mid-size cities in the Midwest. Terre Haute, Indiana was selected as one such city developed along a watercourse. Landscape Urbanism theories and principles were referenced to create a set of regional framework and design guidelines that inform the ecological and cultural sustainability of Terre Hautes future identity.

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Oh, the moonlights fair tonight along the Wabash, from the fields there comes the breath of new mown hay. Through the sycamores the candlelights are gleaming, on the banks of the Wabash, far away.

-Paul Dresser, On The Banks of the Wabash, Far Away

View across Wabash River North of Terre Haute.

12WALTZView of Terre Hautes Indiana Theater

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INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND

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Cultural and ecological issues impact each other on many scales defined by time, water, land, and people. Of these, each informs and shapes the other. Land and water form natural ecologies. Time describes the particular moment this happens. People invent culture within these constraints. Over the course of history people create cultures along water bodies for strategic reasons from agriculture, to warfare, to recreation, to industry.

The history of human existence along the Wabash River in Indiana is no different. Its character fluctuates based on the function of the river at that moment in time. Empires have fought over its ability to transport goods and materials. The rivers natural infrastructure for centuries drove the economy of cities in peak industrial times. Is it possible to predict behaviors of future cultures by capturing the essence of natural systems, so to inspire macro-scale change?

A QUESTION FOR THE FUTURE

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Is it possible to predict behaviors of future

cultures by capturing the essence of natural systems, so to inspire macro-level change?

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The Wea Indian tribe inhabited this region until the mid 1700s when French trappers settled on the high lands (terre haute) of the Wabash River. In 1812, the Battle of Fort Harrison took place, forcing the Indian tribes out. Americans plated the town of Terre Haute in 1816 as a port for steamboats and water trade. The city soon embraced industrial development with the construction of the Wabash and Erie Canal, the National Road, and the Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad.

The Crossroads of America continues to influence a diverse community of industry, education, and agriculture, and as a regional center for health care and entertainment.

HISTORY & TIMELINE

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Terre HauteWest Terre Haute

New Goshen

SullivanHutsonville

Fairbanks

Prairie Creek

Vincennes

Merom

Sandcut

Historic Wabash-Erie Canal

1700

1800

1900

Typical Wea Tribe camp along Wabash River

Fort Harrison overlookingthe Wabash River

Industrial zoning map

Flood of 1913

Riverboat rides

Downtown 1920

Flood of 2008

City overview

Wabash RiverView North

Wabash RiverView South

Early 1900s industrial boom

Turn to the River Iniative

Credit: Kramer

Credit: Kramer

Credit: Kramer

Credit: Kramer

Credit: Kramer

Credit: Kramer

2000

Timeline cataloging modern life along the Wabash Rive and in Terre Haute.

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urbanism as a title. Barnett does see a trend

in the use of the word. Most urbanisms are

actually about preserving the environment,

traditional city design, urban systems,

community participation, or the politics of urban

change. (Barnett,21) Charles Waldheim coined

the term landscape urbanism in the early 2000s

as a critique of traditional urban design and an

alternative to New Urbanism. Some view

landscape urbanism as a powerful new analytical

approach that, as Michael Van Valkenburgh,

FASLA, said, is central to the emancipation

of landscape architects. Others may view the

theoretical debate as irrelevant, or, worse, a

confusing distraction from the budding public

understanding of landscape architects as leaders

in sustainable urban design, but these theories

can be expected to have some influence. Perhaps

its important to explore and understand whats

being debated. (Green) The theory of Landscape

Urbanism fundamentally draws attention to

context. It promotes an understanding of places

based on an ecology that includes people within

the view and response of the natural world.

Landscape Urbanism describes a disciplinary

realignment currently underway in which

landscape replaces architecture as the basic

building block of contemporary urbanism. For

many, across a range of disciplines, landscape

The manufacturing industry in the Midwest is a shadow of its former booming self. Cities across the great lakes and eastern regions that once proudly built the identity of working class America are now largely centers of decaying infrastructure, depressed economics, and destructive environmental conditions. This is occurring because, in most cases, city planning and locations were primarily based on access to transportation and/or proximity to an energy source including waterways, rail lines, highways, and fossil fuels. Little effort was put forth in understanding environmental systems for strategic development. As a result, many post-industrial communities lack significant cultural identity, with gentrified development framing their future existence. This literature review synthesizes post-industrial design theories and works of landscape urbanism, ecological urbanism, and recently projective ecologies that targets issues rust-belt cities face as they look to define reflexive, post-industrial identities.

Landscape Urbanism Methods and Principles

Urbanism. In recent years this term has

stirred much controversy because its broad

definition is applicable to most anything, and

according to Jonathan Barnett, a professor of

urban design at the University of Pennsylvania,

there are over 60 different modifiers that tag

LITERATURE REVIEW

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has become both the lens through which the

contemporary city is represented and medium

through which it is constructed (Waldheim, 11)

This shift challenges an organizational system

of city planning that has been in place since

the Greco-Roman World. When making a quick

comparison of city form, Roman city planning

was derived from a mathematical grid, while city

planning predating Roman influence was much

more compounded and organic.

These realignments have formed from

practicing concepts of habitat fragmentation

and conservation; corridors, and connectivity;

quantitative methodology; heterogeneity,

boundaries, and restoration initially pioneered

by Richard T. Forman (Dramstad, 13). The

once cutting edge regional landscape ecology

methods of Ian McHarg now provide the

analytical foundation of drawing methodic

conclusions in context of an urban site or

ecologic region.

James Corner argues that the

bureaucratic and uninspired failings of the

planning profession has led to a harsh landscape

design typology of decorative scenography

and profit-optimized environments. But I would

argue that landscape as a shaping influence of

cities in the form of parks, public spaces and

gardens is only one aspect of the panoply of

potentials inherent to landscape urbanism.

His practice, James Corner Field Operations,

tests and pioneers Landscape Urbanism theory

in the built environment, and has been very

successful at it.

Corner has created a striking balance

between his professional work and his

contributions as an academic; just t0 the point of

furthering theories of Landscape Urbanism while

managing to retain key design methods and

principles needed to lead a successful business.

Corner goes on to say that landscape urbanism

is at root an undefinable and unlimitable idea.

He says it has value in that regard; landscape

urbanism provides a hopeful and optimistic

framework for new forms of experimentation,

research and practice. It is in essence an

emergent idea, and indeterminate promise.

(Corner, 26-27) As a practice, landscape

urbanism is crossdisciplinary. It seeks to include

a broad range of complex situations that can

be solved when not only architects, planners,

and engineers are involved, but also ecologic,

geographic, anthropologic, cartographic

and philosophic influences are included in

conversations of multi-scalar issues.

Landscape architectural theory at the

University of Pennsylvania has an amazing

history of regional study. To some extent, Corner

opposes the McHargian design model with the

belief that humans do not exist outside the

autonomous nature and that thinking so is

completely irrelevant in current design practice.

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When McHarg retired from Penn his planning

vision floundered, faculty redundancies and

defining his vision as regional planning rather

than ecological planning lead to divisions

within the department. This left the landscape

architecture world to reinvent the idea as

landscape urbanism. (Weller, 96) Landscape

urbanism benefits from the long-standing

lineage of regional environmental planning

from Patrick Geddes through Lewis Mumford

to Ian McHarg-yet remains distinct from

that tradition. (Waldheim, 12) Landscape

urbanism appears, at heart, to gravitate toward

infrastructure and a desire to incorporate this

infrastructure into design without resorting to

superficially shrub it up.

Historically, Rust Belt infrastructure

shaped the industrialization of the North

American landscape, but as that industrial

infrastructure decays a new infrastructure

begins to emerge. the overgrown banks of

the Flint River are a testament to the imminent

rebound of its biodiversity from neglect and

abandonment. Decline seems to have become

the progenitor of ecological regeneration. As a

catalytic infrastructure, landscape is rendered

visible at the precise moment at which the city

fails.(Belanger,84) Comparatively, Roman

built cities continue to thrive as exemplar city

planning precedents while others are now ruins

and no longer inhabitable places. While still some

Chinese cities, like Langzhong in the province

of Sichuan has existed as a sustainable urban

form for 2,300 years, designed in harmony with

its natural landscape. This relationship can be

implied to postindustrial American cities, but to

a lesser extreme. Some Rust-Belt cities, though

crippled by industrial outsourcing, continue

to shape sustainable futures, while others

must look to the very core of their existence to

define a future worth sustaining. In many cases

their existence originated solely for industrial

purposes.

As mentioned earlier, proximity to

rail infrastructure, engineered waterways

for fast transport, and inexpensive land

drove this development. Kongjian Yu frames

landscape urbanism in five ways: Feng-shui and

geomancy- the pre-scientific model of landscape

urbanism thinking, Greenways- landscape

as infrastructure of recreation and aesthetic

experience, Greenbelt- landscape as urban

form maker, Ecological network- landscape

as infrastructure for biological conservation,

Ecological infrastructure and ecosystems

services- landscape as integrated infrastructure

for sustainable city and land.

In a market that was once dominated

by civil engineers and architects, infrastructure

is now of extreme relevance to landscape

architects and planners through the changing

context of decentralized structures and regional

economies. Engineering basic elements through

expressive, flexible methods of diagramming

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and phasing Put simply, the urban-regional

landscape should be conceived as infrastructure.

(Belanger, 91)

Ecological Systems and Typologies

Ecologic design at a regional scale

was once an emerging idea, one that is now

recognized as an integral process in analysis

and contextual understanding. The science of

ecology before the 20th century was mainly

focused on plant community taxonomies. It

has since emerged not only as a cultural lens of

shaping aesthetics in landscape design, but as

a medium of construction. Social, physical, and

environmental forces, as defined by ecology,

characterize spatial relationships. Ian McHargs

Design with Nature was a groundbreaking work

that illustrated these concepts. His work led the

way to regional synthesis of ecological design

influences. Ecology is generally defined as the

study of the interactions among organisms

and their environment, and a landscape is a

kilometers-wide mosaic over which particular

local ecosystems and land uses recur. These

concepts have proven to be both simple and

operationally useful. Thus landscape ecology is

simply the ecology of landscapes, and regional

ecology of the ecology of regions. (Dramstad,

12) There are many ecological systems including

land morphology, soils, stream

patterns, vegetation, and habitat all comprise a

mosaic of landscapes, which layered together,

inform regional concepts for management and

conservation.

In Richard T.T. Formans Land Mosaics, he

describes land typologies of patches, corridors,

edges, and flows that impact ecological systems

on large spatial scales. These scales though,

are flexible and transformative. Formans

spatial processes of perforation, dissection,

fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition all form

network systems for ecologic processes. Thus, it

is important to examine fragmentation together

with other spatial processes in the broader

framework of land conservation. (Forman, 407)

By examining and layering these systems one

can draw conclusions that inform future findings

and processes.

The completeness and diagrammatic

simplicity of Formans typologies can be applied

to multiple layers of a project. Chris Reed

and Stoss Landscape Urbanism developed a

planting plan for Riverside Park in New Bedford,

Massachusetts focusing mainly on reforestation

and succession processes. By identifying

dissections and fragmentations of the park, Reed

and Stoss were able to establish a framework

for a dynamic performance ground of growth,

succession, and modification. It is clearly not

about making approximations of pristine natural

environments, but rather making functioning

ecologically based systems that

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deal with human activity and natural processes

in the urban environment. (Mossop, 170)

Regenerative landscapes and ecologies must be

informed through environmental systems and

infrastructure if their cultural and natural values

are to remain.

The applications of these typologies

are extensive and can be implemented on a

variety of scales and contexts. The Highline in

New York City focuses on infrastructure as the

basis to apply ecological systems. In a way,

it functions as an edge condition within the

contrasting patches of new mixed-use high-rise

towers and cultural heritage of industry. These

conditions define a type of urban ecology unique

to its location and time, perhaps forming a new

ecologic patch of its own.

The difference between Riverside Park

and The Highline are minimal although the

typology takes on different forms in each.

Both reclaim infrastructural utilities as ecologic

systems for a type of succession; weather it be

vegetated or developable an edge condition will

emerge and socially expand with the sites natural

ecosystem.

Social and Civic Dynamics of Landscape

Government policy shapes and informs

cities and regions equally if not more so than

the impact of traditional landscape ecologies.

Environmental policy generally refers to

natural systems issues in relationship to human

activities. These policies work to prevent and

reduce negative outcomes based on human

intervention and manipulation of the landscape.

Planning strategies for the future of

cities must include some form of Stefano

Boeri suggests five large-scale policies that

present an innovative model of urban economic

development: Sustainability and Democracy,

Agriculture and Ground Consumption,

Nature and Control, Compact and Discard,

Desertification and Subsidiarity. The value

of political ecology for producing green cities

therefore lies in its cautious insistence that

alternative and sustainable forms of urbanism

may well exist, but they necessarily require the

ongoing investigation of how new urban forms

present both opportunities and problems rooted

in the tangled and sometimes divisive social

and political contradictions already inherent in

cities. (Robbins, 415)

Power and progress are two forces that

will always drive and influence human decisions

regardless of natural or urban environments.

But ecology is not simply a project of the natural

sciencesFelix Guattari, writing in The Three

Ecologies, for instance, argued that ecology is as

much bound up in issues of social and economic

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power, demographics, and political struggles

and engagement as it is operating in relationship

to environmental forces. (Reed, 15) But when

combining geographies, climates, economies,

and cultures, the network becomes a series

or system of codependent ecologies.

The difficulty is existing political struggles

within policy. Planners at one point had a

chance at to influence politicians decisions

beyond their current order. In this context it

seems paradoxical that innovation is more likely

to be provided by the successful, big service

providers. The present state of teaching and

research, brought on by its own fault supplies

an explanation: the profession cannot cope

with its depoliticisation. When you think about

it, no firms innovation is allowed seriously to

challenge the clients economic interests. All

innovations thus remain trapped in the prevailing

logic of commercialization. (Bunge, 88) The

current economic system of supply and demand

generates a logic of power and prosperity that

then disregards awareness of planning and

ecologic values and is driven by success.

Ties to rural and urban, the old and new

landscapes are both effected by regional civic

dynamics. Without city and county policy lands

can potentially become redefined spatially with

each new leader. Political ecology combines the

concerns of ecology and the political economy,

typically a field rooted in agrarian politics.

In recent years, many postindustrial cities

have seen a moderate economic resurgence and

once again start to grown as regional urban hubs.

The topics discussed in this literature review

intend to frame theories and works of landscape

urbanism, ecological urbanism, and informed

policy decisions that targets issues rust-belt cities

face as they look to redefine future identities for

their cities and regions.

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Terre Haute, Indiana has a beautiful, but until recently, largely overlooked story of life along the Wabash River. For nearly a century the river was an artery among a network of canals for industry and commerce. Known as the Crossroads of America for its crisscrossed rail lines, roads, and highways, the citys global identity grew from a World War II era industrial economy.

The rise and fall of industrialized lands along the Wabash River has resulted in significant ecologic destruction and hydrologic degradation. Not knowing how to reinvest in the river beyond industry, the city turned its back on the most significant river in the state.

In recent years, in contrast to comparable rust belt city cases, Terre Haute has seen a moderate resurgence in its economy and once again grown as a regional urban hub. This plan intends to visualize a Terre Haute restructured to embrace a future, building from the rich histories and evolving identities of the Wabash River, the ecological, economic, social lifeblood of the city.

SIGNIFICANCE

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Total Land: 262,400 acres

Current Wetlands: 18,369 acres

open

wat

er

fore

sted

Terre Haute +

Vigo County

Current Wetlands: 813,000 acres

open

wat

er

fore

sted

Total Land: 22,924,685 acres

Middle Wabash River - Busseron Watershed

Estimated wetlands in 1780: 5,600,000 acres Surface area in wetlands in 1780s: 24.1% Existing wetlands: 813,000 acres Surface area in wetlands today: 3.5 % Wetlands lost: 85%

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View of the Vigo County Courthouse from Wabash Avenue.

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METHODOLOGY/PROCESS

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This project searches to define the spirit of a city.

For Terre Haute, Indiana, this spirit is found in the

ecological and cultural balance of the Wabash

River. Ecological balance originates with water.

As the city engages in CSO removal plans, this

timely analysis identifies further sustainable

storm water management practices. Catchment

infrastructure and land allocation will insure a

context sensitive future framed by the watershed.

Cultural balance begins by making connections.

Terre Hautes regional influence is identified

by opportunities to expand networks, redefine

character, and increases awareness. A series of

strategies were generated to introduce a network

of ecological and cultural opportunities that

reveals the citys future identity. These strategies

were then applied to a pilot location for site scale

programming. River South was a balanced

selection suitable for capturing the spirit of the

Wabash Valley region.

PROJECT STATEMENT

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Points of ecologic orcultural significance

Map and data inventory of the three subwatersheds in which Terre Haute exists.

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GOALS & OBJECTIVES

EngageThis project aims to address real issues in ways that have long term benefits and selective short term implementation potential.

Seek out a local organization to function as hypothetical client

Incorporate issues brought up by client organization and stakeholder groups

Present findings to client and stakeholders and donate research for future public awareness campaigns

IdentifyThis project aims to shape Terre Hautes identity by forming a series of guidlines that direct future economic growth and development.

Celebrate relationship between cultural and historic traditions

Engage diverse age and ethnic groups in ways to be civically and socially active

Brand locations within the city as districts specific to local microculture

SustainThis project aims to balance solutions sensitive to stormwater at a watershed scale.

Identify opportunities to decentralize stormwater retention

Respond to ecological analysis resultsApply green infrastructure technologies

to pilot site for testing.

ActivateThis project aims to identify programmatic opportunities to activate places for public use.

Improve currently underutilized amenities Repurpose post-industrial landscapes Create opportunities for healthy lifestyles Invite waterfront recreation

ConnectThis project aims to mitigate habitat fragmentation by connecting ecological and cultural land.

Establish connections to interest points within the region Respond to cultural analysis results Improve network of trails, public transportation, and walkable streets Engage with water throughout the city

EducateThis project aims to educate users by facilitating opportunities for natural discovery Create outdoor learning experiences Represent historic events in iconic ways Capitalize on retrofitted structures to serve as institutions of environmental education

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CURRENTREGIONAL

CHALLENGES

UNDER APPRICIATED PUBLIC ARTSPRAWLING INFRASTRUCTURERIVERS INDUSTRIAL HISTORYDEMOGRAPHICSRESIDENTIAL VACANCIESHEALTH + WELLNESSCOMMUNITY ESSENCE

NON-EXISTENT CONNECTIVITYBARRIER/ LACK OF ACCESSDIRTY RIVERLACK OF PROGRAMFLOOD PREPERATIONRECREATION AWARENESSRIVER AWARENESS

WETLAND REVITALIZATIONFLOODWAY USAGEINDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELDSINVASIVE SPECIESWATER QUALITY + COLORHABITAT FRAGMENTATIONCITY CSO MANAGEMENT

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PROJECT SCOPE

The scope of this project focuses on creating a

holistic regional framework based on the context

analysis. First, the design must address key issues

at a macro-level based on cultural and ecological

lens. Second, apply the analysis to a location

at a site scale. This translation is key to the

regional plans success. After defining program

opportunities and design elements, the site scale

plan will reflect the goals established by the

regional framework plan.

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CLIENT GROUP

Seeking out and working with a client group was necessary for this academic project. Wabash Valley Art Spaces surfaced as a local group with a passion for improving quality of life in the region and civic awareness through city wide sculptural installations. Art Spaces values creative partnerships with business, government, foundations, universities and others positively contribute to economic revitalization and provide amenities for residents and visitors.

Partnering with the client and reaching out to other agencies including the City of Terre Hautes planning department, Indiana State University, and Wabash River Development & Beautification, Inc. was also necessary to successfully understand the vast scale and complexity of this project. Realistically, this project would have many other organizations involved at county and state levels, including but not limited to Vigo County Parks Department and Indiana Department of Environmental Management.

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ClientDesignTeam

Agencies /Stakeholders

Project Partners

Primary Contact: Mary Kramer

Primary Contact:Luke Waltz

Primary Contacts: Kevin Runion

Pat Martin

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View of Wabash River from boat ramp in Fairbanks Park .

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SOLUTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS

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This site is informed by the context of

surrounding neighborhoods. The process is

repeated throughout the city forming a new

network of social, economic, and ecologic

growth.

The scalar nature of Detroit Future City

allows growth to be flexible. The design intent is

communicated at multiple scales. As touched on

earlier, it begins with micro-scale residential land

vacancies that grow into a neighborhood scale, a

community scale, and then is realized at a macro

city scale.

143 square miles, of those 28 square

miles of vacant areas perforate the cities vast

landscape. As a shrinking city, managing lands

of this scale and varied terrain is extensive

and costly. Letting the terrain inform design

decisions is key to understanding which natural

systems can be capitalized on as new urban

infrastructure. Hydrology and pedology form the

roadmap for Detroits future land-use.

Ecological landscapes are one of five

design programs driving the concept of Detroit

Future City. These opportunity landscapes are

identified within residual industrial land and

vacancies to specifically target habitat

Design thinking is a series of

processes. It is the ability to articulate

complex systems and solutions through a

series of visual representations in a concise

and simply understood format. This practice

drives discovery and is typically subject to

interpretation. Context and process are the

foundation upon which a design emerges.

Recently Stoss Landscape Urbanism completed

a project in Detroit identifying a strategic

framework plan to improve the socioeconomic

future of the city, Detroit Future City.

Context In a broad sense the site is the entire city

of Detroit. But the purpose of a framework plan

is to identify site-specific design strategies that

are informed by the context. Stoss identifies

fragmented land vacancies as a site typology. A

larger site then emerges within a neighborhood.

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

Case StudyDetroit: Future City - Stoss

Stoss LU

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Stoss LUStoss LU

creation relating to urban forests and meadows.

Rapid succession and reforestation will form a

complete ecologic framework within the city.

Social and productive landscapes allow

residences to reclaim the landscape as their own.

Facilitating urban agriculture and programming

recreational centers reinstates identity and

pride within a community setting. By identifying

strategic locations for implementation, the

impact of these design programs will act as a

ripple that permeates all layers of culture in the

city.

ProcessAt a project of this scale, enormous

amounts of data must be collected and

synthesized into objectives. Mapping this data

creates a visual inventory from which analytic

conclusions are drawn. The analysis surfaces

from related studies of current land uses,

ecologic systems, cultural regions, connective

corridors, etc.

This is the moment in the analytical

process when discovery happens. Through the

process new relationships form to identify design

issues and solutions. Specifically designing

hybrid infrastructure networks, ecologic

networks, open space networks, and food

networks in Detroit has the potential to frame

future identity.

From the beginning Stoss identified

what resources were available within the city to

successfully create this conceptual framework

plan. The typologies/ prototypical landscapes

were very helpful in seeing the application of

these tools. Each define unique elements of the

site and project, combined they work as a system

of infrastructures and solutions to the issue of

Detroits growing vacancies.

Input/output and process diagrams are

extremely helpful in terms of communicating

and defending the design intent. They give

direction to the project and serve as guidelines as

it develops.

From a representation standpoint the

communication of ideas and design intent is

clear. The types of drawings are simple and

diagrammatic. For a large-scale project like this I

believe representation has to be conceptual and

graphic, rather than photoreal. The quality of

work and the output level was high.

Through the process of design thinking,

complex solutions can be graphically represented

in understandable formats. Stoss Landscape

Urbanism is very successful at this process and

Detroit Future City exemplifies this practice.

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Currently 10 active combined sewer overflows

(CSOs) are discharging, on average, 284 million

gallons of combined sewage each year into the

Wabash River. Pressing health and environmental

concerns provide an opportunity to define

alternative stormwater management solutions.

Ecologic Enhancementsubwatershed management

challenges

30% higher E.Coli levels than water quality standards

37 combined sewer overflow events/ year 174 hours of bacteria and nutrient loadings during typical CSO event

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

41

CSO locations

existing stormwater

10 current

infrastructure

n o t t o s c a l e n o r t h

Existing stormwater infrastructure

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By analyzing the landform that surrounds and

creates the high ground of Terre Haute watershed

subdivisions can be made to identify smaller sub-

drainage basins to naturally direct surface runoff

toward the Wabash River. Data computations

informed by precise areas of each basin uncover

the total volume of stormwater that falls within

each during any given design storm.

Ecologic Enhancement

responsessubwatershed management

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

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1920

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66

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1

Izaak Walton Lake Drainage Basin 8total area: 22,433,400 ft2

1 year: 5,047,515 ft3

50 year: 10,655,865 ft3

100 year: 11,590,590ft3

Honey Creek Drainage Basin 8total area: 114,214,320 ft2

1 year: 256,98,222 ft3

50 year: 54,251,802 ft3

100 year: 59,010,732 ft3

Lost Creek Drainage Basin 4total area: 75,925,080 ft2

1 year: 17,083,143 ft3

50 year: 36,064,413 ft3

100 year: 39,227,958 ft3


Stormwater drainage basins

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A future network of decentralized lands dedicated

to stormwater retention, detention and storage.

This system will function concurrently with

the citys combined sewer overflow long-term

control plan (LTCP), and as a result allow further

opportunities for stromwater to recharge the

groundwater supply closer to the source where

each rain drop hits the earth.

Ecologic Enhancement

outcomessubwatershed management

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

45

7

89

stormwatermain removal within 100 of ROWs

potential lands for stormwater capture based on drainage basins


Identified stormwater management land within the subwatersheds

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An analysis of current riverfront and citywide

barriers reveal an underutilized system of great

parks, open spaces, art and musical venues, nature

preserves, eaterys, and other cultural amenities.

Cultural Connectionsthe Wabash Valley identity

challenges

Riverfront Barriers

Lack of Safety

Lack of Program

Lack of

Access47%

32%

21%

City Barriers

Poor Public

Image

Lack of Program

Lack of `Access43%

28%

29%

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

47n o t t o s c a l e n o r t h

Existing culturally significant places

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By inferring cultural relationships based on

location and importance, a hierarchy of networks

emerges. This system can now be used to

conceptually inform the cultural landuses and

predict opportunities for future growth.


responses

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

49n o t t o s c a l e n o r t h

Implied connections between culturally significant places

50WALTZ

2015 20401990

Recreation TrailsPublic Street CarGreen Streets

to Rileyvia abandoned rail line

Over the next 25 years, this phasing strategy will

simultaneously increase public infrastructure and

link access to 4,763 acres of culturally significant

land. And in turn, help to define the regions

identity and improve awareness of the river.

outcomes


REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

51

to Parke Countyvia Covered Bridge Gateway Trail

to Clay Countyvia Heritage Trail

to Rileyvia abandoned rail line

to

Terre Haute

to Prairieton via shared use trail

to Saint Mary of the Woods Collegevia land acquisition

to Paris, IL

n o t t o s c a l e

West

via HW 40 Boulevard

n o r t h

Identified cultural land connections within the subwatersheds

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3,401 Acres 6,028 Acres 7,176 Acres 12,439 Acres

Water Treatment Pilot Land

Phase 1Infrastructure Land

Phase 2Restoration Land

current and planned trails/ networks

water treatment infrastructure/ circulation corridors

identified land to remain undeveloped

post-industrial land reclaimed as land-scape infrustructure

drainage basin stormwater filtration

Phase 3Management Land

24,650 Acres

Phase 4Preservation Land Total Land

53,694 Acres

46%

6%

14%

11%

23%

This plan unifies the outcomes of both ecological

and cultural analyses into a framework for Terre

Haute. The plan targets 53,894 acres of land

capable of balancing the citys growth to insure a

future of sustainable development.

Regional Framework Plana balanced growth strategy

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

530 2 , 0 0 0

n o r t h4 , 0 0 0 8 , 0 0 0

figure 16

Regional Framework Plan

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7 design strategies were formed based on

community input, previously conducted surveys,

and specific overall goals. Each contains 5

prototypical design elements, or opportunities

that inform the programmatic conditions of

a potential site. Together these 35 design

opportunities serve as guidelines for growth in

the region.

Matrix Formuladesign process variables

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

55

Matrix formula

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35 design opportunities represent significant

elements that make up the 7 major design

strategies. These subcategories inform which

types of programmatic elements will be

successfully implemented at any given site.

Design Opportunitiesprogram element prototypes

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

57

design opportunities and program elements.

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54321

The 35 design opportunities were applied to a

feasibility study which determines one or more

locations best suited to become a pilot sites for

ecological and cultural revitalization The study

was looking specifically for a place that was

completely balanced in terms of the opportunities

it could support.

The site that came out of this analysis actually

ended up being a place that has become popular

in recent months for economic reasons beyond

the purpose of this study.

River South includes 360 acres of waterfront

industrial land between Fairbanks Park and

Interstate 70.

Feasibility Analysissite suitability testing

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

59figure 19

Site feasibility analysis and site suitability testing to find balanced site

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35

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

SITE DESIGN

Analysis: River Southa balanced pilot site

The challenges this 360 acre site currently faces

are results of decades of industrial usage and

disconnection to its surrounding context. By

applying the 5 design strategies, this site will serve

as a testament and landmark for Terre Hautes

future identity as a riverfront city.

Thumbnail studies of design program application

6161figure 21

Site analysis identifying opportunities for new connections based on design strategies.

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1 entry2 boat launch3 parking4 riverview restaurant5 first stage retention basin6 low rise residential7 outdoor education space 8 pedestrian trail9 boardwalk10 overlook11 pedestrian bridge12 floodplain wetlands13 forested wetland14 upland forest15 Wabash Heritage Center

16 Hulman Street gateway17 pedestrian promenade 18 Industrial Heritage Center19 second stage retention basin20 lift station facility21 Voorhees Street gateway22 event lawn 23 lagoon entry24 third stage retention basin25 Voorhees trolly stop26 Hulman trolly stop27 wetland boardwalk28 wetland overlook29 main lift station facility30 grassland pasture

map key

Master PlanRiver South pilot site

SITE DESIGN

6363

16

2124

2825

26

22

29

27

23

13

3

3

3

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

19

20

11

10

12

13

14

30

15

15

2

17

11

Wabash River

Wabashiki Fish and Wildlife Area

Interstate 70

Voorhees Street

Prairieton RoadMargaret Avenue

Hulman Stre

WashingtonAvenue

First Street

0 3 0 0 6 0 0n o r t h

Voorhees Park

figure 22

1 2 0 0

Illustrative site master plan

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map key

Cultural land use

Function DiagramRiver South pilot site

SITE DESIGN

6565

0 3 0 0 6 0 0n o r t h

figure 23

1 2 0 0

Site function diagram depicting new circulation and landuse design systems.

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1 residential mixed use2 pedestrian bridge 3 first stage stormwater retention4 river access ramp5 riverview restaurant and overlook6 parking7 commercial mixed use8 multi-use event lawn9 local artisan studios 10 commercial mixed use11 lift station facility12 forested wetlands13 floodplain wetland14 upland forest15 riverfront trail

map key

Plan EnlargementsRiver South pilot site

SITE DESIGN

67

0 1 5 0 3 0 0 6 0 0 n o r t h

1

2

3

76

4

5

8

9

1011

12

13

1415

6

6

Plan enlargement of residential mixed use infill and northern gateway to downtown Terre Haute.

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map key1 residential mixed use2 riverfront trail 3 second stage stormwater retention4 commercial mixed use5 neighborhood restaurant6 parking7 local artisan studios 8 street car station9 wellness gardens10 entry sculpture11 Hulman Street Gateway12 forested wetlands13 floodplain wetland14 upland forest15 riverfront access trail

SITE DESIGN

69

0 1 5 0 3 0 0 6 0 0 n o r t h

1

1

1

1

2

3

3

7

6

4

4

4

5

9

10 11

12

13

14

15

68

Plan enlargement of the River South District a riverfront lifestyle community.

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map key1 wetland overlook2 Wabash River Nature Center3 interpretive promenade4 pedestrian/ bike trails5 public facilities6 parking7 overflow parking8 street car station9 athletic event lawn10 social event lawn11 drop-off/ landing12 forested wetlands13 floodplain wetland14 upland forest15 riverfront trail

SITE DESIGN

71

0 1 5 0 3 0 0 6 0 0 n o r t h

1

2

3

7

6

4

59

10

11

1213

14

15

8

Plan enlargement of Wabash River Nature Center and multi-purpose fields adjacent to existing Voorhees Park.

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map key

SITE DESIGN

1 wetland overlook2 Industrial History Center3 interpretative promenade4 pedestrian/ bike trails5 second stage stormwater retention6 parking7 overflow parking8 street car station9 lift station facility10 social event lawn11 drop-off/ landing12 forested wetlands13 upland forest14 Margaret Avenue Gateway15 entry sculpture

73

0 1 5 0 3 0 0 6 0 0 n o r t h

1

2

3

7

6

4

5

8

9

10

11

11

12

13

14

15

6

Plan enlargement of industrial cultural center and Southern gateway.

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map key1 pedestrian bridge2 separation structures3 second stage stormwater retention4 third stage stormwater retention5 transitional lagoon wetland system6 parking7 public facilities8 lagoon wetland overlook9 lagoon wetland trail 10 access drive11 lift station facility12 forested wetlands13 floodplain wetland14 upland forest15 riverfront trail

SITE DESIGN

75

0 1 5 0 3 0 0 6 0 0 n o r t h

1

23

3

7

4

55

8

9

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

6

Plan enlargement of lagoon and wetland areas.

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SITE DESIGN

Sections depicting the landform change to accommodate stormwater capture

77

0 1 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0

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SITE DESIGN

79

Lagoon and reconstructed wetland functioning with passive and active recreation

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SITE DESIGN

81

Approach to the Wabash River Nature Center.

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SITE DESIGN

83

Section perspective of First Street promenade and trolley line.

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SITE DESIGN

pedestrian bridge elevation

The purpose of these bridges are to extend a

physical connection from the city to nature.

Wabashiki Fish and Wildlife Area serves as an

amazing recreational asset that is currently

under utilized. These conceptual bridge proposals

interpret the crossing and intersecting of cultural

and ecological experiences into structural form.

Pedestrian Bridge conceptual development

85

South pedestrian bridge approach from riverfront trail and wetland lagoons

North pedestrian bridge overlooking Wabashiki Fish and Wildlife Area

86WALTZ

The stormwater strategies serve as examples of

green infrastructure management practices. By

implementing these methods, there is potential

to elievate approximatley half of all rainwater

draining from the two basins on site. In terms of

cost effectivness and environmental sensivity,

less water will be combined and treated at the

waste water treatment facility down stream.

Stormwater Strategiesprototype application

DETAILED DESIGN

87

Overview plan of stormwater treatment system.

Stormwater treatmentsystem prototypes.

Drainage basin design calculations for onsite water management potential.

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1yr24hr 2yr24hr 10yr24hr 50yr24hr 100yr24hrInches 2.7 3.1 4.4 5.7 6.2

Name acre Feet 0.225 0.258333333 0.366666667 0.475 0.516666667Izaak_06 1848 80498880 18112248 20795544 29516256 38236968 41591088Izaak_01 1151 50137560 11280951 12952203 18383772 23815341 25904406Izaak_07 1012 44082720 9918612 11388036 16163664 20939292 22776072Izaak_04 929 40467240 9105129 10454037 14837988 19221939 20908074Izaak_09 823 35849880 8066223 9261219 13144956 17028693 18522438Izaak_08 515 22433400 5047515 5795295 8225580 10655865 11590590Izaak_02 425 18513000 4165425 4782525 6788100 8793675 9565050Izaak_03 323 14069880 3165723 3634719 5158956 6683193 7269438Izaak_05 249 10846440 2440449 2801997 3977028 5152059 5603994

0 cubicfeet cubicfeet cubicfeet cubicfeet cubicfeet0 cubicfeet cubicfeet cubicfeet cubicfeet cubicfeet

LostCreek_00 328 14287680 3214728 3690984 5238816 6786648 7381968Lost_Creek_01 135 5880600 1323135 1519155 2156220 2793285 3038310Lost_Creek_02 60 2613600 588060 675180 958320 1241460 1350360Lost_Creek_03 265 11543400 2597265 2982045 4232580 5483115 5964090Lost_Creek_04 1743 75925080 17083143 19613979 27839196 36064413 39227958Lost_Creek_05 293 12763080 2871693 3297129 4679796 6062463 6594258Lost_Creek_06 104 4530240 1019304 1170312 1661088 2151864 2340624Lost_Creek_07 2175 94743000 21317175 24475275 34739100 45002925 48950550Lost_Creek_08 735 32016600 7203735 8270955 11739420 15207885 16541910Lost_Creek_09 1316 57324960 12898116 14808948 21019152 27229356 29617896Lost_Creek_10 221 9626760 2166021 2486913 3529812 4572711 4973826Lost_Creek_11 162 7056720 1587762 1822986 2587464 3351942 3645972Lost_Creek_12 493 21475080 4831893 5547729 7874196 10200663 11095458Lost_Creek_13 678 29533680 6645078 7629534 10829016 14028498 15259068Lost_Creek_14 895 38986200 8771895 10071435 14294940 18518445 20142870Lost_Creek_15 3290 143312400 32245290 37022370 52547880 68073390 74044740LostCreek_16 294 12806640 2881494 3308382 4695768 6083154 6616764LostCreek_17 226 9844560 2215026 2543178 3609672 4676166 5086356LostCreek_18 111 4835160 1087911 1249083 1772892 2296701 2498166LostCreek_19 205 8929800 2009205 2306865 3274260 4241655 4613730

0 cubicfeet cubicfeet cubicfeet cubicfeet cubicfeet0 cubicfeet cubicfeet cubicfeet cubicfeet cubicfeet

HoneyCreek_08 2622 114214320 25698222 29505366 41878584 54251802 59010732HoneyCreek_06 925 40293000 9065925 10409025 14774100 19139175 20818050HoneyCreek_10 691 30099960 6772491 7775823 11036652 14297481 15551646HoneyCreek_11 605 26353800 5929605 6808065 9663060 12518055 13616130HoneyCreek_02 576 25090560 5645376 6481728 9199872 11918016 12963456HoneyCreek_01 517 22520520 5067117 5817801 8257524 10697247 11635602HoneyCreek_04 459 19994040 4498659 5165127 7331148 9497169 10330254HoneyCreek_9 445 19384200 4361445 5007585 7107540 9207495 10015170HoneyCreek_07 443 19297080 4341843 4985079 7075596 9166113 9970158HoneyCreek_12 365 15899400 3577365 4107345 5829780 7552215 8214690HoneyCreek_13 352 15333120 3449952 3961056 5622144 7283232 7922112HoneyCreek_16 266 11586960 2607066 2993298 4248552 5503806 5986596HoneyCreek_17 263 11456280 2577663 2959539 4200636 5441733 5919078HoneyCreek_03 129 5619240 1264329 1451637 2060388 2669139 2903274HoneyCreek_14 122 5314320 1195722 1372866 1948584 2524302 2745732HoneyCreek_15 113 4922280 1107513 1271589 1804836 2338083 2543178HoneyCreek_05 84 3659040 823284 945252 1341648 1738044 1890504

DETAILED DESIGN

89

0 3 0 0 6 0 0n o r t h

Site grading plan at 5 foot contour intervals.

90WALTZ

This exercise studies two particular programmatic site elements - habitat and stormwater. It attempts to look at the progression of water and soil over time.

Naturally occurring wetlands form complex hydrologic relationships between water and soil. Through the lens of time, we can begin to understand the change in soil composition and structure as a result of constant saturation. Hydric soils form gradually, so it is difficult as humans to watch the progression of this phenomenon.

This diorama speeds up the process and incorporate human scale elements to bring a user closer to the natural cleansing and filtering system of constructed wetlands. A progression through the hydrologic landscape brings the viewer from a point of complete immersion, interacting and harmonizing within the ecosystem.

DETAILED DESIGN

91

Detailed study model of lagoon boardwalk and changing wetland conditions.

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Regional Ecology As Culture Future began as a question to challenge traditional planning practices in the region. Over the course of the project it grew to become more than simply an idea for change. It has potential to be a foundational element in a movement where, by embracing the natural heritage, residents and are empowered to rewriting the citys future.

After participating in a collaborative design charrette focusing on the One Wabash site downtown, (another location identified by the feasibility study) it is evident that this is a city dedicated to defining an identity beyond its current reputation.

Now inspired by a vision and equipped with a set of recommendations the Wabash Valley region has the ability to predict and effectively direct growth on a macro-level.

OUTCOME & FUTURE

Collaboration during One Wabash Design Charrette.

93

Overview of room during One Wabash Design Charrette.

Conceptual model of the future One Wabash District.

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View of rail line access into abandoned International Paper property.

95

APPENDIX

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Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO)- sewers designed to collect rainwater runoff, domestic sewage, and industrial wastewater in the same pipe.

Complete Streets- designed and operated to enable safe access for all users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists and transit riders of all ages and abilities

Culture- the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time

Ecology- the study of interactions among organisms and their environment

Framework Plan- a large-scale systematic plan or arrangement for attaining some particular object or putting a particular idea into effect.

Green infrastructure- an approach to management that protects, restores, or mimics the natural cycles

Habitat fragmentation- alteration of habitat resulting in spatial separation of habitat units from a previous state of greater continuity.

Infrastructure- the basic system of facilities, services, and installations that enable community functions

Landscape ecology- furthering the theory of landscape urbanism to a holistic approach including all aspects of ecologic understanding

DEFINITION OF TERMS

97

Landscape urbanism- the theory of city organization based on landscape form as opposed to the developing of city based on building form

Matrix- an array of quantities or expressions in rows and columns that is treated as a single entity and manipulated according to particular rules

Microculture- the specialised subgroups, marked with their own languages, ethos and rule expectations, that permeate differentiated industrial societies

Network- a group or system of interconnected people or things Pilot- done as an experiment or test before introducing something more widely

Prototype- preliminary development model able to be refined, reproduced, and implemented

Rust-belt- term used to describe the shrinking postindustrial United States region of Northeastern and East North central states

Sub-watershed- a topographic perimeter of the catchment area of a stream or tributary

Typology- classification according to general type, characteristic, or relatable trait

Watershed- an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas.

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December MayBreak Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Week 16 Week 17 Week 18

Inventory and AnalysisSite study/inventory/photographsConduct interviews with professionals Meet with advisors [tbd]Update proposal goals and objectivesinventory and analyze local GIS dataFinalize analysis diagrams and studiesRegional Framework PlanBegin preliminary design phaseBegin typology developmentFinalize conecptual framework planFinalize typology paramaters for 3 edge scenarios Finalize Illustrative framework planFramework Application ModelingBegin site base model design in Rhinodevelope framework algorithms based on typologic paramatersoverlay parametric outcomes from Grasshopper on base model in Rhinotest site study model iterations based on parameters fabricate final model of site based on new framework parametersSchematic Designapply typology to identified site locationdevelop phasing planCharacter DrawingsOutline necessary drawings to communicate research and developmentparametric modeling diagrams/ final output resultsecological and development succession diagrams and sectionsPerspective character renderingsProductionbegin presentation outlines Finalize all drawingsfinaliz finalize all textCreate presentation boardsInvite stakeholders to final presentation sessionFinal Presentation

v

January February March April

Comprehensive Project Semester Timeline

PROJECT TIMELINE

99

December MayBreak Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Week 16 Week 17 Week 18

Inventory and AnalysisSite study/inventory/photographsConduct interviews with professionals Meet with advisors [tbd]Update proposal goals and objectivesinventory and analyze local GIS dataFinalize analysis diagrams and studiesRegional Framework PlanBegin preliminary design phaseBegin typology developmentFinalize conecptual framework planFinalize typology paramaters for 3 edge scenarios Finalize Illustrative framework planFramework Application ModelingBegin site base model design in Rhinodevelope framework algorithms based on typologic paramatersoverlay parametric outcomes from Grasshopper on base model in Rhinotest site study model iterations based on parameters fabricate final model of site based on new framework parametersSchematic Designapply typology to identified site locationdevelop phasing planCharacter DrawingsOutline necessary drawings to communicate research and developmentparametric modeling diagrams/ final output resultsecological and development succession diagrams and sectionsPerspective character renderingsProductionbegin presentation outlines Finalize all drawingsfinaliz finalize all textCreate presentation boardsInvite stakeholders to final presentation sessionFinal Presentation

v

January February March April

Comprehensive Project Semester Timeline

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SITE PHOTOS

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PREVIOUS REPORTS

2014: Turn To The River: J3 Concepts

2011: RHIC District Plan: Ratio Architects

2011: Trail and Greenway Plan: Burgess& Niple

2011: CSO Long-Term Control Plan: HWC Engineering

2011: RiverSCAPE Master Plan: TSWDG/ HNTB

2009: ISU Campus Master Plan: Ratio Architects

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Holbrook, Tom, and Paula Kirk. Energy Masterplanning and Urbanism. Topos: Sydney, New York, London 75 (2011): 91-94. Web. 19 Sept. 2014.

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The Riverscape Vision. Wabash Valley Riverscape. Web. 15 Oct. 2014. .

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Documents

Regional Ecology As Cultural Future